CLR Via C

.
.
.
.
, , .
.
Jeffrey Richter
CLR via C#
CLR via C#

Microsoft
.NET FRAMEWORK 2.0

C#
2- ,
* - * *
* -- * *
* *
2008
004.45
32.973.26018.2
49
.
49
CLR via C#. Microsoft .NET Frame

work 2.0 C#. . / . . 2 ., .
. : ; . : , 2008. 656 . : .
ISBN 978 5 7502 0348 2 ( )
ISBN 978 5 91180 303 2 ()

(CLR) Microsoft .NET Framework
2.0. .NET Framework
.
FCL, ,
.NET Framework. ,
.
.NET Framework: Windows
Forms, Web Forms, Web, .

.
004.45
32.973.26018.2
Microsoft Corporation, , , .
Microsoft, Active Accessibility, Active Directory, ActiveX, Authenticode, DirectX, Excel, IntelliSense,
JScript, Microsoft Press, MSDN, MSN, OpenType, Visual Basic, Visual Studio, Win32, Windows, Windows CE,
Windows NT, Windows Server WinFX
Microsoft / .
.
, , , ,
, , .
, Jeffrey
Richter, 2006
ISBN 0735621632 (.)
, Microsoft Corporation, 2006
ISBN 9785750203482 ( )
,
, 2008
ISBN 9785911803032 ()
XIV
: .NET Framework . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XIV

: Microsoft Visual Studio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XVII
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XVIII
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XVIII
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XVIII
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XIX
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XX
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XX
CLR
CLR
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
CLR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
IL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
IL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
NGen.exe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
.NET Framework . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
2 , ,

31
.NET Framework . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
Visual Studio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
Assembly Linker . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
( ) . . . . . . . . . . 56
( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
VI
62
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
GAC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
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. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
( ) . . . . . 86
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
II
91
92
System.Object . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
C# is as . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
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5 ,
111
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. .
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H . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
111
114
117
123
134
138
140
III
143
144
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. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
, CLR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . .
144
147
147
149
150
152
152
155
158
161
VII
167
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168
8 : , ,

172
( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
H H . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
204
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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H . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
10
172
175
178
182
185
187
188
192
198
201
202
204
208
209
214
215
215
216
, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1: ,
,
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2: H . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3: ,
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4: ,
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, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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217
217
218
220
221
221
223
225
226
229
IV
231
11
232
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
System.String . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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232
235
235
237
VIII
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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StringBuilder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
StringBuilder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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BaseH64 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
12
238
244
247
247
250
251
251
252
254
255
259
260
263
265
271
272
272
276
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 276
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 282
13
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
System.Array . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
IEnumerable, ICollection IList . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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14
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( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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! . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
: ? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
15
286
288
291
292
293
294
295
300
303
303
304
305
308
309
311
313
314
315
317
320
322
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 322
. . . . . . . . . . . 325
IX
. . . . . . . . 326
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( ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 331
C# . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 336
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 336
C# . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 338
1: H . . . . . . . . . 339
2:
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 340
3:
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 342
4:

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 342
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 346
16
FCL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Power Collections Wintellect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
17
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
/ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

, Attribute . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
18 , null
350
355
356
357
358
360
362
363
363
364
365
366
368
368
371
372
373
374
377
378
381
385
386
391
393
397
398
, null, C# . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 400
null C# . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 402
CLR ,
null . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 403
, null . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
, null . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
GetType , null . . . . . .
,
null . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
403
403
405
405
CLR
407
19
408
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
try . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
catch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
finally . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(CLS) ,
CLSH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
System.Exception . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
, FCL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
finally . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20
( )
, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . .

