- 1 -

MC LC
MC LC ........................................................................................................................... 1
PHN 1: CNG NGH X L KH THI ................................................................ 3
CHNG 1. Nhng khi nim c bn .......................................................................... 3
1.1. Thnh phn, cu trc v tiu chun v cht lng mi trng khng kh ............... 3
1.2. Cc ngun gy nhim mi trng khng kh ......................................................... 6
1.3. Cc tc nhn gy nhim mi trng khng kh .................................................... 10
1.4. nhim th cp nh hng n kh hu ton cu .................................................. 16
CHNG 2. Cc gii php phng chng v x l nhim khng kh .................. 22
2.1. Gii php quy hoch .................................................................................................. 22
2.2. Gii php cch li v sinh ........................................................................................... 22
2.3. Gii php cng ngh k thut ................................................................................... 23
2.4. Gii php thng gi ...................................................................................................... 23
2.5. Gii php x l cht thi ngay ti ngun.................................................................. 26
CHNG 3. Cc phng php v thit b x l bi ................................................ 27
3.1. Khi nim chung v bi phn loi bi ................................................................... 27
3.2. Cc phng php x l bi ....................................................................................... 28
CHNG 4. Cc phng php x l hi v kh c ................................................ 45
4.1. Khi qut chung ......................................................................................................... 45
4.2. X l kh v hi bng phng php hp th ............................................................ 45
4.3. X l kh v hi bng phng php hp ph ........................................................... 50
4.4. X l kh v hi bng phng php thiu t ......................................................... 55
4.5. X l kh v hi bng phng php ngng t ......................................................... 58
PHN 2: CNG NGH X L NC THI ......................................................... 60
CHNG 5. Mt s vn c bn lin quan n nc thi .................................. 60
5.1. Ngun gc, lu lng v thnh phn nc thi .......................................................... 60
5.2. Mt s ch tiu nhim c trng trong nc thi ................................................. 65
5.3. Cc bin php k thut bo v ngun nc ............................................................. 67
CHNG 6. Cc phng php x l nc thi ....................................................... 69
6.1. Cc bc v phng php x l nc thi v bn cn trong nc thi ................. 69




- 2 -

6.2. S dy chuyn cng ngh x l nc thi .......................................................... 77
6.3. Cng trnh x l bn cn ......................................................................................... 100
CHNG 7. Cc v d x l nc thi ..................................................................... 103
7.1. Qui trnh x l nc thi thnh ph ....................................................................... 103
7.2. Qui trnh x l nc thi bnh vin ........................................................................ 104
7.3. Qui trnh x l nc thi cng nghip thuc da .................................................... 106
7.4. Qui trnh x l nc thi nh my giy.................................................................. 108
7.5. Qui trnh x l nc thi nh my bia .................................................................... 110
7.6. Qui trnh x l nc thi nh my ng .............................................................. 111
PHN 3: CNG NGH X L CHT THI RN .............................................. 113
CHNG 8. Ngun gc, phn loi cht thi rn th ......................................... 113
8.1. i cng v cht thi rn ...................................................................................... 113
8.2. Ngun pht sinh, phn loi cht thi rn th ..................................................... 115
8.3. Lng cht thi rn th pht sinh ....................................................................... 117
8.4. Thnh phn ca cht thi rn .................................................................................. 118
8.5. Tnh cht ca cht thi rn ...................................................................................... 120
8.6. Cht thi rn nguy hi.............................................................................................. 124
CHNG 9. Thu gom, tp trung v vn chuyn cht thi rn ............................ 126
9.1. Thu gom cht thi rn .............................................................................................. 126
9.2. Chn tuyn ng thu gom vn chuyn................................................................. 130
9.3. Trm trung chuyn ................................................................................................... 132
CHNG 10. X l cht thi rn th .................................................................. 135
10.1. C s la chn phng php x l....................................................................... 135
10.2. Cc phng php x l cht thi rn .................................................................... 135
10.3. Thu hi, ti ch v ti s dng cht thi rn th.............................................. 151
TI LIU THAM KHO .............................................................................................. 135





- 3 -

PHN 1: CNG NGH X L KH THI
CHNG 1. NHNG KHI NIM C BN

1.1. THNH PHN, CU TRC V TIU CHUN V CHT LNG MI
TRNG KHNG KH
1.1.1. Thnh phn kh quyn
Kh quyn l hn hp ca khng kh kh v hi nc. Hi nc thng c
nh gi theo m (% ). Cn khng kh kh cha b nhim c thnh phn ch yu
khong 78% Nit, 21% Oxy v khong 1% cc kh nhim khc nh CO
2
, CO, SO
2
,
NO,
Nhng thc t thnh phn ca khng kh b thay i kh ln do cc hot
ng ca con ngi thi ra nhiu loi kh thi khc nhau trong qu trnh sn xut v
sinh hot nn hm lng cc cht nhim tng ln ng k, nh hng trc tip n
i sng con ngi.
1.1.2. Cu trc kh quyn
Kh quyn ca Tri t c c im phn tng r rt:
- Tng i lu (0-10km): l lp khng
kh st b mt Tri t. Cht lng
khng kh y s nh hng trc tip
n sc khe ca con ngi. Tng i
lu hu nh trong sut i vi bc x
sng ngn ca Mt Tri, nhng thnh
phn hi nc trong tng ny hp th
rt mnh tia phn x sng di t b mt






t, t sinh ra s xo trn khng kh
theo chiu ng, hnh thnh ngng t
hi nc v xy ra cc hin tng my,
ma, gi, bo,... Tng ny chu s bc
x nhit t b mt tri t rt ln, nn
nhit s gim theo cao, khong
0,5-0,6
0
C/100m.







-60
o
C
Tng trung lu
Tng bnh lu
50km
10km
-100
o
C
1200
o
C
0
o
C
27
o
C Nhit (
o
C)
Tng i lu
90km
cao (km)
Tng nhit
Hnh 1.1. Phn tng kh quyn




- 4 -

- Tng bnh lu (10-50km): Tng ny tp trung kh nhiu hm lng kh ozon, hnh
thnh tng ozon, n hp th mnh cc tia t ngoi ca Mt Tri trong vng 220-
330nm, v th nhit khng kh dng li, khng gim na, n cao 20-25km li
bt u tng v t tr s khong 0
o
C cao 50km.
- Tng trung lu (50-90km): y cn gi l tng ion (tng in ly). Di tc dng
ca tia t ngoi sng cc ngn, cc phn t b ion ha:
O + h O
+

+ e
O
2
+ h O
2
+

+ e
Trong tng ny nhit khng kh gim dn theo t l bc nht vi cao v
t tr s khong -100
o
C, nhit ca kh quyn thp nht cao khong 8590km.
- Tng nhit (>90km): y l tng trn cng ca kh quyn, khng kh rt long vi
mt phn t 10
13

phn t/cm
3
, trong lc mt bin c mt 5x10
19
phn t/cm
3
.
Nhit trong tng nhit s tng theo chiu cao v t tr s khong 1200
o
C cao
700 km.
1.1.3. n v o v tiu chun cht lng mi trng khng kh
a. n v o:
nh gi hm lng cht nhim trong mi trng khng kh ngi ta
thng xc nh khi lng ca cht nhim chim bao nhiu so vi khi khng kh.
V d: trong 1m
3

khng kh th cht nhim nhim s chim bao nhiu cm
3
.
- i vi cc kh nhim thng o bng n v phn trm (%), phn triu (ppm),
phn t (ppb), hoc cm
3
/m
3
, mg/ m
3
, mg/l,...
- i vi bi, thng xc nh trng lng ca n cha trong 1 m
3

khng kh, nn c
n v o l mg/ m
3
, g/ m
3
,..
b. Tiu chun cht lng mi trng khng kh :
Cc cht nhim trong mi trng s nh hng n i sng v sc khe ca
con ngi, do vy nhm m bo sc khe con ngi v bo ton cc h sinh thi, c
quan bo v mi trng qui nh cc cht nhim thi vo mi trng khng c
vt qu gii hn cho php, n c biu hin qua nng gii hn cho php, nng
ny thng c thay i cho ph hp vi iu kin pht trin kinh t x hi ca
tng khu vc.




- 5 -

Bng 1.1. Mt s gi tr nng gii hn cho php ca mt s kh nhim:
CHT NHIM
NNG
TI A
(mg/Nm
3
)
CHT
NHIM
NNG TI
A (mg/Nm
3
)
Ct A Ct B
Bi tng 400 200 Axetaldehyt 270
Bi cha Silic 50 50 Anilin 19
Cacbon oxyt 1000 1000 Benzen 5
Clo 32 10 Clorofom 240
Axit clohydric 200 50 Etylen oxyt 20
Nit oxyt (tnh theo NO
2
) 1000 850 Metanol 260
Hydro sunfua 7,5 7,5 Naphtalen 150
Dioxyt lu hunh 1500 500 Phenol 19
Flo, HF, hp cht ca Flo 50 20 Toluen 750
ng v hp cht ng 20 10 Styren 100
Km v hp cht km 30 30
Vinylclorua
20
Ch v hp cht ch 10 5
Vinyltoluen
480
Ngun: Trch QCVN 19: 2009/ BTNMT v QCVN 20: 2009/ BTNMT
Ghi ch:
- Mt khi kh thi chun (Nm
3
) l mt khi kh thi nhit 25
0
C v p sut tuyt
i 760 mm thy ngn.
- Ct A quy nh nng ca bi v cht v c lm c s tnh gi tr ti a cho php
trong kh thi cng nghip i vi cc c s sn xut, ch bin, kinh doanh, dch v
cng nghip hot ng trc ngy 16 thng 01 nm 2007, vi thi gian p dng n
ngy 31 thng 12 nm 2014.
- Ct B quy nh nng ca bi v cht v v lm c s tnh gi tr ti a cho php
trong kh thi cng nghip i vi:
+ Cc c s sn xut, ch bin, kinh doanh, dch v cng nghip hot ng k
t ngy 16 thng 01 nm 2007.
+ Tt c cc c s sn xut, ch bin, kinh doanh, dch v cng nghip vi thi
gian p dng k t ngy 01 thng 01 nm 2015.




- 6 -

1.1.4. S nhim mi trng khng kh
S nhim mi trng khng kh l qu trnh thi cc cht nhim vo mi
trng lm cho nng ca chng trong mi trng vt qu tiu chun cho php,
nh hng n sc khe con ngi, cc ng thc vt, cnh quan v h sinh thi.
Nh vy, cc cht nhim thi vo mi trng m nng ca chng cha
vt qu gii hn cho php, cha nh hng n i sng sn xut ca con ngi v
h sinh thi th c th xem l cha nhim mi trng.
Do vy, cn phi xc nh nng ca cc cht nhim trong mi trng ri
so vi tiu chun cho php xc nh mi trng b nhim hay cha, hoc
nhim gp my ln tiu chun cho php.
1.2. CC NGUN GY NHIM MI TRNG KHNG KH
1.2.1. Phn loi
Hin nay s nhim mi trng khng kh c th do nhiu nguyn nhn khc
nhau, chng rt a dng v kh kim sot. nghin cu v x l c th phn thnh
cc loi ngun nh sau:
* Theo ngun gc pht sinh:
- Ngun t nhin: do cc hin tng thin nhin gy nn.
- Ngun nhn to: do cc hot ng ca con ngi gy nn.
* Theo c tnh hnh hc:
- Ngun im: ng khi ca cc ngun t ring l, ca cc nh my,...
- Ngun ng: tuyn giao thng.
- Ngun mt: bi rc, h nhim.
* Theo cao:
- Ngun cao: Cao hn hn cc cng trnh xung quanh (ngoi vng bng rp kh ng).
- Ngun thp: Xp x hoc thp hn cc cng trnh xung quanh.
* Theo nhit :
- Ngun nng: Nhit cao hn nhit mi trng xung quanh.
- Ngun lnh: Nhit thp hn hoc xp x bng nhit mi trng xung quanh.
Ch cn qua s phn loi nh vy l ta c th bit c qu trnh nhim ca
cc ngun gy ra i vi mi trng nh th no. Trn c s s c bin php hu




- 7 -

hiu nht x l v trnh c mc nguy him ca chng gy ra i vi cuc
sng ca con ngi.
1.2.2. Ngun nhim do thin nhin
Gi thi s tung bi t t b mt t vo khng kh, hin tng ny thng
xy ra nhng vng t trng khng c cy ci che ph, c bit l cc vng sa mc,
chng c th mang cht nhim i rt xa, gy nhim cho c nhiu khu vc.
Nhng ni m thp s l mi trng thun li cho cc vi sinh vt pht trin
mnh, n khi tri kh hanh chng s pht tn theo gi vo mi trng ri thm nhp
vo c th ngi qua con ng h hp, gy ra cc bnh v da, mt v ng tiu ha.
Ni la hot ng mang theo nhiu nham thch v hi kh c t lng t
vo mi trng, c bit l cc kh SO
2

, CH
4

v H
2
S.
Rng b chy nhiu cht c hi bc ln v lan ta ra mt khu vc rng ln.
Nhng cht c hi l: khi, tro bi, cc hydrocacbon khng chy, kh SO
2

, CO

,
NO
x

.
S phn hy t nhin cc cht hu c, cc xc cht ng thc vt s to ra
nhiu mi hi v kh c i vi sc khe con ngi. Sn phm phn hy thng sinh
ra l H
2
S, NH
3

, CO
2

, CH
4

v sunfua.
S pht tn phn hoa, bi mui bin, bi phng x trong t nhin,... u l
nhng tc nhn khng c li cho cuc sng ca con ngi v cc sinh vt.
Tng khi lng cht thi do thin nhin sinh ra l rt ln, nhng n thng
phn b u trong khng gian bao la nn nng ca n khng cao, v li con ngi
sng u th thch nghi vi mi trng t nhin , do vy s nh hng ca
chng i vi cuc sng ca con ngi l khng ng k, nhng cc hot ng ca
con ngi lm gia tng thm hm lng cht nhim vo mi trng th s nh
hng s rt nghim trng.
1.2.3. Cc ngun nhim nhn to
Hu ht cc hot ng ca con ngi u to ra cht thi, cht nhim vo mi
trng, c bit l trong sinh hot, cng nghip v giao thng.
a. Ngun thi do sinh hot




- 8 -

Hng ngy con ngi s dng mt khi lng kh ln cc nhin liu t nh
than, ci, du, kh t un nu v phc v cho cc mc ch khc. Trong qu trnh
chy chng s tiu th oxy ca kh quyn, ng thi to ra nhiu khi bi, kh CO,
CO
2
,... Nhng cht thi ny thng tp trung trong khng gian nh hp (nh bp), s
thot kh ra ngoi chm chp nn to ra nng ln trong khng gian sng ca con
ngi.
Ngoi ra, cc hot ng sinh hot ca con ngi cn to ra nhiu rc thi, thc
n hoa qu tha, l mi trng thun li cho cc vi trng gy bnh pht trin, trong
qu trnh phn hy s gy ra nhiu mi hi, chng c th pht tn vo mi trng theo
gi v vo c th ngi theo ng h hp.
V vy, trong sinh hot cn c bin php thng thong hp l, v sinh sch s
c mt mi trng sng trong lnh hn.
b. Ngun thi do giao thng vn ti
Vi s tin b ca khoa hc cng ngh, con ngi to ra nhiu thit b my
mc c gii, th hin bng nhng dng xe c nm np trn ng ph, chng chy
bng xng du nn sinh ra nhiu khi, cc kh CO, CO
2
, NO v HC ,... s nh hng
ny ph thuc ch yu vo cht lng ca xe c lu thng trn ng. Xng pha ch
cng l mt tc nhn nh hng rt ln n sc khe con ngi.
Khi xe lu thng trn ng ph s tung bi t t b mt ng vo mi
trng khng kh, iu ny ph thuc ch yu vo mc v sinh v s thng thong
ca ph phng.
Ngun giao thng c c im l pht tn theo dng tuyn, l ngun thp, nn
s nh hng ca n tp trung ch yu khu vc dn c hai bn ng ph, do vy
cn phi c bin php trng cy xanh ngn cn bt s pht tn cht nhim ti cc
cng trnh hai bn.
c. Ngun thi do sn xut cng nghip
Mt xu hng i ngc vi cht lng mi trng l qu trnh th ha, cng
nghip ha, l qu trnh gim bt din tch cy xanh v sng h, th vo l
nhng ngi nh cao tng, nhng nh my cng nghip vi cc ng khi tun thi nghi




- 9 -

ngt cc cht nhim khc nhau lm cho cht lng mi trng khng kh khu
th nh hng rt ln.
Cc cht thi ca khu cng nghip rt a dng, s nh hng ca chng n
mi trng cng khc nhau, do nghin cu th cn xt c th cho tng loi nh
my.
- Nh my nhit in: Thng dng than v du chuyn nhit nng thnh in nng
nn trong qu trnh chy thng sinh ra nhiu kh c v to ra mt lng tro bi ln
(khong 10-30 mg/m
3
). Cc bi than, cc bng ti ca nh my u l ngun gy
nhim nng. c im chnh ca nh my nhit in l c ng khi thi cao (80-
250m) nn s pht tn ca cht nhim c th i xa n 15 km, s nhim ln nht l
cch ng khi khong 2 n 5 km theo chiu gi.
- Nh my ha cht: Thng sinh ra nhiu loi cht c hi th kh v rn. Cc cht
ny khi pht tn trong mi trng c th ha hp vi nhau to thnh cc cht th cp
rt nguy hi i vi mi trng. Nh my t khi c ng khi thi cao (thng di
50m), ch yu thi qua ca mi, ca s v ca ra vo; cht thi c nhit thp nn s
nhim ch yu tp trung ti nhng khu vc ln cn nh my.
- Nh my luyn kim: Cc cht nhim sinh ra gm rt nhiu kh c (CO
x
, NO
x
, SO
2
,
H
2
S, HF,...) v bi vi cc kch c khc nhau do qu trnh chy nhin liu, qu trnh
tuyn qung, sng, lc, p nghin,... Nhit kh thi kh cao (300-400
o
C, c khi n
800
o
C hoc hn na), ng thi vi ng khi thi cng kh cao (80 - 200m) nn to
iu kin cho cc cht nhim khuch tn i ln v bay xa, gy nhim trong c mt
khng gian rng ln.
- Nh my vt liu xy dng: l cc nh my nh xi mng, gch ngi, vi, xng
b tng,... chng thng sinh ra nhiu khi, bi t v cc kh CO, NO
x
, SO
2
,... S
nhim ca cc nh my ny ch yu ph thuc vo cng ngh sn xut, mc x
l cht thi trc khi thi vo mi trng; nhng hin nay c nhiu vng nng thn
cn tn ti nhiu l gch, ngi, vi vi cch thc t th cng nn gy nhim rt ln,
nh hng khng nh n sc khe con ngi v nng sut cy trng, vt nui khu
vc .





- 10 -

1.3. CC TC NHN GY NHIM MI TRNG KHNG KH
C th ni cc cht nhim trong mi trng tn ti rt nhiu dng khc
nhau, nhng c th c xp thnh 2 loi chnh sau:
- Kh : SO
x
, NO
x
, CO
x
, H
2
S,... v cc hi c.
- Rn : tro, bi, khi v cc Sol kh.
1.3.1. Cc kh gy nhim mi trng khng kh
a. Kh CO
x
: (CO: cacbon monoxit; CO
2
: cacbon dioxit).
CO
x
l kh khng mu, khng mi v khng v. Sinh ra do qu trnh chy khng
hon ton ca cc nhin liu c cha cacbon (than, ci, du):
C + O
2

CO
x

- Vi CO : Tr lng sinh ra hng nm l 250 triu tn / nm. Hm lng CO trong
khng kh khng n nh, chng thng bin thin nhanh nn rt kh xc nh c
chnh xc.
Khi CO thm nhp vo c th ngi theo con ng h hp, chng s tc dng
thun nghch vi oxy hemoglobin (HbO
2
) tch oxy ra khi mu v to thnh
cacboxyhemoglobin, lm mt kh nng vn chuyn oxy ca mu v gy ngt:
HbO
2

+ CO HbCO + O
2

CO tc dng vi Hb mnh gp 250 ln so vi O
2
.
Triu chng ca con ngi khi b nhim bi CO thng b nhc u, tai,
chng mt, bun nn, mt mi. Nu b lu s c triu chng au u dai dng, chng
mt, mt mi, st cn. Nu b nng s b hn m, co git, mt xanh tm, chn tay mm
nhn, ph phi cp.
Thc vt t nhy cm vi CO, nhng khi nng cao (100 - 10.000ppm) s lm
xon l cy, cht mm non, rng l v km hm s sinh trng ca cy ci.
- Vi CO
2

: c li cho cy ci pht trin trong qu trnh quang hp nhng gy nn hiu
ng nh knh lm nng bu kh quyn ca Tri t.
b. Kh SO
x
: (SO
2
: Sunfua dioxit; SO
3
: Sunfua trioxit).
Ch yu l SO
2
, l kh khng mu, c v hng cay, mi kh chu. SO
2

trong
khng kh c th bin thnh SO
3
di nh sng Mt Tri khi c cht xc tc.




- 11 -

Chng c sinh ra do qu trnh t chy nhin liu c cha lu hunh, c
bit l trong cng nghip c nhiu l luyn gang, l rn, l gia cng nng.
Hm lng lu hunh thng xut hin nhiu trong than (0,2-0,7%) v du
t (0,5-4%), nn trong qu trnh chy s to ra kh SO
2
:
S + O
2

SO
2

Tr lng ca SO
2
l khong 132 triu tn/ nm, ch yu l do t than v s
dng xng du.
SO
2

s kch thch ti c quan h hp ca ngi v ng vt, n c th gy ra
chng tc ngc, au u, nu nng cao c th gy bnh tt v t vong.
Trong khng kh SO
2

gp nc ma d chuyn thnh axit Sulfuric (H
2
SO
4
).
Chng s lm thay i tnh nng vt liu, thay i mu sc cng trnh, n mn kim
loi, gim bn sn phm dng.
Thc vt khi tip xc vi SO
2

s b vng l, rng l, gim kh nng sinh trng
v c th b cht.
c. Kh NO
x
: (NO: nitric oxit ; NO
2
: nit dioxit).
NO
x
thng xut hin nhiu trong giao thng v cng nghip. Trong khng kh
nit v xy c th tng tc vi nhau khi c ngun nhit cao > 1100
o
C v lm lnh
nhanh trnh phn hy:
N
2
+ xO
2


t> 1100
-- 2NO
x


Tr lng NO
x
sinh ra khong 48 triu tn / nm (ch yu l NO
2
).
NO
2

l kh c mu nu, khi nng 0,12 ppm th c th pht hin thy mi.
NO
x
s lm phai mu thuc nhum vi, lm cng vi t, ni lng v gy han r
kim loi.
Ty theo nng m NO
2

m cy ci s b nh hng nhng mc khc
nhau:
- Nng khong 0,06 ppm c th gy bnh phi cho ngi nu tip xc lu di.
- Nng khong 0,35 ppm thc vt s b nh hng trong khong 1 thng.
- Nng khong 1 ppm thc vt s b nh hng trong khong 1 ngy.
lm ln non




- 12 -

- Nng khong 5 ppm c th gy tc hi n c quan h hp sau vi pht
tip xc.
- Nng khong 15 50 ppm gy nh hng n tim, phi, gan sau vi
gi tip xc.
- Nng khong 100 ppm c th gy cht ngi v ng vt sau vi pht tip xc.
Vi NO
2
l tc nhn gy ra hin tng khi quang ha.
d. Kh H
2
S:
H
2
S cn gi l Sunfur hydro, l kh khng mu, c mi trng thi.
H
2
S sinh ra do qu trnh hy cc cht hu c, cc xc cht ng thc vt, c
bit l cc bi rc, khu ch, cng rnh thot nc, sng h nhim v hm l khi
thc than.
Tr lng H
2
S sinh ra khong 113 triu tn / nm (mt bin 30 tiu tn, mt
t 80 triu tn, sn xut cng nghip 3 triu tn).
H
2
S c tc hi l gy rng l cy, thi hoa qu v gim nng sut cy trng.
i vi con ngi, khi tip xc vi H
2
S s cm thy kh chu, nhc u, bun
nn v mt mi. Nu tip xc lu s lm mt kh nng nhn bit ca khu gic, t
tn hi n h thn kinh khu gic v ri lon n kh nng hot ng bnh thng
ca cc tuyn ni tit trong c th, cui cng dn n bnh thn kinh hong ht tht
thng. Ngoi ra n cn kch thch tim p nhanh, huyt p tng cao khin nhng ngi
mc bnh tim cng nng thm.
- nng 150 ppm s gy tn thng n c quan h hp.
- nng 500 ppm s gy tiu chy v vim cung phi sau 15-20 pht tip xc.
- Nu nng cao (700-900ppm) n c th xuyn qua mng ti phi, gy h
m v t vong.
e. Kh Ozon:
Ozon c k hiu l O
3
, n l sn phm ca cht cha oxy (SO
2
, NO
2

v
andehyt) khi c tia t ngoi ca Mt Tri kch thch:
NO
2


1u t ngo
-- NO

+ O

O + O
2

O
3

Kic tic




- 13 -

Ngoi ra, di tc dng ca tia t ngoi Mt Tri chiu vo phn t O
2

s phn
tch chng thnh nguyn t oxy (O), cc nguyn t oxy ny li tng tc vi phn t
O
2

to thnh O
3
: O
2

+ hv O + O
O + O
2

O
3

Ozon sinh ra v mt i rt nhanh, n ch tn ti trong khong vi pht. Ozon tp
nhiu cao 25 km (tng bnh lu), nng khong 10ppm. Cn st mt bin,
nng ozon ch khong 0,005 - 0,007 ppm.
Ozon c tc dng to thnh l chn ngn cn tia t ngoi ca Mt Tri chiu
xung Tri t, iu tit kh hu ca Tri t, trnh gy nn nhng nguy hi i vi
i sng ca con ngi v cc sinh vt. Nhng nu nng ozon trong kh quyn qu
ln s gy nhim ozon v s nh hng trc tip n sc khe ca con ngi :
- nng 0,02ppm cha c tc ng gy bnh r rt.
- nng 0,3ppm mi v hng b kch thch, cm thy rt.
- nng 1-3ppm gy mt mi sau 2 gi tip xc.
- nng 8ppm gy nguy him i vi phi.
Ngoi ra O
3

cn nh hng ti qu trnh pht trin ca cc thc vt (c bit l
cy c chua, u,...), chng thng gy ra bnh m l, kh ho mm non.
Bn cnh ozon cn gy tc tc hi n cc loi si bng, si nilon, si nhn
to v hng mu thuc nhum, lm cng cao su.
Nu ozon qu cao cng s tham gia vo qu trnh lm nng ln ca Tri t,
khi nng ozon tng ln 2 ln th nhit trung bnh ca Tri t tng ln 1
o
C, gy
nh hng n kh hu ton cu.
f. Kh C
x
H
y
:
L hp cht ca hydro v cacbon (mtan, tylen, anilin,...).
L kh khng mu, khng mi.
Sinh ra do qu trnh t chy nhin liu khng hon ton, c bit l ti cc nh
my lc du, khai thc v vn chuyn xng du, s r r ng ng dn kh t,...
Ty vo hp cht ca chng m to ra cc cht nhim khc nhau v gy ra
nhng tc hi khc nhau:




- 14 -

-tylen (C
2
H
4
): gy bnh phi cho ngi, lm sng ty mt, c th gy ung th
phi cho ng vt. N cn lm vng l cy v cht hoi cy trng.
- Benzen (C
6
H
6
): N thng c dng trong k ngh nhum, dc phm,
nc hoa, lm dung mi ha tan du m, sn, cao su, lm keo dn dy dp. Trong
xng c t 5-20%. Khi benzen thm nhp vo c th theo h hp s gy ra bnh thn
kinh, thiu mu, chy mu rng li, suy ty, suy nhc, xanh xao v d b cht do
nhim trng mu.
g. Ch (Pb) v cc hp cht ca ch:
Ch xut hin nhiu trong giao thng v c s dng xng pha ch (khong 1%).
N l cht lng, bc hi nhit thp, c mi thm.
Ngoi ra, trong cng nghip luyn kim, n lot, sn xut pin, cng nghip ha
cht,... cng gy nhim ch rt ln.
Ch thm nhp vo c th ngi gy tc hi n no, thn, huyt qun v cng
nng to mu ca c th, thm ch nh hng xu n c quan sinh dc v kh nng
sinh sn ca con ngi, c bit l cc ph n mang thai, ch c th lm yu thai nhi,
d b sy thai.
Nguy him nht l cc tr em, nu b nhim c ch s nh hng n tr tu,
sinh ra bnh ng ngn v n gy c tnh i vi no. i vi ngi ln b nhim c
ch cng mc cc bnh thiu mu, vim thn, cao huyt p, thm ch c th vim thn
kinh trung ng v vim no.
h. Kh NH
3


:
NH
3

cn gi l amoniac, c trong khng kh di dng lng v kh. L kh
khng mu, c mi khai. Sinh ra do qu trnh bi tit ca c th, qu trnh phn hy
cht hu c, trong mt s cng ngh lnh s dng mi cht NH
3
, ti cc nh my sn
xut phn m, sn xut axit nitric,...
nng 5-10ppm c th nhn bit c amoniac qua khu gic.
Tc hi ca amoniac ch yu l lm vim da v ng h hp. nng 150-
200ppm gy kh chu v cay mt. nng 400-700ppm gy vim mt, mi, tai v
hng mt cch nghim trng. nng 2000ppm da b chy bng, ngt th v t
vong trong vi pht.




- 15 -

Ngoi ra, amoniac nng cao s lm l cy trng bch, lm m l v hoa,
lm gim r cy, lm cy thp i, lm qu b thm tm v lm gim t l ht ging ny
mm.
1.3.2. Bi v sol kh
Bi c sinh ra trong giao thng, cng nghip, hm l khai thc than v c
bit l trong mt s cng ngh sn xut c s dng cc nguyn vt liu sn sinh ra bi.
Nhng ht bi kch thc ln c kh nng gy chn thng bn ngoi c th nh da v
mt, nhng ht bi nh (<10m) th c th i vo c th theo con ng h hp. Bi
c kch thc >100m c th lng ng ri xung t di tc dng ca lc trng
trng.
Bi c nhiu loi khc nhau, chng c hnh dng, kch thc v thnh phn
khc nhau nn s gy nh hng khc nhau i vi cuc sng ca con ngi. C th
k ra mt tc hi ca mt s loi bi nh sau:
* Bi silic: Gy nguy hi i vi phi, gy nhim c t bo li du vt x ha cc
m lm gim nghim trng s trao i kh ca cc t bo trong l phi. Cng nhn
trong cc ngnh cng nghip khai thc than, khai thc , c gang, phun ct,... rt d
b mc bnh phi nhim bi silic.
* Bi aming: Cc ht bi aming thng c dng si, kch thc di ( 50m), n s
gy x ha l phi v lm tn thng trm trng h thng h hp. Ngoi ra n cn c
kh nng gy ung th phi.
* Bi st, bi thic: Gy nh hng phi nh hn cc loi bi khc, n lm m phim
chp phi bng tia X-quang. Bi ny khi i vo d dy c th gy nim mc d dy,
ri lon tiu ha.
* Bi bng, bi si lanh: Thng gy bnh h hp mn tnh, xut hin nhiu nng
dn trng bng, cng nhn khai thc, ch bin bng, cng nhn ngnh si dt. Bi c
c tnh gy d ng. Triu chng ban u ca bi l gy tc ngc, kh th nhng
chng qua khi sau mt thi gian nu ngng lm vic. Nu tip tc lm vic tip xc
vi loi bi trn th s suy gim chc nng h hp dn n tn thng nghim trng.




