Bosnia

Presented by: Anjali

EUROPE :: BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA

Country Overview

Bosnia-Herzegovinabordered by

Croatia, Serbia and Montenegro is the heart-shaped land that lies in the midst of south-eastern Europe.
Population: 415,631.

Information
Bosnia derives from an old Indo-European term bosana, meaning water. Used to form part of the Ottoman (Turkish) Empire until 1878.

mountainous and forested region

Weather: temperate climate during summertimecold winters (particularly at

higher elevations).
BiH covers 51,197 sq km of land as well as the

north and centre of the country. Used to be a republic of Yugoslavia.

Obtained its independence in the year of 1992.

Sarajevo Its capital

Capital: Sarajevothe country's chief industrial, commercial, and transportation center. Founded in the mid-13th century. Conquered in 1429 by the Ottoman Turks. Occupied by Austria-Hungary in 1878 and annexed in 1908.

BiH population in1980: Over one million Bosniaks (Sunni Muslim), 1.3million

Bosnian Serbs (Orthodox Catholic Christians), and 0.7million Bosnian Croats (Roman Catholic Christians).

Lifestyle

Serbian Orthodox Church, Serbia Game of chess in front of Serbian Orthodox Church.

Street of Kujundziluk, Mostar Overlooking the old buildings and cobbled street of Kujundziluk (east side of bridge) lined with souvenir shops.

Bosnian tradition: women

cook, clean, and complete any house chores. Bosnian people are mostly known for their hospitability. Treat and serve guests as kings.

Men playing chess on giant board, Turkish Quarter.

The Dayton peace accord

The 1995 Dayton peace accordinitiated to put an end to the Bosnian War. Composed of two entities, roughly of equal size: one for Bosnian Muslims and Croats, the

other for Serbs. a Bosniak-Croat Federation of Bosnia-Hercegovina, and the Bosnian Serb Republic, or Republika Srpska, each with its own president, government, parliament, police and other bodies. The agreement reached at WrightPatterson Air Force Base near Dayton, Ohio in November 1995, and formally signed in Paris on December 14, 1995. These accords put an end to the three and a half year long war in Bosnia, one of the armed conflicts in the former Socialist Federative Republic of Yugoslavia.

The Office of the High Representative (OHR)

The Office of the High Representative (OHR)-established by Dayton, is the

state's ultimate authority. Has the power to ''compel the entity governments to comply with the terms of the peace agreement and the state constitution''.

Radovan Karadzic
1996 The ICT for the former

Yugoslavia begins work in The Hague. Drazen Erdemovic (a Croat) convicted of five years in prison. Many more, that were a part of the Srebrenica massacres bared the same consequences. Momcilo Krajisnik was one of Mr Karadzic's closest associates 2001 - The SDS decided to expel all war crimes suspects Radovan Karadzic - former Bosnian (including wartime leader Radovan leader faces 11 war crimes charges Karadzic). including genocide by ICTY.
Arrested in Belgrade, Serbia in 2008 His defense: Muslims intent on

domination of country Bosnian Serbs simply perpetrated selfdefense for protection.

1992 Croat and Muslim nationalists joined forces to outvote Serbs at the independence referendum.

Initiation of War Bosnian Serbs takes control of over half the republic under Radovan Karadzic command.
Many atrocities as well as bitter fighting took place in Sarajevo (city ruled by Muslims at the time). Destruction of much of Motsar, as well as its Old Bridge (who had graced the city since the 16th century). It had become Bosnias symbol of cultural diversity.
Neretva River, Mostar Reconstructed Old Bridge spanning the Neretva River with reconstructed buildings and mosques of the Ottoman/Turkish quarter in background.
the two parts of the city divided by the Neretva River. Built during the 16th century under Suleiman the Magnificent, the bridge was destroyed in 1993 during the Bosnian War, but was subsequently rebuilt and reopened in 2004.

Advertisement, Bosnia & Hercegovina Bar advertisement on a wall damaged by gunfire.

The Eternal Flame Memorial in Sarajevo honors the military and civilian

Old Town Cafe, Bosnia & Hercegovina Backgammon players, Old Town Cafe, Onescukova Str.

victims of World War II; it was dedicated on 6 April 1946.

Bascarsija Mosque, Bosnia & Hercegovina Tram in Turkish section of Bascarsija with Bascarsija Mosque.

Their Image

The Reality
Violations of rights within Bosnia majorly perpetrated by serbian military and

Paramilitary forces.
(Detailed) documented crimes: include
torture, mass killings, rape, forced evacuation of people from their homes, calculated attacks on civilian populations with a large number of casualties including children, destruction of numerous buildings including houses of worship and hospitals, and so on.

Civilian victims of war continued to be denied access to justice and reparations.

Visable scars, Bosnia & Hercegovina Visable scars: heavily damaged apartment block, bullet-ridden and war-torn.

Despite some efforts, the authorities failed to grant access to reparation for many victims of war crimes, including survivors of sexual violence, families of those forcibly disappeared and victims of torture.

Srebrenica massacres
Thousands of Muslim men and boys isolated from family members and massacred.

The massacre that took place in

Srebrenica (now a UN-designated "safe area" in eastern Bosnia) is known as one of the most atrocious activity committed in Europe since World War II.
Lest we forget Francis Ferdinand, the Austrian Archdukes assassination took place in Sarajevo. This triggered the start of the Great War. There is a big difference between what is being said and shown to us versus what the reality is. Although it is a beautiful region, it does not provide a fairly elevated sense of security.

Detention camps set up for non-Serbs in north-western Bosnia (the full horror of the Bosnian war to international attention in August 1992).

Camps, including this one at Omarska, were discovered in 1992

Figure 1.2: Ethnic Composition of Bosnia before the War (1991)

Figure 1.3: Ethnic Composition of Bosnia after the War (2005)

Canada and BosniaHerzegovinas Relations

Canadas significant role in Bosnias development includes: peace keeping, security, reconstruction, institutional reform, the promotion of good governance and the rule of law as well as the strengthening of state-level institutions.

Canada supports BiHs aspirations to Euro-Atlantic integration including its inclusion in NATOs Partnership for Peace program (PfP) in 2006. Also, Canada provides training to their military personnel through MTAP, including practice of peacekeeping, methodology and English and French language instruction.

Economy

BiH economy: Industrial production was severely damaged during the civil

war period between 1992 and 1995. unemployment continues to be high. Economy largely based on agricultural products and minerals Mineral Resources: coal, iron ore, bauxite, copper, lead, zinc, chromite, cobalt, manganese, nickel, clay, gypsum, salt, sand, timber, and hydropower.

APPENDIX Human Rights Agreements

 Bosnia-Herzegovina is divided into two largely autonomous states: a Muslim-Croat

Federation and a Bosnian Serb Republic. Each state has its own president and legislature. The national government comprises of a council of ministers, a two-house legislature and a presidency of three membersa Muslim, a Croat, and a Serb. However, the real power is vested in the hands of the two regional governments.

Drina River, Bosnia & Hercegovina Mehmed Pasa Sokolovic Bridge over the Drina River.

Bosnia is considered an emerging federal democratic republic (Government). They

follow the civil law system; Constitutional Court review of legislative acts.

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Pictures

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