SUMMARY OF REACTIONS

Homologous Series

Alkane

Reaction / Mechanism Free radical substitution 1. Initiation Step 1.1. Homolytic fission of halogens 2. Propagation Step 2.1. Alkane reacts with halogens to produce alkyl radical 2.2. Alkyl radical propagates the chain reaction 3. Termination Step 3.1. Chain reactions stop 3.2. Free radicals combined molecules Electrophilic Substitution 1. Formation of carbocation - + , - ( Induced dipole ) - + attacks the bond 2. Nucleophilic Attack - - ion attacks the electron deficient site ( Carbonium ion)

E.g,Condition,Observation CH3CH3 + Br2 BrCH2CH3 + HBr Brown Bromine is decolourised Steamy fumes is formed

Alkene

Hydrogenation CH2=CH2 + H2 CH3CH3 + Halogen CH2=CH2 + Br2 CH2BrCH2Br + Hydrogen Halides CH2=CH2 + HBr CH3CH2Br + H2O CH2=CH2 + [O] + H2O CH3CH2OH

Oxidation

Combustion CH2=CH2 + 3O2 2CO2 + 2H2O Catalytic Oxidation

Temperature: about 250 - 300C about 15 atmospheres silver

Pressure:

Catalyst:

2CH2=CH2 + O2 2 (Epoxyethane) + H2O CH2OHCH2OH

Reaction with KMnO4 Cold KMnO4 CH2=CH2 + H2O + [O] CH2(OH)CH2(OH) Hot,acidified KMnO4 CH3C(CH3)=CH2 + [O] + H2O CH3C(CH3)(OH)CH2(OH)Ketone/Aldehyde Carboxylic acid Purple colour turns colourless Addition Polymerisation nCH2=CH2 ( CH2-CH2 )

Haloalkane

Nucleophilic Substitution

Hydrolysis CH3CH2Br + NaOH CH3CH2OH + NaBr If carbon bonded >1 halogen atom, 1. CH3CH(Br)2 CH3CH(OH)2 CH3CH=O