CriticalFinalizerObject . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
SafeHandle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

SafeHandle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Finalize . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
409
410
412
412
413
414
416
418
420
422
423
426
427
430
431
432
433
434
436
439
441
443
446
446
447
449
453
456
457
458
461
463
466
467
470
, . . . . . . .
using C# . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
21 CLR (AppDomains)
CLR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
AppDomain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
AppDomain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
AppDomain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Windows Forms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Microsoft Internet Explorer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
WebH ASP.NET WebH XML . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Microsoft SQL Server 2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
CLR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
H . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
22
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
H . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
, Exception . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
BindingFlags: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
XI
474
477
480
481
489
491
496
500
502
504
506
506
507
508
508
510
510
514
516
527
529
529
529
530
530
531
531
531
532
533
537
537
541
542
543
544
546
548
550
553
554
558
559
561
565
XII

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 570
23
Windows CLR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
CLR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
APM H . . . . . .
APM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
APM
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
APM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
APM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
24
, volatileH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
volatileH C# . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
InterlockedH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Monitor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Monitor
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
, Microsoft . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
C# lock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
,
Microsoft . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
ReaderWriterLock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Windows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
573
573
574
576
577
579
581
583
585
585
586
588
589
592
594
599
601
602
604
608
609
612
614
616
617
618
619
620
621
622
623
624
627
630
631
634
Microsoft ,
.
,
,
.
.
Microsoft Foundation Class (MFC) ,
C++
. MFC,
,
, . .
Microsoft Visual Basic 6
,
.
, MFC, ,
Basic,
.
Active Server Pages (ASP)
Web Visual Basic Script JScript.

Web.
Active Template Library (ATL) ,
,
, .
, ,

, , Web
. Web,
,
: ASP ATL. ,
, ASP Visual Basic Script JScript,
ATL C++. , ,
. ,

,
.
.NET Framework
.
XIV
Web, , , Visual Basic

, Microsoft C#.
, API

.
, ,
, , ,
.
.NET Framework ,

. , , !
. , ,
,
, .
: .NET Framework
.NET Framework : (com
mon language runtime, CLR) (Framework Class Library, FCL).
CLR ,
. CLR , (
), ( ),
. , CLR
, , .
FCL API,
. ,
/,
, , . . ,
CLR
.
Microsoft .NET Framework:
1.0 2002 7.0 C#
Microsoft;
1.1 2003 7.1 C#
Microsoft;
2.0 2005 8.0 C#
Microsoft.
.NET Framework 2.0
C# 8.0. .NET Framework
Microsoft ,
,
.
.NET Framework 2.0 32 x86, 64
x64 IA64 Windows. ( Windows CE)
.NET Framework
.NET Compact Framework. 13 2001
XV
(European Computer
Manufacturers Association, ECMA)
C#, CLR FCL.
,
ECMA . ,
,

, ECMA.
Microsoft
.
Windows, Microsoft Windows Vista
.NET Framework 2.0. , .NET Frame
work Windows,
. , Microsoft .NET Framework
.
Microsoft .NET Framework
,
Microsoft. , .NET Framework
, ,
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Win32 64 Windows, 4 .,
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,

System.Runtime.
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25
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C#.
using System;
// , CLS.
[assembly: CLSCompliant(true)]
namespace SomeLibrary {
// , .
public sealed class SomeLibraryType {
// : , SomeLibrary.SomeLibraryType.Abc(),
// CLS.
public UInt32 Abc() { return 0; }
// : SomeLibrary.SomeLibraryType.abc()
// , CLS.
public void abc() { }
// .
private UInt32 ABC() { return 0; }
}
}
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using System;
internal sealed class Test {
//
public Test() {}
//
~Test() {}
//
public static Boolean operator == (Test t1, Test t2) {
return true;
}
public static Boolean operator != (Test t1, Test t2) {
return false;
}
//
public static Test operator + (Test t1, Test t2) { return null; }
//
public String AProperty {
get { return null; }
set { }
}
//
public String this[Int32 x] {
set { }
}
CLR
27
//
event EventHandler AnEvent;
}
,
. , ,
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work SDK (. 17).
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( )

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; AnEvent,
System.EventHandler
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add_AnEvent
add
get_AProperty
get
get_Item
get
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op_Equality
==
op_Inequality
!=
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remove
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set
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28
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CLR, .
, , Test
AnEvent, (add_AnEvent remove_AnEvent).

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#include <stdio.h>
#using <mscorlib.dll>
using namespace System;
//
//
//
//
printf.
, .