- 16 -

* Bi ng: gy bnh nhim trng da, bi tc ng cc tuyn nhn lm cho da b kh
gy ra cc bnh da nh trng c, vim da. Loi bnh ny thng cc th l hi, th
my sn xut xi mng snh s hay b nhim phi.
* Bi nha than: di tc dng ca nng lm cho da sng ty bng, nga, mt sng
, chy nc mt, gy chn thng mt, vim mng tip hp, vim mi mt.
* Bi kim, bi axit: c th gy bng gic mc, li so, lm gim th lc, nng hn
c th m.
* Bi vi sinh vt, bi phn hoa: Thng ma ma ti cc cng rnh, sng h thot
nc, bi rc... l nhng ni l tng cho cc vi sinh vt pht trin mnh, nhng n
khi nng kh chng s pht tn theo gi vo mi trng khng kh v con ngi h
hp phi s gy ra nhng trn dch gy bnh nht nh, c bit l cc bnh v mt v
ng tiu ha. Ngoi ra, s pht tn phn hoa cng l nguyn nhn gy ra cc bnh d
ng ngoi da, bnh mt,... hin tng ny thng xut hin mt s nc c rng
cy m hoa ca n khng thch ng cho mi trng sng ca con ngi.
trn l tc hi ca mt s loi bi i vi sc khe ca con ngi, ngoi ra bi cn
nh hng trc tip n thm thc vt, chng bm vo l cy, lm cy mt kh nng
quang hp, gim nng sut cy trng. Mt s loi bi cn gy cht cc t bo l cy,
lm cho cy kh vng v chy. Bi cn lm tng nhanh qu trnh bo mn cc chi tit
my mc, thit b trong qu trnh hot ng, lm h hng cc sn phm v dng
cn thit ca con ngi,...
1.4. NHIM TH CP NH HNG N KH HU TON CU
1.4.1. Ma axit
Khi ngnh cng nghip pht trin th trong khng trung s xut hin nhng trn
ma axit, l nc ma c pH thp (< 5,6) lm cho nc c v chua nh dm.
Nm 1948, cc nh khoa hc Thy in qua kho st cc trm quan trc nc
ma trong kh quyn pht hin ra nhng trn ma axit. Nm 1981 thnh ph Trng
Khnh (Trung Quc) cng xut hin ma axit, xt nghim cho thy nng trong
nc ma l 4,6; thp nht l 3. Chng nh hng nghim trng n cy trng v cc
cng trnh l thin.




- 17 -

S d c ma axit l v trong cc hot ng sn xut v sinh hot ca mnh, con
ngi t nhiu than v du m, trong khi thi c cha sunfua ioxit (SO
2
) v
nit oxit (NO
x
). Hai loi kh ny khi gp nc ma hoc hi m trong khng kh s
tng tc vi nc to thnh axit v gy ma axit:
SO
2

, NO
2

,... + H
2
O H
2
SO
4

, HNO
3

,...
Thng thng, nu kh quyn hon ton trong sch, khng b nhim bi cc
kh SO
2

, NOx th pH ca nc ma khong 5,6 - tc l thuc vo axit do kh
CO
2

trong kh quyn tc dng vi nc ma theo phn ng:
CO
2

+ H
2
O H
2
CO
3

H
+

+ HCO
3
-

H
2
CO
3

cn gi l axit cacbonic, l loi axit yu, phn ng trn l thun nghch
vi nng axit trong nc ma ph thuc vo nng CO
2

trong kh quyn.
Khi ma c nng pH 4,5 bt u c tc hi i vi c v thc vt. Khi
pH nh hn na th ma axit gy tc hi nguy him i vi ngi, ph hy cn bng
sinh thi, gy thit hi cho ma mng, ph hy rng v hy dit s sng.
Ty c ma axit lm thit hi 8% din tch rng vo nm 1982 v 34% vo
nm 1983.
Chu u, vo nm 1988 theo s liu theo di kho st trn 26 khu rng th c 22
khu b thit hi 30%, s cn li thit hi trn 50%. Tnh chung ton Chu u c n 50
triu ha rng b h hi - chim 35% din tch rng ton chu lc. Rng Ty-Nam Trung
quc b ma axit gy thit hi rt nng, c ni t l cy cht ln ti 90%. tnh H
Nam ma axit lm ma mng b tht thu v thit hi c tnh ln n 260 triu USD.
Canada c hn 4000 h nc b axit ha, cc sinh vt trong h u cht ht,
nn cc h nc gi l "h cht".
Ngoi ra, ma axit cn gy n mn v hy cc bc tng i, cc cng trnh th
k ngoi tri gy thit hi rt nng n. Ngi ta cn gi l hin tng "mt dn"
cc di tch lch s. Hin tng ny thng do axit sunfuric, v n c kh nng n mn
rt mnh, c th bo mn cc lp vi theo phn ng:
H
2
SO
4

+ CaCO
3

H
2
O + CO
2

+CaSO
4

Phn ng ny sinh ra thch cao nhng n tan trong nc ma v chim ch
nhiu hn vi.




- 18 -

Vi nhng tc hi nh vy i hi cc nc trn th gii phi c bin php
gim cc cht nhim gy ma axit. C th thng 11-1988 khi th trng chung
Chu u EEC a ra mc tiu ct gim lng pht thi SO
2

t cc nh my nhit in
xung cn 57% mc pht thi nm 1980 cho n nm 2003 v kh NOx xung 30%
cho n nm 1988. Mc ct gim pht thi SO
2

ca tng nc thnh vin EEC
c xc nh ph thuc vo mc gy nhim xuyn bin gii ca nc , trnh
pht trin cng nghip, thnh phn lu hunh trong ngun nhin liu a phng v s
n lc trong vic kim sot nhim c p dng trc nm 1980.
1.4.2. Hiu ng nh knh
Trong cc hot ng ca con ngi thiu t rt nhiu nhin liu c cha
cacbon, in hnh l sinh hot, cng nghip v giao thng. Tnh tng khi lng CO
2

sinh ra do t nhin liu l khong 2,5x10
13

tn/nm. Ngoi ra, hot ng ni la hng
nm sinh ra lng CO
2

bng khong 40.000 ln CO
2

hin c. Ton b CO
2

sinh ra
khng phi lu ng mi trong kh quyn m n c cy xanh v bin hp th i
khong mt na. Phn CO
2

do bin hp th c ha tan v kt ta trong bin. Cc
loi thc vt di bin ng vai tr ch yu duy tr s cn bng CO
2
gia kh quyn
v b mt i dng.
Cn lng CO
2

lu tn trong kh quyn, thc vt hp th tn ti v pht
trin, nhng khi hm lng CO
2

qu cao s l nguyn nhn gy ra hin tng hiu ng
nh knh.
Hin tng ny l do trong kh quyn c cha nhiu CO
2

, CH
4

, N
2
O , CFC v
O
3
. Nhng thnh phn ch yu vn l CO
2

(xem hnh v).

CO
2
, 55
%
CH
4
, 15
%
N
2
O, 6
%
CFC, 7%
CFC
11+12
, 17%




- 19 -

y l nhng cht gn nh trong sut i vi tia sng ngn nn tia bc x Mt
Tri d dng i qua xung vi Tri t (v bc x Mt Tri l tia sng ngn),
nhng cc cht ny li hp th rt mnh cc tia sng di phn x t b mt Tri t
(tia hng ngoi), chnh v th Tri t ch nhn nhit ca Mt Tri m khng thot
c nhit ra ngoi lm cho nhit trung bnh ca Tri t tng ln, ngi ta gi
l hin tng hiu ng nh knh, v kh CO
2

v mt s kh k trn c tc dng nh mt
lp knh ngn cn tia phn x nhit t Tri t.
Nhit tri Tri t tng ln l nguyn nhn lm tan bng cc Bc, nng
cao mc nc bin, lm trng ngp cc vng t lin ven b. Ngoi ra, khi nhit
tng cn lm tng cc trn ma, bo, lt, ng ngp gy rt nhiu thit hi cho cuc
sng con ngi.
Theo G.N.Plass: nu nng CO
2

trong kh quyn tng ln gp i th nhit
trung bnh ca Tri t tng ln 3,6
o
C.
Do vy, trnh c hiu ng nh knh i hi tt c mi quc gia cn phi
c bin php hn ch thi ra cc kh gy nh knh, c bit l kh CO
2
.
1.4.3. Khi quang ha
Trong giao thng v cng nghip thng xut hin nhiu kh NO, n s phn
ng vi cc nhin liu khng chy ht, di tc dng ca Mt Tri s to ra cc cht
nhim th cp gi l "khi quang ha".
Cc phn ng trong khi quang ha rt phc tp, c th n gin ha nh sau:
NO
2

1u t ngo
-- NO + O
CH
4

+ 2O
2

+ 2NO
Anh sng
-- H
2
O +HCHO + 2NO
2
.
CH
4

+ O
2

HCHO + H
2
O
O + O
2

O
3

O
3

+NO O
2

+NO
2

...
Theo phn ng dy chuyn nh vy s hnh thnh ra mt lot cc cht mi, sn
phm cui cng: NO
2

li sinh ra, NO mt i, O
3

c tch ly, andehit, fomandehit,...
xut hin. Tt c cc cht tp hp li to thnh khi quang ha.




- 20 -

Khi quang ha thng gy cay, nhc mt, au u, rt c hng v kh th.
Ngoi ra n cn nh hng trc tip n thm thc vt, lm cho l cy chuyn t mu
xanh sang mu , xy ra hin tng rng l hng lot, cy b kh v cht. Khi quang
ha cn nh hng xu n hoa qu v cy lng thc, gy nhiu bnh tt cho gia sc,
gia cm; cc mt hng cao su b lo ha rt nhanh, cc cng trnh kin trc b nhanh
chng ph hy,...
1.4.4. Hin tng thng tng ozon
Tng ozon c hnh thnh cao 25km (tng bnh lu), c tc dng chn tia
t ngoi ca Mt Tri chiu xung Tri t, che ch cho s sng loi ngi v cc
sinh vt.

Ngy nay, cng ngh lnh pht trin mnh, cht c s dng trong qu trnh
lm lnh l CFC, xut hin nhiu trong t lnh, my iu ha, x nghip ng lnh,
thy sn v trong cc dung dch ty ra, bnh cu ha,... N c nhiu dng F-11
(CCl
3
F), F-12 (CCl
2
F
2
),... Ni chung l cc hp cht c cha Clo. Khi r r v tht
thot ra ngoi, cc cht ny s khuch tn ln n tng bnh lu v b tn cng bi cc
tia cc tm ca Mt Tri v phn hy gii phng ra cc nguyn t Clo. Chnh cc
nguyn t Clo ny gy ra s suy gim tng ozon:
Cl + O
3

ClO + O
2

ClO + O
3

Cl + 2O
2
.
Ngi ta c lng mi nguyn t Cl c th phn ng vi 100.000 phn t
ozon v gy thng tng ozon.
Tng ozon b thng s to iu kin cho tia cc tm ca Mt Tri chiu xung
Tri t, gy ra cc bnh ung th da v mt cho con ngi, nhiu loi thc vt khng
thch nghi vi tia t ngoi s b mt dn h min dch, cc sinh vt di bin s b tn
thng v cht.
Ngi ta d on rng mt s suy gim 10% sc chu ng ca lp ozon mi
nm s sinh ra thm t nht 300.000 ca ung th lnh tnh, 4.500 ca ung th c khi u c
tnh v 1,6 triu ca c thy tinh th trn ton th gii. ngn chn nh hng ca
tng ozon b suy gim v ph hy, nhiu quc gia trn th gii, nht l cc nc pht
trin tham gia cng c Vin (22-3-1985) cam kt p dng mi bin php bo v




- 21 -

sc khe con ngi v mi trng khi nhng tc ng tiu cc do tng ozon b suy
gim, hp tc trong nghin cu, quan trc v trao i thng tin v lnh vc ny.
Tip l Ngh nh th Montral (Canada) v cc cht lm suy gim tng
ozon ODS c k kt ngy 16/9/1987 nhm xc nh nhng bin php cn thit
cc bn tham gia hn ch v kim sot c vic sn xut v tiu th cc cht lm suy
gim tng ozon.
i vi Vit Nam, chnh thc tham gia v ph chun Cng c Vin v bo v
tng ozon v Ngh nh th Montral v cc cht lm suy gim ozon cng nhng sa
i b sung ca Ngh nh th vo thng 1-1994. Chng trnh quc gia v bo v
tng ozon ca Vit Nam nh sau:
- n nm 2005 ct gim 50% mc tiu th CFC so vi mc tiu th trung bnh
thi k 1995-1997.
- Nm 2010 s loi tr hon ton cht CFC.





- 22 -

CHNG 2. CC GII PHP PHNG CHNG V X L
NHIM MI TRNG KHNG KH
2.1. GII PHP QUY HOCH
Thc t cho thy nhiu nh my cng nghip nm ngay gia khu dn c v
th, gy ra nhiu bi, khi, ting n v cc cht nhim; nhiu ng khi nm ngay
u hng gi i vi khu dn c; trong cc khu ca con ngi cn m thp; s
thng thong, chiu sng khng m bo,... Tt c nhng nhc im l do cha c
bin php qui hoch hp l khi xy dng. Trc tnh hnh , hin nay nh nc yu
cu cc c s cn phi c s nh gi tc ng mi trng i vi cc c s c c
bin php khc phc; i vi cc cng trnh mi bt u c thc thi th cn phi bo
co nhng nh hng c th c i vi mi trng, phi m bo khng gy ra nhng
nh hng ln trong qu trnh xy dng v c qu trnh vn hnh, s dng sau ny.
Do vy, cn phi xem xt cc iu kin kh tng, a hnh v thy vn b tr
cc cng trnh cho hp l. Mt bng qui hoch phi m bo thng thong, n c
hng gi tt nht cho th. Bn cnh phi xt n s pht trin ca th trong
tng lai, cho cng trnh hin ti v tng lai khng nh hng ln nhau,...
2.2. GII PHP CCH LI V SINH
Thng cng gn ngun nhim th s nh hng ca n gy ra cng ln, do
vy cn phi qui nh vnh ai bo v xung quanh khu cng nghip, l khong cch
tnh t ngun thi n khu dn c. Khong cch ty thuc vo tnh cht v c
im ca tng loi hnh nh my, loi hnh sn xut gy nn, khong cch ny m
bo nng cht nhim khu dn c do ngun ny gy nn khng vt qu tiu
chun cho php.
Ngoi ra, i vi cc khu cng nghip cn c tng bao che hoc dng di cy
xanh ngn cn s pht tn bi v ting n trong khng gian, nhm gim ti a s
nhim mi trng n ni sinh sng ca con ngi.
Bng 2.1. Qui nh di cch ly v sinh theo cc cp c hi ca sn xut cng nghip:
Cp c hi I II III IV V
Di cch li (m) 1000 500 300 100 50




- 23 -

2.3. GII PHP CNG NGH K THUT
Cn phi hon thin cc cng ngh sn xut, s dng cng ngh tin tin hin
i, cng ngh sn xut kn, gim cc khu sn xut th cng, p dng c gii ha v
t ng ha trong dy chuyn sn xut.
Gii php ny cn bao gm vic thay th cht c hi dng trong sn xut bng
cht khng c hi hoc t c hi hn, lm sch cht c hi trong nguyn liu sn
xut; v d tch lu hunh trong nhin liu than du, thay phng php sn xut kh
cc vt liu sinh ra nhiu bi bng phng php sn xut t, thay vic s dng than
du trong un nu bng in nng hoc nng lng Mt Tri, nng lng gi,...
Cc thit b my mc sn xut, cc ng ng vn chuyn cn phi kn, m
bo vn hnh an ton, kinh t v trnh s r r cht nhim ra ngoi mi trng.
2.4. GII PHP THNG GI
Nhim v ca thng gi l m bo trng thi khng kh cho con ngi sng v
hot ng ph hp vi tiu chun v sinh quy nh.
2.4.1. Cc s thng gi c bn
Trong mt phng kn ta c th thay i khng kh bn trong b nhim (do
nhit, do bi, do kh c) bng khng kh trong sch a t ngoi vo trong mt
khong thi gian nht nh (thng gi nh k) hoc trong mt thi gian khng hn
ch (thng gi thng xuyn). c gi l thng gi cho phng.
a .Thng gi chung:
Mc ch ca thng gi chung l a khng kh t ngoi vo vi lu lng cn
thit nhm pha long cng nhim (bi nng, bi, hi hoc kh c) trong ton
b khng gian nh xng, sau thi ra ngoi.
c thc hin trong phng m ngun c hi phn b u (trng hc, nh
ht, bnh vin) hoc nhng phng m khng on trc c ngun c hi s xut
hin v tr no (ca hng n, qun gii kht, cu lc b.)
H thng thng gi chung c nhc im l ni khng c c hi cng b nh
hng ca ngun c hi ni khc trn qua.
b. Thng gi cc b:
c thc hin thi trc tip cht c hi t ngun pht sinh ra ngoi (ht cc




- 24 -



b) hoc l thi khng kh sch vo cc v tr cn thit v bit trc (thi cc b).
Vic t chc, x l hp l cc cht gy nhim phi tho mn cc yu cu sau:
- Khng cn tr thao tc cng ngh.
- Khng cho khng kh cha cht nhim i qua vng th.
- Vn tc thu kh ln.









Hnh 2.1. Thi cc b Hnh 2.2. Cu to t ht
Tu theo iu kin thc t, trong mt cng trnh c th va kt hp thng gi
chung va thng gi cc b.
c. Thng gi s c:
l s thay i nhanh chng th tch khng kh trong phng b nhim
khi nh hng n sc kho ca cng nhn v tc hi n sn xut. Trong thng gi
s c thng dng h thng thng gi p sut m (ch c ht ch khng c thi) m
bo kh c hi khng b lan to ra ngoi. Thit b pht hin v x l thng t ng
(cc r le kch thch nng c hi, cc rle ni mch in) hoc ng m h
thng bng tay.
2.4.2. Phn loi h thng thng gi
Ngi ta cn c vo s chuyn ng ca khng kh phn loi. Thng c
hai loi: thng gi t nhin v thng gi cng bc.
a. Thng gi t nhin:
S chuyn ng ca khng kh t trong nh ra ngoi nh (hay ngc li) l do
chnh lch nhit bn trong v bn ngoi. T ch chnh lch nhit dn ti chnh




- 25 -

lch p sut v lm cho khng kh chuyn ng.
- Hin tng gi la: Khng kh vo nh v ra khi nh qua cc khe h ca ca v
qua cc l trn tng khi c gi thi c gi l gi la. Hin tng gi la u khng
khng ch c lu lng, khng iu chnh c vn tc gi v hng
ginn cn c gi l thng gi t nhin v t chc.
- Thng gi t nhin c t chc: Xc nh c din tch ca gi vo, din tch gi ra
xc nh c lu lng thng gi cho phng -> iu chnh c vn tc hng gi
l hin tng thng gi t nhin c t chc. Thng gi t nhin c t chc c
ngha rt ln v mt kinh t v khng tn km thit b, khng tn in nng nhng vn
gii quyt tt vn thng gi. V vy, Vit Nam c p dng rt nhiu c bit l
trong cc phn xng nng c nhit tha v trong cc nh cng nghip mt tng.
- Thng gi trng lc: l h thng thng gi t nhin di sc y ca trng lc hay
cn gi l thng gi ct p l thng gi t nhin bng mng dn c p dng trong
cc nh dn dng v cng cng. Khng kh chuyn ng trong mng dn do chnh
lch p sut ca ct khng kh bn trong v bn ngoi nh. Thng dng thng gi
cc ng khi ca cc nh gia nh.

Hnh 2.3. Thng gi t nhin trong nh dn dng v cng nghip
b. Thng gi cng bc (thng gi c kh)
L h thng thng gi hot ng a khng kh t trong phng ra ngoi (hay
ngc li) nh tc ng ca my qut v ng c. Thng c cc loi sau:




- 26 -

- Ht c kh: Ht khng kh b nhim, ht nhit, ht bi t cc ngun pht sinh
a ra khi phng m bo iu kin v sinh cho mi trng gi l ht c kh.
- Thi c kh: thi khng kh trong sch vo nh ti cc v tr cn thit v bit trc
tng cng hiu qu lm mt cho ngi cng nhn.
- H thng iu ho khng kh: Trong h thng thng gi c kh c y cc thit b
x l khng kh m bo yu cu ca con ngi v yu cu cng ngh gi l h
thng iu ho khng kh. Cc thit b bao gm: thit b lc bi, thit b sy nng,
lm lnh, lm m khng kh
2.5. GII PHP X L CHT THI NGAY TI NGUN
Cc cht nhim trc khi thi ra ngoi mi trng theo ng khi th ngi ta
cho chng i qua cc thit b x l gim nng cht nhim trnh cht thi c
nng vt qu tiu chun cho php. Cch lp t thit b nh hnh sau:

Hnh 2.4. Lp t thit b x l.
1- Ngun thi cht nhim.
2- Chp ht cht nhim.
3- Thit b x l cht nhim.
4- Qut khng kh vn
chuyn cht nhim trong
ng ng.
5- ng khi thi.

Cht nhim trc khi i vo thit b x l s 3 c khi lng l G
1
(mg/h) v
sau khi ra thit b x l c khi lng l G
2
(mg/h), lc hiu sut ca thit b s l:
=
0
2
0
1
x 1uu (%)
i khi ngi ta c th xc nh hiu sut x l cht nhim theo cng thc sau:
=
y
u
y
cu
y
u
x 1uu (%)
Trong y
u
, y
cui
l nng cht nhim ban u v sau khi qua thit b x l.




- 27 -

CHNG 3. CC PHNG PHP V THIT B X L BI
3.1. KHI NIM CHUNG V BI PHN LOI BI
3.1.1. Khi nim chung v bi
Bi l cc phn t cht rn, th ri rc c to nn do cc qu trnh nghin,
tn, p, dp hay do qu trnh ngng kt hoc do cc phn ng ha hc to ra.
Di tc ng ca cc dng khng kh chng chuyn thnh cc trng thi l
lng trong mi trng hay ri t do nh sc ht ca lc trng trng.
Bi l h thng gm hai pha: pha kh v pha rn ri rc. Cc pha rn ri rc
gm nhng ht c kch thc khc nhau (tn ti dng rn, lng).
Cc sol kh cng l h thng cc ht vt cht ri rc v n chuyn ng Brao
trong mi trng. Tc lng chm ca cc sol kh rt b.
Vn tc lng chm ca cc ht bi v
c
l vn tc ri ca cc ht bi trong mi
trng tnh di tc dng ca lc trng trng.
3.1.2. Phn loi bi
a. Da vo c ht, ng knh 6 ca ht bi phn loi
- Bi th: c o 7Spm, nhng ht c kch thc nh ht ct, sn, bi than,
- Bi: cc ht c o = (5-75) pm, thng c hnh thnh trong qu trnh hot ng ca
cc ngnh c kh, v d: mi, tn,
- Khi: o = (1-5) pm, gm cc ht vt cht (rn, lng) to ra do qu trnh t chy
nhin liu.
- Khi mn: gm cc ht vt cht rt mn c o 1 pm.
- Sng: cc ht cht lng, o 1u pm.
b. Da vo ngun gc pht sinh
- Bi hu c: bi ng, bi go, bi bt m.
- Bi v c: bi kim loi, bi , bi t.
c. Da vo nguyn nhn hnh thnh
- Bi t nhin: Do qu trnh t nhin gy ra, do ng t, ni la v qu trnh khuch
tn bi phn hoa trong khng kh.
- Bi nhn to: Do qu trnh nhn to: bi c to ra do cc hot ng ca con ngi




- 28 -

d. Da vo tnh cht, ngun gc m xm nhp vo c th.
- Bi c 0,1 m: khi ht vo phi, b c quan h hp chn li (mi), khng nh
hng n h h hp.
- Bi c = (0,1-5) m: l bi nguy him nht, khi ht vo ng li trong phi (60-
90)%, nh hng trc tip n sc khe con ngi.
- Bi c = (5-10) m: ht vo trong phi c phi o thi ra.
- Bi c 10m: khng vo h thng h hp c nhng gy tc hi i vi mt v
da.
3.2. CC PHNG PHP X L BI
3.2.1. X l bi bng phng php kh
a. X l bi bng bung lng bi
- Cu to:
+ Bung lng bi c dng hp
c tit din ngang ln hn nhiu ln so
vi tit din ng ng dn kh, khng
kh vo 1 u v ra u kia.
+ Bung lng bi c lm t
gch, b tng ct thp, hoc thp.



- Nguyn tc hot ng:
Da vo c s lc trng trng lng cc ht c kch thc tng i ln
bng cch gim vn tc dng kh v bi khi vo bung lng, cc ht bi do c khi
lng (c trng lc P) nn khi vn tc gim cc ht bi s tch ra khi dng kh v
lng li. Kh sch c a ra ngoi.
- c im:
+ Hiu sut lc bi thp: p = 40-60%, c p dng lng bi th c kch
thc ht ln t (60-70)m.
+ Thng s dng cp lc s b hoc nhng ni iu kin mi trng khng
kht khe.
Hnh 3.1. Bung lng bi
a) Mt ct dc
b) S khng gian




- 29 -

- u, nhc im:
+ u im:
Chi ph u t ban u, vn hnh thp
Kt cu n gin
S dng trong x l kh c nng bi cao cha cc ht bi c kch
thc ln c bit t ngnh cng nghip luyn kim, nu chy kim loi.
Tn tht p lc qua thit b thp.
Vn tc kh i trong thit b thp nn khng gy mi mn thit b.
Gp phn lm ngui dng kh trc khi thi ra mi trng hoc dn qua
cc thit b thu bi k tip.
+ Nhc im:
Phi lm sch th cng nh k.
Cng knh, chim din tch, cn c khng gian ln khi lp t.
Ch c th thu c nhng ht bi c kch thc tng i ln
Khng th thu c bi c bm dnh v dnh t.
- Bin php nng cao hiu qu bung lng bi:
+ S dng bung lng
phn tng: ngha l chia
bung lng ra thnh nhiu
tng bng nhau, c th phn
tng theo chiu dc hoc
chiu ngang.
+ C th to ra cc
vch ngn trong bung lng
kt hp bung lng vi cc
thit b lc bi kiu qun tnh
lc bi.
+ Tng chiu di v chiu rng bung lng.
- Phm vi p dng:
+ p dng lng bi th c kch thc ht t (60-70)m.
Hnh 3.2. Mt s bung lng bi
a) Bung lng bi nhiu tng
b) Bung lng c tm chn
a)
b)




- 30 -

+ Do hiu sut thp nn thng c s dng cp lc s b hoc nhng ni
iu kin mi trng khng kht khe.
b. X l bi bng thit b lc bi kiu ly tm
C hai loi: Thit b lc bi ly tm kiu nm ngang v thit b lc bi ly tm
kiu thng ng.
* Thit b lc bi ly tm kiu ng:
- Cu to:
Thit b gm 2 hnh tr lng vo nhau, hnh tr ngoi c bc kn, hnh tr
trong hai u rng.




1. ng dn kh v bi vo
2. Thn ca thit b
3. Cn
4. ng x bi
5. ng dn kh sch ra
6
a
,6
b.
Van x bi

- Nguyn tc hot ng:
Kh v bi c a vo theo phng tip tuyn vi thnh bnh (b mt hnh
tr ngoi) v thc hin chuyn ng xoy t trn xung di. Bi c khi lng m
theo qun tnh va p vo thnh bnh nn mt ng nng v ri xung di. Khng kh
sch i chiu v theo hnh tr nh bn trong chuyn ng ngc ln trn ra ngoi.
- u, nhc im:
+ u im:
Kh v bi i vo theo phng tip tuyn vi thnh bnh nn lc xoy li
tm ln do hiu sut lc bi t: p = 60-80%. Lc c cc loi bi
c kch thc va v tng i ln.
Hnh 3.3. Xyclon ng




- 31 -

Kh v bi i ngc chiu nhau nn hiu sut x l cao.
Ch to n gin, vn hnh d dng, c th sa cha thay th tng b
phn.
C th lm vic nhit cao (n 500
o
C), lm vic tt p sut cao
Hiu qu khng ph thuc vo s thay i nng bi.
Chim t khng gian lp t nn thng c s dng nhiu trong thc
t.
+ Nhc im:
Hiu qu x l km i vi bi c kch thc nh hn 5 m.
Tr lc ca dng kh ln nn ng c phi ln do chi ph vn hnh
cao.
Khng th thu c bi c tnh kt dnh.
- Bin php nng cao hiu qu cho xyclon:
+ tng hiu sut lc bi ngi ta thng dng xyclon chm.
+ Cc xyclon chm c th c ghp ni tip v song song vi nhau
- Phm vi p dng:
+ Xyclon thng c s dng lc tro bi trong kh thi l hi, l nhit in.
+ C th dng cp lc th, lc va, lc tinh.
* Thit b lc bi ly tm kiu ngang:
- Cu to:
Hnh 3.4. Cu to ca thit b lc bi ly tm kiu nm ngang
1. ng hnh tr bn ngoi; 2. Li hnh tr hai u bt trn v thon;
3. Cnh hng dng; 4. Khe hnh vnh khn; 5. ng loa; 6. Van iu chnh.





- 32 -

- Nguyn tc lm vic
Kh v bi c a vo thit b. Di tc dng ca l hng dng to ra
chuyn ng xoy ca dng khng kh v bi theo phng tip tuyn. Lc ly tm sn
sinh t dng chuyn ng xoy tc dng ln cc ht bi v y chng ra xa li hnh tr
ri chm vo thnh ng bao v thot ra qua khe hnh vnh khn ri vo ni tp
trung bi. Khng kh sch theo ng loa thot ra ngoi.
- c im:
Lc li tm sinh ra ph thuc vo l hng dng, nu l hng dng to vn tc
dng kh ln th lc ly tm sinh ra mnh do vy hiu sut lc s cao hn. Ngc li,
nu l hng dng to vn tc dng kh nh th lc ly tm sinh ra yu do vy hiu sut
lc thp.
- u, nhc im:
+ u im:
Cu to thit b n gin
+ Nhc im:
Kh v bi i cng chiu vi nhau nn hiu sut lc bi khng cao, ch
nhng ht bi to mi b vng ra ngoi.
L hng dng d gy, lc li tm do l hng dng gy ra nh.
Tn nhiu din tch lp t do thit b nm dc theo chiu kh v bi vo.
- Phm vi p dng:
Do nhng nhc im trn m xyclon kiu nm ngang t c s dng trong
thc t.
c. X l bi bng thit b lc bi kiu mng lc (ti vi, li lc bi)
* Nguyn l chung:
Dng kh v bi c chn li bi mng hoc ti lc; ti (mng) ny c cc
khe (l) nh cho cc phn t kh i qua d dng nhng gi li cc ht bi. Khi lp
bi dy ngn cn lng kh i qua th ngi ta tin hnh rung hoc thi ngc
thu hi bi v lm sch mng.
* Thng c hai hnh thc lc bi kiu mng lc l li lc bi v lc bi bng ti
vi.




