STANDARDS OF LEARNING CONTENT REVIEW NOTES

GEOMETRY
3 Nine Weeks, 2012-2013
rd

OVERVIEW

Geometry Content Review Notes are designed by the High School Mathematics Steering Committee as a resource for students and parents. They have been revised this year as part of an internship process. Each nine weeks Standards of Learning (SOLs) have been identified and a detailed explanation of the specific SOL is provided. Specific notes have also been included in this document to assist students in understanding the concepts. Sample problems allow the students to see step-by-step models for solving various types of problems. A section has also been developed to provide students with the opportunity to solve similar problems and check their answers. The document is a compilation of information found in the Virginia Department of Education (VDOE) Curriculum Framework, Enhanced Scope and Sequence, and Released Test items. In addition to VDOE information, Prentice Hall Textbook Series and resources have been used. Finally, information from various websites is included. The websites are listed with the information as it appears in the document. Supplemental online information can be accessed by scanning QR codes throughout the document. These will take students to video tutorials and online resources. In addition, a self-assessment is available at the end of the document to allow students to check their readiness for the nine-weeks test. To access the database of online resources scan this QR code, or visit http://spsmath.weebly.com

The Geometry Blueprint Summary Table is listed below as a snapshot of the reporting categories, the number of questions per reporting category, and the corresponding SOLs. Geometry Blueprint Summary Table
Reporting Categories Lines and Angles No. of Items 11 SOL G.3 G.4 G.11 G.1a,b,c,d G.5a,b G.6 G.7 G.8a,b,c G.9 G.10 G.12 G.13 G.14a,b G.2a,b,c

Triangles and Logic

12

Polygons and Circles

10

Three-dimensional Figures

Coordinate Relations and Transformations 6 Total Number of Operational Items 45 Field Test Items* 10 Total Number of Items 55 *These field test items will not be used to compute students scores on the tests.

Right Triangles G.8 The student will solve real-world problems involving right triangles by using the
Pythagorean Theorem and its converse, properties of special right triangles, and right triangle trigonometry.

The trigonometric ratios can help you to determine missing information about RIGHT triangles. These ratios only work for RIGHT triangles. Sine Cosine Tangent

Sin, Cos and Tan are used to find the lengths of sides of a right triangle. If you want to find a missing angle measure you will need to use an inverse ( ). Example 1: What are the sine, cosine and tangent ratios for A?

Example 2: Use your calculator to find the length of side XY. We are given Z and the hypotenuse. XY is opposite of Z. We will use the trig ratio that uses opposite and hypotenuse (sin)

Type this in your calculator!

Scan this QR code to go to a video tutorial on Trigonometric Ratios.

Example 3: Find the m X to the nearest degree. We are given the sides opposite and adjacent to We will use the trig ratio that uses opposite and adjacent (tan) X.

These trig ratios can be used to find distances in word problems by creating right triangles with horizontal lines. The angles formed by these horizontal lines are often called angles of elevation and depression.

In this picture, the angle that is formed by the horizontal line above the football, to the ground ( D) is called an angle of depression. The angle formed by the horizontal line on the ground, up to the football ( E) is called an angle of elevation. The angles of elevation and depression are always congruent because they are alternate interior angles.

Scan this QR code to go to a video tutorial on Trigonometric Ratio Word Problems.

Example 4: A plane is one mile above sea level when it begins to climb at a constant angle of 2 for the next 70 ground miles. How far above sea level is the plane after its climb? The first step here is to draw a picture to help you make sense of the problem.
You need to solve for how much farther the plane is above sea level. We are given 2 and the side adjacent to it, and we need to find the side opposite. We will use the trig ratio that uses opposite and adjacent (tan).

Because the plane was already 1 mile above sea level we need to add this to our value for x. The plane is 3.44 miles above sea level.

Right Triangles 1. What are the sine, cosine, and tangent ratio for 2. Use the figure to find the measure of A. B?

3. Find the measure of side ZY.

4. A tourist standing in the Eifel Tower viewing area watches a ship pass under the Jena Bridge (504 feet away) and finds the angle of depression as 27. How high is the Eifel Tower viewing area?

Polygons and Quadrilaterals G.2 The student will use the relationships between angles formed by two lines cut by a
transversal to b) verify the parallelism, using algebraic and coordinate methods as well as deductive proofs; and The student will verify characteristics of quadrilaterals and use properties of quadrilaterals to solve real-world problems. The student will solve real-world problems involving angles of polygons.

G.9 G.10

The sum of the measures of the interior angles of an

is given by

If you have a regular polygon, you can find the measure of each angle by using The sum of the exterior angles of a polygon is always 360 Example 1: What is the measure of each interior angle in a regular pentagon? Use the interior angle formula Plug in 5 because a pentagon has 5 sides Simplify Divide your answer by the number of sides to determine the measure of each angle. Example 2: What is the m 3 in the regular hexagon? Sum of exterior angles is 360 Each angle is the same in a regular polygon so divide by 6.