System.
// main, C/C++.
void main() {
// C printf.
printf("Displayed by printf.\r\n");
// WriteLine FCL8 System.Console.
Console::WriteLine("Displayed by Console::WriteLine.");
}
. ManagedC
App.cpp, :
cl /clr ManagedCApp.cpp
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:
C:\>ManagedCApp
Displayed by printf.
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modopt([mscorlib]System.Runtime.CompilerServices.CallConvCdecl) main() cil managed
{
.vtentry 70 : 1
// Code size
23 (0x17)
.maxstack 1
IL_0000: ldsflda valuetype '<CppImplementationDetails>'.$ArrayType$$$BY0BH@$$CBD
30
IL_0005: call
CLR
modopt([mscorlib]System.Runtime.CompilerServices.IsConst)
'??_C@_0BH@GBHIFCOF@Displayed?5by?5printf?4?$AN?6?$AA@'
vararg int32
modopt([mscorlib]System.Runtime.CompilerServices.CallConvCdecl)
printf(
int8
modopt(
[mscorlib]System.Runtime.CompilerServices.IsSignUnspecifiedByte)
modopt(
[mscorlib]System.Runtime.CompilerServices.IsConst)*
)
IL_000a: pop
IL_000b: ldstr
"Displayed by Console::WriteLine"
IL_0010: call void [mscorlib]System.Console::WriteLine(string)
IL_0015: ldc.i4.0
IL_0016: ret
} // end of method 'Global Functions'::main
,
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Windows
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. ,
(DLL), Microsoft .
, ,
100% ,
32
CLR
, .
,
,
.
,

. ,
, ? ,
,
, ,
.
, ,
,
( ) .
DLL.
. ,
,
.
, Windows,
.
. ,
, , ,
(Desktop), (Start)
. ,
.
, , ,
. ,

, .
,
, .
.
, . ,
Web
, .
,
.
,
. ,
,
, .
, .NET Framework DLL
,
. ,
COM,
. , ,
Windows , , .
2 , ,
33
.NET Framework
(code access security).
Windows ,
( ,
3) , . ,
, , Microsoft,
, . , .NET
Framework
, ,
Windows.

,
, .
:
public sealed class Program {

public static void Main() {
System.Console.WriteLine("Hi");
}
}
Program
Main. Main System.Console ,
Microsoft. IL, ,
MSCorLib.dll. , ,
, .
, ,
, Program.cs, :
csc.exe /out:Program.exe /t:exe /r:MSCorLib.dll Program.cs

C# Prog
ram.exe ( /out:Program.exe).
Win32 ( /t[arget]:exe).
C#
WriteLine System.Console. ,
WriteLine.
, , WriteLine,
. C#,
C# ,
. /r[eferen
ce]:MSCorLib.dll ,
MSCorLib.dll.
MSCorLib.dll ,
, , , ,
. ,
, C# . ,
( /r) ,
:
34
CLR
csc.exe /out:Program.exe /t:exe Program.cs

, ,
/out:Program.exe /t:exe, ,
:
csc.exe Program.cs
, C#
MSCorLib.dll, /nostdlib. Microsoft
MSCorLib.dll. ,
Program.cs
, System.Console MSCorLib.dll:
csc.exe /out:Program.exe /t:exe /nostdlib Program.cs

Program.exe,
C#. ? ,
PE ( PE portable executable).
, , 32 64
Windows, . Windows
: (CUI)
(GUI). /t:exe, C#
.
, /t:winexe.

(response files) ,
.
CSC.exe

.
@. ,
MyProject.rsp :
/out:MyProject.exe
/target:winexe
CSC.exe , :
csc.exe @MyProject.rsp CodeFile1.cs CodeFile2.cs