- 33 -

* Li lc bi:
- Cu to:
+ Li c lm bng thp an, ty thuc
vo mc x l m chn kch thc li an
khc nhau.
+ Hp li (li thp hai bn) gia l cc
vt liu lc bi.
- c im:
+ Hiu sut lc bi rt cao: p = 80-90%.
+ Lc c cc ht bi c kch thc t nh n ln.
+ Khi nng bi qu ln, bi bm nhiu, th phi thng xuyn lm v sinh
thit b.
- Bin php nng cao hiu qu li lc bi:
+ S dng li c bi du nhn s gip tng hiu qu lc bi ln cao hn : p =
90-95%.
- Phm vi p dng:
+ Li lc bi thng c s dng lc sch bi trong khng kh thi vo
ca h thng thng gi, iu ha khng kh nh vi nng bi ban u khng qu
5mg/m
3
.
+ Li lc du thng c s dng cc nh my nhit in.
* Lc bi bng ti vi (ng tay o)
- Cu to: (Hnh 3.6)
+ Thit b gm nhng ti vi dt
t cc loi si khc nhau c lng vo
khung li ng bng thp bo v v
a s c trang b c cu gi bi.
+ ng knh tay o c th khc
nhau, ph bin nht l 120-300mm,
khng vt qu 600mm.
+ C hai loi: lc t pha trong v
lc t pha ngoi.
Hnh 3.5. Li lc bi
Hnh 3.6. S thit b lc bi kiu ti vi




- 34 -

- c im:
+ Hiu sut lc bi cao: p = 90-95%.
+ Thi gian lm vic theo chu k thng ngn.
+ Cn c vo nhit khi thi chn loi vi lm ti:
Nhit khi thi > nhit mi trng: loi vi lm ti thng l vi
aming hoc li thp.
Nhit khi thi < nhit mi trng: loi vi lm ti thng l vi
thng thng.
+ Kh v bi vo thit b phi kh trnh tnh trng lm g thit b.
- Phm vi p dng:
Thit b ny ch c s dng nhng ni cn thu hi nhng loi bi qu c
gi tr hoc nhng ni yu cu cht lng mi trng cao.
d. X l bi bng thit b lc bi kiu tnh in
* Nguyn tc lc bi bng tnh in:
Tch in m cho ht bi, bi s mang in tch m, khi bi i qua b mt c
in tch dng, bi s b ht vo b mt ny, trung ha in v ri xung. Thit b
s dng dng in mt chiu vi in th cao (khong 50.000V).
* Thng c 2 hnh thc lc bi tnh in: lc bi bng in kiu ng v lc bi
bng in kiu tm.
* Thit b lc bi bng in kiu ng
- Cu to:
1. Dy kim loi ngn, tit din b,
mang in tch (-)
2. ng kim loi, mang in tch (+)
3. i trng cng dy 1.
4. Thit b cch in
5. Phu cha bi
Hnh 3.7. Cu to thit b lc bi
tnh in kiu ng.
5




- 35 -

- Nguyn tc hot ng:
Kh v bi c a vo thit b. Di in th cao m dy kim loi c np,
n s to ra bn trong ng cc dng mt in trng mnh v khi dng kh mang bi
i qua, nhng phn t kh trong dng kh s b ion ha ri truyn in tch m cho ht
bi di cc tc ng va p qun tnh v/ hoc khuch tn ion. Nh th cc ht bi b
ht v pha cc dng, ng li trn b mt trong ca ng hnh tr, mt in tch v ri
xung phu cha bi. Kh sch theo ng ng dn kh thot ra ngoi.
- c im:
+ Thit b s dng dng in mt chiu c U = 30 - 70 kV
+ Yu cu bi vo thit b phi kh.
+ Hiu sut lc bi cao: p = 95-99%.
+ Lc c tt c cc loi bi t kch thc ln n kch thc nh.
+ Gi thnh t
- Phm vi p dng:
Thit b ny ch c s dng nhng ni cn thu hi nhng loi bi qu c
gi tr hoc nhng ni yu cu cht lng mi trng cao.
Ngoi loi thit b lc bi bng in kiu ng, ngi ta cn c th to cc dng ht
bi bng cc tm bn t song song hai bn cc dy cc m v lc ta c thit b lc
bng in kiu tm bn nh hnh 3.8

Hnh 3.8. Thit b lc bi bng in kiu tm bn





- 36 -

3.2.2. X l bi bng phng php t
* Nguyn tc:
Nguyn l ca qu trnh l da vo s tip xc gia dng kh mang bi vi cht
lng, bi trong dng kh b cht lng gi li v thi ra ngoi di dng cn bn.
Phng php lc bi bng thit b lc kiu t c th xem l rt n gin nhng hiu
qu li rt cao.
* c im:
- u im:
+ Thit b lc bi kiu t d ch to, gi thnh thp nhng hiu qu lc bi cao.
+ C th lc c bi kch thc thc di 0,1m.
+ C th lm vic vi kh c nhit v m cao m mt s cc thit b lc
bi khc khng th p ng c nh lc bng ti vi, lc bng in.
+ Thit b lc bi kiu t khng nhng lc c bi m cn lc c c kh
c hi bng qu trnh hp th, bn cnh cn s dng nh thit b lm ngui v lm
m kh m trong nhiu trng hp trc thit b lc bi bng in phi cn n n.
- Nhc im:
+ Bi thi ra di dng bn cn gy kh khn cho vic thu gom bi ng thi
lm phc tp cho h thng thot nc v x l nc thi.
+ Dng kh thot ra khi thit b mang theo lng hi nc c th gy n mn
cc thit b pha sau thit b lc nh ng ng, ng khi,
+ Trong trng hp khi thi cha nhiu cht d n mn nh: SO2, CO2,
cng c kh nng lm cho cc ng ng v thit b b n mn v vy cn phi s dng
nhng vt liu chng g nh inox, cht do hoc m cc thit b .
Thit b lc bi kiu t thng c th chia thnh cc loi sau y ty thuc
vo nguyn l hot ng ca chng:
- Bung phun, thp ra kh rng.
- Thit b kh bi c lp m bng vt liu rng ti nc.
- Thit b lc bi (ra kh) c a cha nc si bt.
- Thit b lc bi (ra kh) vi lp ht hnh cu di ng.
- Xyclon t.




- 37 -

a. Bung phun -Thp ra kh rng
- Cu to: Hnh 3.9



Hnh 3.9. Bung phun hoc thp
ra kh rng
1. V thit b b.
2. Vi phun nc.
3. Tm chn nc.
4. B phn hng dng v phn
phi kh.

- Nguyn tc hot ng
Dng kh mang bi i vo thit b t di qua sn phn phi ln trn, dng
nc c phun di dng ht nh t trn xung. Khi hai mi cht tip xc nhau, bi
trong dng kh b cun theo nc i xung di, cn kh sau khi tch bi, qua b phn
chn nc tch c hi nc thot ra ngoi u thit b.
- c im:
+ Yu cu vn tc dng kh vo thit b trong khong (0,6 1,2) m/s.
+ Hiu sut x l ph thuc vo cng phun nc v vn tc dng khng
kh chuyn ng trong thit b.
+ Cu to thit b n gin, gn, d ch to.
+ Vn hnh d.
+ Hiu sut x l kh cao: p = 80-90%.
- Phm vi p dng:
Thit b ny c s dng ph bin lc bi th trong kh thi ng thi
lm ngui kh.
b. Thit b kh bi c lp m bng vt liu rng ti nc
- Cu to:




- 38 -

Gm mt thng tit din trn hoc
ch nht bn trong c cha mt lp m
bng vt liu rng v c ti nc.

Hnh 3.10. Thp ra kh Scrub
1. Tm c l;
2. Lp vt liu rng;
3. Dn ng phun nc


- Nguyn tc hot ng:
Kh i t di ln xuyn qua lp vt liu rng, khi tip xc vi b mt t ca
lp vt liu rng bi s bm li cn kh sch thot ra ngoi. Mt phn bi s b
nc cun tri xung thng cha v c x ra di dng bn cn. nh k ngi ta
thau ra lp vt liu rng.
- c im:
+ Vt liu rng thng dng cc loi khu c hnh dng khc nhau lm bng s,
thy tinh, nha
+ Cu to thit b n gin.
+ Hiu sut x l cao hn so vi thp ra kh rng, p = 90% i vi cc ht
c o > 2 pm.
+ Tr lc thit b ln.
+ Phi nh k thau ra lp vt liu rng.
- Phm vi p dng:
+ p dng lm bc lc bi th nht trong cc h thng ht bi my p nh
va phn loi, my d khun trong cc phn xng c.
+ Lm bc lc ln th hai trong cc h thng lc bi c nng bi ban u
ln.
* Ngoi loi thp phun nc kiu ng chuyn ng ngc chiu ca kh v nc nh
trn, ngi ta cn ch to loi thit b phun c lp m rng kiu nm ngang (hnh




- 39 -

3.11). Cu to ca loi thit b ny cho php lm vic vi vn tc kh ln hn so vi
thit b thng ng (c th t 10 m/s) nh kch thc ca loi thit b ny s gn
nh hn.







Hnh 3.11. Thit b phun nc c lp m rng kiu nm ngang
1. Vi phun; 2. V v khung; 3. H thng ti nc; 4. Phn khng ti nc
ca lp m thay cho tm chn nc; 5. B cha cn bn; 6. Lp vt liu rng.
c. Thit b lc bi (ra kh) c a cha nc si bt
- Cu to:

















Hnh 3.12. Thit b lc bi c a cha nc si bt
a) Loi gii nc dp kh: 1. V thit b b; 2. Vi phun nc; 3. a c l.
b) Loi chy trn: 1. V thit b b; 2. a c l; 3. Hp cha nc cp vo; 4. Tm
chn chy trn; 5. Hp x nc trn.




- 40 -

- Nguyn tc hot ng:
Nguyn tc lm vic ca thit b lc bi c a cha nc si bt l cp nc
vo a va to mt lp nc c chiu cao thch hp; dng kh i t di ln trn
qua a c l, lm cho lp nc si bt. Bi trong kh tip xc vi b mt ca nhng
bong bng nc v b gi li ri theo nc chy xung thng cha.
- c im:
+ Thit b lc bi c a cha nc si bt c kh nng lc c bi c kch
thc o 5 pm vi hiu qu lc tng i cao.
+ a c l dng trong thit b c th l l trn ng knh d
o
= 4 - 8 mm hoc
rnh song song b rng b = 4 5 mm, b dy ca a c l cn ly trong khong 4 -6
mm.
+ Trong thit b si bt kiu chy trn, ngi ta thng dung a c l trn
ng knh l 3 8 mm. Vn tc kh qua tit din sng (din tch l) ca a 5 -15 m/s
tng ng vi vn tc kh trn ton tit din ngang ca thit b l 1 -3 m/s.
- Phm vi p dng:
Thit b ny thng c s dng x l bi trong cng nghip.
d. Thit b lc bi (ra kh) vi lp ht hnh cu di ng
- Cu to: Hnh 3.13
Vt liu ch to ht hnh cu l nha, cao su hoc thy tinh. Ht rng hoc
c, khi lng ring ca ht cu khng c vt qu khi lng ring ca nc
m bo cho cc ht hnh cu chuyn ng mt cch t do trong hn hp kh nc bn
trong thit b.
- Nguyn tc hot ng:
Kh mang bi c a vo thit b t di ln. Dng kh a vo ny lm cho
cc ht hnh cu chuyn ng hn lon trong trng thi l lng, bi trong kh va p
vo cc ht hnh cu tch khi dng kh. Nc c phun t trn xung cun theo cc
ht bi to thnh cn bn c dn ra ngoi x l.
- c im:
+ Hiu sut lc bi vi lp ht hnh cu di ng c hiu sut x l bi kh cao.




- 41 -

+ Vn tc dng kh vo cho php trong khong (5-6) m/s v t l nc kh l
(0,5-0,7) l/m
3
.
+ ng knh thch hp ca cc ht hnh cu l d = (20-40) mm.
+ Trng lng n v ca cc ht hnh cu: p = (200-300) kg/m
3
.
+ Sc cn ca thit b kh ln: (900-1400) Pa.




Hnh 3.13. Thit b lc bi vi lp
ht hnh cu di ng
1. Tm chn c l hoc li.
2. Ht cu.
3. Tm chn c l hoc li.
4. Vi phun nc.
5. Tm chn nc.
.






- Phm vi p dng:
Thit b ny thng c p dng x l bi trong cc ngnh cng nghip.
e. Thit b lc bi kiu t di tc dng va p qun tnh
- Cu to:
Dng in hnh ca loi thit b lc bi theo nguyn l va p qun tnh t l
loi Rotoclon N.





- 42 -











- Nguyn tc hot ng:
Khi dng kh c ht vo thit b, kh s i vo rnh gia cc cnh hng
dng v ko theo nc to thnh mt mng nc tung te ln vi git mn 300-
400pm. S lun lch ca hn hp khng kh nc qua cc b mt c cu to thay
i s lm cho cc ht bi va p v ri xung. Kh sch gi ht bi c dn ra
ngoi.
- c im:
+ Thit b ny khng cn phng tin vn chuyn nc phun vo thit b,
khng cn vi phun. Ch cn mt lng nc cha sn trong thit b v c sung thm
bng h thng cp nc sinh hot thng thng, khng cn bm p lc cao.
+ ng knh ca ht nc t 300-400pm.
+ Vn tc kh vo thit b l 15 m/s. Vn tc dng kh ra khi qut kh ln.
+ p lc ca thit b l 2700 3000 N/m
2
.
+ Lng nc tiu hao cho qu trnh ny thng khng qu ln, thng 0,7 l/m
3

+ Nng lng tiu th cho loi thit b ny nm trong khong 1,0 1,3 kWh
cho 1000 m
3
/h lu lng kh cn x l.
- Phm vi p dng:
+ Thit b lm vic c vi nng bi ban u rt cao.
+ Rotoclon N thng c s dng rng ri trong cng nghip luyn kim
lc bi thng thng v bi c tnh kt dnh cng nh cc loi bi d gy chy n
Hnh 3.14. Rotoclon - N
1. Ming vo ca kh
2. Cnh hng dng
3. Tm chn nc
4. Ming dn kh sch thot ra.
5. Qut ht




- 43 -

f. Xyclon t
- Cu to:

Hnh 3.15. Xyclon LIOT c mng nc
- Nguyn tc hot ng:
Nc c phun ra theo chiu thun vi chiu chuyn ng xon c ca dng
kh bn trong xyclon v phi to ra c mng nc mng chy t trn xung di v
lng khp mt trong ca thn xyclon. Kh i vo xyclon t di ln trn bng ng dn
vo ni theo phng tip tuyn vi v tr ca xyclon to cho dng kh c chuyn
ng xon c. Bi tch ra chm vo thnh ng b nc cun i nn khng c kh nng
bn ngc tr li vo dng kh. ng thot kh ra cng c ni theo phng tip tuyn
vi v tr thun chiu quay xon c ca dng kh bn trong xyclon.
- c im:
+ Vn tc dng kh vo v = (18-22) m/s.
+ Hiu sut x l cao, p >90%, c th ln n 99% .
+ Thit b gn nh.




- 44 -

+ Lc c c bi v c ln bi hu c (nhng khng lc c cc loi bi k
nc).
+ Lp t v vn hnh phc tp.
+ Cn phi c thm cng trnh ph tr l b cha nc.
- Phm vi p dng:
C th p dng lc bi kt hp vi x l cc cht c hi trong kh thi,
ng thi c th s dng gim nhit khi thi.




- 45 -

CHNG 4. CC PHNG PHP X L HI V KH C
4.1. KHI QUT CHUNG
Khc vi bi, kh v hi t n ti di dng cc phn t ring bit ln vo
khng kh theo cc chuyn ng chaose.
iu kin bnh thng hi c th ngng t c, cn kh th ch ngng t
c khi to c p sut hoc nhit ph hp (p sut cao, nhit thp).
X l hi hoc kh thi c hi c th tin hnh bng cc phng php tiu
hy, ngng t, hp ph hoc hp th. Ty thuc vo iu kin pht sinh, nng
cht nhim, iu kin a hnh, trang thit b hin c la chn p dng cc
phng php x l khc nhau.
4.2. X L KH V HI BNG PHNG PHP HP TH
4.2.1. Khi nim
Hp th kh bng cht lng l qu trnh ha tan cht kh trong cht lng khi
chng tip xc vi nhau.
Qu trnh ha tan cht kh trong cht lng gm ba bc chnh:
- Khuch tn cc phn t cht nhim th kh trong khi kh thi n b mt
ca cht lng hp th.
- Thm nhp v ha tan cht kh vo b mt ca cht hp th.
- Khuch tn cht kh ha tan trn b mt ngn cch vo su trong lng khi
cht lng hp th.
Tu thuc vo bn cht ca s tng tc gia cht cn c hp th v cht
hp th m ngi ta chia thnh s hp th vt l hay s hp th ha hc:
- Hp th vt l: l qu trnh da trn s tng tc vt l thun ty;
ngha l ch bao gm s khuch tn, ha tan cc cht cn hp th vo trong lng
cht lng v s phn b ca chng gia cc phn t cht lng. V d nh s phn b
ca kh ho tan gia cc phn t cht lng: NH
3
/aceton, CO/benzen,
trimetylamin/du ho, s ho tan ca kh SO
3
/H
2
SO
4
.
- Hp th ha hc: l mt qu trnh lun i km vi mt hay nhiu phn ng
ha hc. Mt qu trnh hp th ho hc bao gi cng bao gm 2 giai on:
giai on khuch tn v giai on xy ra cc phn ng ha hc.




- 46 -

Phng php hp th cht nhim bng cht lng c s dng kh ph bin
trong x l kh thi Vit Nam, hay c p dng x l cc loi kh nh SO
2
, CO
2
,
H
2
S, NO
x
,Cht lng hp th c th l nc, axit, baz
4.2.2. Cc cht hp th
Trong k thut x l kh thi bng phng php hp th, nc l loi cht hp
th sn c, gi r v thun li nht. Tuy nhin, nc ch hp th c mt s t loi kh
c hi, hn na mc hp th vt l ca nc cng b hn ch. Trong nhiu trng
hp ngi ta phi p dng phng php hp th ha hc bng cc loi dung dch ha
cht khc nhau ty theo cht c hi cn kh, c th nh sau:
Bng 4.1. Mt s cht hp th x l cc kh nhim thng gp
Kh nhim cn kh Cht hp th
Oxit nit: N
2
O
3
, NO
2
,
N
2
O
5

Nc v cc cht huyn ph: dung dch NaOH,
Na
2
CO
3
, NaHCO
3
, KOH, K
2
CO
3
, KHCO
3
, Ca(OH)
2
,
CaCO
3
, MgCO
3
, Mg(OH)
2
, Ba(OH)
2
, BaCO
3
,
NH
4
HCO
3

Nit Oxit NO
Dung dch FeCl
2
, FeSO
4
, Na
2
SO
3,
Na
2
S
2
O
3
, NaHCO
3
,
NaHSO
3

Sunfua ixit SO
2

Nc, dung dch NaOH, Ca(OH)
2
, CaCO
3
, K
2
CO
3
,
Na
2
CO
3
(15-20)%, KOH,
ihyro sunfua H
2
S
Dung dch Na
2
CO
3
+ Na
3
AsO
4

Dung dch AsO
3
(8-10)g/l + NaCl (1,2-1,5)g/l
(NH
4
)
3
AsO
3
(3,5-6) g/l.
Cacbon oxit CO Nit lng, dung dch [Cu(NH
3
)]
n
, COCH
Cacbon ioxit CO
2
Dung dch Na
2
CO
3
, NaOH, KOH, K
2
CO
3
, Ca(OH)
2

Cc ha cht cha Flo:
HF, SiF
4

Nc, dung dch NaOH, Ca(OH)
2
, Na
2
CO
3

Clo Cl
2
Dung dch: NaOH, KOH, Ca(OH)
2

Hi, sng HCl
Nc, dung dch Na
2
CO
3
, NaOH, KOH, K
2
CO
3
,
Ca(OH)
2





- 47 -

4.2.3. Thit b hp th
Thit b hp th c chc nng to ra b mt tip xc cng ln cng tt gia hai
pha kh v lng. C rt nhiu dng kiu khc nhau ca thit b hp th, nhng c th
phn chia thnh bn loi chnh sau y:
- Bung phun, thp phun: trong cht lng c phun thnh git nh trong
th tch rng ca thit b v cho dng kh i qua.
- Thit b sc kh: kh c phn tn di dng cc bong bng i qua lp cht
lng. Qu trnh phn tn kh c th thc hin bng cch cho kh i qua tm xp, tm
c l hoc bng cnh khuy c hc.
- Thit b hp th kiu si bt: kh i qua tm c l bn trn c cha lp nc
mng.
- Thit b hp th c lp m bng vt liu rng: Cht lng c ti trn lp
m rng v chy xung di to thnh b mt t ca lp m dng kh tip xc
i qua.
a. Thp hp th phun kiu thng rng
- Cu to:
Thit b hp th kiu thng
rng c dng hnh tr, c vi phun
sng thng c t pha trn
phun xung. Trong trng hp thp
hp th c chiu cao ln, ngi ta
thng t cc vi phun chia ra cc
tng khc nhau.






Hnh 4.1. Thp phun kiu thng rng




- 48 -

- Nguyn tc lm vic:
Trong thp phun, cht lng c phun thnh bi m (sng) t pha trn
xung, kh thng i t di ln nhm lm tng din tch tip xc v nng
thc t ca cht cn hp th trong pha kh gim dn theo chiu t di i ln v
nng cht b hp th trong pha lng c tng dn theo chiu t trn i xung.
- c im:
+ Yu cu tc dng kh khng c qu ln (phi nh hn 1 m/s) trnh
hin tng cht lng b cun theo kh ra ngoi.
+ Thit b hp th thng rng c u i m l n gin, chi ph u t thp,
lc cn thy ng nh v c th s dng i vi kh thi c nhim bn cao;
cht lng dng hp th c th quay vng cho ti khi hp th no mi thi cho
nn tit kim c cht hp th.
+ Tuy nhin, nhc im ca thit b thng rng l kh thng phn b
khng u trong ton b thp dn dn lm gim hiu sut x l.
b. Thp m
- Cu to:
c dng ph bin nht. Trong thp, ngi ta thng nhi cc vt liu
m nh c, snh s, l so kim loi. vn than cc... lm tng din tch tip xc
hai pha.
- Nguyn tc lm vic:
Cht lng c ti trn b mt lp vt liu rng v chy t trn xung di
to ra b mt t ca lp vt liu m. Kh c dn t di ln tip xc vi cc b
mt t , cc cht nhim b hp th li, kh sch c dn ra ngoi.
- c im:
+ Thit b ny vn hnh n gin nhng hiu qu x l cao.
+ Vt liu m d b tt nghn do tch t cn, do lm tng tr lc qu trnh
hp th.
c. Thp hp th si bt (ging thp si bt trong x l bi)
Thng c s dng trong trng hp ti lng cao, p sut kh phi ln v
qu trnh hp th c s to nhit, cn c lm lnh.




- 49 -

Hp th kiu si bt c nhc im ln nht l lun c lp bt chim th
tch kh ln trong thit b. Vic chuyn ng ca cht lng gp phi tr lc ln.
Cc nh thit k c nhiu cng trnh lm gim bt nhng nhc im trn c
th s dng kiu hp th ny trong cng nghip v n c h s chuyn khi rt cao.
Chiu cao lp cht lng tng s lm tng kh nng hp th song ng thi
cng tng tr lc ca thit b. V vy, thng thng ngi ta khng tng lp cht
lng qu 50 mm.
4.2.4. V d v x l kh SO
2
bng phng php hp th (cht hp th l nc)
Hp th kh SO
2
bng nc l phng php n gin c p dng sm nht
loi b kh SO
2
trong kh thi, nht l khi t cc loi l cng nghip.
S h thng x l kh SO
2
bng nc bao gm 2 giai on:
- Hp th kh SO
2
bng cch phun nc vo dng kh thi hoc cho kh thi i
qua lp vt liu m (vt liu rng) c ti nc scrub.
- Gii hp kh SO
2
ra khi cht hp th thu hi SO
2
(nu cn) v nc sch.

Hnh 4.2. S h thng x l kh SO
2
bng nc
1. Thp hp th; 2. Thp gii thot kh SO
2
; 3. Thit b ngng t;
4,5. Thit b trao i nhit; 6. Bm.




- 50 -

Mc ha tan ca kh SO
2
trong nc gim khi nhit nc tng cao, do
nhit nc cp vo h thng hp th SO
2
phi thp. Cn gii thot kh SO
2
khi nc th nhit ca nc phi cao. C th l nhit 100
o
C th SO
2
s thot
ra khi dung dch hp th hon ton v trong khi thot ra c ln c hi nc. Bng
phng php ngng t ngi ta c th thu c kh SO
2
.
- u nhc im:
+ u im:
Cng ngh n gin.
Nc l dung mi d kim v r tin.
+ Nhc im:
Hiu sut thp, nu kh thi sch bi th hiu sut ch t p = Su%
gii hp th cn phi un nng mt lng nc rt ln tc l cn
phi c mt ngun cp nhit cng sut ln.
Ngoi ra, s dng nc cho qu trnh hp th phi lm ngui nc
xung 10
o
C tc l phi cn n ngun cp lnh, gy tn km chi ph.
- Phm vi p dng:
+ Phng php ny p dng ti cc khu vc c sn ngun cp nhit (hi nc),
c sn ngun lnh.
+ p dng nhng ni c sn lng nc thin nhin v ni cho php thi
lng H
2
SO
4
ra mi trng (sng ngi).
4.3. X L KH V HI BNG PHNG PHP HP PH
4.3.1. Khi nim
Hp ph l qu trnh phn ly kh da trn i lc ca mt s cht rn i vi mt
s loi kh c mt trong hn hp kh ni chung v trong kh thi ni ring, cc phn t
cht kh nhim trong kh thi b gi li trn b mt ca vt liu rn.
Vt liu rn s dng trong qu trnh ny c gi l cht hp ph, cn cht kh
b gi li trong cht hp ph c gi l cht b hp ph.
Phng php hp ph c s dng x l mi hi, thu hi mt s cht
kh c gi tr hoc kh hi dung mi v mt s cht kh khc.
4.3.2. c im ca qu trnh hp ph




- 51 -

Qu trnh hp ph c p dng rt ph hp cho nhng trng hp sau:
+ Cht kh nhim khng chy c hoc kh t chy.
+ Cht kh cn kh l c gi tr v cn thu hi.
+ Cht kh nhim c nng thp trong kh thi m cc qu trnh kh kh
khc khng th p dng c.
Qu trnh hp ph c chia thnh hp ph vt l v hp ph ha hc:
+ Hp ph vt l:
Cc phn t kh b ht vo b mt ca cht hp ph nh c lc lin kt
gia cc phn t (lc Vander Waals).
Qu trnh hp ph vt l c ta nhit, Q = (2 20) kJ/g.mol. Lng nhit
ny ph thuc vo cng ca lc lin kt phn t.
Qu trnh hp ph vt l l qu trnh thun nghch. y l qu trnh c
ngha quan trng nh ta c th thu hi cc cht kh b hp ph c gi
tr hoc c th hon nguyn cht hp ph bo ha ti s dng.
Lng kh b hp ph vt l gim nhanh khi tng nhit tng. Lng
kh b hp ph t l thun theo din tch b mt ca vt liu hp ph.
Hp ph vt l c tc hp ph din ra rt nhanh.
+ Hp ph ha hc:
Hp ph ha hc l kt qu ca c phn ng ha hc gia cht b hp
ph v vt liu hp ph.
y l qu trnh m lng nhit ta ra rt ln, Q = (20 400) kJ/g.mol.
Qu trnh hp ph ha hc l qu trnh khng thun nghch
4.3.3. Vt liu hp ph
Vt liu hp ph thng dng ht, kch thc c ht t 6 10 mm xung n
c 200 pm, c rng ln c hnh thnh do nhng mao qun li ti nm bn trong
khi vt liu.
Vt liu hp ph cn p ng cc yu cu sau:
+ C kh nng hp ph cao.
+ Phm vi p dng rng, kh c nhiu loi kh khc nhau.
+ C bn c hc cn thit.




- 52 -

+ C kh nng hon nguyn d dng.
+ Gi thnh r.
Vt liu hp ph c th c chia thnh ba nhm chnh:
+ Vt liu khng c cc.
+ Vt liu c cc.
+ Vt liu m trn b mt ca chng xy ra qu trnh hp ph ha hc v qu
trnh lm thay i cu trc ca phn t kh.
Tuy nhin, vt liu c s dng ph bin nht l loi vt liu khng c cc,
i vi loi vt liu ny rng cng ln th kh nng hp ph cng cao.
Kch thc l rng (ng knh mao qun) ng vai tr quan trng lm cho vt
liu hp ph c kh nng hp ph chn lc.
Trong cng ngh x l mi trng, lm sch cc hi v kh thi
ngi ta thng s dng cc cht hp ph xp nh than hot tnh, silicagel, zeolit
4.3.4. Thit b hp ph
Trong thit b hp ph, vt liu hp ph c thnh lp m c b dy nht
nh v cho dng khi cn x l i qua.

Hnh 4.3. S thp hp ph s dng than hot tnh




- 53 -


Yu cu ra khi thit k hoc la chn thit b hp ph l:
+ Phi m bo thi gian chu k hp ph thch hp.
+ C x l s b i vi kh thi loi b mt s cht m m vt liu hp ph
khng hp thu c.
+ X l lm gim bt nng ban u ca cht cn kh trong kh thi bo
v lp vt liu hp ph khi b qu ti.
+ Phn phi dng kh i qua lp vt liu hp ph mt cch u n.
+ m bo kh nng thay th mi hay hon nguyn vt liu hp ph sau khi t
trng thi hp ph mt cch d dng.
4.3.5. Hon nguyn vt liu hp ph
Khi xut hin im ngng, l im m nng cht nhim u ra ca
thit b x l khng gim m c xu hng tr li bng ban u hoc bt u tng
hn so vi nng ban u, cn phi ngng chu k hp ph v chuyn sang chu k
hon nguyn gii thot cht nhim b hp ph trn b mt vt liu.
C th p dng cc phng php sau y hon nguyn vt liu hp ph:
+ Hon nguyn bng nhit: Vt liu hp ph c sy nng ln kh nng
hp ph ca n gim xung n mc thp v lc cht kh b hp th s thot ra
ngoi. Sau khi hon nguyn xong tng kh nng hp ph phi lm ngui vt liu
hp ph trc khi a vo s dng li. Ph bin nht ca phng php nhit l dng
khng kh nng hoc hi nc.
+ Hon nguyn bng p sut: nhit khng i, nu p sut gim th kh
nng hp ph gim v do cht b hp th s thot khi b mt vt liu.
+ Hon nguyn bng kh tr: Dng kh tr khng cha cht kh b hp th
thi qua vt liu hp ph y cht kh b hp ph ra khi vt liu hp ph.
Trong cc phng php trn, phng php nhit bng hi nc c p dng
rng ri nht vi l do n gin, t tn km v hiu qu cao.
4.3.6. V d v x l kh H
2
S bng phng php hp ph (cht hp ph l oxyt st)
X l H
2
S bng cht hp ph oxit st Fe
2
O
3
l phng php x l c in nht
da trn cc phn ng sau:




- 54 -

Fe
2
O
3
+ 3H
2
S Fe
2
S
3
+ 3H
2
O (1)
2Fe
2
S
3
+ 3O
2
2Fe
2
O
3
+ 6S (2)

Hnh 4.4. S h thng hp ph H
2
S bng oxit st
1. Bnh hp ph, 2. Eject
Sau khi bo ha H
2
S, oxit st c hon nguyn bng khng kh (cp oxy)
thu lu hunh.
Tc phn ng hp ph H
2
S ca oxit st ph thuc vo mc tip xc gia
kh v b mt vt liu hp ph. Do nng cao tc phn ng, rng (xp) ca
vt liu phi ln. Thng rng ca oxit st khng nh hn 50%.
iu kin cho qu trnh hp ph H
2
S bng oxit st ph thuc vo cc yu t sau:
+ Nhit ca mi trng: nhit ca mi trng tt nht nm trong khong
(28 30)
o
C.
+ m ca vt liu hp ph: khong 30%.
hon nguyn vt liu hp ph c th p dng cc phng php khc nhau:
+ Oxy ha vt liu hp ph bng oxy trong khng kh.
+ Thi hn hp kh c cha 2% 3% oxy qua lp vt liu hp ph. Nhit
hon nguyn 600
o
C - 800
o
C.




- 55 -

+ Hon nguyn lin tc khi vt liu hp ph bng cch b sung vo dng kh
cn x l mt th tch khng kh c tnh ton. Nh vy qu trnh hon nguyn s xy
ra song song vi qu trnh hp ph.
4.4. X L KH V HI BNG PHNG PHP THIU T
4.4.1. Khi nim
X l kh thi bng qu trnh thiu t hoc cn gi l t chy sau c p
dng kh ph bin trong cc trng hp sau:
- Dng trong trng hp lu lng kh thi ln m nng cht nhim li rt
b m cc phng php khc thc hin khng hiu qu.
- Cc cht nhim c mi nh H
2
S, NH
3
, cc hi dung mi.
- Cc loi sol kh hu c c khi nhn thy c, v d nh khi t l rang c
ph, l sn xut tht hun khi, l nung men s,
- Mt s hi, kh hu c nu thi trc tip ra mi trng s gy hin tng khi
quang ha.
- Kh thi t cng ngh khai thc v lc du.
4.4.2. Cc u, nhc im ca phng php
Nhng u, nhc im ca phng php x l nhim bng thiu t c th
nu ra nh sau:
- u im:
+ Phn hy c hon ton cc cht nhim chy c khi thit b thiu t
c thit k v vn hnh theo ng quy cch.
+ Kh nng thch ng ca thit b i vi s thay i va phi ca lu lng
kh thi cng nh nng cht nhim trong kh thi.
+ Hiu qu x l cao i vi cc cht nhim c bit m cc phng php
khc x l khng hiu qu hoc hiu qu thp.
+ C kh nng thu hi, tn dng nhit thi trong qu trnh thiu t.
+ Cng ngh kh n gin, an ton trong vn hnh.
- Nhc im:
+ Chi ph u t thit b v vn hnh tng i ln.
+ C kh nng lm phc tp hn vn nhim khng kh.
+ Phi cn c h thng thu gom v x l tro bi trong qu trnh t.




- 56 -

+ Trong qu trnh thiu t c cp thm nhin liu hoc c xc tc -> gy cn
tr cho qu trnh vn hnh thit b.

4.4.3. Cc qu trnh thiu t
V mt bin php thc hin, qu trnh thiu t cht nhim c th c phn
chia thnh ba dng khc nhau:
- Thiu t bng ngn la trc tip trong khng kh.
- Thiu t c bung t.
- Thiu t c xc tc.
a. Thiu t bng ngn la trc tip
Thiu t bng ngn la trc tip l bin php lm cho kh nhim chy trc
tip trong khng kh m khng cn cp nhin liu b sung, trng hp chung, ch cn
nhin liu mi la v iu chnh khi cn thit.
Cn c vo gii hn chy ca cht ngi ta c th chia kh thi c cha cc cht
nhim chy c thnh ba nhm sau:
- Nhm 1: Thnh phn nhin liu trong kh thi thp hn gii hn di ca qu
trnh chy khong 25%.
- Nhm 2: Thnh phn nhin liu trong kh
thi nm trong phm vi t gii hn di n gii
hn trn ca qu trnh chy.
- Nhm 3: Thnh phn nhin liu trong kh
thi cao hn gii hn trn ca qu trnh chy.