Polygons and Quadrilaterals 1. What is the measure of each interior angle in a regular dodecagon (12 sided figure)? 2. What is the sum of the exterior angles of a dodecagon? 3. Solve for x.

Scan this QR code to go to a video tutorial on Interior and Exterior Angles.

Properties of Quadrilaterals
Quadrilateral Properties
Proof (to prove a quadrilateral is)
Prove that: Both pairs of opposite sides are parallel Both pairs of opposite sides are congruent An angle is supplementary to both of its consecutive angles Both pairs of opposite angles are congruent Diagonals bisect each other One pair of opposite sides is congruent and parallel Prove that: Diagonals of a parallelogram are perpendicular One diagonal of a parallelogram bisects opposite angles Prove that: Diagonals of a parallelogram are congruent

Opposite Sides are Congruent Consecutive Angles are Supplementary Parallelogram Opposite Angles are Congruent Diagonals Bisect Each Other

Rhombus

Rectangle Square

Trapezoid

Isosceles Trapezoid

A parallelogram with 4 congruent sides Diagonals are perpendicular Each diagonal bisects opposite angles A parallelogram with 4 right angles Diagonals are congruent A parallelogram with 4 congruent sides and 4 right angles Exactly one pair of parallel sides Midsegment is parallel to bases Length of the midsegment is the average of the lengths of the bases Legs are congruent Base angles are congruent Diagonals are congruent

Example 3: ABCD is a parallelogram, solve for y. Given:

Diagonals of a parallelogram bisect each other. Therefore

Example 4: Based on the given information, can you prove that DEFG is a parallelogram? You can show that by Angle Side Angle. Because corresponding parts of congruent triangles are congruent you can show that . Once you show that both pairs of opposite sides are congruent, you can say that DEFG is a parallelogram. Example 5: Find the measure of the numbered angles in the rhombus.
The diagonals of a rhombus are perpendicular. 1 + 4 + 32 = 180 90 + 4 + 32 = 180 4 = 58 3= 4 4 = 58 2 = 32 Triangle Angle-Sum Theorem Alternate Interior Angles are Congruent Diagonals of a rhombus bisect opposite angles.

Scan this QR code to go to a video tutorial on Quadrilaterals.

Polygons and Quadrilaterals 4. What value of x will make the figure a rectangle? 5. ab is the midsegment of trapezoid DEFG. Solve for x.

It is often easier to classify geometric figures when they are drawn in the coordinate plane. Using slopes, distances and midpoints can help you with this. Formula Example
Find distance from A to B. A (-2, -1) B (6, 3) Find the midpoint of AB. A (-2, -1) B (6, 3)

Distance Formula

Midpoint Formula

Find the slope of AB. A (-2, -1) B (6, 3)

Slope Formula

Example 6: Is figure TRAP an isosceles trapezoid? In order to be an isosceles trapezoid, the legs must be the same length. Therefore must equal . Use the distance formula to determine if this is true.

Find distance from T to P. T (-1, 3) P (-3, -2)

Find distance from R to A. R (4, 3) A (5, -2)

These distances are not the same therefore TRAP is NOT an isosceles trapezoid. Example 7: Is figure GRAM a square? To be a square we must show that all sides are the same length, and that all sides meet at right angles (are perpendicular to one another). Remember that for two sides to be perpendicular, their slopes must be negative reciprocals.
Find the slope of AR. A (1, -3) R (6, 2) Find the slope of MA. M (-4, 2) A (1, -3) Find the slope of GR. G (1, 7) R (6, 2) Find the slope of GM. G (1, 7) R (-4, 2)

All of the sides meet at right angles because 1 and -1 are negative reciprocals of each other.

All of the sides will also have the same length (

), therefore GRAM is a square.

Scan this QR code to go to a video tutorial on Coordinate Geometry.

Polygons and Quadrilaterals 6. Find the length, midpoint and slope of line segment CD. 7. What figure is formed by the points (-1, -3), (1, 2), (7, 3) and (5, 5) 8. What figure is formed by connecting the midpoints of figure RECT?

Circles G.11 The student will use angles, arcs, chords, tangents, and secants to
a) investigate, verify, and apply properties of circles; b) solve real-world problems involving properties of circles; and c) find arc lengths and areas of sectors in circles.

You name a circle by its center. This is Circle X ( X). is a diameter is a radius is a chord is a central angle (an angle whose vertex is the center of a circle) is a semicircle (an arc that is half of a circle) is a minor arc (an arc that is less than a semicircle) is a major arc (an arc that is more than a semicircle) You name a minor arc by its endpoints. You name a semicircle or major arc by its endpoints and another point on the arc.

