Chapter 4 Cell Structure

Cell Theory
1. all organisms are composed of cells 2. cells are the smallest living things 3. cells arise only from pre-existing cells All cells today represent a continuous line of descent from the first living cells. All cells have certain structures in common: 1. genetic material: in a nucleoid or nucleus 2. cytoplasm: a semifluid matrix 3. plasma membrane: a phospholipid bilayer

Microscopes are required to visualize cells. Light microscopes resolve structures that are 200nm apart Electron microscopes resolve structures that are 0.2nm apart

Tab. 4.2

Tab. 4.3

Prokaryotic Cells
no membrane-bound organelles genetic material in the nucleoid cytoplasm plasma membrane cell wall ribosomes pili flagella

Flagella
present in some prokaryotic cells used for locomotion rotary motion propels the cell

Eukaryotic cells
more complex than prokaryotic cells membrane-bound nucleus compartmentalize many cellular functions within organelles and the endomembrane system possess a cytoskeleton for support and to maintain cellular structure

Nucleus
stores the genetic material of the cell in the form of multiple, linear chromosomes surrounded by a nuclear envelope composed of 2 phospholipid bilayers in chromosomes: DNA is organized with proteins to form chromatin whats made in the nucleolus?
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Ribosomes
the site of protein synthesis in the cell composed of ribosomal RNA and proteins found within the cytosol of the cytoplasm and attached to internal membranes

Rough ER: protein synthesis Smooth ER: lipid synthesis calcium storage detoxification of foreign substances

ER is contiguous with nuclear envelope (part of endomembrane system)

ER

Endomembrane System a series of membranes throughout the cytoplasm divides cell into compartments where different cellular functions occur proteins made in ER modified through Golgi and sorted for export or to other organelles

Outside cell
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Golgi apparatus flattened stacks of interconnected membranes packaging and distribution of materials to different parts of the cell synthesis of cell wall components

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Lysosomes
membrane bound vesicles containing digestive enzymes to break down macromolecules destroy cells or foreign matter that the cell has engulfed by phagocytosis

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Microbodies
membrane bound vesicles contain enzymes not part of the endomembrane system glyoxysomes in plants contain enzymes for converting fats to carbohydrates peroxisomes contain digestive and detoxifying enzymes and catalase

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Vacuoles
membrane-bound structures with various functions depending on the cell type
central vacuole in plant cells contractile vacuole of some protists vacuoles for storage

some protists maintain osmotic balance by extrusion in which water is ejected through contractile vacuoles

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Mitochondria
powerhouses of cell: most of ATP synthesis 2 membranes: inner highly folded (cristae) = increased surface area contains DNA and divides independently found in all types of eukaryotic cells matrix cristae intermembranous space
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Chloroplasts
organelles present in cells of plants and some other eukaryotes contain chlorophyll for photosynthesis surrounded by 2 membranes

thylakoids are membranous sacs within the inner membrane grana are stacks of thylakoids

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Cytoskeleton
network of protein fibers found in all eukaryotic cells supports the shape of the cell keeps organelles in fixed locations helps move materials within the cell

Cytoskeleton fibers: actin filaments: responsible for cellular contractions, crawling, pinching microtubules: provide organization to the cell and move materials within the cell intermediate filaments: provide structural stability

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Centrioles
non-membrane organelles present in cells of animals and some protists found within centrosomes pericentriolar material = microtubule organizing centers help to re-organize microtubules during division

9+0 nine triplets of microtubules

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Molecular motors
motor proteins drag vesicles along microtubule rails force generated by hydrolysis of ATP kinesin travels towards plus end (towards periphery) dynein travels towards minus end (towards center)

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Flagella and cilia of eukaryotic cells have a similar structure:

9-2 structure: 9 pairs of microtubules surround two central microtubules Cilia can be arranged in rows on the surface of a eukaryotic cell to propel a cell forward

Flagella undulate to move a cell

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Extracellular structures include:

cell walls of plants, fungi, some protists extracellular matrix surrounding animal cells
plant and protist cell walls contain cellulose fungal cell walls contain chitin ECM surrounds animal cells composed of glycoproteins and fibrous proteins such as collagen may be connected to the cytoplasm via integrin proteins present in the plasma membrane
Fig. 4.25 Fig. 4.26

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Cell-to-Cell Interactions

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Cells within a tissue are connected to each other by cell junctions

1. tight junctions create sheets of cells 2. anchoring junctions connect the cytoskeletons of adjacent cells 3. communicating junctions permit small molecules to pass between cells a. gap junctions in animal cells b. plasmodesmata in plant cells

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tight junctions
create sheets of cells encircle each cell (like a belt) to prevent leakage between cells partition membrane components to keep them on correct cell surface

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anchoring junctions
connect the cytoskeletons of adjacent cells most common in tissues subject to mechanical stress (skin, muscle)

desmosomes
cadherins of adjoining cells bind through extracellular domains intracellular domains bind to intermediate filaments

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communicating junctions = direct communication channels

gap junctions in animals connexons = complexes of proteins that form a channel

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Chapter 4 Bonus Topics

limitation of cell size
surface area-to-volume ratio

endosymbiosis plasmodesmata structure

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