Hnh 4.5. u t ca h thng thiu t
bng ngn la trc tip
1. ng dn kh thi
2. Vng khng ch vn tc kh thi
3. ng gp phn phi hi nc
4. Cc im phun hi
5. B phn mi la.




- 57 -

b. Thiu t c bung t
Thiu t c bung t c p dng rng ri i vi cc loi kh thi c cha
cht nhim dng kh, hi hoc sol kh chy c vi nng tng i thp.
Cc b phn chnh v quan trng ca h thng thiu t ny l bung t, cc
vi t, b phn iu chnh qu trnh chy v dng c ch th nhit .
Bung t thng c dng hnh tr v c xy dng bng v thp c p gch
chu la. Nhit trong bung t khong 900
o
C - 1500
o
C. Vn tc kh trong bung
t dao ng trong khong 5 8 m/s v thi gian lu li ca dng kh trong bung t
khong 0,2s 0,5s.

Hnh 4.6. S cu to ca bung t
1. Kh thi i vo thit b thiu t; 2. B mt trao i nhit sy nng kh thi;
3. Nhin liu; 4. Vi t; 5. Kh sch ra.
Trong qu trnh t nu cn thit phi cho thm nhin liu ph tr vo bung
t.
Khi nng cht chy trong kh thi qu thp, nhit lng chy ca n khng
duy tr s chy, ngi ta thng dng bin php hm nng kh thi trc khi a
vo bung t.
c. Thiu t c xc tc
Thiu t c xc tc l mt bc pht trin tip theo ca cng ngh x l kh
thi trong khng gian kn bung t.
Phng php ny c nhng u im sau:
- Lm gim nhit ca bung t.
- Phn ng chy trn b mt vt liu xc tc din ra rt nhanh v cng rt
mnh.




- 58 -

- Nhit chy trn b mt cht xc tc thp hn, vo khong 200
o
C - 450
o
C.
Tuy nhin, phng php thiu t c cht xc tc cng c nhng nhc im sau:
- Vt liu xc tc thng l cc kim loi qu nn gi thnh rt t. Tuy nhin
lng xc tc i hi khng nhiu, thng ch cn t 0,03 m
3
0,12 m
3
cho 1m
3
kh
thi cn oxy ha trong 1s.
- Mun t hiu qu cao ca qu trnh chy th yu cu trong kh thi vo phi
sch bi v tp cht. Do kh thi trc khi a vo x l bng oxy ha c xc tc
cn c lc bi n mt mc cho php.

Hnh 4.7. S cu to bung t c xc tc
1. Lp m bng vt liu xc tc; 2. B mt trao i nhit sy nng kh thi;
3. Kh thi dn vo; 4. Kh sch thot ra ng khi; 5. Cp nhin liu; 6. Cp khng
kh; 7. Vi t; 8. ng dn kh thi vo bung t.
4.5. X L KH V HI BNG PHNG PHP NGNG T
Phng php ngng t thng p dng x l kh thi l cao, thng
dng khi nng cht nhim trong kh thi tng i thp v cc phng php
khc x l khng hiu qu.
Nguyn tc ca phng php l da trn s h thp nhit mi trng
xung mt gi tr nht nh th hu nh cc cht th hi s ngng t li v sau
c thu hi hoc x l tiu hy. iu kin lm lnh bnh thng, nu x l
bng ngng t thng khi thu hi c hi cc dung mi hu c, hi axt. Tt
nhin phng php ny ch ph hp vi nhng trng hp kh thi c nng hi
tng i cao (>>20 g/m
3
). Trong trng hp nng nh, ngi ta thng dng




- 59 -

cc phng php hp ph hay hp th.

Hnh 4.8. Thit b ngng t dng tip xc






- 60 -

PHN 2: CNG NGH X L NC THI
CHNG 5. MT S VN C BN LIN QUAN
N NC THI
5.1. NGUN GC, LU LNG V THNH PHN NC THI
5.1.1. Phn loi nc thi
Ngi ta nh ngha nc thi l cht lng c thi ra sau qu trnh s dng
ca con ngi v b thay i tnh cht ban u ca chng. Thng thng nc thi
c phn loi theo ngun gc pht sinh ra chng. cng l c s cho vic la chn
cc bin php hoc cng ngh x l. Theo cch phn loi ny, c cc loi nc thi
sau y:
- Nc thi sinh hot: l nc thi t cc khu dn c, khu vc hot ng thng
mi, cng s, trng hc v cc c s tng t khc.
- Nc thi cng nghip: l nc thi t cc nh my ang hot ng, c c
nc thi sinh hot nhng trong nc thi sn xut l ch yu.
- Nc thm qua/ nc chy trn: nc thm qua l tt c cc loi nc chy
vo h thng cng rnh do s r r, b v ng ng hoc thm qua tng chn. Nc
chy trn l lng nc ma chy vo h thng cng rnh t h thng tiu nc ma,
mi nh, h ph, ...
- Nc thi t nhin: nc trn mt do ma ti ch hoc do tuyt tan.
Nc thi th l thut ng chung ch cc loi nc c thi b ra t cc
khu th, n l hn hp ca cc loi nc thi k trn.
Ngoi ra, theo quan im qun l mi trng, cc ngun nhim nc cn
c phn thnh hai loi: ngun xc nh (c th kim sot c) v ngun khng xc
nh (kh kim sot, qun l)
- Cc ngun xc nh bao gm nc thi sinh hot v cng nghip, cc ca
cng x nc ma v tt c cc ngun thi vo ngun tip nhn c t chc qua h
thng cng v knh thi.
- Cc ngun khng xc nh bao gm nc chy tri trn b mt t, nc ma
v cc ngun nc phn tn khc.




- 61 -

5.1.2. Nc thi sinh hot
a. Ngun gc
Nc thi sinh hot l nc c thi b sau khi s dng cho cc mc ch sinh
hot ca cng ng: tm, git gi, ty ra, v sinh c nhn,Chng c thi ra t
cc cn h, c quan, trng hc, ch, v cc cng trnh cng cng khc.
Nc thi sinh hot c phn chia thnh hai nhm:
- Nc en: l nc thi t cc nh v sinh, cha phn, nc tiu, vi khun
gy bnh.
- Nc xm: nc thi tm git, nu n,, cha cc thnh phn v c cao
(ch yu l cht rn l lng), cht ty ra, du m.
b. Lu lng
Lng nc thi sinh hot ca khu dn c c xc nh theo tiu chun cp
nc (TCVN 33-2006), thng thng tiu chun nc thi sinh hot ly bng (60-
80)% tiu chun cp nc. Cc trung tm th thng c tiu chun cp nc cao
hn so vi cc vng ngoi thnh v nng thn, do lng nc thi sinh hot tnh
trn mt u ngi cng c s khc bit gia thnh th v nng thn. Ngoi ra, lng
nc thi ca khu dn c cn ph thuc vo iu kin trang thit b v sinh nh , c
im kh hu thi tit v tp qun sinh hot ca ngi dn.
Lng nc thi sinh hot ti cc c s dch v, cng trnh cng cng ph
thuc vo loi cng trnh, chc nng, s ngi tham gia, phc v trong .
Bng 5.1. Tiu chun nc thi ca mt s loi c s dch v v cng trnh cng cng
Ngun nc thi n v tnh Lu lng
(lt/n v tnh.ngy)
Nh ga, sn bay Hnh khch 7,5 - 15
Khch sn Khch 152 - 212
Nhn vin phc v 30 - 45
Nh n Ngi n 7,5 - 15
Siu th Ngi lm vic 26 - 30
Trng i hc Sinh vin 56 - 113




- 62 -

Bnh vin Ging bnh 473 - 908
Nhn vin phc v 19 - 56
B bi Ngi tm 19 - 45
Khu trin lm, gii tr Ngi tham quan 15 - 30
Ngun: Metcalf & Eddy, Wastewater Engineering Treatment, Disposal, Reuse, 2004
Ch thi ca nc thi sinh hot c th lin tc (iu ha hoc khng iu
ha) hoc gin on (khng n nh). S dn ca thnh ph cng ng th ch thi
cng iu ha.
c. Thnh phn nc thi
Thnh phn nc thi sinh hot ph thuc vo tiu chun cp nc, c im
h thng thot nc, iu kin trang thit b v sinh,Nng cc cht nhim trong
nc thi sinh hot c nu trong bng 5.2
Bng 5.2. Thnh phn nc thi sinh hot khu dn c
Ch tiu Trong khong Trung bnh
Tng cht rn (TS), mg/l
- Cht rn ha tan (TDS), mg/l
- Cht rn l lng (TSS), mg/l
350 - 1200 720
250 - 850 500
100 - 350 220
BOD
5
, mg/l 110 - 400 220
Tng Nit, mg/l
- Nit hu c, mg/l
- Nit Amoni, mg/l
- Nit Nitrit, mg/l
- Nit Nitrat, mg/l
20 - 85 40
8 - 35 15
12 - 50 25
0 - 0,1 0,05
0,1 - 0,4 0,2
Clorua, mg/l 30 - 100 50
kim, mgCaCO
3
/l 50 - 200 100
Tng cht bo, mg/l 50 - 150 100
Tng Pht pho, mg/l 4 - 15 8
Ngun: Metcalf & Eddy, Wastewater Engineering Treatment, Disposal, Reuse, 2004




- 63 -

Trong qu trnh sinh hot, con ngi x vo h thng thot nc mt lng
cht bn nht nh, phn ln l cc loi cn, cht hu c, cc cht dinh dng. c
trng ca nc thi sinh hot l hm lng cht hu c ln (t 50 n 65% tng lng
cht bn), cha nhiu vi sinh vt, trong c vi sinh vt gy bnh. Thnh phn cht
bn trong nc thi sinh hot c biu din theo hnh 5.1.

Hnh 5.1. Thnh phn cc cht bn trong nc thi sinh hot
5.1.3. Nc thi cng nghip
a. Ngun gc
Nc thi cng nghip l dung dch thi ra t cc c s sn xut, ch bin, kinh
doanh, dch v cng nghip.
Trong cc x nghip cng nghip da vo ngun gc pht sinh ngi ta chia
nc thi cng nghip thnh ba loi sau:
- Nc thi sn xut: l nc dng ri trong qu trnh sn xut. Ngi ta phn
bit hai nhm nc thi sn xut l nc khng bn (qui c sch) v nc bn.
- Nc thi sinh hot: to ra t cc khu v sinh ca nh hnh chnh, nh sn
xut, t cc nh tm ca cc phn xng, hoc cc v tr c lp ring bit.
- Nc ma chy trn qua b mt nh my, x nghip.
y ch yu ta xt n nc thi sn xut. c im ni bt ca n l rt a
dng v thnh phn v khi lng.
b. Lu lng
Lu lng nc thi dao ng ty thuc vo quy m, tnh cht sn phm, quy
trnh cng ngh, vic tun hon nc ca tng c s sn xut.




- 64 -

Trong iu kin khng c s liu o c thc t, c th c tnh lu lng nc
thi theo lng nc cp vo (Q
NT
Q
cp
) hoc theo phng php iu tra nhanh
ngun thi do WHO xut (1993). Nguyn tc ca phng php ny l da trn cc
s liu thng k a ra cc h s pht thi cho mi n v hot ng (nguyn liu tiu
th, sn phm sn xut ra,) v cng sut ca nh my tnh ton lu lng v ti
lng nhim chnh ca tng loi hnh cng nghip.
Bng 5.3. Cc h s pht thi (theo WHO) i vi mt s ngnh cng nghip
Cng nghip n v tnh
(U)
Th tch
NT
(m
3
/U)
BOD
5

(kg/U)
TSS
(kg/U)
Tng
N
(kg/U)
Tng
P
(kg/U)
Cc tc nhn
khc(kg/U)
313 Ru bia
3133 Nu nha v
nu bia

- Nh my mi m
3
bia 5,4 10,5 3,9
- Nh my c m
3
bia 11 18,8 7,3
321 Dt nhum
Si cotton (bng)
C dy chuyn Tn bng 265 155 70
Tng cng on
- H si Tn bng 4,2 2,8
- Gi h Tn bng 22 58 30
- Nu Tn bng 100 53 22
- Ty Tn bng 100 8 5
- Lm bong Tn bng 35 8 2,5
- Nhum Tn bng 50 60 25
- In hoa Tn bng 14 54 12
353 Lc du
- Cng ngh
cracking
1000m
3

du th
605 72,9 18,2 28,3 Du: 31,2
Phenol: 4,0
Sunfua: 0,94
Cr: 0,25
Ngun: A.P. Economopoulos, Assessment of Source of air, water, and land pollution,
WHO, Geneva, 1993.




- 65 -

Cn ch rng lu lng ca nc thi cng nghip thng khng u nhau
theo tng gi trong ngy, khng u nhau gia cc ngy trong thng, gia cc thng
trong nm,Ch thi nc c th iu ha hoc khng iu ha trong ca kp, ngy
m. V mi loi hnh sn xut c c im ring v nc thi, nn vic xc nh h s
iu ha i vi nc thi cng nghip cn phi da trn phn tch thng k s liu
nc thi ca c s sn xut. Thng hay ly gi tr k = 2,5 cho nhiu trng hp
khng c s liu thng k.
c. Thnh phn nc thi
Thnh phn, tnh cht nc thi cng nghip rt a dng v phc tp, ph thuc
vo nhiu yu t nh lnh vc sn xut cng nghip, nguyn liu v cc ha cht s
dng trong sn xut, dy chuyn cng ngh, cht lng nc tiu th cho cc nhu cu
sn xut, iu kin a phng. c bit i vi nc thi cng nghip lun cn ch
n thnh phn cc cht c hi c trong nc thi c nhng bin php x l thch
hp.
Thnh phn gy nhim chnh ca nc thi cng nghip l cc cht v c
(nh my luyn kim, nh my sn xut vt liu xy dng, nh my phn bn v c,
), cc cht hu c dng ha tan (thng qua ch tiu BOD), cc cht hu c vi lng
gy mi, v (phenol, benzene,), cc cht hu c kh b phn hy sinh hc hay bn
vng sinh hc (mt s dng thuc tr su, thuc dit c,), cht hot tnh b mt, cc
cht hu c c th phn hy sinh hc tng t nh trong nc thi sinh hot.
5.2. MT S CH TIU NHIM C TRNG TRONG NC THI
C ba nhm ch tiu (thng s) c bn dng nh gi cht lng ngun nc
l: cc ch tiu vt l, cc ch tiu ha hc v cc ch tiu sinh vt.
5.2.1. Cc ch tiu vt l
Bao gm hm lng cht rn tng cng, nhit , c, trong, mu, mi,
v, nh gi v mt nh tnh nhim bn ca nc do cc loi nc thi cng
nghip, nc thi sinh hot gy ra.
- Hm lng cht rn tng cng: Tng cht rn l thnh phn vt l c trng quan
trng nht ca nc thi. N bao gm cht rn l lng, keo v ha tan.




- 66 -

- Nhit (
o
C): Nhit ca nc thi nh hng n i sng ca thy sinh vt v
s ha tan ca oxy trong nc. N cn l mt trong nhng thng s cng ngh quan
trng trong qu trnh cng ngh x l nc thi.
- mu (n v tnh: Pt - Co): Mu ca nc thi l do cc cht sinh hot, cng
nghip, thuc nhum hoc do cc sn phm c to ra t cc qu trnh phn hy cc
cht hu c. mu l mt thng s mang tnh nh tnh, c th c s dng xc
nh trng thi chung ca nc thi.
- c: c ca nc thi l do cc cht l lng v cc cht dng keo cha trong
nc thi to nn. n v o c thng thng l NTU.
5.2.2. Cc ch tiu ha hc
Bao gm pH, axit, kim, cng, hm lng oxy ha tan DO, nhu
cu oxy sinh ha BOD, nhu cu oxy ha hc COD, hm lng cc cht dinh dng
(Nit, Phtpho,...), cc kim loi nng v cc cht c hi.
- pH: pH l ch tiu c trng cho tnh axit hoc baz ca nc v c tnh bng
nng ca ion hydro (pH = - lg[H
+
]). pH l ch tiu quan trng nht trong qu trnh
sinh ha bi tc ca qu trnh ny ph thuc ng k vo s thay i ca pH.
- Oxy ha tan: Oxy ha tan (DO) l mt trong nhng ch tiu quan trng trong x l
sinh hc hiu kh. Lng DO trong nc thi ban u dn vo trm x l thng bng
khng hoc rt nh.
- Nhu cu oxy ha hc (COD): Nhu cu oxy ha hc l lng oxy cn thit oxy ha tt
c cc cht hu c k c nhng cht hu c k c cc cht hu c khng b phn hy sinh
hc c trong nc thi v c n v tnh l mg/l. Ch tiu ny cho bit mc nhim bn
nc thi cha cht hu c, kh nng phn hy chng trong mi trng nc,...
- Nhu cu oxy sinh ha (BOD): Nhu cu oxy sinh ha l i lng c trng v mc
nhim nc thi bi cc cht hu c c th oxy ha sinh ha. BOD c nh
ngha l lng oxy cn thit cho vi sinh vt s dng trong qu trnh oxy ha cc cht
hu c trong bng ti iu kin tiu chun v nhit v thi gian.
- Hm lng Nit: Nit c trong nc thi dng cc lin kt hu c v v c. Trong
nc thi sinh hot, phn ln cc lin kt hu c c trong cc cht c ngun gc protit,




- 67 -

thc phm d tha. Cn Nit trong cc lin kt v c gm cc dng kh NH
4
+
, NH
3
v
dng oxy ha: NO
2
-
v NO
3
-
.
- Hm lng Photpho: Photpho trong nc v nc thi thng tn ti cc dng
orthophotphat (PO
4
3-
, HPO
4
2-
, H
2
PO
4
-
, H
3
PO
4
) hay polyphotphat v photphat hu c.
- Cc ch tiu tng lng mui: clorua (Cl
-
) c th dng nh gi mc nhim bn
do nc thi cng nghip .
- Cc ch tiu du m, hm lng cc mui kim loi nng, cc cht phng x... nh
gi nhim bn ca cc loi nc thi khc nhau.
5.2.3. Cc ch tiu sinh vt
Nc thi cha nhiu vi sinh vt trong c nhiu vi trng, vi khun gy bnh.
xc nh bn sinh hc ca nc thi ngi ta tin hnh phn tch s tn ti ca
mt loi vi khun c bit: trc khun Coli, mc d n khng l loi vi khun gy bnh
in hnh song s tn ti ca n chng t s tn ti ca cc loi vi khun gy bnh khc.
Mc nhim bn sinh hc ca nc thi c xc nh bng cc ch tiu sau y:
- Chun s Coli: Th tch nc thi t nht (ml) c 1 coli.
- Tng s Coliform: s lng vi khun dng Coli trong 100ml nc.
5.3. CC BIN PHP K THUT BO V NGUN NC
5.3.1. iu kin v sinh khi x nc thi vo ngun nc
Trong vic s dng ngun nc, mi mt mc ch s dng c mt yu cu
cht lng nc ring. Vic qui nh cc iu kin v sinh khi x nc thi ra ngun
nhm mc ch hn ch lng cht bn thi vo mi trng, m bo an ton v mt
v sinh cho vic s dng ngun nc.
i vi tng loi nc thi khc nhau s c nhng quy chun quy nh gi tr ti
a cho php ca cc thng s nhim trong nc thi khi x vo ngun tip nhn.
Trong iu kin Vit Nam, ngun tip nhn nc thi sinh hot hay nc thi
cng nghip gm ch yu l ngun nc mt (sng, h, ao, sui, bin...) v c phn
thnh hai loi: ngun loi A (ngun nc c dng cho mc ch cp nc sinh hot)
v ngun loi B (ngun nc khng dng cho mc ch cp nc sinh hot).
5.3.2. Cc gii php kim sot nhim nc
nhim ngun nc mt ch yu l do tt c cc dng nc thi cha qua x




- 68 -

l x vo ngun tip nhn lm thay i cc tnh cht ha l v sinh hc ca ngun
nc. S c mt ca cc cht c hi trong nc thi x vo ngun nc s lm ph
v cn bng sinh hc t nhin ca ngun nc v km hm qu trnh t lm sch ca
ngun nc. Bn cnh , s c mt ca cc vi sinh vt trong c cc vi khun gy
bnh e da n tnh an ton v sinh ca ngun nc.
Chnh v vy, ngi ta a ra cc gii php sau kim sot nhim ngun nc:
- Hn ch, gim thiu s lng nc thi ngay ti ngun pht sinh: y l gii
php mang tnh ch ng, bng cch p dng cng ngh sn xut sch hn, cc gii
php phng nga nhim, gim pht sinh cht thi ngay t khu s dng nguyn liu,
la chn cng ngh,
- Gim thiu nng cht nhim trong nc thi theo quy nh bng cch p dng
cng ngh x l nc thi ph hp nc thi tiu chun khi x vo ngun tip nhn.
+ Mc ch ca x l nc thi l loi b hon ton hay lm gim mt phn
hm lng cc tc nhn nhim c th t tiu chun thi hay c th ti s dng.
+ V nc thi c thnh phn a dng, phc tp, kh nng t lm sch ca cc
loi ngun nc khc nhau nn cng c nhiu bin php x l nc thi khc nhau.
Hin nay theo yu cu x l nc thi ngi ta chia ra cc mc: x l s b, x l tp
trung v x l trit . Theo bn cht qu trnh lm sch, ngi ta chia ra cc phng
php x l c hc, phng php x l ha l v phng php x l sinh hc...
- Ti s dng nc thi:
+ Vic nghin cu p dng cng ngh s dng li nc thi va c ngha v
mt mi trng (gim lu lng nc thi x vo mi trng) va c ngha v mt
kinh t (tit kim ti nguyn nc, thu hi cc cht qu c gi tr s dng)
+ Cc hng ti s dng nc thi:
Cp nc tun hon v s dng li nc thi trong cc x nghip cng
nghip. Da vo thnh phn, s lng nc thi v iu kin a phng
c th chn cc phng php sau: dng li nc sau khi x l trong h
thng cp nc ca nh my, dng li nc cho qu trnh sau, dng
nc thi v cn phc v nng nghip, thu hi cht qu.
S dng nc thi sinh hot ti cho cy trng v nui trng thy sn.




- 69 -

CHNG 6. CC PHNG PHP X L NC THI
6.1. CC BC V PHNG PHP X L NC THI V BN CN
TRONG NC THI
6.1.1. Cc bc x l nc thi th
Nc thi th thng c x l theo ba bc (mc ) nu trn hnh 6.1.







Nc thi sinh hot Nc thi bnh vin Nc thi sn xut
Kh trng dit vi khun gy
bnh (cc bin php php ha
hc v vt l).
Tch rc, ct v cn lng
trong nc thi (cc bin
php c hc)
Kh cc cht c hi v m
bo iu kin lm vic bnh
thng ca cc cng trnh x
l sinh hc ca nc thi (Cc
bin php c hc, ha hc hoc
ha l).
Tch cc cht hu c trong
nc thi (bin php sinh hc).
Kh cc cht dinh dng (N-P)
v kh trng nc thi. (Cc
bin php sinh hc, ha hc
hoc ha l).
X nc thi ra ngun tip nhn
Hnh 6.1. Cc bc x l nc thi th
X l s b v
x l bc mt
X l bc hai
T lm sch ca
ngun nc
X l bc ba




- 70 -

S cc bc x l nc thi th c th c thuyt minh mt cch tm tt
nh sau:
- Bc th nht (X l bc 1)
X l bc mt bao gm cc qu trnh x l s b tch cc cht rn ln nh
rc, l cy, x, ct, c th nh hng n hot ng ca cc cng trnh x l tip
theo v lm trong nc thi n mc yu cu bng cc phng php c hc nh
chn rc, lng ct, lng, lc, y l bc bt buc i vi tt c cc dy chuyn
cng ngh x l nc thi. Hm lng cn l lng trong nc thi x l giai on
ny phi b hn 150 mg/l nu nc thi c x l sinh hc tip tc hoc b hn cc
quy nh nu trong cc quy chun mi trng lin quan nu x nc thi trc tip vo
ngun nc mt.
- Bc th hai (X l bc hai hay x l sinh hc)
Bc th hai l x l nc thi bng phng php sinh hc. Giai on x l
ny c xc nh trn c s tnh trng s dng v qu trnh t lm sch ca ngun
tip nhn nc thi. Trong bc ny ch yu l x l cc cht hu c d oxy ha sinh
ha (lm gim BOD) khi x ra ngun thi khng gy thiu ht oxy v mi hi thi.
- Bc th ba (X l bc ba hay x l trit )
Bc th ba l loi b cc hp cht Nit v Photpho ra khi nc thi v kh
trng nc thi. Giai on kh trng sau qu trnh lm sch l yu cu bt buc i
vi mt s loi nc thi hoc mt s dy chuyn cng ngh x l trong iu kin
nhn to.
* Ngoi ra, trong x l nc thi cng cn ch n x l bn cn trong nc thi.
Cc loi ct (ch yu l thnh phn v c v c t trng ln) c phi kh v san
nn. Rc th c nghin nh hoc vn chuyn v bi chn lp. Cn lng c gi li
trong cc b lng t 1 (cn s cp) c hm lng cht hu c ln c kt hp vi
cn th cp c hnh thnh trong qu trnh x l sinh hc ca nc thi, c x l
theo cc bc tch nc s b, n nh sinh hc trong iu kin ym kh hoc hiu kh
v lm kh. Bn cn sau x l c th dng lm phn bn.
6.1.2. Cc phng php x l nc thi th
a. X l nc thi bng phng php c hc




- 71 -

- Mc ch:
+ X l s b nc thi, thng dng loi b ra khi nc thi cc cht
khng ha tan v mt phn hn hp keo c kch thc ln.
+ Phng php c hc thng x l khng trit nn n thng l giai on
u ca qu trnh lm sch trc khi x l nc thi bng phng php sinh hc v
ha hc.
- C s, nguyn l ca qu trnh:
C s ca phng php l da vo kch thc ht, t trng ca n trong mi
trng nc. Da trn nguyn l ca qu trnh lng, lc, bay hi, pha long,
+ Phng php lng: Nhng cht l lng (huyn ph) l nhng cht c kch
thc ht ln hn 10
-4
mm. Nhng cht l lng trong nc thi gm nhng
ht hoc tp hp ht khc nhau v hnh dng, kch thc, trng lng ring v
bn cht xut x. Tnh cht c bn ca cc cht dng huyn ph l lng l khng
c kh nng gi nguyn ti ch trng thi l lng. Thi gian tn ti ca chng
ty thuc vo kch thc ht. Cc ht ln s lng hoc ni ln mt nc di tc
dng ca trng lc.
+ Phng php lc: Lc l qu trnh tch cc ht rn ra khi pha lng hoc
pha kh bng cch cho dng kh hoc lng c cha ht cht rn chy qua lp vt
ngn xp. Cc ht rn s b gi li trn b mt lp vt ngn cn kh hoc cht
lng s thm qua vt ngn.
+ Phng php pha long: Khi lu lng ca dng chy trong sng ln,
kh nng t lm sch ca sng cao. Trong trng hp ny, nu lu lng nc
thi khng ln v xa khu dn c c th x trc tip nc thi vo sng. Trong
trng hp ny nng cht nhim c pha long, qu trnh t lm sch ca
nc din ra thun li s t gy tn tht n h sinh thi thy sinh.
- Cc bin php k thut:
Ngi ta c th dng cc cng trnh c hc nh song chn rc, li lc rc, b
lng ct, cc loi b lng, b lc cc loi thc hin qu trnh loi b cc cht khng
tan v cc cht l lng.




- 72 -

+ gi cc tp cht khng ha tan ln v mt phn cht bn l lng: dng
song chn rc, li lc.
+ tch cc cht l lng c t trng ln hn hoc b hn nc dng b lng:
Cc cht l lng c ngun gc khong (ch yu l ct) c lng b
lng ct.
Cc ht cn c tnh hu c c tch ra b lng.
Cc cht cn nh hn nc nh du, m, c tch b thu du, m
(p dng cho nc thi cng nghip)
gii phng cht thi khi cc cht huyn ph, phn tn nh, dng
li lc, vi lc hoc lc qua lp vt liu lc (thng dng cho nc thi
cng nghip).
- Phm vi ng dng:
+ p dng cho giai on x l ban u.
+ Phng php x l c hc tch khi nc thi sinh hot khong 60% tp cht
khng tan, tuy nhin BOD khng gim.
Bng 6.1. p dng cc cng trnh c hc trong x l nc thi
Cng trnh p dng
Li chn rc Tch cc cht rn th v c th lng
Nghin rc Nghin cc cht rn th n kch thc nh hn ng nht
B iu ha iu ha lu lng v ti trng
Khuy trn Khuy trn ha cht v cht kh vi nc thi, gi cn
trng thi l lng.
Lng Tch cc cn lng v nn bn.
Lc Tch cn l lng cn li sau x l sinh hc hoc ha hc
Mng lc Tng t nh qu trnh lc.
Vn chuyn kh B sung v tch kh
Bay hi v bay kh Bay hi cc hp cht hu c bay hi t nc thi
Ngun: Metcalf & Eddy, Wastewater Engineering Treatment, Disposal, Reuse
b. X l nc thi bng phng php sinh hc
- Mc ch:




- 73 -

Ngi ta s dng phng php sinh hc lm sch nc thi sinh hot cng
nh nc thi sn xut khi nhiu cht bn hu c ha tan, phn tn v mt s cht v
c nh H
2
S, cc sunfit, ammoniac, nit,
- C s, nguyn l ca qu trnh:
Phng php ny da trn c s s dng hot ng ca vi sinh vt phn hy
cc cht hu c gy nhim bn trong nc thi. Cc vi sinh vt s dng cc cht hu
c v mt s cht khong lm ngun dinh dng v to nng lng. Trong qu trnh
trao i cht, chng nhn cc c cht xy dng t bo, sinh trng v sinh sn nn
sinh khi ca chng c tng ln, cc cht hu c gim xung.
Nguyn l chung ca qu trnh oxy ha sinh ha: thc hin qu trnh oxy
ha sinh ha, cc cht hu c ha tan, c cc cht keo v phn tn nh trong nc thi
cn c di chuyn vo bn trong t bo ca vi sinh vt. Vic thu hi cht bn t nc
thi v vic vi sinh vt hp th cc cht bn l mt qu trnh gm ba giai on sau:
+ Giai on 1: Khuch tn, chuyn dch v hp th cht bn t mi trng ln
b mt t bo vi khun.
+ Giai on 2: Oxy ha ngoi bo v vn chuyn cc cht bn hp ph c
qua mng t bo vi khun.
+ Giai on 3: Chuyn ha cc cht hu c thnh nng lng, tng hp sinh
khi t cht hu c v cc nguyn t dinh dng khc bn trong t bo vi khun.
Ty theo iu kin sinh trng ca vi sinh vt trong h x l m c th xy ra
cc qu trnh sinh ha nh sau:
+ Qu trnh hiu kh (Aerobic process):
Cht hu c + O
2

v sInht
-- CO
2
+ H
2
O
+ Qu trnh k kh (Anaerobic process):
Cht hu c
1h phn s b
-- CHC n gin
1h phn hon ton
-- Mui khong, CO
2
, CH
4
,...
+ Qu trnh ty tin (Facultative Process): L qu trnh sinh ha trong cc vi
sinh vt s dng oxy trong cc hp cht ha hc nh nitrit, nitrat, photphat,Trong
iu kin thiu oxy ha tan vic kh nitric ha s din ra. Oxy gii phng t Nitrat s
oxy ha cht hu c, Nit v kh CO
2
s c to thnh.




- 74 -

NO
3
-

v sInht
-- NO
2
-
+ O
2
Cht hu c + O
2
N
2
+ CO
2
+ H
2
O
Qu trnh loi b cht hu c trong nc thi bng VSV ph thuc vo cc yu
t chnh sau:
+ Nng ca cht nn (c cht, cht hu c).
+ Nng ca bn hot tnh.
+ Thi gian tip xc.
y chnh l ba yu t chnh iu khin tc , hiu sut qu trnh x l nc
thi bng phng php sinh hc.
Bng 6.2. Cc iu kin v yu cu ca qu trnh sinh ha
iu kin Hiu kh K kh
DO 2 mg/l < 2 mg/l
Nhit 6 37
o
C 20 65
o
C
pH 6,5 8,5 7,5 8,5
SS < 150 mg/l
BOD < 500 mg/l > 500 mg/l
Cc cht dinh dng BOD/N/P~100/5/1 BOD/N/P~10/2/1
Nguyn t vi lng y y
Cc cht c, c ch Gii hn cho php
- Cc bin php k thut:
Cc cng trnh x l nc thi bng phng php sinh hc c th thc hin
trong iu kin t nhin nh cnh ng ti, cnh ng lc, h n nh,... hoc trong
cc cng trnh nhn to nh b thi kh, b lc sinh hc, h sinh hc thi kh, mng
oxy ha, aeroten, biophin,...
c. X l nc thi bng phng php ha hc v ha l
- Mc ch:
X l nc thi bng phng php ha l t hiu qu cao khi x l nc thi
cng nghip c cha cc cht v c c hi (kim loi nng, acid, baz) hoc cc cht
hu c bn vng, kh mu, kh mi v kh trng...