C#
. , ,

.
C# .
,
CSC.rsp ,
.
CSC.exe
2 , ,
35
CSC.rsp, ,
.
.
. ,

, .
.NET Framework ( )
CSC.rsp %SystemRoot%\Microsoft.NET\Framework\vX.X.X (
X.X.X .NET Framework). 2.0
:
#
#
#
#
,
C# (CSC)
,
"/noconfig".
# Framework
/r:Accessibility.dll
/r:Microsoft.Vsa.dll
/r:System.Configuration.dll
/r:System.Configuration.Install.dll
/r:System.Data.dll
/r:System.Data.OracleClient.dll
/r:System.Data.SqlXml.dll
/r:System.Deployment.dll
/r:System.Design.dll
/r:System.DirectoryServices.dll
/r:System.dll
/r:System.Drawing.Design.dll
/r:System.Drawing.dll
/r:System.EnterpriseServices.dll
/r:System.Management.dll
/r:System.Messaging.dll
/r:System.Runtime.Remoting.dll
/r:System.Runtime.Serialization.Formatters.Soap.dll
/r:System.Security.dll
/r:System.ServiceProcess.dll
/r:System.Transactions.dll
/r:System.Web.dll
/r:System.Web.Mobile.dll
/r:System.Web.RegularExpressions.dll
/r:System.Web.Services.dll
/r:System.Windows.Forms.Dll
/r:System.Xml.dll
CSC.rsp ,
/reference.
,
,
Microsoft ,
/reference.
36
CLR
,
, ,
,
.
/reference

. , ,
( ):
1.
2.
C
, (CSC.exe). MS
o
r
L
i
b
.
dll . :
%SystemRoot%\Microsoft.NET\Framework\v2.0.50727.
3.
, /lib
.
, LIB.
4.
,
CSC.rsp,
CSC.rsp ,
. :
, CSC.rsp,
/noconfig.

, PE .
Program.exe? PE 4 : PE32(+),
CLR, (intermediate language,
IL). PE32(+) , Windows.
CLR , ,
CLR ( ).
CLR, , MethodDef
( ), ,
CUI GUI,
( . 3). ,
, .
CLR, IMAGE_COR20_HEADER
CorHdr.h.
,
. : , .
.
21
, .
2 , ,
37
. 2-1. ,

ModuleDef
, .
(
) ( GUID,
). ,
.
, CLR
TypeDef
, .
, , (public,
private . .) MethodDef, PropertyDef
EventDef, ,

MethodDef
,
. , (private, public,
virtual, abstract, static, final . .), ,
IL.
ParamDef,

FieldDef
, .
(, private, public . .)

ParamDef
,
. (in, out, retval . .),
PropertyDef
,
. ,
EventDef
,
.
, ,
, . 21.
, ,
, , .
,
. . 22
, .
. 2-2. ,

AssemblyRef
,
. ,
: ( ), ,
(
,
, ).
.
, ,
. CLR , ,

38
CLR
. 2-2. ()

ModuleRef
PE,
, .
( ).
,

TypeRef
,
. ,
.
,
TypeRef.
, ModuleDef.
,
ModuleRef.
, AssemblyRef
MemberRef
(, ,
), .

TypeRef, ,
, . 21
22, ,
. ,
. .
PE
. ILDasm.exe IL.
, :
ILDasm Program.exe
ILDasm.exe, Program.exe.
, View/MetaInfo/Show! (
Ctrl+M). :
===========================================================
ScopeName : Program.exe
MVID
: {CA73FFE80D424610A8D39276195C35AA}
===========================================================
Global functions
Global fields
Global MemberRefs
TypeDef #1 (02000002)
TypDefName: Program (02000002)
2 , ,
Flags
: [Public] [AutoLayout] [Class] [Sealed] [AnsiClass]

[BeforeFieldInit] (00100101)
Extends : 01000001 [TypeRef] System.Object
Method #1 (06000001) [ENTRYPOINT]
MethodName: Main (06000001)

Flags
: [Public] [Static] [HideBySig] [ReuseSlot] (00000096)
RVA
: 0x00002050
ImplFlags : [IL] [Managed] (00000000)
CallCnvntn: [DEFAULT]
ReturnType: Void
No arguments.
Method #2 (06000002)
MethodName: .ctor (06000002)