The measure of a minor arc is equal to the measure of its corresponding central angle. You can add adjacent arc measures to find the measure of combined arc. Example 1: What is the measure of ? because it is a semicircle therefore therefore

You could have also found the measure of by

The circumference of a circle is the measure of the distance around the outside of the circle. The formula for finding the circumference of a circle is

Use the circumference along with arc measure to find the length of a given arc.

Example 2: What is the length of , given

An equation of a circle with center

and radius

is written as

Example 3: What is the standard equation of the circle shown below?

To write the standard equation of the circle we need to know the center of the circle, and the radius of the circle. Center (2, 0) You can find the radius by counting how many units from the center to the edge.

Example 4: What is the standard equation of the circle shown below, given that the line shown is a diameter of the circle?
To write the standard equation of the circle we need to know the center of the circle, and the radius of the circle. We can use the midpoint formula to find the center of the given diameter.

Center = (

You can find the radius by using the distance formula. The radius is the distance from the center to either point on the edge of the circle.

use points (2, 0) and (-2, 1.5)

Scan this QR code to go to a video tutorial on Circles in the Coordinate Plane.

Circles 1. Given that and are diameters of the measures of all minor arcs of . 2. Given that 3. Sketch T 4. What is the circumference of ? , find

, find the length of .

The area of a circle can be found using the formula

The sector of a circle is the region that is bounded by two radii. To find the area of the sector of a circle use the formula .

Example 5: Find the area of sector BOC. Leave your answer in terms of . To find the area of a sector we will use the formula

The measure of the arc is 90, and the radius is 6 in.

Sometimes you will be asked to find the area of a segment of a circle. A segment is made by joining the endpoints of an arc as shown in the picture below the shaded area is the segment of the circle.

To find the area of the segment, use the radii from its endpoints to form a triangle. Example 6: Find the area of the shaded segment.
Lets start by finding the area of the sector that includes the shaded segment.

To find the area of the shaded region we need to subtract the area of the triangle from the area of the sector. Area of a triangle is found by the formula . The base and height of this triangle are both 10.

The area of the shaded segment is the area of the sector with the area of the triangle subtracted.

Scan this QR code to go to a video tutorial on Areas of Circles and Sectors.

In the picture below is tangent to . This means that is in the same plane as and intersects the circle in exactly one place. This place is point , and is called the point of tangency. If a line is tangent to a circle, then that line is perpendicular to the radius of the circle.

Example 7: Is tangent to

at ?

If is tangent to at then must be a right triangle. Use the Pythagorean Theorem to determine if is a right triangle. Side is

Since

is a right triangle, that means that is tangent to at .

Scan this QR code to go to a video tutorial on Tangent Lines.

Circles 5. Find the area of the shaded region.

6. Find the radius of

Theorems about Chords and Arcs Within a circle, or in congruent circles, congruent central angles have congruent arcs. The converse is also true. Within a circle or in congruent circles, congruent central angles have congruent chords. The converse is also true. Within a circle or in congruent circles, congruent chords have congruent arcs. The converse is also true. Within a circle or in congruent circles, chords equidistant from the center or centers are congruent. The converse is also true. In a circle, if a diameter is perpendicular to a chord, then it bisects the chord and its arc.
If If . , then . If , then , then If . If , then If , then . If is a diameter and Then and . If If . , then . , then , then

In a circle, if a diameter bisects a chord (that is not a diameter), then it is perpendicular to the chord.

If is a diameter and . Then .

In a circle, the perpendicular bisector of a chord contains the center of a circle.

If is the perpendicular bisector of Then contains the center of the circle.

Example 8: Given

, and

. How can you show that

Because the circles are congruent, you can say that their radii are congruent. Because the two congruent angles are across from these radii, you can say that the other angles across from the radii ( ) are also congruent. If you subtracted the two known angles from 180 you would have the angle measure of the central angle. These would have to be the same. Theorems about Angles and Segments The measure of an inscribed angle is half the measure of its intercepted arc.

The measure of an angle formed by a tangent and a chord is half the measure of the intercepted arc. The measure of an angle formed by two lines that intersect inside a circle is half the sum of the measure of the intercepted arcs. The measure of an angle formed by two lines that intersect outside of a circle is half the difference of the measures of the intercepted arcs.

For a given point and circle, the product of the lengths of the two segments from the point to the circle is constant along any line through the point and circle

Case I

Case II

Case III

Example 9: Find the value of each variable.

Angle c is a vertical angle with the third angle in the triangle that includes s a and b.

Example 10: Find the value of x.

Scan this QR code to go to a video tutorial on Angle Measures and Segment Lengths.

Circles 7. What is the

8. What is the value of x?

Answers to the Right Triangles 1.

problems: Circles 1. 2. 3.

2. 3. 4. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

Polygons and Quadrilaterals 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. ( )

7. trapezoid 8. rhombus