- 75 -

- C s, nguyn l ca qu trnh:
X l nc thi bng phng php ha l v ha hc da trn c s cc phn
ng ha hc, cc qu trnh ha l.
Cc phng php ha l thng dng trong x l nc thi:
+ Phng php keo t v lng: s dng phn nhm, phn st, natri aluminat...
loi b cc cht l lng c trong nc thi.
+ Phng php trung ha: trung ha cc loi nc thi c tnh acid hoc kim
m bo pH yu cu.
+ Phng php hp ph: s dng than hot tnh, than bn kh mu v hp
ph cc kim loi nng, cc cht c hi ha tan trong nc thi.
+ Phng php oxy ha: oxy ha cc mui kim loi nng chuyn chng t dng
c thnh khng c hoc lng cn.
+ Phng php tuyn ni: tch cc cht l lng, cht hot tnh b mt, du m...
trong nc thi bng bt kh ni.
+ Phng php clo ha: clo c s dng dit trng, to v kh mi trong
nc sau khi x l nc thi bng phng php c hc hoc sinh hc trc khi thi
vo sng h. C th dng clo lng, clorua vi c clo hot ng 25-35 %, cc
hypoclorit....
+ Phng php trch ly: l phng php ph bin x l nc thi cha
phnol v cc loi acid bo. Thc cht ca qu trnh l s dng mt dung mi no
cho vo nc thi, dung mi ny s li ko cc cht bn t nc thi v sau tch
dung mi v nc thi ra khi nc.
- Cc bin php k thut:
Cc cng trnh khuy trn, phn ng, cc b lng trong c kt hp ng t, thp
hp ph, cc thit b dng trong k thut tuyn ni.
- Phm vi ng dng:
+ Phng php ha hc v ha l thng c p dng x l nc thi cng
nghip. N c th l khu x l cui cng (nu vi mc x l t c, nc thi
c th s dng li) hoc l khu x l s b (i vi nc thi c cha cc hp cht
c hi trc khi em i x l bng phng php sinh hc).




- 76 -

+ Phng php ny thng dng trong x l nc thi th trong trng hp
kh trng nc trc khi vo ngun tip nhn.
d. Tch cc nguyn t dinh dng ra khi nc thi:
Ch yu y l qu trnh tch Nit v photpho. Vi nng rt ln, cc nguyn
t ny to iu kin cho cc thy thc vt pht trin, gy ph dng v lm ti nhim
bn sng h.
Cc nguyn t dinh dng nh N, P c trong nc thi cng c th x l bng
phng php sinh hc. Cc mui Nitrat, Nitrit to thnh trong qu trnh phn hy hiu
kh s c kh trong iu kin thiu kh trn c s cc phn ng kh Nitrat.
Nito v Photpho cn c th tch c bng phng php ha hc v ha l:
+ Vi ha nc thi n pH = 10-11 to thnh NH
4
OH v thi bay hi trn
cc thp lm lnh.
+ Photpho c lng xung nh cc mui st, nhm, vi.
e. Cc phng php x l cn:
Mc ch ca x l cn l:
- Lm gim th tch v m ca cn.
- n nh cn.
- Kh trng v s dng li cn cho cc mc ch tip theo.
Cn c tch ra t b lng t mt v bn hot tnh d (phn bn hnh thnh
trong qu trnh x l sinh hc m khng c dng tun hon li) tch ra ti b lng
t hai. Bn cn gm nhiu phn t rn pha nc. trng thi ti chng c mi v
cha nhiu vi khun v trng giun.
gim lng cc cht hu c trong cn, ngi ta s dng cc phng php:
+ Ln men bn nh cc vi sinh vt k kh (b metan).
+ n nh bn hiu kh.
Gim m ca bn cn bng cch lu gi trn sn phi bn hoc h phi bn
hoc bng cc phng php c hc nh lc chn khng, p lc, lng ly tm,
i vi cc trm x l nc thi cng sut nh, vic x l cn c th tin hnh
n gin hn: nn sau lm ro nc sn phi cn trn nn ct.
Bn cn c thu hi lm phn bn cho nng nghip.




- 77 -

* C th tm tt cc giai on v phng php x l nc thi trong bng sau:
Bng 6.3. Cc giai on v phng php x l nc thi
Giai on XLNT Phng php
XLNT
Cc cng trnh XLNT Hiu qu XLNT
X l s b Ha l Tuyn ni, hp ph,
keo t,
Tch cc cht l lng
v kh mu.
Ha hc Oxy ha, trung ha, Trung ha v kh c.
X l tp trung C hc Song chn rc, b lng
ct, b lng I,
Tch cc tp cht rn,
cn l lng.
Sinh hc H sinh vt, cnh ng
ti, cnh ng lc,
knh oxy ha, aeroten,
biofin,
Tch cc cht hu c
dng l lng v ha
tan.
X l bn cn B metan, sn phi
bn, trm x l c hc
bn cn,..
n nh v lm kh
bn cn.
X l trit C hc B lc ct Tch cc cht l lng
Sinh hc Aeroten bc 2, b lc
sinh hc bc 2, h sinh
hc,
Kh Nito, photpho.
Ha hc Cc b oxi ha, b trn,
b phn ng,
Kh Nito, photpho v
cc cht khc.
Kh trng Mng trn, b tip xc,
trm ha cht,
Kh trng nc thi
trc khi x ra ngoi.
6.2. S DY CHUYN CNG NGH X L NC THI
6.2.1. C s la chn dy chuyn cng ngh x l nc thi (XLNT)
Cc phng php dy chuyn cng ngh v cc cng trnh XLNT trong phi
c la chn trn cc c s sau:
- Quy m, cng sut ca ngun thi v c im i tng thot nc (lu vc phn
tn ca th, khu dn c, bnh vin,).
- c im ngun tip nhn nc thi v kh nng t lm sch ca n.




- 78 -

- Mc v cc giai on x l nc thi cn thit.
+ Hiu sut x l nc thi theo cn l lng:
E
SS
=
C

- C
c
C

x 100%
Trong : C

: hm lng cn l lng trong nc thi trc x l, mg/l.

C
c
: hm lng cn l lng trong nc thi sau x l, mg/l.
+ Hiu sut x l nc thi theo ch tiu BOD:
E
BOD
=
L

- L
c
L

x 100%
Trong : L

: hm lng cn l lng trong nc thi trc x l, mg/l.

L
c
: hm lng cn l lng trong nc thi sau x l, mg/l.
- iu kin t nhin khu vc: c im thi tit, kh hu, a hnh, a cht, thy vn,...
- iu kin cung cp nguyn vt liu x l nc thi ti a phng
- c im kinh t x hi (ngun ti chnh, ngun nhn lc,).
- S tham gia ca cng ng (s chp nhn ca cng ng, ng thu nc thi, gim
st hot ng ca d n,)












Hnh 6.2. S khi tng qut dy chuyn cng ngh XLNT
Chn
rc
Lng
ct
Lng I
Cng trnh
sinh hc
Lng II
Kh
trng
NTN NT
Rc
My
nghin rc
Sn phi ct
Nc
hi lu
Vn chuyn
B nn
B phn hy
Sn phi bn
Vn chuyn
Cn ti
Bn d
Bn tun hon
Ct kh
Rc nghin nh
Phng php c hc Phng php sinh hc PP ha hc
ng nc thi
ng bn cn Nc hi lu




- 79 -

6.2.2. S XLNT bng phng php c hc














Hnh 6.3. S khi dy chuyn cng ngh XLNT bng phng php c hc

- Cc cng trnh chnh:
+ Song chn rc, my nghin rc.
+ B lng ct v sn phi ct.
+ B lng t I.
+ B metan (hoc cc b lng kt hp vi bn nh b lng hai v, b
UASB,), cc cng trnh lm kh bn cn nh sn phi bn, h thng lm kh bn
cn bng bin php c hc,
+ H thng kh trng trc khi x nc thi ra ngun (nu cn thit).
+ B lc trng lc (trong trng hp yu cu x l nc thi mc cao).
- iu kin ng dng:
+ Nc thi c hm lng cht hu c v cc cht c hi nh.
+ Ngun tip nhn c kh nng t lm sch ln, c th tip nhn nc thi sau
x l c hc.
Chn rc Lng ct Lng I
NTN NT
Ha cht
kh trng
My
nghin rc
Sn phi ct
Nc
hi lu
Vn chuyn
B metan
Sn phi bn
Cn
ti
Ct kh
Rc nghin nh
Lc c hc
Mng trn
B tip
xc
Vn chuyn
Bn kh
Rc
ng nc thi
ng bn cn Nc hi lu




- 80 -

a. Song chn rc
- Gii thiu:
+ V tr: Song chn rc t ti mng dn nc thi, trc trm bm v l cng
trnh u tin trong dy chuyn x l nc thi.
+ Vai tr, chc nng: ngn tch, gi li cc tp cht th nh gi, rc, l cy, ti
nylong, cc mnh vn hu c,nhm bo m vic trnh tt ng ng v bo v
bm.
+ Cu to:
Gm nhng thanh an xp k tip nhau vi khe h t (16 75)mm.
Cc thanh an c tit din hnh ch nht, trn hay elip, c lm bng
thp, nha hoc g.
Cc thanh chn rc t song song vi nhau v c t nghing so vi
hng dng chy (45-90)
o
.
S lng song chn rc trong trm XLNT ti thiu l 2.

Hnh 6.4. S cu to song chn rc (loi co rc bng tay)
+ Nguyn l hot ng: Da trn nguyn l qu trnh lc. Nc chuyn ng
qua khe h, rc b ng li cc khe ca song chn. Sau mt thi gian, ngi ta tin
hnh co vt rc bm trn cc song chn a i x l.




- 81 -

- Phn loi:
i vi song chn rc, ta c th phn bit da vo cc tiu ch nh sau:
+ Theo khe h ca song chn rc c 3 kch c: loi th ln (30 - 200)mm, loi
trung bnh (16 30)mm, loi nh (di 16mm).
+ Theo cu to ca song chn rc: loi c nh v loi di ng.
+ Theo phng thc ly rc: loi th cng (dng cho cc trm XLNT c lng
rc di 0,1m
3
/ng), loi c gii (dng cho cc trm XLNT c lng rc trn
0,1m
3
/ng).
Bng 6.4. Mt s thng s ca song chn rc
Thng s Lm sch th cng Lm sch c gii
B rng thanh chn, mm 5 - 15 5 - 15
Khong h gia cc thanh chn, mm 25 - 50 15 - 75
Gc nghing so vi phng ngang,
o
45 - 60 60 - 90
- Tnh ton:
+ Tnh song chn rc: s song, kch thc LxB, hnh dng song.
+ Tnh ton mng t song chn rc: chiu rng, chiu di on mng.
+ Tnh ton khi lng rc, suy ra bin php co rc
- Qun l, vn hnh:
+ Khng ch tc dng chy qua song chn rc v = (0,5 1,0) m/s.
+ Bin php co rc (da trn lng rc pht sinh).
+ X l rc: Trng hp t (di 0,1 m
3
/ng) rc c tp trung vo thng cha
v thu cc cng ty mi trng th vn chuyn v bi chn lp. Trng hp lng
rc nhiu, a rc v b phn hy x l.
b. B lng ct
- Gii thiu:
+ V tr: Sau song chn rc, trc b lng I
+ Vai tr, chc nng: Tch ct v cc ht v c c kch thc v t trng ln ra
khi nc thi nhm m bo an ton cho bm, trnh tt ng ng v trnh nh
hng n cc cng trnh x l sau.
+ Nguyn l hot ng: Di tc dng ca lc trng trng, cc phn t ct c
t trng ln hn t trng ca nc nn c lng xung y b. Vn tc dng chy
trong b lng ct yu cu nm trong khong (0,15 0,3) m/s.




- 82 -

- Phn loi: Theo nguyn tc chuyn ng ca nc, b lng ct c chia thnh:
+ B lng ct ngang: Tit din b mt hnh ch nht, dng nc thi chuyn
ng dc theo chiu di b, c h tp trung ct mt u.

Hnh 6.5. S cu to b lng ct ngang
+ B lng ct ng: C dng hnh tr hoc hnh lng tr ng, trong nc
thi c dn vo pha di y v ra khi b pha trn.

Hnh 6.6. S cu to b lng ct ng
+ B lng ct thi kh: C dng hnh ch nht trn mt bng, c xy dng
bng b tng ct thp. Chuyn ng quay trong b c thc hin nh cc ng thi
kh nn t dc theo tng b.

Hnh 6.7. S cu to b lng ct thi kh




- 83 -

- Tnh ton b lng ct ngang:
+ Th tch b lng ct gm 2 phn: phn cng tc v phn gom ct.
+ Chiu di cng tc ca b lng ngang c tnh theo cng thc:
I =
1uuu x k x :
mux
x E
mux
u
o

L: chiu di phn cng tc b, m.
H
max
: su lp nc trong b lng ct, m.
v
max
: Vn tc dng chy trong b ng vi lu lng ln nht, m/s.
U
o
: kch thc thy lc ca ht ct, mm/s.
k: H s thc nghim tnh n nh hng ca c tnh dng chy ca
nc n tc lng ca ht ct trong b.
- Qun l, vn hnh:
+ Hiu chnh vn tc v = (0,15 0,3) m/s.
+ Phng thc ly ct ra khi b: dng phng php th cng nu lng ct W
< 0,5 m
3
/ng, dng phng php t ng c gii (bm phun tia, thit b nng thy lc,
bm ht ct, gu ht) nu lng ct W > 0,5 m
3
/ng.
c. B lng I
- Gii thiu:
+ V tr: sau lng ct, trc cng trnh sinh hc.
+ Vai tr, chc nng: loi b cht hu c l lng, tch cc cht hu c khng
tan trc khi a nc thi vo h x l sinh hc.
+ Nguyn l hot ng: da trn nguyn l ng hc qu trnh lng, vn tc
trong b lng khng vt qu 0,3m/s.
- Phn loi:
+ Theo ch vn hnh: b lng hot ng lin tc v b lng hot ng gin on.
+ Theo hnh dng ca tit din mt b: B lng hnh ch nht v b lng hnh trn.
+ Theo hng dng nc thi chuyn ng: b lng ng, b lng ngang, b
lng ly tm.
B lng ng: C dng hnh vung hoc hnh trn trn mt bng. Nc
chuyn ng theo phng thng ng t di ln, cn ri t trn xung.
C th x cn bng bm hay p lc thy tnh.




- 84 -


Hnh 6.8. S cu to b lng ng
B lng ngang: ht cn chuyn ng ngang so vi dng nc thi. Nc
chuyn ng theo phng ngang, cn lng trt v h thu pha u theo
dc ca y, cn cc cht c t trng nh hn t trng nc ni trn
mt nc c a v h thu cht ni.

Hnh 6.9. S cu to b lng ngang
B lng ly tm: l mt dng ca b lng ngang, c cu to hnh trn trn
mt bng, nc chuyn ng t tm ra xung quanh theo phng ngang.




- 85 -


Hnh 6.10. S cu to b lng ly tm
- Phm vi p dng:
+ B lng ng: p dng cho cc trm XLNT c cng sut Q < 20000m
3
/ng.
+ B lng ngang: p dng cho cc trm XLNT c cng sut Q > 15000m
3
/ng.
+ B lng ly tm: p dng cho cc trm XLNT c cng sut Q >20000m
3
/ng.
6.2.3. S XLNT bng phng php ha hc








Hnh 6.11. S dy chuyn cng ngh XLNT bng phng php ha hc
- Cc cng trnh chnh:
+ Cc cng trnh v thit b chun b ha cht (ha cht trung ha, keo t, oxy
ha kh,) thnh dung dch v nh lng chng.
+ B trn: trn u ha cht vi nc thi (thi gian trn 2-3 pht).
Chn rc Lng ct B trn
Bn cn lm kh t
nhin hoc bng bin
php c hc
NT
Chun b ha cht keo t
v ha cht kh trng
B phn
ng
B lng NTN




- 86 -

+ B (ngn) phn ng: thc hin cc phn ng ha hc sau trn u nc thi
vi ha cht.
+ B lng: tch gi cc sn phm phn ng dng kt ta (cn lng).
- iu kin ng dng:
+ Thng dng XLNT cng nghip.
+.Nc thi khng phi kh trng v bn cn khng phi n nh.
* i vi XLNT bng phng php ha hc (phng php trung ha, oxy ha kh)
hay phng php ha l (tuyn ni, hp ph, keo t v lng,) th s c cc bin php
k thut c th cho mi phng php. Trong khun kh bi ging, ch xt cc cng
trnh c trng cho cc phng php sau:
a. Phng php trung ho
Nc thi cng nghip c th mang tnh axit hoc kim. Tnh axit v kim
th hin qua gi tr pH ca chng:
pH = 7 nc c tnh trung tnh.
pH < 7 nc c tnh axit.
pH > 7 nc c tnh kim.
- Gii thiu:
+ Vai tr, chc nng:
Trnh c hin tng n mn, ph hy vt liu ca h thng ng ng.
Tch kim loi nng, dng ha tan, chuyn sang dng lng.
m bo pH cho php ca ngun thi trc khi thi vo h thng x
l tip theo hay thi vo ngun tip nhn.
+ Nguyn l hot ng: Bn cht ca phng php trung ho l phn ng ha
hc gia axit v kim hoc gia mui vi axit hoc kim c trong nc thi.
Cht c chn thc hin phn ng vi cc axit hoc kim c trong nc thi gi
l tc nhn trung ho ho hc.
- Phn loi: Cho n nay c mt s phng php trung ho thng c s dng l:
+ Trn nc thi cha axit v nc thi cha kim vi nhau: Phng php ny
c s dng khi nc thi ca x nghip l axit cn x nghip gn c nc thi
kim. C hai loi nc thi ny u khng cha cc cu t gy nhim khc.




- 87 -

+ Trung ha nc thi bng cch cho thm ha cht: Nu nc thi cha qu
nhiu axit hoc kim ti mc khng trung ha bng cch trn ln chng vo nhau th
phi b sung ha cht. Phng php ny thng dng trung ha axit.










Hnh 6.12. S trm trung ha nc thi bng b sung ha cht
+ Lc nc thi axit qua vt liu c tc dng trung ha: Trong trng hp ny
ngi ta thng dng cc vt liu nh MgCO
3
, lmit, vi, phn v cc cht
thi rn nh x v x tro lm lp vt liu lc. Qu trnh c th c tin hnh trong
thit b lc trung ha t nm ngang hoc ng.
+ Dng kh thi, khi l hi trung ha nc thi c cha kim: y l bin
php rt kinh t trung ha nc thi. Thit b yu cu thng l qut t trong ng
khi, ng dn kh thi a v sc kh thi.
b. Phng php oxy ho
- Ozon ho:
+ Ozon l cht oxy ho c hot tnh cao v ho tan trong nc ln gp 10
ln O
2
. N bn trong mi trng axit hn so vi mi trng kim.
+ Phng php ny thng dng x l nc thi c cha cc cht bn hu
c dng ho tan v keo.
+ c tnh ca ozon l c kh nng oxy ho rt cao, d dng nhng oxy
nguyn t hot tnh cho cc tp cht hu c.
+ Thit b ozon ha c nhiu dng loi m, loi thp si bt...
B lng
th
B iu
ha

B trn
NT
X l bn lng
B phn
nh lng
Ha cht
Cng trnh
tip theo
B dung dich
ha cht
axit
B lng
th
B iu
ha
NT
kim
Thit b
trung ha
B lng




- 88 -


Hnh 6.13. Thit b loi m thc hin phn ng oxy ha bng ozon
- Oxy ho bng peroxyt H
2
O
2
H
2
O
2
l cht oxy ho mnh dng oxi ha phenol, CN
-
, cc hp cht cha S
v cc ion kim loi. Qu trnh xy ra mnh lit khi c mt ca cht xc tc nh Fe
2+
,
Fe
3+
, Cu
2+
Cr
3+
, pH ti u 3 - 4.
- Oxy ho bng pemanganat kali (KMnO
4
)
+ KMnO
4
l cht oxy ho tng i mnh c dng oxy ho phenol, CN
-

v cc hp cht cha S, pH ca qu trnh l 9,5, pH cng cao th phn ng xy ra
cng nhanh.
+ Thit b dng thc hin qu trnh oxy ho thng l loi khuy trn nu
cc cht phn ng l th lng hoc rn- lng v l loi thp nu l th lng- kh.
c. Phng php tuyn ni
- Gii thiu:
+ Vai tr, chc nng: Phng php tuyn ni thng c s dng kh cc
cht l lng, c th kh c cc ht nh, nh, lng chm trong thi gian ngn.
+ Nguyn l hot ng: Qu trnh tuyn ni c thc hin bng cch sc cc
bt kh nh vo pha lng. Cc bt kh ny s dnh kt vi cc ht cn. Khi khi lng
ring ca tp hp bt kh v cn nh hn khi lng ring ca nc, cn s theo bt
kh ni ln b mt v c ht ra ngoi.
- Phn loi:
+ Ty theo t l lng cht bn, mc tiu, cht chnh cn kh, ngi ta phn
bit nhng dng tuyn ni sau: Tuyn ni bt, tuyn ni cc ion v phn t.




- 89 -

+ Theo phng thc cp khng kh vo nc, qu trnh tuyn ni c thc
hin theo cc phng thc sau:
Tuyn ni bng vic tch khng kh t dung dch: cc trm tuyn ni
chn khng, khng p lc, c p lc v bm hn hp khng kh nc.
Tuyn ni vi phn tn khng kh bng bm hng trc.
Tuyn ni vi khng kh nn qua tm xp, ng c l.
Tuyn ni in, tuyn ni sinh hc v ha hc.
- u im ca phng php tuyn ni:
+ Vn u t v chi ph vn hnh khng ln.
+ Thit b n gin.
+ C la chn tch cc tp cht.
+ Tc qu trnh tuyn ni cao hn qu trnh lng, v c kh nng cho bn
cn c m thp hn (90-95%).
- Phm vi p dng: s dng rng ri trong x l nc thi ca nhiu ngnh cng
nghip ch ch bin du m, si tng hp, giy da, ch to my, thc phm v ha cht.
6.2.4. S XLNT bng phng php sinh hc trong iu kin t nhin














Chn rc Lng ct Lng I
NTN NT
My
nghin rc
Sn phi ct
Nc
hi lu
Vn chuyn
B metan
Sn phi bn
Cn
ti
Ct kh
Rc nghin nh
Cng trnh XLNT
trong t
Vn chuyn
Bn kh
Rc
H sinh hc
Hnh 6.14. S dy chuyn cng ngh XLNT bng phng php sinh hc
trong iu kin t nhin





- 90 -

- Cc cng trnh chnh:
+ Cc cng trnh x l nc thi trong t t (Wetland): cnh ng ti, cnh
ng lc, ho lc ngm, bi thm nhanh,
+ H sinh hc: h k kh, h ty tin, h hiu kh (trong iu kin t nhin hoc
trong iu kin nhn to), h x l trit nc thi,
- C s ca qu trnh:
+ Cc qu trnh chuyn ha cc cht hu c xy ra trong iu kin t nhin
+ Cc qu trnh lng, lc, bay hi, hp th v cc qu trnh sinh ha.
-> Tt c cc qu trnh ny u ph thuc vo cc iu kin t nhin nh kh hu,
nhit ,
- iu kin ng dng:
+ C t ai xy dng cc bi t ngp nc hoc h sinh hc.
+ Mc nc ngm trong khu vc thp.
+ Phi c c quan mi trng, c quan qun l v sinh ngun nc cho php.
a. Cng trnh x l nc thi trong t
- Gii thiu:
+ Vai tr, chc nng: X l nc thi c cha nhiu cht hu c d phn hy
sinh hc nh nc thi sinh hot, nc thi chn nui, mt s loi nc thi cng
nghip vi hm lng cc cht c hi nh,
+ Nguyn l hot ng: nc thi i qua t nh i qua lc, cn nc c
gi li trn mt t, nh c oxy trong cc l hng v mao qun ca lp t mt, cc
vi sinh vt hiu kh hot ng phn hu cc cht hu c nhim. Cng su xung,
oxy cng t v qu trnh oxy ho cht bn gim dn. Cui cng n su
ch din ra qu trnh kh nitrat.
+ Cc phng php x l nc thi trong t: da vo mc x l v ti
trng ti nc thi, phn thnh ba loi sau:
Qu trnh lc (ti) chm.
Qu trnh lc nhanh.
Qu trnh lc ngp nc trn mt.
- Phn loi:




- 91 -

i vi cng trnh x l nc thi trong t, ta c th phn bit da vo cc
tiu ch nh sau:
+ Theo ngun gc:
Cnh ng ngp nc t nhin: tn dng cc iu kin v loi t, cu
trc a hnh, a tng v h thc vt, ng vt t, x l nc thi.
Cnh ng ngp nc nhn to: l bi t c quy hoch sn, c b tr
h thng phn phi v thu nc ph hp vi kh nng thm lc ca tng
loi vt liu lc.
+ Theo dng chy:
Nc thi thm lc theo phng thng ng (ngp nc b mt).
Nc thi thm lc theo phng nm ngang (ngp nc pha di).

(a) (b)
Hnh 6.15. S chuyn ng ca nc thi trong cnh ng ngp nc
a. Theo phng thng ng; b. Theo phng nm ngang
- Tnh ton:
+ Thi gian nc lu -> din tch khu t.
+ Cu trc thnh phn t.
- Cc yu cu i vi cc cng trnh XLNT trong t:
+ t d thm nc, kh nng hp ph cao, mc nc ngm di 1,5m, dc
mt t nh hn hoc bng nh hn hoc bng 0,02 i vi cnh ng ti v nh hn
0,08 i vi cnh ng lc (khng trng trt).
+ Trng cc loi cy c kh nng hp ph cc cht hu c cng nh cc mui
c cha N, P, K trong nc thi.




- 92 -

+ Nc thi khi a vo cnh ng ngp nc thng phi p ng: pH 6,5-
8,5; cn l lng <150 mg/l; BOD
5
< 150 mg/l, tng mui khng ha tan <5g/l; khng
cha cc cht c hi, du m,
+ Nu nc thi cha nhiu trng giun, sn, vi khun gy bnh, nc thi cn c
kh trng trc khi a i x l trong t ngp nc cnh ng lc, cnh ng ti.
+ Bi t ngp nc phi b tr cui hng gi thi vo khu dn c, th,
cch xa cng trnh thu nc, theo ng quy nh v sinh.
+ p dng cho nhng vng t ma.
+ Do nc thi ngp trn b mt d gy mi hi v lm nhim mi trng
khng kh nn cc loi cng trnh ny thng dng x l sinh hc bc hai hoc x
l trit nc thi.
- Qun l, vn hnh:
+ Nc thi chy lin tc trnh b tt.
+ Thc vt phi m bo trng thi lun lun pht trin tiu th cht hu
c ng thi gip vn chuyn oxy cho qu trnh oxy ha cht hu c ca cc vi sinh
vt trong t.
b. H sinh hc
- Gii thiu:
+ Vai tr: oxy ha hon ton cht hu c v kh Nito, Photpho trong nc
thi nh qu trnh quang hp, nitrat ha v kh nitrat ha.
+ C ch: Hnh 6.16
+ Nguyn l hot ng: Nc thi c cho vo cc h cha trong nhiu ngy
ph thuc vo nhit . Cc loi vi sinh vt hiu kh, k kh hoc ty nghi s dng oxy
ca khng kh hoc ca rong to trong ao h qua qu trnh hot ng t nhin ca
chng oxy ha cc cht hu c.
- Phn loi: Theo phn ng sinh hc din ra trong nc, ngi ta chia ra:
+ H hiu kh: thng cn t 0,4-0,6m nh sng mt tri xm nhp vo
nhiu nht, khng kh thng t mt n y h. Oxy cn thit sinh vt oxy ha hiu
kh cc cht hu c do rong to to ra trong qu trnh quang hp v oxy trong khng
kh khuch tn theo mt nc; cn rong to li s dng CO
2
, photphat, nit amn do vi
khun hiu kh to ra trong qu trnh oxy ha cc hp cht hu c.




- 93 -

+ H k kh: thng su t 2-5 m, khng cn oxy ha tan cho cc hot ng vi
sinh. Cc loi vi khun k kh dng oxy t cc hp cht nh nitrat, sunfat oxy ha
cc cht hu c thnh kh CH
4

v kh CO
2
, H
2
S,..
+ H ty nghi: c s dng nhiu hn c, h thng su t 0,9-1,8 m. Trong
h ty tin din ra 2 qu trnh song song, oxy ho cc cht bn hu c ha tan b
mt, cn lp bn di y s b phn hy k kh to ra m tan v cc hp cht b kh
khc. c im ca h ny xt theo chiu su chia lm 3 vng: vng trn cng l vng
hiu kh, vng gia l vng trung gian, cn vng di l vng k kh.

Hnh 6.16. C ch qu trnh XLNT trong h sinh hc
- u im v hn ch:
+ D thit k v xy dng, d vn hnh, khng i hi phi cung cp nng lng.
+ Chi ph u t v vn hnh thp.
+ Qun l n gin.
+ Chim nhiu din tch xy dng.
+ Thi gian x l tng i di ngy.
+ Gy pht sinh mi v d gy ph dng nc h.





- 94 -

6.2.5. S XLNT bng phng php sinh hc trong iu kin nhn to


















- Cc cng trnh chnh:
+ B lm thong hoc b lng kt hp vi ng t sinh hc t trc b lng
t I m bo hm lng cht l lng trong nc thi trc khi a i x l sinh
hc nh hn 150 mg/l.
+ Cc cng trnh lc sinh hc: b lc sinh hc nh git (dng x l sinh hc
hon ton, p dng cho trm x l cng sut < 1000m
3
/ng), b lc sinh hc cao ti
(dng x l sinh hc hon ton hoc khng hon ton, p dng cho trm x l cng
sut < 50000m
3
/ng).
Chn
rc
Lng
ct
Lng I
Lng II
NTN
NT
Rc
My
nghin rc
Sn phi
ct
Nc
hi lu
Vn chuyn
B nn
bn
Sn phi
bn
Vn chuyn
Cn
ti
d
Bn tun hon
Ct kh
Lc sinh hc Bn hot tnh
Cc cng trnh XLNT theo nguyn l
Mng trn
B tip xc
Bn B
Metan
Cp kh cng bc
Hnh 6.17. S khi dy chuyn cng ngh XLNT bng phng php
sinh hc trong iu kin nhn to
ng nc thi
ng bn cn Nc hi lu Cp kh




- 95 -

+ B aeroten, dng x l sinh hc hon ton hay khng hon ton, p dng
cho trm x l cng sut > 10000m
3
/ng, cc loi b: aeroten khng c ngn ti sinh
bn v aeroten c ngn ti sinh bn.
- C s ca qu trnh:
+ Cc qu trnh chuyn ha cc cht hu c xy ra trong iu kin nhn to.
+ Cc qu trnh sinh ha, c th iu khin theo mun.
- Phn loi:
+ Cng trnh x l nc thi nhn to bng phng php sinh hc trong iu
kin hiu kh: aeroten, knh oxy ha, b lc sinh hc, a lc sinh hc,theo nguyn
tc lc dnh bm hoc bn hot tnh.
+ Cng trnh x l nc thi nhn to bng phng php sinh hc trong iu
kin k kh: b lc ym kh, UASB,
- Cc yu t khc nhau nh hng ln tc oxy ha sinh ha:
+ i vi nc thi:
Nhit nc thi
Hm lng cn l lng.
Hm lng oxy ha tan.
Kim loi nng trong nc thi.
Cc nguyn t dinh dng v vi lng.
pH ca nc thi
Nng cc mui ha tan
+ Cc iu kin cng ngh:
Tip xc tt gia nc thi v vi khun trong tp hp cc bng bn hot
tnh, mng sinh vt hoc lp bn l lng.
Trong iu kin x l sinh hc hiu kh, oxy lun c duy tr v m
bo cc qu trnh oxy ha sinh hc cc cht hu c din ra.
Qu trnh khy trn bn vi nc thi hay thi kh cp O
2
khng c
lm ph v cu trc bn hot tnh hoc mng sinh vt.
Thi gian lu ca nc thi vi bn hot tnh trong h thng cc cng
trnh phi hp th v oxy ha cc cht hu c.