Flags
: [Public] [HideBySig] [ReuseSlot] [SpecialName]
[RTSpecialName] [.ctor] (00001886)
RVA
: 0x0000205c
ImplFlags : [IL] [Managed] (00000000)
hasThis
ReturnType: Void
No arguments.
TypeRef #1 (01000001)
Token:
0x01000001
ResolutionScope: 0x23000001
TypeRefName:
System.Object
MemberRef #1 (0a000004)
Member: (0a000004) .ctor:

hasThis
ReturnType: Void
No arguments.
TypeRef #2 (01000002)
Token:
0x01000002
TypeRefName:
System.Runtime.CompilerServices.CompilationRelaxationsAttribute

hasThis
ReturnType: Void
1 Arguments
Argument #1: I4
39
40
CLR
TypeRef #3 (01000003)
Token:
0x01000003
TypeRefName:
System.Runtime.CompilerServices.RuntimeCompatibilityAttribute

hasThis
ReturnType: Void
No arguments.
TypeRef #4 (01000004)
Token:
0x01000004
TypeRefName:
System.Console
Member: (0a000003) WriteLine:

ReturnType: Void
1 Arguments
Argument #1: String
Assembly
Token: 0x20000001
Name : Program
Public Key
:
Hash Algorithm : 0x00008004
Version: 0.0.0.0
Major Version: 0x00000000
Minor Version: 0x00000000
Build Number: 0x00000000
Revision Number: 0x00000000
Locale: <null>
Flags : [none] (00000000)
CustomAttribute #1 (0c000001)
CustomAttribute Type: 0a000001

CustomAttributeName:
System.Runtime.CompilerServices.CompilationRelaxationsAttribute ::
instance void .ctor(int32)
Length: 8
Value : 01 00 08 00 00 00 00 00
>
ctor args: (8)
CustomAttribute #2 (0c000002)
CustomAttribute Type: 0a000002
<
2 , ,
41
CustomAttributeName:
System.Runtime.CompilerServices.RuntimeCompatibilityAttribute ::
instance void .ctor()
Length: 30
Value : 01 00 01 00 54 02 16 57 72 61 70 4e 6f 6e 45 78 > T WrapNonEx<
: 63 65 70 74 69 6f 6e 54 68 72 6f 77 73 01
>ceptionThrows <
ctor args: ()
AssemblyRef #1 (23000001)
Token: 0x23000001
Public Key or Token: b7 7a 5c 56 19 34 e0 89
Name: mscorlib
Version: 2.0.0.0
Locale: <null>
HashValue Blob:
Flags: [none] (00000000)
User Strings
70000001 : ( 2) L"Hi"
Coff symbol name overhead: 0
===========================================================
===========================================================
===========================================================
, ILDasm
,
. ,
, , TypeDef, ILDasm
TypeRef .
, ,
Program.exe TypeDef Program.
, System.Object (. .
). Program :
Main .ctor ().
Main , IL (
, x86). Main void
args String. (
.ctor) ,
IL. void, ,
this, ,
.

ILDasm. , ,
42
CLR
CLR .
ILDasm.
Program.exe.
ILDasm View/Statistics, :
File size
: 3072
PE header size
: 512 (496 used) (16.67%)
PE additional info : 839
(27.31%)
Num.of PE sections : 3
CLR header size
: 72
( 2.34%)
CLR metadata size : 604
(19.66%)
CLR additional info : 0
( 0.00%)
CLR method headers : 2
( 0.07%)
Managed code
: 18
( 0.59%)
Data
: 1536
(50.00%)
Unaccounted
: 511
(16.63%)
Num.of PE sections : 3
.text
1024
.rsrc
1024
.reloc 512
CLR metadata size
Module

TypeDef

TypeRef

MethodDef

MemberRef

CustomAttribute
Assembly
AssemblyRef
Strings
Blobs
UserStrings
Guids
Uncategorized
:
1
2
4
2
4

604
(10 bytes)
(28 bytes)
0 interfaces, 0 explicit layout
(24 bytes)
(28 bytes)
0 abstract, 0 native, 2 bodies
(24 bytes)
2 (12 bytes)
1 (22 bytes)
1 (20 bytes)
176 bytes
68 bytes
8 bytes
16 bytes
168 bytes
CLR method headers : 2

Num.of method bodies 2
Num.of fat headers 0
Num.of tiny headers 2
Managed code : 18
Ave method size 9
( ),
( ). Program.cs
, PE
. IL 18 . ,
,
,
.
2 , ,
43
ILDasm.exe ,
. ,
Unaccounted.