- 96 -

- Phm vi p dng:
+ Nc thi vi mi lu lng vi thnh phn thay i.
+ Din tch cng trnh nh, tc lm sch nhanh.
a. Cng trnh x l nc thi bng phng php lc dnh bm (trong iu kin hiu kh)
- C s nguyn l:
Lp mng sinh vt gm cc vi khun, nm, ng vt nguyn sinh c to
thnh bng cch bm trn cc lp vt liu m (bng composit hay cc phn t rn
xp), sinh sng v pht trin trn b mt (vi sinh vt sinh trng dnh bm). Mc d
mng ny rt mng song cng c hai lp: lp ym kh st b mt vt liu m v lp
hiu kh ngoi.

Hnh 6.18. Qu trnh trong b lc sinh hc
Khi nc thi c phun vo, cc cht hu c b gi li v c vi sinh vt oxy
ha. Nh vy, nc c lm sch cc cht hu c. Theo chiu su t mt xung di
y b lc, nng cht hu c trong nc thi gim dn.
Sau thi gian hot ng mng sinh vt dy ln, cc cht kh tch t pha trong
tng ln y tng lp mng sinh vt tch khi vt liu m theo dng nc i vo b
lng 2. S hnh thnh cc lp mng sinh vt mi li tip din.
- Nguyn tc hot ng:
+ Lm thong, phn phi nc.
+ Tch mng vi sinh vt.
+ Tun hon nc (khi cn thit).




- 97 -


Hnh 6.19. S nguyn tc qu trnh lc sinh hc
- Phn loi:
+ Theo c im kt cu, cc b lc sinh hc c chia thnh: thit b lc vi
m hnh khi v thit b lc vi m hnh tm.
+ Ngi ta c th phn b lc thnh cc loi: b lc sinh hc nh git v b lc
sinh hc cao ti.
+ Ngoi ra, cn c cc cng trnh x l sinh hc hiu kh khc hot ng theo
nguyn l sinh trng dnh bm nh: a lc sinh hc, b lc sinh hc c lp vt liu
lc ngp nc (bioten),
- Phm vi p dng:
+ p dng trong x l nc thi th, rt t dng x l nc thi cng
nghip.
+ Hiu sut x l (80-95)%.
b. Cng trnh x l nc thi bng phng php bn hot tnh (trong iu kin hiu kh)
- Nguyn l:
+ Qu trnh chuyn ha BOD v thay i bn trong aeroten din ra theo ba giai
on sau:
Giai on 1: K t khi trn bn vi nc thi. Cht hu c b hp ph
vo bn v bt u oxy ha cc cht hu c d oxy ha sinh hc. Kt




- 98 -

qu l sinh khi bn tng ln r rt, BOD ca nc thi gim (40-70) %,
tc tiu th oxy tng. Giai on ny ko di t (0,5-2)h.
Giai on 2: Din ra khi hu ht cc cht hu c trong nc thi c
hp th v oxy ha. Sinh khi bn tng ln n mc cao nht. Gn cui
giai on hm lng BOD trong nc thi cn rt nh. Trong giai on
ny din ra qu trnh nitrat ha. Cui giai on tc tiu th oxy gim
mnh. Thi gian ko di t 3h n 6h.
Giai on 3: Din ra khi hm lng BOD trong nc thi khng cn. Vi
khun bt u oxy ha ni bo vi cng tiu th oxy nh v ko di.
Sinh khi bn gim dn cho n khi hu ht cht hu c tch ly trong t
bo vi khun c oxy ha ht. Thi gian t 8 n 12h.
+ Qu trnh x l nc thi bng bn hot tnh gm 4 giai on sau:
Khuy trn to iu kin tip xc nc thi vi bn hot tnh.
Cung cp O
2
vi khun v vi sinh vt oxy ha cc cht hu c.
Tch bn hot tnh ra khi nc thi
Tun hon bn (Trc tip hoc ti sinh bn hot tnh tun hon v
a chng v b aeroten).

Hnh 6.20. S nguyn tc qu trnh bn hot tnh.
- Phn loi cng trnh
+ Theo nguyn l lm vic:
Cc cng trnh x l sinh hc khng hon ton, thng l cc aeroten trn.
Cc cng trnh x l sinh hc hon ton: cc loi b aeroten, knh oxy ha.
Cc cng trnh x l sinh hc nc thi kt hp n nh bn.
Cc cng trnh x l sinh hc nc thi c tch cc nguyn t dinh dng.




- 99 -

+ Theo ch thy ng trong cng trnh:
Aeroten trn.
Aeroten y.
Aeroten phn phi nc phn tn.
+ Theo ch thi kh trong cng trnh:
Aeroten bnh thng.
Aeroten thi kh ko di.
Aeroten hot ng theo m (SBR).
+ Theo s x l nc thi:
Aeroten khng c ngn ti sinh bn hoc c ngn ti sinh.
Aeroten bc 1, bc 2,..
- Phm vi p dng:
+ p dng rng ri x l nc thi sinh hot v cng nghip.
+ Hiu sut x l theo BOD kh cao (70 -95) %.
c. Cng trnh x l nc thi trong iu kin k kh.
- C ch phn hy cc cht hu c trong x l sinh hc k kh:
Qu trnh phn hy k kh chia lm 3 giai on chnh:
+ Giai on thy phn: trong giai on ny, di tc dng ca enzyme do vi
khun tit ra, cc phc cht v cc cht khng tan (polysaccarit, protein, lipit) chuyn
ha thnh cc phc n gin hn hoc cht ha tan (ng, cc amino axit, axit bo).
Qu trnh ny xy ra chm. Tc thy phn ph thuc vo pH, kch thc ht v c
tnh d phn hy ca c cht.
+ Giai on axit ha: Trong giai on ny, vi khun ln men chuyn ha cc
cht ha tan thnh cht n gin nh axit bo d bay hi, ru, axit lactic, metanol,
CO
2
, H
2
, NH
3
, H
2
S v sinh khi mi. S hnh thnh cc axit c th lm pH gim
xung 4.0.
+ Giai on metan ha: y l giai on cui ca qu trnh phn hu k kh.
Axetic, H
2
, CO
2
, axit fomic v metanol chuyn ha thnh hn kh ch yu l CH
4
v
CO
2
. Ngoi ra cn c mt s kh khc nh H
2
S, N
2
, H
2
v mt t mui khong.
- Nguyn l:




- 100 -

Da vo kh nng phn gii cc hp cht hu c nh cc vi sinh vt trong iu
kin khng c oxi:
Cht hu c + O
2
CH
4
+ CO
2
+ H
2
S + NH
3
+ Nng lng.
- Phn loi cng trnh:
+ Cng trnh x l nc thi k kh theo nguyn tc lc dnh bm: b lc k kh.
+ Cng trnh x l nc thi k kh theo nguyn tc sinh trng l lng: b
UASB, b tip xc k kh.
- Phm vi p dng:
Cc phng php k kh thng c dng x l cn nc thi cng nghip
v cht thi t chung tri chn nui. K thut sn xut kh sinh hc da trn qu trnh
ln men k kh sinh kh metan t cc loi nc thi v bn cn ang c p dng trn
nhiu nc trn th gii nhm bo v mi trng, gii quyt mt phn nng lng,
nh nu nng, thp sng.
6.3. CNG TRNH X L BN CN
6.3.1. B nn bn
a. Nhim v:
B nn bn c nhim v lm gim m ca bn bng cch lng (nn) c hc
t m thch hp cho vic x l bng qu trnh k kh b Metan.
b. Bin php nn bn: Ngi ta thng tch nc s b bn cn bng cc bin php:
- Trng lc (t nn trong cc b nn bn).
- Tuyn ni (c hiu qu nn cao gp 10 15 ln so vi phng php nn trng lc).
- Tch nc ly tm hoc phng php xung (t s dng).
c. Nguyn tc hot ng:
Bn sau b lng t hai thng thng c m 96 99,2 % nu a v b
metan th m bn ln s nh hng n hiu qu ln men cng nh khng kinh t.
V vy, trong trm x l c aeroten, trc khi a bn hot tnh d i n nh trong b
metan, bn phi c gim m s b t 99,2% xung 97 95 % trong cc b nn
bn. S hot ng ca b nn bn trong dy chuyn XLNT ny c nu trn hnh
6.21. Thi gian nn bn t 4h -24h, m sau khi nn s l 95 -97 %.
d. Phn loi b nn bn:
VSV k kh




- 101 -

- B nn bn ng (hnh trn hoc hnh vung trn mt bng)
- B nn bn l tm c trang b h thng gt bn.









Hnh 6.21. S hot ng ca b nn bn trong dy chuyn XLNT
6.3.2. B metan
a. Gii thiu:
B metan l cng trnh ln men (n nh ym kh) cc loi bn cn trong
nc thi. B c xy bng b tng ct thp hoc bng thp, c dng hnh trn trn
mt bng.
b. Nguyn tc hot ng:
Cc loi bn cn trong nc thi vi hm lng cht hu c cao lin tc c
a vo b. Ti y qu trnh phn hy ym kh cc cht hu c din ra nh sau:
CHC + H
2
O CH
4
+ CO
2
+ NH
3
Qu trnh ln men phn hy c (60 80)% cht hu c. Sn phm ca qu
trnh ln men ch yu l kh metan. Cn sau ln men c m (95 98)%
c. Yu cu v iu kin cng ngh:
- n nh nhit ch ln men m hoc nng.
- Khuy trn u bn cn ti v bn cn chn.
- Liu lng bn ti cp vo phi hp l.
.
d. Phn loi b metan: theo cu to, c chia thnh cc loi sau:
- B metan c np c nh.
B lng I
B nn
bn
Cn
(s cp)
ti
d
Bn tun hon
Bn B
Metan
Cp kh
B aeroten B lng II




- 102 -

- B metan c np di ng.
- B metan c np ngp nc.
- B metan np khng ngp nc.
- B metan h.
6.3.4. Cng trnh lm kh bn cn
a. Nhim v:
Cc cng trnh lm kh bn cn c nhim v lm mt nc trong bn cn sau
khi i t b Metan ra.
b. Cc bin php x l:
- Lm kh bn cn bng bin php c hc: bng my lc chn khng, h thng p lc
bng ti, my quay ly tm,
- S dng sn phi bn.





- 103 -

CHNG 7. CC V D X L NC THI
7.1. QUI TRNH X L NC THI THNH PH
7.1.1. Gii thiu
X l tp trung thnh ph: Nhim v chnh l lm sch c hc v sinh hc i
vi nc thi. Nc sau khi x l th cp c kh trng bng clo hoc ozon trc
khi thi ra ngun nc t nhin. Bn cn sau khi phi kh c th lm phn bn nu
giu N, P, K hoc chn lp, thiu hy. Trm x l tp trung ca thnh ph dng x
l nc thi th bao gm nc thi sinh hot v nc thi cng nghip sau khi
x l cc b.
7.1.2. H thng x l nc thi














Hnh 7.1. S dy chuyn cng ngh trm x l nc thi thnh ph.
i vi nc thi thnh ph, ngi ta dng cc trm tp trung x l. Cc
cng trnh x l nc thi trong trm ny bao gm:
- Ngn tip nhn: tip nhn nc thi, to iu kin cho cc cng trnh pha sau lm
vic n nh v m bo ch d t chy.
- X l c hc bao gm:
Chn
rc
B lng
ct
B
lng I
NTN
NT
Rc
My
nghin rc
Sn phi
ct
Nc
hi lu
Vn chuyn
B nn
bn
Sn phi
bn
Vn chuyn
Cn
(s cp)
ti
d
Bn tun hon
Ct kh
Mng trn +
B tip xc

Bn B
Metan
Cp kh
Ngn
tip nhn
B
aeroten
B
lng II
Cht kh trng




- 104 -

+ Song chn rc: thu vt rc v cc tp cht rn ln. Cc tp cht ny c
nghin nh v a i x l cng bn cn.
+ B lng ct: tch cc tp cht v c ln nh ct, x,
+ B lng t I: tch cc tp cht khng tan (phn ln l cn hu c).
- Cng trnh sinh hc: s dng aeroten loi b cc cht ha tan hoc dng keo
trong nc thi. Cng trnh ny c cp kh cng bc bng my nn kh
- B lng II: lng bn c to ra trong qu trnh x l sinh hc nc thi.
- Khu kh trng nc thi vi cc cng trnh nh trm clorat, mng trn nc thi
vi Clo, b tip xc Clo vi nc thi.
- Khu x l bn cn vi cc cng trnh nh b metan, ln men bn cn, sn phi bn.
Ch l trong trng hp x l tp trung th nc thi sn xut t khu cng
nghip hoc cc nh my x nghip phi c x l s b trc khi vo cng
chung. Cc cng trnh x l s b nc thi cng nghip c th l: b trung ha, b
oxy ha, b tuyn ni,
7.2. QUI TRNH X L NC THI BNH VIN
7.2.1. Gii thiu
Vic x l nc thi trong bnh vin l mt vn rt quan trng, bi v ngoi
hm lng cc cht bn thng gp nh nit, photpho, clorua, kali, cht bo,
hydrocacbon cn cha thm mt lng vi khun nh: vi trng lao, vi trng
gan, vi trng t, l, thng hn, st rt v.v... Chng c thi ra t cc cht cn b ca
bnh vin, t cc phng nui cy vi trng. y l mm mng ban u pht trin
bnh dch ko di, trn phm vi rng ln khi gp iu kin mi trng thch hp.
Nghin cu dy chuyn ca trm x l nc thi tp trung ca bnh vin a khoa
Qung Ngi, quy m 600 ging (theo thit kt ban u).
- Cc thng s ban u:
+ Lu lng nc thi: Q = 360 m
3
/ng.
+ Ch x thi: lin tc, tp trung nhiu vo cc gi hnh chnh.
+ Ngun tip nhn: sng Tr Khc (ngun loi B)
+ c tnh nc thi v yu cu ngun tip nhn:




- 105 -

Bng 7.1. Thnh phn, tnh cht nc thi bnh vin
STT Ch tiu nhim c trng n v Nng
1 pH - 6 9
2 Cht rn l lng mg/l 220
3 Nhu cu oxy sinh hc (BOD
5
) mg/l 160
4 Nhu cu oxy ha hc (COD) mg/l 220
5 Tng Nit (tnh theo N) mg/l 60
6 Tng Photpho (tnh theo P) mg/l 8
7 Tng Coliform MPN/100 ml 10
4
10
6

8 Du m khong mg/l 1
7.2.2. H thng x l nc thi
S dy chuyn cng ngh ca h thng x l nc thi tp trung bnh vin
a khoa Qung Ngi:
















Hnh 7.2. S dy chuyn cng ngh h thng x l nc thi tp trung
bnh vin a khoa Qung Ngi.

Nc thi vo
Ngn tip nhn c
t song chn rc
B iu ha
B sinh hc hiu
kh tip xc
B lng
My thi kh
B tip xc Clo
X ra ngun
My thi kh
Thp kh mi
B trn Clo
B phn hy bn
Vn chuyn




- 106 -

Ton b nc thi t cc khu khm cha bnh c dn tp trung n trm x
l cng vi nc thu gom t khu tip nhn phn loi cht thi rn. Sau khi x l s
c x ra sng Tr Khc.
S ca trm c xy dng theo trnh t:
- X l c hc:
+ Song chn rc c nhim v gi li v loi b rc v cc tp cht v v c kch
thc ln hn 16mm (bao ni lng, giy, vi vn, si,). Rc tch t pha trc song
chn rc s c vt nh k bng kp gp hoc co th cng, sau thu gom li v
a n h rc bnh vin.
+ B lng: lng mng vi sinh vt sinh ra t cng trnh sinh hc.
- X l sinh hc: cc cng trnh sinh hc c s dng lm gim BOD ca
nc thi y l b x l sinh hc hiu kh tip xc. b ny, hm lng BOD
trong nc thi s c x l vi s tham gia ca vi sinh vt hiu kh. Hiu qu kh
BOD c th t 85 90%.
- X l ha hc: cng trnh c s dng l b trn, b tip xc, vi cht kh
trng Clo. Dung dch Clo c bm nh lng a vo b trn. Nh nng lng
khuy trn thy lc, dung dch Clo c khuch tn u vo nc. Thi gian tip xc
loi b vi sinh khong 20 40 pht.
- X l bn cn: bn cn t b iu ha v b sinh hc hiu kh tip xc c
a n thp kh mi v dn n b phn hy sau c vn chuyn ra ngoi.
7.3. QUI TRNH X L NC THI CNG NGHIP THUC DA
7.3.1. Gii thiu
Hu ht cc cng on trong cng ngh thuc da l qu trnh t, ngha l c s
dng nhiu nc. nh mc tiu th nc khong (30 - 70) m
3
cho 1 tn da nguyn
liu. Lng nc thi xp x lng nc tiu th. Ti lng, thnh phn ca cc cht
gy nhim ph thuc vo lng ha cht s dng v lng cht c tch ra t da.
Nc thi cng nghip thuc da l loi nc thi cng nghip cha nhiu cht
nhim ngun nc, l:
- Cc cht hu c bao gm protein tan, lng, tht, m tch ra t thnh phn cu trc da.
- Cc ha cht s dng trong tin x l da, thuc da, hon thin da.




- 107 -

Nc thi ca c s thuc da ni chung c mu, hm lng SS, hm lng
nhim cc cht hu c BOD cao. Bao gm c dng thi mang tnh kim v dng thi
mang tnh axit. Ngoi ra nc thi thuc da cn cha sunfua, Crom v du m.
Bng 7.2. Thnh phn, tnh cht nc thi thuc da
STT Ch tiu nhim c trng n v Nng
1 pH - 3,12
2 Cht rn l lng mg/l 1250 - 6000
3 Nhu cu oxy sinh hc (BOD
5
) mg/l 2000 - 3000
4 Nhu cu oxy ha hc (COD) mg/l 2500 - 3000
5 S
2-
mg/l 120 - 170
6 Cr
3+
mg/l 70 - 100
7 Du m mg/l 100 - 500
Ngun: Bng 3.14, Gio trnh cng ngh x l nc thi, Trn Vn Nhn
7.3.2. H thng x l nc thi
S nguyn l h thng x l nc thi cng ngh thuc da:













Hnh 7.3. S nguyn l h thng x l nc thi cng ngh thuc da
Bn thi
Song chn,
li lc
Thit b
iu ha

Thit b trn ha cht
Dng A
Cn Cr(OH)
3

BTH H thng
XL bn
Thit b
oxy ha
Khng kh
MnSO
4

Song chn,
li lc
Dng C
Song chn,
li lc
Dng B
Thit b kt
ta Cr(OH)
3

Na
2
CO
3

Thit b
ng keo t
B
lng
Thit b bn
hot ha
Khng kh
B
lng
Nc thi sau XL
Bn
d
Nc hi
lu




- 108 -

Ch thch: Dng A: Dng thi cha Sunfua;
Dng B: Dng thi cha Cr III;
Dng C: Cc dng thi khc.

Do c tnh nc thi ca cng ngh thuc da l hp bi cc dng thi c tnh
cht khc nhau, nn qu trnh x l sinh hc t hiu qu cao, cn phn lung dng
thi cha Cr
3+
(dng tan), v sunfua S
2-
tin hnh x l cc b nhng dng thi ny.
- Kh sunfua:
+ Phng php kh S
2-
n gin nht l phng php oxy ha. Cc cht oxy
ha thng c s dng l H
2
O
2
, NaOCl,...; nhng thng dng nht l dng O
2
ca
khng kh v c mui mangan II lm xc tc (nh MnSO
4
). Phn ng xy ra nh sau:
S
2-
+ 2 O
2
MnSO4
-- SO
4
2-

+ Thi gian thi kh (hay thi gian phn ng) kh Sunfua thng t 4h 6h.
- Kh Crom:
+ Phng php kh Cr
3+
thng c dng trong x l nc thi thuc da l
phng php kt ta. Ha cht thng c s dng l Na
2
CO
3
hay MgO; mc ch
lm tng pH ln ti 9 xy ra phn ng kt ta:
Cr
3+
+ OH
-


Cr(OH)
3

+ Ngi ta cng c th dng vi sa hay vi lm cht tr kt ta, nh vy trong
cn ngoi Cr(OH)
3
cn c cha cn vi. Vi mc ch s dng li Cr(OH)
3
th nn
dng kim natri hoc sa.
Sau khi x l cc b cc dng thi ny, nc thi tip tc c a vo h
thng x l tp trung ti x nghip hay trm x l tp trung ca thnh ph vi mc
ch kh cc cht nhim dng l lng v cc cht hu c.
7.4. QUI TRNH X L NC THI NH MY GIY
7.4.1. Gii thiu
Cng ngh sn xut bt giy v giy l mt trong nhng cng ngh s dng
nhiu nc. Ty theo tng cng ngh v sn phm, lng nc cn thit sn xut 1
tn giy dao ng t 200 n 500 m
3
. Nc c dng cho cc cng on ra nguyn
ng nc thi
ng cp ha cht ng bn cn Cp kh




- 109 -

liu, nu, ty, xeo giy v sn xut hi nc. Trong cc nh my giy, hu nh tt c
lng nc a vo s dng s l lng nc thi ra v mang theo tp cht, ha cht,
bt giy v cc cht nhim dng hu c v v c nu nh khng c h thng x l
v tun hon li nc v ha cht.
Xt v d in hnh v nc thi nh my giy ti nh my Roemond, H Lan.
Nh my sn xut hng ngy 500 tn giy bo v ba, nguyn liu u vo l giy loi.
Lng nc thi hng ngy l (2400 3400) m
3
vi hm lng cc cht nhim nh
sau:
Bng 7.3. Thnh phn, tnh cht nc thi nh my giy Roemond
STT Ch tiu nhim c trng n v Nng
1 Nhu cu oxy sinh hc (BOD
5
) mg/l 2000
2 Nhu cu oxy ha hc (COD) mg/l 3500
3 SO
4
2-
mg/l 170 - 190
4 Ca
2+
mg/l 190 - 300
Ngun: Bng 3.27, Gio trnh cng ngh x l nc thi, Trn Vn Nhn
7.4.2. H thng x l nc thi
S h thng x l nc thi ca cng ty Roemond, H Lan:







Hnh 7.4. S h thng x l nc thi ca cng ty Roemond, H Lan
Trong nc thi ca sn xut giy v bt giy c hm lng cc hp cht
cacbonhydrat cao, l nhng cht d phn hy sinh hc nhng li thiu N, P l nhng
cht dinh dng cn thit cho vi sinh vt pht trin. chnh l l do cn b sung cc
cht dinh dng trc khi a nc thi i vo cng trnh x l sinh hc.
B UASB
Nc thi vo
NT
sau XL
B cha
hay b axit ha
B sung cht
dinh dng N, P
B hiu kh
bn hot tnh
B lng
Kt kh
Cp kh
Kh biogas
BHT tun hon 100%




- 110 -

c tnh ca nc thi sn xut giy thng c t l BOD
5
: COD 0,55 v
hm lng COD cao (> 1000 mg/l) nn x l kt hp gia phng php ym kh v
hiu kh.
7.5. QUI TRNH X L NC THI NH MY BIA
7.5.1. Gii thiu
Trong cc nh my bia, lng nc thi ra ph thuc vo nc s dng trong
sn xut. Ch c mt lng nc trong bia, nc bay hi, nc trong b hm, b bia
khng i vo h thng nc thi. Nc thi nh my bia bao gm:
- Nc thi v sinh cc thit b.
- Nc thi t cng on ra chai, thanh trng bia chai.
- Nc thi t phng th nghim.
- Nc thi v sinh nh xng.
- Nc thi sinh hot ca cng nhn nh my.
Nc thi sn xut bia thng d gy mi hi thi, lng cn, gim nng oxy
ho tan trong nc ngun khi tip nhn chng. Mt khc cc mui nit, pht pho...
trong nc thi bia d gy hin tng ph dng cho cc thu vc.
Tnh cht nc thi t sn xut bia:
Bng 7.4. Thnh phn, tnh cht nc thi t sn xut bia
Cc thng s n v Mc hin ti VN
pH
- 6,0-8,0

BOD
5

mg/l 900-1.400

COD
mg/l 1.700-2.200

SS
mg/l 500-600
Tng N
mg/l 30
Tng P
mg/l 22-25
NH
4
+

mg/l 13-16


(Ngun: Trung tm sn xut sch Vit Nam)




- 111 -

7.5.2. H thng x l nc thi
S h thng x l nc thi nh my bia:







Hnh 7.5. S dy chuyn cng ngh XLNT bia theo m hnh UAF v SBR.
Do c tnh nc thi ca cng ngh sn xut bia c cha hm lng cc cht
hu c cao trng thi ha tan v trng thi l lng, trong ch yu l hydratcacbon,
protein v cc axit hu c, l cc cht c kh nng phn hy sinh hc. T l
BOD
5
/COD nm trong khong 0,5 n 0,7, thch hp vi phng php x l sinh hc.
Nc thi trc khi a vo x l sinh hc cn qua sng, lc tch cc tp
cht th nh giy nhn, nt bc v cc loi ht rn khc (giai on x l s b)
Vi nguyn tc x l nc thi nh vy, la chn phng php ym kh hay
hiu kh hay kt hp ph thuc vo c tnh nc thi, lu lng nc thi, cc yu t
iu kin kinh t k thut khc. s ny ngi ta dng b lc dng chy ngc vt
liu ni (upflow anaerobic filter - UAF) trong khu x l sinh hc k kh v b aeroten
kt hp lng hot ng theo m (Sequencing Batch Reactor - SBR) trong khu x l
sinh hc hiu kh.
7.6. QUI TRNH X L NC THI NH MY NG
7.6.1. Gii thiu
Cng ngh sn xut ng bao gm hai giai on: cng ngh sn xut ng
th v ng tinh luyn. Cng ngh sn xut ng th bao gm cc bc sau: ma,
p ma, gia nhit, kt tinh, phn ly v to thnh ng th. Cng ngh sn xut ng
tinh luyn: ra v ha tan ng th, lm trong v lm sch, kt tinh v hon tt.
Cng nghip ma ng Vit Nam l ngnh gy nhim cao; cc ngun gy
nhim bao gm: kh thi l hi, bn lc, nc thi,...; trong , ngun nhim nc
B lng
ct
Nc thi vo
NT
sau XL
Song
chn rc
B lc k kh vt
liu ni - UAF
B aeroten hot ng
gin on SBR
B bn
Cp kh
Thu hi kh biogas




- 112 -

thi l nghim trng nht do lu lng v ti lng cht nhim ln.
Bng 7.5. Thnh phn, tnh cht nc thi cng ty ng Hy Vng
STT Ch tiu nhim c trng n v Nng
1 pH - 4,0 9,0
2 Nhu cu oxy sinh hc (BOD
5
) mg/l 2759
3 Nhu cu oxy ha hc (COD) mg/l 5200
4 SS mg/l 623
5 Tng Nit mg/l 15,4
6 Tng Phtpho mg/l 20,5
Ngun: Bng 12.1, X l nc thi th v cng nghip, Lm Minh Trit
Cng ty ng Hy Vng chuyn sn xut ng v cn t mt r, do kt hp
sn xut cn nn lm tng cao nng cc cht nhim trong nc thi nh my.
7.6.2. H thng x l nc thi
S dy chuyn cng ngh h thng x l nc thi c trnh by nh sau:






Hnh 7.6. S dy chuyn cng ngh XLNT cng ty ng Hy Vng.
1. Song chn rc 5. B UASB 9. B thu bn
2. H thu 6. B aeroten 10. B nn bn
3. B lng I 7. B lng II 11. Sn phi bn
4. B iu ha 8. Ngn kh trng 12. Bi rc
Cc giai on x l:
- X l s b: loi b tp cht th, iu chnh pH, lng cn.
- X l sinh hc: la chn kt hp phng php ym kh hay hiu kh x l nc
thi trong cc cng trnh l b UASB v b aeroten.
- Kh trng: S dng ha cht l Clo kh trng.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
10 9 11
Bn d Bn hot tnh
BTH
NT
vo
8
NT
ra
NaOH, H
2
SO
4

12
Cp kh
Cl
Nc
hi lu




- 113 -

PHN 3: CNG NGH X L CHT THI RN
CHNG 8. NGUN GC, PHN LOI CHT THI RN
TH
8.1. I CNG V CHT THI RN
8.1.1. Khi nim cht thi rn
Cht thi rn (CTR) l cht thi th rn, c thi ra t qu trnh sn xut,
kinh doanh, dch v, sinh hot hoc cc hot ng khc. Cht thi rn bao gm cht
thi rn thng thng v cht thi rn nguy hi.
Thut ng cht thi rn c s dng l bao hm tt c cc cht rn hn hp
thi ra t cng ng dn c th cng nh cc cht thi rn c th t cc ngnh sn
xut nng nghip, cng nghip, khai khong ... Tuy nhin trong khun kh bi ging
ny ch quan tm n cht thi rn th, bi v s tch lu v lu ton cht thi
rn c kh nng nh hng rt ln n mi trng sng ca con ngi.
Cht thi rn th theo quan im mi c nh ngha l: Vt cht m con
ngi to ra ban u vt b i trong khu vc th m khng i hi c bi thng
cho s vt b . Thm vo , cht thi c coi l cht thi rn th nu chng
c x hi nhn nhn nh mt th m thnh ph phi c trch nhim thu gom v tiu
hy.
Theo quan im ny, cht thi rn th c cc c trng sau:
- B vt b trong khu vc th;
- Thnh ph c trch nhim thu dn.
8.1.2. Tng qut chung v qun l cht thi rn th
Qun l cht thi rn l vn then cht ca vic m bo mi trng ca con
ngi m cc th phi c k hoch tng th qun l cht thi rn thch hp mi c
th x l kp thi v c hiu qu.
Qun l thng nht cht thi rn l vic la chn v p dng k thut, cng
ngh v chng trnh qun l thch hp nhm hon thnh mc tiu c bit qun l
cht thi rn. Mt cch tng qut, cc hp phn chc nng ca mt h thng qun l
cht thi rn sinh hot c minh ha hnh 8.1.




- 114 -


















8.1.3. Cc yu cu chung trong qun l cht thi rn Vit Nam
- Phi thu gom v vn chuyn ht cht thi. y l yu cu u tin, c bn ca vic
x l cht thi nhng hin ang cn l mt kh khn, cn c gng khc phc.
- Phi bo m x l c hiu qu theo ngun kinh ph nh nht
- Bo m sc khe cho i ng nhng ngi lao ng trc tip tham gia vic x l
cht thi ph hp vi kh nng kinh ph ca thnh ph v Nh nc.
- p dng cc cng ngh v k thut, cc trang thit b x l cht thi tin tin ph
hp vi iu kin trong nc.
- o to i ng cn b qun l v lao ng c kin thc, kinh nghim v c trch
nhim vi vn mi trng ca t nc.
- Ph hp vi c ch qun l chung ca Nh nc theo hng chp nhn m ca v
cnh tranh vi nhiu thnh phn kinh t.