Program.exe PE , (assembly),

. .
(manifest) ,
, .
, ,
, .
CLR , CLR
,
. :
;
;
.
,
, .
, ,
, ,
. ,
Program.exe , : PE
, .gif .jpg. ,
EXE DLL.
, , Microsoft
. ,
. ,
. , ,
, .
,
, . , , ,
,
Active Accessibility (
Microsoft).
, .
, ,
codeBase (. 3).
URL,
. CLR URL codeBase
.
, , CLR
, URL. , CLR
FileNotFoundException.
44
CLR
.
.
,
,
, .
,
.
.
(
, AL.exe, ).
: ,
Microsoft Excel Microsoft Word, ,
.
, ,
C#
, Visual Basic .
C#, Visual Basic,
.
.
.
, .
, ILDasm.exe
IL. ILAsm.exe
, , .
IL,
, , Visual C++.
! , ,
, .
,
,
. , CLR ,
, .
,
, , ,

, .
,
,
, ,
. .
CLR Windows :
, .
, ,

. , , nGen.exe
, .
2 , ,
45
, PE,
. PE,
, . . 23
, .
. 2-3.

AssemblyDef
,
. (
), (
, ),
, ,
( null)
FileDef
PE
, .
( ),
. ,
FileDef
ManifestResourceDef
,
. ,
(public private), FileDef,
.
(, .jpeg .gif
), PE.
,
PE
ExportedTypesDef
,
PE .
, FileDef (
, ),
TypeDef

.
: , , , ,
, .
, ,
AssemblyRef. ,
. ,
, ,
, .
AssemblyRef .
C# ,
/t[arget]:exe, /t[arget]:winexe /t[arget]:library.
PE .
,
DLL.
46
CLR
, C# /t[arget]:module,
PE .
DLL PE.
, .
/t:module C#
.netmodule.
! , (IDE)
Microsoft Visual Studio

.
. PE
C#,
/addmodule. , ,
. , :
RUT.cs, ;
FUT.cs, .
,
,
:
csc /t:module RUT.cs

C# RUT.netmodule,
PE DLL, CLR
.

,
.
, FUT.dll JeffTypes.dll:
csc /out:JeffTypes.dll /t:library /addmodule:RUT.netmodule FUT.cs

C# FUT.cs
JeffTypes.dll. /t:library,
PE DLL JeffTypes.dll.
/addmodule:RUT.netmodule , RUT.netmodule
. , /addmodule
FileDef ,
ExportedTypesDef
.
, (. 21).
.
2 , ,
47
. 21.
RUT.netmodule IL, RUT.cs.
, , , ,
, . ., RUT.cs, , .,
RUT.cs. JeffTypes.dll . RUT.netmo
dule, IL, FUT.cs,
. JeffTypes.dll
, .
, ( Jeff
Types.dll RUT.netmodule).
, JeffTypes.dll RUT.netmodule.

, PE,
. ,
PE. ,
,
JeffTypes.dll RUT.netmodule .

.
JeffTypes.dll,
ILDasm.exe, ,
RUT.netmodule.
ILDasm.exe,
FileDef ExportedTypesDef.
:
File #1 (26000001)

Token: 0x26000001
Name : RUT.netmodule
48
CLR
HashValue Blob : e6 e6 df 62 2c a1 2c 59 97 65 0f 21 44 10 15 96 f2 7e db c2
Flags : [ContainsMetaData] (00000000)
ExportedType #1 (27000001)
Token: 0x27000001
Name: ARarelyUsedType
Implementation token: 0x26000001
TypeDef token: 0x02000002
Flags
: [Public] [AutoLayout] [Class] [Sealed] [AnsiClass]
[BeforeFieldInit](00100101)
, RUT.netmodule ,
0x26000001. ExportedType
ARarelyUsedType.
(implementation token) 0x26000001, , IL
RUT.netmodule.
: 4
. (0x01=TypeRef, 0x02=TypeDef,
0x26=FileRef, 0x27=ExportedType). .
CorTokenType CorHdr.h .NET
Framework SDK.
. ,
0x26000001 FileRef (
1, 0). , TypeDef
2.
, JeffTypes.dll,
/r[eference]:JeffTypes.dll,
JeffTypes.dll ,
FileDef. ,
. RUT.netmodule, C#
: fatal error CS0009: Metadata file C:\JeffTypes.dll could
not be openedError importing module rut.netmodule of assembly C:\JeffTypes.dll
The system cannot find the file specified. ,
, .
.
CLR ,
, . CLR
, , .
, ,
CLR, .
, , CLR
, CLR . CLR
,
. , ,
, .
2 , ,
49
Visual Studio
Visual Studio, ,
. Solution Explorer,
, , Add Refe
rence. Add Reference (. 22).
. 22. Add Reference Visual Studio