Ngun phi sinh cht thi
Gom nht, tch v lu tr
ti ngun
Thu gom vn chuyn
Tch, x l
v ti ch
Trung chuyn
Chn lp
Tiu hy cui cng
Hnh 8.1. Nhng hp phn chc nng ca mt h thng qun l cht thi rn




- 115 -

8.2. NGUN PHT SINH, PHN LOI CHT THI RN TH
8.2.1. Ngun pht sinh cht thi rn th
Cc ngun ch yu pht sinh ra cht thi rn th bao gm:
- T cc khu dn c (cht thi sinh hot);
- T cc trung tm thng mi;
- T cc cng s, trng hc, cng trnh cng cng;
- T cc dch v th, sn bay;
- T cc hot ng cng nghip;
- T cc hot ng xy dng th;
- T cc trm x l nc thi v t cc ng ng thot nc ca thnh ph.
Bng 8.1. Loi cht thi rn theo cc ngun pht sinh khc nhau
Ngun pht sinh Loi cht thi
H gia nh Rc thc phm, giy, carton, nha, ti nilon, vi, da,
rc vn, g, thy tinh, lon thic, nhm, kim loi, tro,
l cy, cht thi c bit nh pin, du nht xe, lp xe,
rut xe, sn tha,
Khu thng mi Giy, carton, nha, ti nilon, g, rc thc phm, thy
tinh, kim loi, cht thi c bit nh vt dng gia nh
h hng (k sch, n, t,), in t h hng
(my radio, tivi, ), t lnh, my git hng, pin, du
nht xe, lp xe, rut xe, sn tha,
Cng s Giy, carton, nha, ti nilon, g, rc thc phm, thy
tinh, kim loi, cht thi c bit nh k sch, n, t
hng, pin, du nht xe, lp xe, rut xe, sn tha,
Xy dng G, thp, btng, t ct,
Khu cng cng Giy, ti nilon, l cy,
Trm x l Bn
8.2.2. Phn loi CTR th
Cc loi cht thi rn c thi ra t cc hot ng khc nhau c phn loi
theo nhiu cch.
- Theo v tr hnh thnh: ngi ta phn bit rc hay cht thi rn trong nh, ngoi nh,
trn ng ph, ch
- Theo thnh phn ha hc v vt l: ngi ta phn bit theo cc thnh phn hu c, v
c; chy c, khng chy c; kim loi, phi kim loi, da, gi vn, cao su, cht do




- 116 -

- Theo bn cht ngun to thnh, cht thi rn c phn thnh cc loi:
+ Cht thi rn sinh hot: l nhng cht thi lin quan n cc hot ng ca
con ngi, ngun to thnh ch yu t cc khu dn c, cc c quan, trng hc, cc
trung tm dch v, thng mi. Cht thi rn sinh hot c thnh phn bao gm kim
loi, snh s, thy tinh, gch ngi v, t, , cao su, cht do, thc phm d tha
hoc qu hn s dng, xng ng vt, tre, g, lng g vt, vi , giy, rm, r, xc
ng vt, v rau qu v.v
+ Cht thi rn cng nghip: l cc cht thi pht sinh t cc hot ng sn xut
cng nghip, tiu th cng nghip. Cc ngun pht sinh cht thi cng nghip gm:
Cc ph thi t vt liu trong qu trnh sn xut cng nghip, tro , x
trong cc nh my nhit in;
Cc ph thi t nhin liu phc v cho sn xut;
Cc ph thi trong qu trnh cng ngh;
Bao b ng gi sn phm.
+ Cht thi xy dng: l cc ph thi nh t ct, gch ngi, b tng v do cc
hot ng ph d, xy dng cng trnh v.vcht thi xy dng gm:
Vt liu xy dng trong qu trnh d b cng trnh xy dng;
t do vic o mng trong xy dng ;
Cc vt liu nh kim loi, cht do
Cc cht thi t cc h thng c s h tng k thut nh trm x l
nc thin nhin, nc thi sinh hot , bn cn t cc cng thot nc
thnh ph.
+ Cht thi nng nghip: l nhng cht thi v mu tha thi ra t cc hot
ng nng nghip, th d nh trng trt, thu hoch cc loi cy trng, cc sn phm
thi ra t ch bin sa, ca cc l git m
- Theo mc nguy hi, cht thi rn c phn thnh cc loi:
+ Cht thi nguy hi: bao gm cc loi ha cht d gy phn ng , c hi, cht
thi sinh hc d thi ra, cc cht d chy, n hoc cc cht thi phng x, cc cht
thi nhim khun, ly lan.. c nguy c e da ti sc khe ngi , ng vt v cy c.
Ngun pht sinh ra cht thi nguy hi ch yu t cc hot ng y t v cng nghip.




- 117 -

+ Cht thi khng nguy hi: l nhng loi cht thi khng cha cc cht v cc
hp cht c mt trong cc c tnh nguy hi trc tip hoc tng tc thnh phn.
8.3. LNG CHT THI RN TH PHT SINH
Lng cht thi to thnh hay cn gi l tiu chun to rc c nh ngha l
lng rc thi pht sinh t hot ng ca mt ngi trong mt ngy m
(kg/ngi.ng).
Tiu chun to rc trung bnh theo u ngi i vi tng loi cht thi rn
mang tnh c th ca tng a phng v ph thuc vo mc sng, vn minh ca dn
c mi khu vc (bng 8.2).
Bng 8.2. Tiu chun to rc trung bnh theo u ngi i vi tng loi cht thi
rn th
Ngun
Tiu chun (kg/ngi.ng)
Khong gi tr Trung bnh
Sinh hot th
(1)

Cng nghip
Vt liu ph thi b tho d
Ngun thi sinh hot khc
(2)
1 -3
0,5 - 1,6
0,05 - 0,4
0,05 - 0,3
1,59
0,86
0,27
0,18
Ghi ch:
(1)
: k c nh v trung tm dch v thng mi

(2)
: khng k nc v nc thi.
Lng rc thi pht sinh cho tng giai on c tnh theo cng thc sau:
R= N x (1+ q) x g
Trong :
+ N: dn s trong tng giai on.
+ q: t l tng dn s.
+ g: tiu chun thi rc ( kg/ng-ng).
Lng cht thi trong thnh ph tng ln do tc ng ca nhiu nhn t nh: s
tng trng v pht trin ca sn xut, s gia tng dn s, s pht trin v trnh v
tnh cht ca tiu dng trong thnh ph v.v
Cc yu t nh hng ti tiu chun, thnh phn cht thi rn th bao gm:
- iu kin sinh hot.




- 118 -

- iu kin thi tit, kh hu.
- Cc yu t x hi.
- Tp qun.
8.4. THNH PHN CA CHT THI RN
Thnh phn l, ha hc ca cht thi rn th rt khc nhau ty thuc vo
tng a phng, vo cc ma kh hu, vo iu kin kinh t v nhiu yu t khc.
Bng 8.3. Thnh phn in hnh ca CTR th (%)
Thnh phn Cc nc thu
nhp thp
Cc nc thu
nhp trung bnh
Cc nc thu
nhp cao
Cht thi thc phm 40 - 85 20 - 65 6 - 30
Giy 1 - 10 8 - 30 20 - 45
Carton 5 - 15
Cht do 1 - 5 2 - 6 2 - 8
Si, vi 1 - 5 2 - 10 2 - 6
Cao su 1 - 5 1 - 4 0 - 2
Da 0 - 2
Cht thi vn 1 - 5 1 - 10 10 - 20
G 1 - 4
Thy tinh 1 - 10 1 - 10 4 - 12
V hp kim loi 1 - 5 1 - 5 2 - 8
Nhm 0 - 1
t ct, tro bi, 1 - 40 1 - 30 0 - 10
Bng 8.4. Thnh phn cht thi rn th (TPHCM)
Phn loi bc 1 Phn loi bc 2 V d
1. Giy
Giy loi tr bo v tp ch Giy photocopy
Bo
Tp ch v cc loi c in n khc Cc t ri qung co
Giy ba c lp sn gn sng Ba c ph sp
Giy ba khng c lp sn gn sng Hp ng dy




- 119 -

Giy ba dng ng cht lng hoc
c nhiu lp.
Ti cha sa, nc gii kht
Khn giy v giy v sinh T lt tr em

2. Cht do
PET Chai nc khong
HDPE
LDPE
PVC
Khc Phim nh
a thnh phn Nha ABS

3. Hu c
Xc gia sc, gia cm
Cht thi t qu trnh lm vn: l
cy, c v cc cht thi khc t qu
trnh ct ta.

Thc phm
Phn gia sc, gia cm
Ph thi t cc nng sn
Vi v cc sn phm dt may
Sm, lp v cc sn phm cao su
Da
G Bao b g , mt ca
4. Kim loi en
St
Bao b thic V lon
5. Kim loi mu
Kim loi mu
Bao b nhm V lon
6. Thu tinh
Chai thu tinh c th ti ch V chai bia, nc gii kht
Chai thu tinh trong




- 120 -

Chai thu tinh mu
Knh
7. X bn
Gch ngi
B tng
Cc sn phm dng trong xy dng
khc.

8. Khc, nguy hi
tim tng
Cc cht thi nguy hi dng trong gia
nh.
Sn, cc bao b cha ho
cht gia dng.
Tro
Cht thi y t
Cht thi cng nghip
Khc
8.5. TNH CHT CA CHT THI RN
8.5.1. Tnh cht vt l
Nhng tnh cht l hc quan trng ca cht thi rn sinh hot bao gm khi
lng ring, m, kch thc ht v s phn b kch thc, kh nng gi nc v
xp ( rng) ca rc nn.
a. Khi lng ring
Khi lng ring ca cht thi rn c nh ngha l khi lng ca mt n
v vt cht tnh trn 1 n v th tch cht thi (kg/m
3
).
Khi lng ring thay i ph thuc vo nhiu yu t nh: v tr a l, ma trong
nm, thi gian lu gi cht thi. Do cn phi thn trng khi la chn gi tr thit k.
b. m
m ca cht thi rn c nh ngha l lng nc cha trong mt n v
trng lng cht thi trng thi nguyn thy. Xc nh m c tun theo cng thc:
m =
u-b
u
x 100(%)
Trong : a: khi lng ban u ca mu.
b: khi lng ca mu sau khi sy kh 105
o
C.




- 121 -

c. Kch thc v s phn b kch thc
Kch thc v s phn b kch thc ca cc thnh phn c trong cht thi rn
ng vai tr quan trng i vi qu trnh thu hi vt liu, nht l khi s dng phng
php c hc nh sng quay v cc thit b tch loi t tnh.
d. Kh nng tch m
Kh nng tch m ca cht thi rn l tng lng m m cht thi c th tch tr
c. y l thng s c ngha quan trng trong vic xc nh nc r r ra t bi
chn lp. Phn nc d vt qu kh nng tch tr ca cht thi rn s thot ra ngoi
thnh nc r r. Kh nng tch m s thay i ty theo iu kin nn p rc v trng
thi phn hy ca cht thi. Kh nng tch m ca cht thi rn sinh hot ca khu dn c
v khu thng mi trong trng hp khng nn c th dao ng trong khong 50-60%.
8.5.2. Tnh cht ha hc
Tnh cht ha hc ca cht thi rn ng vai tr quan trng trong vic la chn
phng n x l v thu hi nguyn liu. V d, kh nng chy ph thuc vo tnh cht
ha hc ca cht thi rn, c bit trong trng hp cht thi l hn hp ca nhng
thnh phn chy c v khng chy c. Nu mun s dng cht thi rn lm nhin
liu, cn xc nh 4 c tnh quan trng sau:
- Nhng tnh cht c bn
- im nng chy
- Thnh phn cc nguyn t
- Nng lng cha trong rc
i vi phn rc hu c dng lm phn compost hoc thc n gia sc, ngoi thnh
phn nhng nguyn t chnh, cn phi xc nh thnh phn cc nguyn t vi lng.
a. Nhng tnh cht c bn
Nhng tnh cht c bn cn phi xc nh i vi cc thnh phn chy c
trong cht thi rn bao gm:
- m (phn m mt i khi sy 105
0
C trong thi gian 1 gi).
- Thnh phn cc cht bay hi (phn khi lng mt i khi nung 950
0
C trong t
nung kn).




- 122 -

- Thnh phn carbon c nh (thnh phn c th chy c cn li sau khi thi cc
cht c th bay hi).
- Tro (phn khi lng cn li sau khi t trong l h).
Tnh cht c bn ca cc thnh phn chy c c trong cht thi rn sinh hot.
b. im nng chy ca tro
im nng chy ca tro l nhit m ti tro to thnh t qu trnh t chy
cht thi b nng chy v kt dnh to thnh dng rn (x). Nhit nng chy c
trng i vi x t qu trnh t rc sinh hot thng dao ng trong khong t 2000
n 2200
0
F (1100
0
C n 1200
0
C).
c. Cc nguyn t c bn trong cht thi rn sinh hot
Cc nguyn t c bn trong cht thi rn sinh hot cn phn tch bao gm C
(carbon), H (Hydro), O (Oxy), N (Nito), S (Lu hunh), v tro. Thng thng, cc
nguyn t thuc nhm halogen cng thng c xc nh o cc dn xut ca clo
thng tn ti trong thnh phn kh thi khi t rc. Kt qu xc nh cc nguyn t c
bn ny c s dng xc nh cng thc ha hc ca thnh phn hu c c trong
cht thi rn sinh hot cng nh xc inh t l C/N thch hp cho qu trnh lm phn
compost.
Bng 8.5. Thnh phn cc nguyn t ca cc cht chy c c trong cht thi rn dn c
Loi cht thi
Phn trm khi lng kh (%)
Carbon Hydro Oxy Nito Lu hunh Tro
Cht hu c
Cht thi thc phm 48,0 6,4 37,6 2,6 0,4 5,0
Giy 43,5 6,0 44,0 0,3 0,2 6,0
Carton 44,0 5,9 44,6 0,3 0,2 5,0
Nha 60,0 7,2 22,8 - - 10,0
Vi 55,0 6,6 31,2 4,6 0,15 2,5
Cao su 78,0 10,0 - 2,0 - 10,0
Da 60,0 8,0 11,6 10,0 0,4 10,0
Rc vn 47,8 6,0 38,0 3,4 0,3 4,5




- 123 -

G 49,5 6,0 42,7 0,2 0,1 1,5
Cht v c
Thy tinh
(1)
0,5 0,1 0,4 <0,1 - 98,9
Kim loi
(1)
4,5 0,6 4,3 <0,1 - 90,5
Bi, tro, 26,3 3,0 2,0 0,5 0,2 68,0
(1)
Nng lng c t lp ph, nhn hiu v nhng vt liu nh km
d. Nng lng cha trong cc thnh phn ca cht thi rn
Bng 8.6. Nng lng v phn cht tr c trong rc sinh hot t khu dn c
Thnh phn
Phn cht tr
(1)
(%) Nng lng
(2)
(Btu/lb)
Khong
dao ng
c trng Khong
dao ng
c trng
Cht hu c
Cht thi thc phm 2-8 5,0 1.500-3.000 2.000
Giy 4-8 6,0 5.000-8.000 7.200
Carton 3-6 5,0 6.000-7.500 7.000
Nha 6-20 10,0 12.000-16.000 14.000
Vi 2-4 2,5 6.500-8.000 7.500
Cao su 8-20 10,0 9.000-12.000 10.000
Da 8-20 10,0 6.500-8.500 7.500
Rc vn 2-6 4,5 1.000-8.000 2.800
G 0,6-2 1,5 7.500-8.500 8.000
Cht hu c khc - - - -
Cht v c
Thy tinh 96-99+ 98,0 50-100
(3)
60
Lon thic 96-99+ 98,0 100-500
(3)
300
Nhm 90-99+ 96,0 - -
Kim loi khc 94-99+ 98,0 100-500
(3)
300
Bi, tro, 60-80 70,0 1.000-5.000 3.000
Cht thi rn sinh hot 4.000-6.000 5.000
(4)

(1)
Sau khi chy hon ton




- 124 -

(2)
Theo thnh phn thu gom c
(3)
Nng lng c t lp ph, nhn hiu v nhng vt liu nh km
(4)
Gi tr nng lng trong bng ny ln hn gi tr tng ng, ch yu do (1) lng
cht thi thc phm b gim v (2) thnh phn phn trm nha gia tng (7% thay v
4%) i vi cht thi rn sinh hot ly t khu dn c.
Btu/lb x 2,326 = kJ/kg.
e. Cht dinh dng v nhng nguyn t cn thit khc
Nu thnh phn cht hu c c trong cht thi rn sinh hot c s dng lm
nguyn liu sn xut cc sn phm thng qu qu trnh chuyn ha sinh hc (phn
compost, methane, v ethanol,). S liu v cht dinh dng v nhng nguyn t cn
thit khc trong cht thi ng vai tr quan trng nhm o bo dinh dng cho vi
sinh vt cng nh yu cu ca sn phm sau qu trnh chuyn ha sinh hc. Cht dinh
dng v nhng nguyn t cn thit c trong thnh phn cht hu c ca cht thi rn
sinh hot c trnh by trong bng 8.7.
Bng 8.7. Cc nguyn t c trong cc cht hu c cn thit cho qu trnh chuyn ha
sinh hc.
Thnh
phn
n v
Nguyn liu cung cp (tnh theo khi lng kh)
Giy in bo
Giy
cng s
Rc vn
Rc
thc phm
NH
4
-N ppm 4 61 149 205
NO
3
N ppm 4 218 490 4278
P ppm 44 295 3500 4900
PO
4
-P ppm 20 164 2210 3200
K % 0,35 0,29 2,27 4,18
SO
4
-P ppm 159 324 882 855
Ca % 0,01 0,10 0,42 0,43
Mg % 0,02 0,04 0,21 0,16

8.6. CHT THI RN NGUY HI
Hin nay thc hin vic phn loi nguy hi u cha c x l hoc mi ch
c x l rt s b sau c em chn lp cng cc loi cht thi sinh hot ti cc




- 125 -

bi chn lp, cht thi nguy hi Vit Nam. Lng rc thi nguy hi pht sinh hng
ngy t cc c s y t c tnh t 50 - 70 tn/ngy (chim 22% tng rc thi y t pht
sinh). Thnh phn ca rc thi y t theo cc khu vc khc nhau Vit Nam c trnh
by bng 8.8.
T trng trung bnh ca rc thi y t l 150 kg/m
3
. m : 37 - 42%. Nhit tr:
400 - 2.150 kcal/kg.
Bng 8.8. Thnh phn ca rc thi y t theo cc khu vc khc nhau Vit Nam
Thnh phn rc thi y t
T l
(%)
C thnh phn
cht thi nguy hi
Cc cht hu c
Chai nha PVC, PE, PP
Bng bng
V hp kim loi
Chai l thy tinh, xilanh thy tinh, ng thuc thy tinh
Kim tim, ng tim
Giy cc loi, catton
Cc bnh phm sau m
t, ct, snh s v cc cht rn khc
Tng cng
T l phn cht thi nguy hi
52,9
10,1
8,8
2,9
2,3
0,9
0,8
0,6
20,9
100
22,6
Khng
C
C
Khng
C
C
Khng
C
Khng

Ngun: B Y t , 1998.
Cht thi rn cng nghip: theo s liu thng k ca 4 thnh ph ln (H Ni,
Hi Phng, Nng v TP.HCM), tng lng cht thi rn cng nghip chim 15 -
26% ca cht thi rn thnh ph. Trong cht thi rn cng nghip c khong 35 - 41%
mang tnh nguy hi. Thnh phn ca cht thi cng nghip nguy hi rt phc tp, ty
thuc vo nguyn liu sn xut, sn phm to thnh ca tng cng ngh v cc dch v
c lin quan.





- 126 -

CHNG 9. THU GOM, TP TRUNG V VN CHUYN
CHT THI RN
9.1. THU GOM CHT THI RN
Thu gom cht thi rn l qu trnh thu nht rc thi t cc nh dn, cc cng s
hay t nhng im thu gom, cht chung ln xe v ch n a im x l, chuyn tip,
trung chuyn hay chn lp.
Dch v thu gom rc thi thng c th chia ra thnh cc dch v "s cp" v
"th cp". S khc bit ny phn nh yu t l nhiu khu vc, vic thu gom phi i
qua mt qu trnh hai giai on: thu gom rc t cc nh v thu gom tp trung v ch
cha trung gian ri t li chuyn tip v trm trung chuyn hay bi chn lp.
9.1.1 Thu gom cht thi rn t trong nh (thu gom s cp)
Thu gom s cp (thu gom ban u) l cch m theo rc thi c thu gom t
ngun pht sinh ra n (nh hay nhng c s thng mi) v ch n cc bi cha
chung, cc a im hoc bi chuyn tip. Thng th cc h thng thu gom s cp
cc nc ang pht trin bao gm nhng xe ch rc nh, xe hai bnh ko bng tay
thu gom rc v ch n cc bi cha chung hay nhng im chuyn tip.
Do vy, thu gom ban u s c cn n trong mi h thng qun l thu gom
v vn chuyn.
Nhng yu t quan trng nht cn c xem xt khi xy dng mt dch v thu
gom s cp bao gm:
- Cu trc hnh chnh v qun l i vi dch v;
- Cc tiu chun ca dch v s c a ra;
- C quan chu trch nhim thu gom (chnh quyn thnh ph, x nghip, c quan trong
thnh ph, nhng ngi nht rc, cc gia nh);
- a im thu gom (t cc gia nh, t l ng, t bi rc cng cng);
- Loi xe thu gom s c s dng;
- Liu s phn loi ti ngun cc vt liu dng li c kh nng kinh t khng v cn
phi c cho php?
- Tn sut thu gom.




- 127 -


Bng 9.1. Ngun nhn cng v cc thit b thu gom ti ch
Ngun pht sinh
rc thi
Ngi chu trch nhim Thit b thu gom
1. T cc khu dn c
- Nh thp tng

- Nh trung bnh


- Nh cao tng



- Dn c ti khu vc, ngi
lm thu.
- Ngi lm thu, nhn vin
phc v ca khu nh, dch v
ca cc cng ty v sinh.
- Ngi lm thu, nhn vin
phc v ca khu nh, dch v
ca cc cng ty v sinh.

- Cc dng thu gom ti nh,
cc xe gom.
- Cc mng t chy, cc thang
nng, cc xe gom, cc bng
chuyn chy bng kh nn.
- Cc mng t chy, cc thang
nng, cc xe gom, cc bng
chuyn chy bng kh nn.
2. Cc khu vc kinh
doanh, thng mi.
Nhn vin, dch v ca cc
cng ty v sinh.
Cc loi xe thu gom c bnh
ln, cc cngten lu gi, cc
thang nng hoc bng chuyn.
3. Cc khu cng
nghip.
Nhn vin, dch v ca cc
cng ty v sinh.
Cc loi xe thu gom c bnh
ln, cc cngten lu gi, cc
thang nng hoc bng chuyn.
4. Cc khu sinh hot
ngoi tri (qung
trng, cng vin )
Ch nhn ca khu vc hoc
cc cng ty cng vin, cy
xanh.
Cc thng lu gi c mi che
hoc np y.
5. Cc trm x l
nc thi
Cc nhn vin vn hnh trm

Cc loi bng chuyn khc nhau
v cc thit b.
6. Cc khu nng
nghip
Ch nhn ca khu vc hoc
cng nhn.
Ty thuc vo trang b ca tng
n v n l.
9.1.2. u, nhc im ca cc phng thc thu gom ti ch
Nhng thun li v bt li ca tng phng thc thu gom, lu gi cht thi rn
ti ch c trnh by bng 9.2.




- 128 -

Bng 9.2. Cc thun li v bt li ca tng phng thc thu gom, lu gi ti ch
Phng thc Thun li Bt li
Khu dn c v thng mi
- Cht ng

- Kho cha c nh
(xy bng gch)


- Ti cht do


- Bc cng nh


- B cha cht thi
(nhiu h gia nh)


- Cngtenn (nhiu h gia
nh v cht thi xy
dng)

D dng i vi dn

Gp nhm cht thi
thu gom


V sinh, ly nhanh, t
phi qut. Bc kn cc
cht thi
Kinh t hn v c th
ti sinh, thu nhanh
hn. Khng phi qut.
Dn d s dng. Tp
trung cht thi.


Gp nhm cht thi.
Thu gom v vn
chuyn d dng.

Mt v sinh. Km m quan v ri
vi bi nhng ngi nht rc.
i hi s ng gp t nguyn
ca dn. Mt thi gian khi chuyn
giao. Km m quan v ri vi bi
nhng ngi nht rc.
i hi phi thu gom tng nh.
Dn phi mua ti.

i hi phi thu gom tng nh, c
mi, cc thng cha d b mt cp,
phi lau chi thng xuyn.
Kh thc hin vic thu gom c
phn loi i vi b mt ngn.
Kh khuyn khch nhn dn, s
dng khng c hiu qu.
i hi s ng gp t nguyn
ca dn. Phi c khng gian. Km
m quan v ri vi bi nhng
ngi nht rc.
ng cng cng
- Thng rc nh c nh

- Xe y c nh 350 lt

- Cngtenn

D s dng cho ngi
qua li.
Thu gom v vn
chuyn d dng.
Gp nhm cht thi.

C kh nng trn y.

Km m quan, d b ph hoi.

Xa nh . Khng c nhiu khng




- 129 -

Thu gom v vn
chuyn d dng
gian. Km m quan. Ri vi bi
nhng ngi nht rc.
C quan v x nghip
- Kho c nh


- Cngtenn

Gp nhm cht thi.


Gp nhm cht thi.
Thu gom v vn
chuyn d dng.

Mt thi gian khi chuyn giao. Ri
vi bi nhng ngi thu nht rc
v cc nhn vin.
Phi c sn khng gian. Km m
quan.
9.1.3. Thu gom tp trung
Thut ng thu tp trung (hay cn gi l thu gom th cp) bao hm khng ch
vic thu gom nht cc cht thi rn t nhng ngun khc nhau m cn c vic chuyn
ch cc cht thi ti a im tiu hy. Vic d cc xe rc cng c coi nh l
mt phn ca hot ng thu gom th cp. Nh vy thu gom th cp l cch thu gom
cc loi cht thi rn t cc im thu gom chung (im cu rc) trc khi vn chuyn
chng theo tng phn hoc c tuyn thu gom n mt trm trung chuyn, mt c s x
l hay bi chn lp bng cc loi phng tin chuyn dng c ng c.
Thu gom th cp ph thuc vo cc loi xe c thu gom c la chn hay c
th c c v vo h thng v cc phng tin vn chuyn ti ch.
a. Cc phng thc thu gom
- Thu gom theo khi: trong h thng ny, cc xe thu gom chy theo mt quy trnh u
n theo tn xut c tha thun trc, ngi dn s mang rc n vo xe ti v
tr quy nh theo tn hiu do xe rc pht ra.
- Thu gom bn l ng: h thng thu gom ny i hi mt dch v u n v mt l
trnh tng i chnh xc. Rc thi c trong st rc t bn l ng. Xe rc s
ti thu gom ti ch.
b. Cc loi thit b tp trung v vn chuyn cht thi rn
C nhiu cch phn loi cc thit b tp trung v vn chuyn cht thi rn. Theo
kiu vn hnh hot ng, bao gm: h thng xe thng c nh v h thng xe thng di
ng (tch ri).




- 130 -

- H thng xe thng di ng: y l h thng thu gom, trong cc thng cha y rc
c chuyn ch n bi chn thi ri a thng khng v v tr tp kt ban u.
- H thng xe thng c nh: y l h thng thu gom trong cc thng cha y rc
vn c nh t ti ni tp kt rc, tr mt khong thi gian rt ngn nhc ln rc
vo xe thu gom.
c. S ha h thng thu gom
m hnh ha h thng thu gom cht thi rn ngi ta phi phn bit tng
nhim v, tng cng on.
- S trnh t vn hnh vi h thng xe thng di ng (HCS):
+ Kiu thng thng









+ Kiu thay thng (thay i v tr thng)









Hnh 9.1. S trnh t vn hnh hot ng ca loi xe thng di ng
1 2
2
3 4
T c quan bt
u hnh trnh
lm vic
V c
quan kt
thc ca
lm vic
1
Cc v tr
t thng
im tp trung
(bi chn lp, trm trung chuyn hoc x l)
Ch thng y
Ch thng khng
1 2 3 4
T c quan n
vi thng khng
bt u hnh
trnh lm vic
Xe vi thng
khng v c
quan kt thc
ca lm vic
im tp trung
(bi chn lp, trm trung chuyn hoc x l)




- 131 -

- Trnh t vn hnh vi h thng xe thng c nh (SCS):









Hnh 9.2. S trnh t vn hnh hot ng ca loi xe thng c nh
9.2. CHN TUYN NG THU GOM VN CHUYN
9.2.1. Cc yu t cn xt n khi chn tuyn ng vn chuyn
- Xt n chnh sch v quy tc hin hnh c lin quan ti vic tp trung cht thi rn,
s ln thu gom 1 tun.
- iu kin lm vic ca h thng vn chuyn, cc loi xe, my vn chuyn.
- Tuyn ng cn phi chn sao cho lc bt u v kt thc hnh trnh phi ng
ph chnh.
- a hnh dc th hnh trnh nn xut pht t im cao xung thp.
- Cht thi pht sinh ti cc nt giao thng, khu ph ng c th phi c thu gom
vo cc gi c mt giao thng thp.
- Nguyn nhn ngun to thnh cht thi rn vi khi lng ln cn phi t chc vn
chuyn vo lc t gy ch tc, nh hng cho mi trng.
- Nhng v tr c cht thi rn t v phn tn th vic vn chuyn phi t chc thu gom
cho ph hp.
9.2.2. To lp tuyn ng vn chuyn
- Chun b bn v tr cc im tp trung cht thi rn trn ch r s lng, thng
tin ngun cht thi rn.
- Phi phn tch thng tin v s liu, cn thit phi lp bng tng hp thng tin.
- Phi s b chn tuyn ng theo 2 hay 3 phng n.
1 2 3 4
Xe khng t c
quan n
Xe y
thng cht thi
rn
Xe ch khng ti n hnh trnh tip theo
hoc v c quan kt thc ca lm vic
im
tp trung




- 132 -

- So snh cc tuyn ng cn nhc bng cch th dn chn c tuyn ng hp l.
9.3. TRM TRUNG CHUYN
9.3.1. Nhim v ca trm trung chuyn
Trm trung chuyn ng vai tr bn hon thnh (hon thnh mt phn cng
vic) vn chuyn rc n khu vc bi thi ca thnh ph ca thnh ph hay n khu
vc x l, ti ch rc. Nh vy, trm trung chyn c nhng nhim v chnh sau:
- Trung chuyn cht thi rn t xe t thu gom v vn chuyn loi xe nh sang xe vn
ti nng.
- Vn chuyn cht thi rn t trm trung chuyn n khu x l.
- Phn loi cht thi v thu hi cc loi cht thi c th ti ch nh giy, thu tinh,
cht do, cao su, kim loi...
9.3.2. Yu cu i vi trm trung chuyn
Cc trm trung chuyn s phi m bo cc yu cu sau:
- Cc trm trung chuyn v c s x l cht thi rn phi ph hp vi quy hoch xy
dng vng, quy hoch qun l cht thi rn c cp c thm quyn ph duyt.
- Cc trm trung chuyn cht thi rn phi c b tr ti cc a im thun tin giao
thng, khng gy cn tr cc hot ng giao thng chung, khng gy nh hng xu
ti mi trng v m quan th. Trm trung chuyn cht thi rn phi c kh nng
tip nhn v vn chuyn ht khi lng cht thi rn trong phm vi bn knh thu gom
n khu x l tp trung vi thi gian khng qu 2 ngy m.
- Bn knh phc v ca cc trm trung chuyn c xc nh theo QCVN 07:2010.
Bng 9.3. Qui nh v trm trung chuyn cht thi rn th QCVN 07:2010/BXD
Loi v qui m
trm trung chuyn
Cng sut
(tn/ng)
Bn knh phc v
ti a (km)
Din tch ti thiu
(m
2
)
Trm trung chuyn khng chnh thc (khng c h tng k thut)
C nh < 5 0,5 20
C va 5 - 10 1,0 50
C ln > 10 7,0 50




- 133 -

Trm trung chuyn c nh chnh thc (c h tng k thut)
C nh < 100 10 500
C va 100 - 500 15 1.000
C ln > 500 30 5.000
9.3.3. La chn cc phng n trm trung cht thi rn th
Nh nu trn, c th chia trm trung chuyn thnh hai loi l: trm trung
chuyn khng chnh thng (khng c trang b c s h tng) v trm trung chuyn
chnh thng (c trang b c s h tng), mi loi u c nhng u nhc im ring,
v vy vic la chn loi hnh cng nh qui m trm trung chuyn cn c cn nhc
v xem xt trn nhiu kha cnh.
Bng 9.4. c im ca cc loi trm trung chuyn
LOI HNH U IM NHC IM
Trm trung
chuyn khng
chnh thng:
khng c
trang b c s h
tng
- Vic chn v tr n gin hn
so vi loi trm trung chuyn
chnh thng.
- Mc cn tr giao thng t
hn.
- Chi ph u t v vn hnh
kh thp.
- Cc thng cha thng l trc
cng chng.
- Khng c c s h tng gim
thiu mi, nc r rc, rc ri vi
v hp dn rui mui v cc loi
cn trng khc.
- S lng im lu gi cn nhiu.
Cc trm trung
chuyn chnh
thng: c
trang b c s h
tng
- Hn ch tm nhn vo cc
hot ng chuyn ch rc thi
trn mt t.
- Gim mi, nc r rc & rc
ri vi & hp dn rui nhng.
- Cc thng cha rc khng b
bi ln bi nhng ngi bi
rc v ng vt.
- C th tn dng phi hp xy
- Kh khn trong vic la chn a
im ti cc khu th pht trin.
- C th b nhn dn phn ng.
- Gy cn tr giao thng i li.
- Chi ph u t cao do phi trang
b cc thit b cn thit v cn t
s dng v h tng k thut km
theo.
- Chi ph vn hnh kh cao.




- 134 -

cng nh v sinh cng cng.
Loi hnh la
chn
La chn trm trung chuyn chnh thng c nh do:
- Gim c thi gian ch i ti cc im bc d, vn chuyn
- Tng nng sut vn chuyn ch vn chuyn thng container thay
cho vic s dng cc xe cun p rc hin c. Trong tng lai c th
trang b cc my p rc trong cc trm trung chuyn c nh
gim th tch rc trc khi vn chuyn.
- C th thc hin c mt phn vic phn loi s b rc trc
khi chuyn i ni khc.
- Gim c tnh trng mt m quan do cc xe thu gom xp hng
ch i gy ra, ng thi cng trnh c tnh trng nc t cc xe
rc chy ra lm nhim mi trng xung quanh.






- 135 -

CHNG 10. X L CHT THI RN TH
10.1. C S LA CHN PHNG PHP X L
X l cht thi rn l qu trnh s dng cc gii php cng ngh, k thut lm
gim, loi b, tiu hy cc thnh phn c hi hoc khng c ch trong cht thi rn; thu
hi, ti ch, ti s dng li cc thnh phn c ch trong cht thi rn. (Theo N
59/2007/CP).
Mc ch ca cc phng php x l cht thi rn ni chung l nhm vo:
- Tng cao hiu qu ca vic qun l CTR.
- Thu hi vt liu ti s dng, ti ch.
- Thu hi nng lng t rc cng nh cc sn phm chuyn i.
Cc phng php c th p dng x l cht thi rn bao gm:
- Phng php c hc nh phn loi, nn, p, nghin, ct, bm,...
- Phng php sinh hc (ch bin phn compost, sn xut biogas)
- Phng php ha hc nh t.
Khi la chn phng php x l cht thi rn cn xem xt cc yu t sau:
- Thnh phn, tnh cht cht thi rn.
- Tng lng cht thi rn cn x l.
- Kh nng thu hi sn phm v nng lng.
- Yu cu bo v mi trng.
10.2. CC PHNG PHP X L CHT THI RN
10.2.1. Phng php c hc
a. Gii thiu chung
* Mc ch
- Gim kch thc v th tch CTR, dn n gim chi ph vn chuyn, x l.
- Thu hi cc loi vt liu c gi tr kinh t.
- To iu kin thun li cho cc qu trnh x l tip theo
* Bn cht ca phng php c hc
p dng cc lc c hc thay i kch thc, th tch, m v cc tnh cht
vt l khc ca cht thi.
* Cc bin php k thut




- 136 -

- Tch phn loi (bng qut gi, bng t hay bng sng)
- Nn, p
- Tch m (lc, phi kh)
* u, nhc im
- u im:
+ n gin
+ C kh nng c gii ha v t ng ha.
+ Cc thnh phn khc nhau ca cht thi s c tch loi nn to iu kin
thun li, d dng cho cc cng on x l tip theo ng thi c th thu hi v ti ch
c cc vt liu c gi tr.
- Nhc im:
+ Cha x l trit c cht thi, nn yu cu phi c cc bc x l tip
theo.
+ Rt d gy nhim mi trng.
* Phm vi p dng
p dng x l s b cht thi rn (ngay ti ngun pht sinh) trc khi em
i x l cc cng on tip theo.
b. Gim kch thc
Phng php gim kch thc c s dng nhm mc ch l lm gim kch
thc ca cc loi vt liu trong rc thi th. Cc vt liu c lm gim kch thc
c th s dng trc tip nh l lp che ph trn mt t hay l s dng lm phn
compost hoc mt phn c s dng cho cc hot ng ti sinh cht thi rn. Ty
thuc vo hnh dng, c tnh cht thi, v tiu chun i hi thit k nhng thit b
cho ph hp.
Cc thit b thng s dng l ba p rt c hiu qu khi cc vt liu c c
tnh gin d gy; ko ct dng lm gim kch thc ca cc vt liu mm hn so
vi dng ba p, v my nghin c u im l di chuyn d dng c s dng cho
nhiu loi khc nhau nh l cc nhnh cy, hay l cc loi rc t qu trnh xy dng.
c. Phn loi
Phn loi cht thi rn cn thit thu hi cc vt liu c gi tr ti sinh, ti ch




- 137 -

(thu hi ti nguyn) v to iu kin thun li cho cc qu trnh chuyn ha hoc thu
hn nng lng sinh hc tip sau. Qu trnh phn loi cht thi rn c th thc hin ti
nhng khu khc nhau trong h thng qun l cht thi rn sinh hot nh:
- Ngay ti ngun pht sinh (h gia nh, khu thng mi, khu cng cng,...);
- Ti trm trung chuyn;
- Ti trm x l hay trm phn loi tp trung.
Cc thnh phn c th phn loi t cht thi rn sinh hot bao gm giy, carton,
ti nilon, nha, g, kim loi, v lon hp, thy tinh,... Cc thnh phn ny c th
tch loi bng phng php th cng hay c gii. Cc thit b c kh c th s dng
cho mc ch phn loi rc bao gm:
- Qut gi: Phng php ny c s dng phn loi cc cht thi rn kh, c trng
lng khc nhau. Qut gi hot ng to lung kh, cun theo cc vt nh nh giy, ti
nilon, nh tch c cc thnh phn ny ra khi cht thi hn hp.
- Sng: Sng c dng phn loi cc thnh phn cht thi c kch thc khc
nhau.
- Phn loi bng t: Thit b phn loi bng t c s dng thu hi st vn t cht
thi rn.
d. Nn p
p (nn) rc l mt khu quan trng trong qu trnh x l cht thi rn. Hin
nay, cc phng tin vn chuyn cht thi rn u c trang b b phn p rc nhm
lm tng sc cha ca xe v hiu sut vn chuyn. Ti cc bi chn lp, rc cng c
nn tng cng sut hay ko di thi gian phc v ca bi chn lp. Cc thit b nn
p c th l cc my nn c nh v di ng hoc cc thit b nn cao p. My p c
nh c s dng cc khu dn c, khu cng nghip, khu thng mi, trm trung
chuyn. My p di ng thng i km vi xe vn chuyn v container.
10.2.2. Phng php nhit
a. Gii thiu chung
* Mc ch
- X l trit cht thi rn.
- Thng dng x l cht thi nguy hi, y t.




- 138 -

* Bn cht ca phng php nhit
X l CTR bng phng php nhit chnh l qu trnh bin i CTR di tc
ng ca nhit thnh cc cht th kh, lng, rn (tro, x) ng thi c ta nhit.
* Phn loi
- Phng php nhit kh (qu trnh thiu t)
- Phng php nhit t
* u, nhc im
- u im:
+ Gip chim t din tch chn lp.
+ V hi ha tt c cc thnh phn c kh nng gy nguy hi
- Nhc im:
+ Chi ph u t ln.
+ Chi ph vn hnh ln.
+ C kh nng gy nhim mi trng nu khng khng ch v kim sot tt
lng kh thi pht sinh.
* Phm vi p dng
p dng x l trit cht thi nguy hi c hoc khng c thu hi nng
lng hoc x l chuyn ha cc cht thi rn thng thng c thu hi nng lng.
b. Phng php t
- Khi nim:
t rc l giai on x l cui cng c p dng cho mt s loi rc nht nh
khng th x l bng cc phng php khc. y l mt giai on oxy ho nhit
cao vi s c mt ca oxy khng kh, trong rc c hi c chuyn ha thnh kh
v cc cht thi khng chy, tro. Cc cht kh c lm sch hoc khng c lm
sch thot ra ngoi khng kh, tro c em chn lp.
- Nguyn l:
Da trn c s ca qu trnh chy, cc cht hu c oxy ha phn hy nhit
cao trong iu kin c mt ca oxy khng kh to thnh cc kh v cn li l phn tro
khng chy.
CTR + O
2
, t
o
Kh + Hi nc + Tro + Nhit




- 139 -

- c im:
+ Gim thiu lng cht rn chn lp.
+ X l trit cc cht nhim.
+ C th thu hi nng lng.
+ Chi ph u t cao, i hi k thut phc tp.
+ C th pht sinh sn phm kh c hi nh dioxin.
- S cng ngh:
Cc cng on trong t cht thi rn gm:
+ Tip nhn, cha CTR.
+ X l s b (phn loi, ct, trn).
+ t (s cp, th cp).
+ Lm ngui v x l kh thi.



Hnh 10.1. S cng ngh t
- Thit b: Cc dng l t: l vi sn chuyn ng, l quay, l t tng si, l t mt
cp, l t nhiu cp,

Hnh 10.2. H thng t tiu hy cht thi
Rc
t s cp t th cp XLKT
Kh sch




- 140 -

- Cc yu t cn thit cho qu trnh t:
+ Yu t nhit
+ Thi gian lu
+ S xo trn khng kh-rc
+ Lng oxy cp vo l
- X l khi thi:
Kh thi sinh ra t l t c th cha: Bi, NO
x
, SO
2
, CO
2
, HCl, cc dioxin v
furan.
i vi cc cht nhim thng thng th hay c x l bng cc thit b lc
bi hay b hp th kh vi cc dung dch ha cht.
i vi dioxin v furan th ch yu l kim sot qu trnh t. Nhit trong
bung t phi ti thiu l 980
o
C v kh thi phi c lu nhit ny ti thiu mt
giy trc khi ra khi bung t.
Thng thng l t c trang b h thng x l khi thi x l bi, kh c
hi c trong khi thi, c th lp t h thng x l kh hoc t ty theo yu cu kinh
t v k thut. Tuy nhin, do thi gian t trong bung th cp lu hn v nhit cao
nn lng kh thot ra bung s cp s c tiu hu bung th cp, khi lng
kh thi ra ngoi hn ch c thnh phn c hi.
- Phm vi p dng:
Phng php t thng c p dng x l cc loi cht thi sau:
+ Rc c hi v mt sinh hc;
+ Rc khng phn hu sinh hc;
+ Cht thi c th bc hi v do d phn tn;
+ Cht thi c th t chy vi nhit di 40
0
C;
+ Cht thi Phenol, cht thi cha Halogen, Ch, Thu Ngn, Cadmi, Zinc, Nit,
Photpho, Sulfuro;
+Cht thi dung mi;
+ Du thi, nh tng du v hn hp du, m, sp;
+ Nha, cao su v m cao su;
+ Rc dc phm;




- 141 -

+ Nha ng axit v t st s dng;
+ Cht thi rn b nhim khun bi cc ha cht c hi.
c. Phng php nhit phn
- Khi nim:
Nhit phn l qu trnh phn hy hay bin i ha hc cht thi rn xy ra do
nung nng trong iu kin khng c s tham gia ca oxy v to ra sn phm cui cng
ca qu trnh bin i cht thi rn l cc cht di dng rn, lng v kh.
- Nguyn l:
Nguyn l ca vn hnh qu trnh nhit phn gm 2 giai on:
+ Giai on 1 l qu trnh kh ha, cht thi c gia nhit tch cc thnh
phn d bay hi nh kh chy, hi nc... ra khi thnh phn chy khng ha hi v tro.
+ Giai on 2 l qu trnh t cc thnh phn bay hi iu kin ph hp
tiu hy ht cc cu t nguy hi.
Nhit phn bng h quang plasma: thc hin qu trnh t nhit cao (c
th n 10.000
o
C) tiu hy cht thi c tnh c cc mnh. Sn phm l kh H
2
v
CO, kh acid v tro.
- Thu hi nhit:
Nhit nng ca phn sn phm thu t nhit phn CTR:
+ Phn than = 20.916 kJ/kg
+ Phn du = 27.900kJ/kg
+ Phn kh = 22.356 kJ/m
3

- p dng: Ngoi cht thi rn sinh hot cn p dng x l cc cht thi cng nghip
luyn du, cng nghip luyn than, x l t nhim du.
10.2.3. Phng php sinh hc
a. Gii thiu chung
* Mc ch
- X l cht thi rn, gim tc ng n mi trng.
- Tn thu c cc sn phm lm phn bn.
- Gim lng cht thi em i chn lp
* Bn cht ca phng php sinh hc




- 142 -

Bn cht ca phng php chnh l qu trnh n nh/ chuyn ha sinh ha cc
cht hu c to thnh cc cht mn hu c c kh nng lm tng ph nhiu ca
t.
* Cc bin php k thut
- phn hiu kh
- Phn hy cht thi ln men k kh.
- Metan ha trong cc b thu hi kh sinh hc.
* u, nhc im
- u im:
+ n nh c cht thi
+ Lm mt hot tnh ca vi sinh vt gy bnh.
+ Thu hi c cht dinh dng v ci to t.
- Nhc im:
+ Qu trnh phn hy sinh hc to mi hi, mt m quan,...
+ Sn phm ca cc qu trnh vn khng c s dng rng ri trong nng
nghip.
* Phm vi p dng
- i vi cht thi c th phn hy sinh hc c (cht hu c d phn hy sinh hc).
- X l v chuyn ha thnh phn hu c c trong cht thi (c bit l cht thi rn
sinh hot) to ra cht mn phc v cho cy trng.
b. Qu trnh phn hiu kh (Ch bin compost)
- Khi nim:
phn hiu kh l qu trnh chuyn ha sinh hc cc hp cht hu c d b
phn hy sinh hc di tc dng ca vi sinh vt trong iu kin c khng kh to ra
mn hu c (gi l phn compost) c th s dng lm tng ph nhiu ca t.
- Cc cng ngh :
+ thnh lung: thng kh bng o trn 4 - 5 ngy/ln; thi gian 2 - 6 thng.
+ thnh ng: thng kh bng bm v h thng ng c l.
+ trong b phn ng: c th dng thp ng, dng hnh hp nm ngang, dng
trng quay,




- 143 -

- Qui trnh cng ngh sinh hc (compost) theo quy m cng nghip:
Rc ti c chuyn v nh my, sau c chuyn vo b phn np rc v
c phn loi thnh phn ca rc trn h thng bng ti (tch cc cht hu c d phn
hu, cht v c, cht ti s dng) phn cn li l phn hu c phn hu c qua my
nghin rc v c bng ti chuyn n khu vc trn vi phn hm cu gi m.
My xc a vt liu ny vo cc ngn , qu trnh ln men lm tng nhit
ln 65 - 70
o
C s tiu dit cc mm bnh v lm cho rc hoi mc. Qu trnh ny c
thc y nh qut gi cng bc.
Thi gian l 21 ngy, rc c a vo chn trong thi gian 28 ngy. Sau
sng thu ly phn lt qua sng m trong cc cht tr phi tch ra nh b phn t
trng.
Cui cng ta thu c phn hu c tinh c th bn ngay hoc phi trn thm
vi cc thnh phn cn thit v ng bao.
















Hnh 10.3. Qui trnh cng ngh sinh hc (compost) theo quy m cng nghip




- 144 -

c. Qu trnh phn hy k kh
- Khi nim:
Phn hy k kh l qu trnh phn hy cht hu c trong mi trng khng c
oxygen. Sn phm ca qu trnh phn hy k kh l kh sinh hc, c th s dng nh
mt ngun nng lng v bn c n nh v mt sinh hc, c th s dng nh
ngun b sung dinh dng cho cy trng.
Qu trnh phn hy k kh c chia lm phn hy k kh kh v phn hy k
kh t.
Phn hy k kh kh l qu trnh phn hy k kh m vt liu u vo c m
60 65%, phn hy k kh t l qu trnh phn hy k kh m vt liu u vo c
m 85 90%.
- Cc qu trnh phn hy k kh:
Trong nhng nm gn y, vic p dng qu trnh phn hy k kh x l phn
cht hu c ca CTRSH tr nn ph bin v qu trnh ny khng nhng gim tc
ng hi ti mi trng cho cht thi m cn c th thu hi c kh methane v sn
phm phn hy c th s dng nh cht b sung dinh dng cho t. Cc qu trnh
phn hy ki kh s dng c trnh by tm tt trong bng 10.1.
Bng 10.1. Cc qu trnh phn hy k kh
Qu trnh Quc gia Hin trng M t qu trnh
Phn hy k
kh dng m
ni tip nhau
(SEBAC)
M Th nghim SEBAC l qu trnh gm ba giai on. Trong
giai on u, cht np liu nghin c
vi nc r r tun hon t thit b phn
ng ca giai on 3 trng thi phn hy
cui. Cc acid bay hi v cc sn phm ca
qu trnh ln men khc to thnh trong thit
b phn ng giai on 1 c chuyn sang
thit b phn ng giai on 2 chuyn
ha thnh methane.
Qu trnh
KAMPOGAS
Thy S Cha pht
trin
KAMPOGAS l qu trnh phn hy k kh mi
c p dng x l cht thi rau qu v rc
vn. Thit b phn ng c dng tr trn t




- 145 -

thng ng, c trang b my khuy thy
lc v c vn hnh nng cht rn
cao trong khong nhit (50 65)
o
C.
Qu trnh
DRANO
B pht
trin
DRANO c s dng chuyn ha
phn cht hu c c trong CTRSH to
thnh nng lng v cc sn phm dng
humus. Qu trnh phn hy xy ra trong
thit b phn ng dng chy tng thng ng
khng khay trn c kh. Nc r r y
thit b c tun hon. Thit b DRANO
c vn hnh nng cht rn cao v
trong khong nhit (30 40)
o
C.
Qu trnh
BTA
c pht
trin
BTA c pht trin ch yu x l
phn cht hu c c trong CTRSH. Qu
trnh x l BTA bao gm: (1) x l s b ch
thi bng phng php c hc, nhit v
phng php ha hc; (2) phn loi cht rn
sinh hc ha tan v khng ha tan; (3) thy
phn k kh cc cht thi rn c kh nng phn
hy sinh hc; (4) Methan ha cht rn sinh
hc ha tan. Qu trnh methane ha xy ra
nng cht rn thp v khong nhit (30
40)
o
C (ln men m). Sau khi tch nc,
cht rn khng phn hu, vi nng
tng cng khong 35% c dng nh vt
liu compost.
Qu trnh
VALOGRA
Php pht
trin
Qu trnh VALOGRA bao gm n v phn
loi, n v to kh methan v n v tinh
ch. Thit b ln men k kh hot ng
nng cht rn cao v trong khong nhit
ln men m. Qu trnh xo trn ct hu c
trong thit b c thc hin bng cch tun
hon kh sinh hc di p sut y thit b
phn hy.




- 146 -

Qu trnh
BIOCELL
H Lan Cha pht
trin
BIOCELL l h thng m c pht trin
x l cht thi c phn loi ti ngun
(nh rau qu thi, rc vn,..) v cht thi
nng nghip. Thit b s dng c dng hnh
tr trn, ng knh 11,25 m v chiu cao 4,5
m. Cht rn np liu c nng 30% thu
c bng cch trn cht thi hu c
phn loi t CTRSH vi phn cht rn
phn hy t m trc .
Ngun: Tchobanoglous v cng s, 1993.
10.2.4. Phng php chn lp cht thi rn
a. Gii thiu chung
* Mc ch: Chn lp l phng php ph bin x l sau cng i vi cht thi rn.
* Bn cht ca phng php chn lp:
Thc cht ca chn lp l qu trnh sinh hc cht thi rn th (khng phi
ch cht hu c) trong iu kin bn hiu kh hay k kh.
* S phn hy cc cht hu c trong cht thi rn:
Cc phn ng sinh hc quan trng nht xy ra trong bi chn lp l cc phn
ng bin i cc cht hu c thnh kh bi rc v cc cht lng. Qu trnh phn hy
sinh hc hiu kh thng xy ra trong khong thi gian ngn ngay sau khi bt u
phn hy cht thi cho n khi lng oxy ban u khng cn na. Trong giai on
phn hy hiu kh, kh thi sinh ra ch yu l CO
2
. Khi oxy b tiu th hon ton, qu
trnh phn hy tr thnh k kh, cht hu c b chuyn ha thnh CO
2
, CH
4
, v mt
phn nh kh NH
3
v H
2
S.
* u, nhc im:
- u im:
+ R tin, chi ph u t thp.
+ Yu cu v vn hnh khng cao.
- Nhc im:
+ Cn din tch t ln.




- 147 -

+ C nguy c gy chy n hay nhim mi trng nu khng kim sot lng
kh rc v nc rc pht sinh.
* Phm vi p dng
Bi chn lp tr thnh mt cng trnh x l khi trong h thng qun l cht thi
rn khng c hp phn x l, cht thi rn sau khi thu gom c a ln x l bi
rc (landfill).
b. Bi chn lp hp v sinh
Vic rc tp trung thnh ng hay chn lp khng hp v sinh gy ra cc tc
hi i vi mi trng, v vy i hi phi chn lp hp v sinh.
* Phn loi bi chn lp hp v sinh:
- Hin nay trn th gii thng s dng cc loi bi chn lp sau:
+ Loi 1: Bi chn lp rc thi th: loi ny i hi c h thng thu gom v
x l nc r r; h thng thu gom nc b mt, thu hi kh to thnh.
+ Loi 2: Bi chn lp cht thi nguy hi: loi bi ny i hi phi c nhiu u
t v qun l v c kim sot nghim ngt trong qu trnh thi cng v vn hnh.
+ Loi 3: Bi chn lp cht thi xc nh: thng chn lp cc loi cht thi
c xc nh trc nh tro sau khi t, cc loi cht thi cng nghip kh phn
hy
- Theo phng thc vn hnh, bi chn lp c phn loi thnh:
+ Bi chn lp kh
+ Bi chn lp t
+ Loi kt hp
- Theo kt cu v hnh dng t nhin cng c th phn cc bi chn lp thnh cc loi:
+ Bi chn lp ni.
+ Bi chn lp na ni, na chm.
+ Bi chn lp chm.
- c im
+ Ni no c sn t th phng php ny l kinh t nht
+ u t ban u t hn so vi cc phng php khc




- 148 -

+ Bi chn lp cht thi hp v sinh l cng ngh x l linh hot khi cn thit c
th tng s lng rc vo bi thi ng thi ch thm mt t nhn lc hoc thit b.
+ Vng t ra bi c th dng cho cc mc ch khc nh: bi xe, sn chi....
+ C th thu hi mt lng kh sinh hc, t c th s dng li vo mc ch
khc sau mt thi gian nht nh. Vng t ra bi c th s dng cho cc mc ch
khc nhau nh bi xe, sn chi, sn gn
+ Cn din tch t ln.
+ C nguy c gy chy n nu kh ga khng c thu gom ng k thut.
+ Mt s kh, nc rc sinh ra t qu trnh phn hy rc c th gy nguy him
v to mi kh chu cho ngi v ng vt.
- Yu cu i vi bi chn lp hp v sinh:
Khi thit k bi chn lp phi tun th theo tiu chun thit k TCXDVN 261-
2001 v theo mt s quy nh c bn sau:
+ Khu vc chn lp rc c kh nng tiu thot nc nhanh, ngn nga nc
ng trong bi rc.
+ Gim thp nht s nhim b mt v nhim nc ngm do rc thi gy ra.
+ Bi chn lp t xa thnh ph, xa khu dn c t nht 1000 m.
+ Bi t cui hng gi v c hng cy cch ly bo v.
+ C ng giao thng thun tin cho hot ng ca xe v c ly vn chuyn
cho ph hp.
+ Bi rc c h thng thu gom nc r rc t tiu chun trc khi x ra ngun.
+ Bi c h thng thng kh m bo yu cu.
+ a im chn lp phi c iu kin t nhin thch hp hn ch tc ng
tiu cc ti mi trng trong qu trnh xy dng, vn hnh, ng bi.
+ Khi la chn a im chn lp cn phi ch n cc yu t: a l t nhin,
c im a hnh, a cht thu vn, a cht cng trnh, vn ho, x hi, lut nh ca
a phng, kin cng ng, khong cch vn chuyn cht thi, di tch lch s, cnh
quan, du lch.
+ La chn m hnh bi chn lp: c 3 m hnh l bi chn lp: bi chn lp
ni, bi chn lp chm, bi chn lp kt hp na ni - na chm.




- 149 -

- Cu to v vn hnh bi chn lp hp v sinh
+ S cu to bi chn lp hp v sinh


Hnh 10.4. S cu to bi chn lp hp v sinh
1. Ging thu kh 5. Tng chng thm y
2. Lp ph trn cng 6. Mng thot nc ma
3. Lp ph hng ngy 7. Rc chn lp
4. Thnh chn lp

Hnh 10.5. Cu to lp chng thm y bi





- 150 -


+ Vn hnh bi chn lp:
vn hnh bi chn lp, cn thc hin theo cc cng on sau:
Tun t rc theo tng chn lp.
Cc bc thc hin i vi mi : rc thu gom vo chn lp
ri u [phun ch phm] nn cht ph lp t hng ngy.
Khi bi ht cng sut ph bng cc lp (t di ln): st mng
chng thm t bo v lp t cui cng (trng cy, c)
Nc r rc thu theo h thng thu y v bm hay cho chy v cng
trnh x l nc r rc.
Kh rc thu theo cc ng chn trong cc , c thu v x l, thu hi hay
t b.









Hnh 10.6. S b tr h ga v ng thu gom nc rc
Trong vn hnh bi chn lp, vic cht thi l khu quan trng. Phng php
cht thi ty thuc vo c tnh ca bi nh thng tin v lng t ph bi c sn,
a hnh, a l v thy vn ca khu vc. C 3 phng php ch yu nh sau:
Phng php b mt: Bn cht ca phng php ny l tri nhng lp
rc dy 40 80 cm ln mt t phng, m nn n v tip tc tri nhng
t khc ln trn. Cui ngy hoc khi lp rc dy 2 2,2m th ph mt
lp t dy t 10 60 cm ln trn ri li m nn. Mt lp hon chnh
nh vy gi l rc.




- 151 -

Phng php mng rnh: Rc c vo nhng mng o. Vt liu
ph ly t t o mng ln. Phng php ny c vn hnh cho n
khi t c cao mong mun (thng l n nh ca mng o)
mng phi di sao cho xe c th i li v rc c d dng v
hp c th rc c y mng vo cui ngy.
Phng php h cha: y l phng php s dng nhng h nhn to
hoc t nhin cho hot ng chn lp rc (v d: h khai thc t,
khai thc m). Phng php h cha thng s dng b mt t t
nhin.
10.2.5. Cc phng php khc
Ngoi cc phng php c bn c nu trn, x l cht thi rn ngi
ta cn c th p dng cc phng php sau:
- Phng php n nh cht thi rn bng cng ngh Hydromex.
- X l cht thi rn bng cng ngh p kin.
- Kh ha cht thi rn: t trong iu kin gii hn Oxy
10.3. THU HI, TI CH V TI S DNG CTR TH
10.3.1. Khi qut chung v ti ch v s dng li cht thi rn th
Ti ch l hot ng thu hi li t cht thi cc thnh phn c th s dng
ch bin thnh cc sn phm mi s dng cho cc hot ng sinh hot v sn xut.
Ti ch vt liu: bao gm cc hot ng thu gom vt liu c th ti ch t dng
rc, x l trung gian v s dng vt liu ny ti sn xut cc sn phm, mi hoc
sn phm khc.
Ti ch nhit: bao gm cc hot ng khi phc nng lng t rc thi.
Ti s dng l hot ng s dng li cht thi rn m khng phi ch bin, phn
hy thnh cc hp phn nguyn liu ban u.
* Hot ng ti ch mang li nhng li ch sau:
- Tit kim ti nguyn thin nhin bi vic s dng vt liu c ti ch thay cho vt
liu gc.
- Gim lng rc thng qua vic gim chi ph thi, gim tc ng mi trng do
thi gy ra, tit kim din tch chn lp.




- 152 -

- Mt li ch l c th thu li nhun t hot ng ti ch; hot ng ti ch lc ny s
mang tnh kinh doanh v v th c th gii thch ti sao cc vt liu c th ti ch hin
c thu gom ngay t ngun pht sinh cho ti khu x l v tiu hu cui cng.
10.3.2. Cc hot ng ti ch, ti sinh v thu hi cht thi
a. Hot ng ti ch
Hot ng ti ch v thu hi cht thi c thc hin thng qua h thng thu gom
cht thi rn thao mng li 3 cp gm: Ngi thu gom, ng nt v bun bn ph liu.
Cng nghip thu hi c 3 cp c chia lm 6 nhm ngh:
- Cp th nht (ngi ng nt v ngi nht rc).
- Cp th 2 (gm nhng ngi thu mua ng nt v ngi thu mua ph liu t ngi
thu nht ti bi rc, ngi ng nt v ngi nht rc trn va h trong ton thnh ph).
- Cp th ba, gm nhng ngi bun bn hot ng kinh doanh vi quy m ln hn
nhiu a im c nh v cc i l thu mua.
b. Hot ng ti sinh
Ti sinh cht thi c coi nh l cc hot ng nhm thu hi li cc thnh
phn c ch trong rc m chng c th s dng ch bin thnh cc sn phm mi
di dng vt cht hoc nng lng phc v cho sn xut v tiu dng. Cng vic ny
i hi phi c qu trnh phn loi tch ring cc thnh phn rc thi. Sau , i
vi mt s cht thi c kh nng ti sinh nh giy, nilng, nha, cao su, thy tinh, kim
loi s c thu gom li v chuyn n c s ti sinh cht thi lm nguyn liu
u vo cho vic sn xut ra cc phm mi.
Ti sinh vt liu thi bao gm cc hot ng thu gom vt liu c th ti sinh t
dng rc thi (giy, nilon, nha, cao su, thy tinh, kim loi,), x l trung gian (lm
sch cc cht bn bm theo) v s dng cc vt liu ny ti sn xut ra cc sn
phm mi (giy ti sinh, nha ti sinh,) hoc phi hp cng vi mt s nguyn liu
khc sn xut ra cc sn phm hon ton mi (v d cn bn t nh my x l nc
cp c trn vi t st sn xut ra gch ng c cht lng tt).
Cch thc u tin ca vic ti sinh cht thi l phn loi ti ngun. C 2 dng
thc c bn ca vic phn loi ti ngun ti sinh. Th nht, tng h gia nh c
ban pht cho mt s thng cha hoc bao cha cht thi rn. Ngi ch nh c trch




- 153 -

nhim phn loi rc c th s dng li c v t n vo trong thng cha thch hp.
Trong ngy thu gom quy nh, thng cha rc c a ra ngoi l ng. Bt li
u tin (c bn) ca vic cung cp cc thng cha rc ti nh l chi ph, m n c th
biu hin mt s u t ng k. Dng th hai ca vic phn loi ti ngun l cung cp
cho ch nh vi ch mt thng cha m n c th cha tt c cc vt liu c kh nng
ti sinh trong . Ngi thu gom rc sau phn chia cc loi vt liu ring ra theo
tng loi, t n vo trong cc ngn cha ring bit trn xe ly rc.
Mt dng chnh yu th hai ca vic ti sinh cht thi l cc c s ti ch cc vt
liu. Trong trng hp ny, vt liu c kh nng ti ch c a ti mt c s trung
tm m vt liu c phn loi bi cc bin php c kh v cn nhiu nhn cng.

Hnh 10.7. S h thng thu hi cc cht
* Cc v d in hnh:
- Chai, thu tinh nguyn: Ra sch sau bn cho c s sn xut nc tng s dng li.
- Thu tinh vn: Bn cho cc c s ti ch thu tinh.
- Ph liu nhm: Bn cho cc c s nu nhm.
- Cao su ph thi: bn cho cc l gch lm nhin liu t l.
- Xng ng vt: ti ch lm than hot tnh.
- Vi vn: c git sch sau s dng cho cc dch v ra xe.





- 154 -

TI LIU THAM KHO
[1] ng Kim C, Trn Hu Uyn, Lng c Phm, L Kim Bng, Dng c
Hng, K thut mi trng, NXB KHKT, 2001.
[2] Lm Minh Trit, Nguyn Thanh Hng, Nguyn Phc Dn, X l nc thi th
v cng nghip Tnh ton thit k cng trnh, NXB HQG HCM, 2004.
[3] L Trnh, Quan trc v kim sot nhim mi trng nc, NXB Khoa hc K
thut, 1997.
[4] L Vn Khoa, nhim mi trng, NXB Khoa hc K thut, 1995.
[5] Nguyn Vn Phc, K thut x l cht thi (phn 1), NXB HQG TP HCM,
2006
[6] Tng Vn on, Trn c H, K thut mi trng, NXB Gio dc, 2001.
[7] Trn c H, X l nc thi th, NXB KHKT, H Ni, 2006.
[8] Trn Hiu Nhu, Thot nc v x l nc thi cng nghip, NXB KHKT -H
Ni, 1999.
[9] Trn Hiu Nhu, ng Quc Dng, Nguyn Th Kim Thi, Qun l CTR - Tp 1,
NXB Xy dng, 2001.
[10] Trn Ngc Chn, K thut thng gi, NXB Xy dng- H Ni, 1998
[11] Trn Ngc Chn, nhim khng kh v x l kh thi, Tp 2, Tp 3, NXB Khoa
hc v k thut, 2001.
[12] Trn Vn Nhn, Nguyn Th Nga, Cng ngh x l nc thi, NXB KHKT, H
Ni, 1999.
[13] Trnh Th Thanh, Trn Ym, ng Kim Loan, Gio Trnh Cng Ngh Mi
Trng, Nh xut bn i hc Quc Gia H Ni, 2007.
[14] Cc quy chun mi trng v kh thi, nc thi, cc ngh nh v qun l cht
thi rn.
[15] Metcalf & Eddy, Wastewater Engineering : treatment,disposal and Resuse,
McGraw Hill, New York USA, 2004.
[16] WHO. Assessment of Sources of Air, Water and Land Pollution.