, .
, Browse, (
). COM Add Reference
COM ,
Visual Studio. Projects
, .
.NET,
:
HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SOFTWARE\Microsoft\.NETFramework\AssemblyFolders\MyLibName
MyLibName , Visual Studio
. ,
, , (
, C:\Program Files\MyLibPath).
Assembly Linker
C# Assembly Linker
( ), AL.exe. ,
, (
, /addmodule
C#),
. AL.exe ,
( ),
.
50
CLR
AL.exe EXE DLL PE,

, , .
, AL.exe, JeffTypes.dll :
csc /t:module RUT.cs

csc /t:module FUT.cs
al /out:JeffTypes.dll /t:library FUT.netmodule RUT.netmodule
, , . 23.
. 23.
, RUT.netmodule FUT.netmodule,
( ).
JeffTypes.dll PE DLL (
/t[arget]:library), IL,
, , JeffTypes.dll, RUT.netmodule FUT.netmodule
. : JeffTypes.dll,
RUT.netmodule FUT.netmodule, Assembly Linker
.
AL.exe PE PE
( /t[arget]:exe /t[arget]:winexe).
, ,
PE, IL,
. ,
, Assembly Linker
/main. AL.exe :
2 , ,
51
csc /t:module App.cs

al /out:App.exe /t:exe /main:Program.Main app.netmodule
App.cs , PE
App.exe .
, AL.exe /main:
Program.Main. , __EntryPoint, IL:
.method privatescope static void __EntryPoint$PST06000001() cil managed

{
.entrypoint
// Code size
8 (0x8)
.maxstack 8
IL_0000: tail.
IL_0002: call
void [.module App.netmodule]Program::Main()
IL_0007: ret
} // end of method 'Global Functions'::__EntryPoint
, Main, Program,
App.netmodule. /main,
AL.exe, ,
, PE
. ,
.

AL.exe, /embed[resource]
( , PE).
PE.
ManifestResourceDef ,
.
AL.exe /link[resource],
. Manifest
ResourceDef FileDef ,
. PE ,

.
AL.exe, CSC.exe ,
C#. /resource C#
PE Manifest
ResourceDef. /linkresource Manifest
ResourceDef FileDef .
: Win32.
, AL.exe CSC.exe res /win32res.
, Win32 ,
AL.exe CSC.exe ico /win32icon. Visual
Studio Application
. , (Windows Explorer)
.
52
CLR

AL.exe CSC.exe PE,
Win32 Version.
, .
GetVersionInfo System.Diagnostics.FileVersionInfo.
. 24 Version JeffTypes.dll.
. 24. Version JeffTypes.dll

Version
,
. ,
, . 24:
using System.Reflection;
// CompanyName, LegalCopyright LegalTrademarks
[assembly:AssemblyCompany("Wintellect")]
[assembly:AssemblyCopyright("Copyright (c) Wintellect 2006")]
[assembly:AssemblyTrademark(
"JeffTypes is a registered trademark of Wintellect")]
// ProductName ProductVersion.
[assembly:AssemblyProduct("Wintellect (R) Jeffs Type Library")]
[assembly:AssemblyInformationalVersion("2.0.0.0")]
// FileVersion, FileDescription Comments.
[assembly:AssemblyFileVersion("1.0.0.0")]
[assembly:AssemblyTitle("JeffTypes.dll")]
[assembly:AssemblyDescription("This assembly contains Jeffs types")]
// AssemblyVersion.
[assembly: AssemblyVersion("3.0.0.0")]
2 , ,
53
// ( . " ")
[assembly:AssemblyCulture("")]
. 24 Version
, . AL.exe,
,
. . 24
Version.
C#; ,
.
. 2-4. Version AL.exe

Version
AL.exe
FILEVERSION
/fileversion
System.Reflection.AssemblyFileVersion
Attribute
PRODUCTVERSION
/productversion
System.Reflection.AssemblyInformational
VersionAttribute
FILEFLAGSMASK
VS_FFI_FILEFLAGSMASK
( WinVer.h 0x0000003F)
FILEFLAGS
FILEOS

VOS__WINDOWS32
FILETYPE
/target
VFT_APP,
/target:exe /target:winexe.
/target:library
VFT_DLL
FILESUBTYPE
VFT2_UNKNOWN
( VFT_APP
VFT_DLL)
AssemblyVersion
/version
System.Reflection.AssemblyVersionAttribute
Comments
/description
System.Reflection.AssemblyDescriptionAttribute
CompanyName
/company
System.Reflection.AssemblyCompanyAttribute
FileDescription
/title
System.Reflection.AssemblyTitleAttribute
FileVersion
/version
System.Reflection.AssemblyVersionAttribute
InternalName
/out

( )
LegalCopyright
LegalTrademarks
/copyright
/trademark
System.Reflection.AssemblyCopyrightAttribute
System.Reflection.AssemblyTrademark Attribute
OriginalFilename
/out

( )
PrivateBuild
ProductName
/product
System.Reflection.AssemblyProductAttribute
ProductVersion
/productversion
System.Reflection.AssemblyInformational
VersionAttribute
SpecialBuild
54
CLR
! C# Visual Studio Assem

blyInfo.cs . ,
,
3. AssemblyInfo.cs
.

, .
: 4 , .
. 2-5.
719
. 25 2.5.719.2.
, :
2.5. , 719, .
,
. , 2, .
(,
,
), .
Microsoft,
. CLR

, .
CLR , ,
, ,
(servicing
version) . CLR
(
) .
.
. ,
.
AssemblyFileVersion Win32
, CLR .
,
.
. Microsoft (, CSC.exe
AL.exe) (
),
. Windows
.
2 , ,
55
AssemblyInformationalVersion
Win32 , ,
; CLR .
, . , 2.0
. 1.0,
, 1.0.

.
.
AssemblyVersion ,
AssemblyDef. CLR
, ( . 3).
.
, ,
; ,
, .
, ,
AssemblyRef. ,
, .

,
(culture). , ,
,
. . ,
( RFC1766).
. 26.
. 2-6. ,

de
de
AT
de
CH
en
en
GB
en
US
,
. ,
,
(culture neutral).
,
, Microsoft ,

.
, .
56
CLR
,
, , .
, ,
(satellite assemblies).
, ,
.
, .
AL.exe.

. AL.exe,
/c[ulture]:text, text (, enUS,
).
,
, . ,
C:\MyApp,
C:\MyApp\enUS.

System.Resources.ResourceManager.
,
. /culture
AL.exe System.Reflection.AssemblyCulture
Attribute, , , :
// Swiss German.
[assembly:AssemblyCulture("deCH")]
, .
, AssemblyRef
.
,
, (. 22).

( )
,
. ,
.
.
, . ,
,
.
.
, ,
, CLR ,
. ,
, !
2 , ,
57
,
, .cab (
).
MSI,
Windows Installer (MSIExec.exe). MSI
CLR .
MSI, EXE
DLL.

,
(Desktop), (Start)
. ,
,
,
. , Windows .
, Visual Studio ,
, Publish
. , Visual Studio
MSI Web, FTP
. MSI ,
.NET Framework Microsoft SQL Server 2005 Express Edition. ,

, ClickOnce.
, , ,
(privately deployed assemblies),
(
).
,
,
, CLR .
, , .
.
//
.
, , ,
. , .
, ,
. CLR
, . CLR
COM, ,
, .
3 ,
.
58
CLR

( )

. ,

.
, 3.
,
.
,
. ,

. CLR
.
XML
. (
, ) ,
:
, .
3 ,
. ,
JeffTypes, .
:
AppDir ( )
App.exe
App.exe.config ( )
AuxFiles ( JeffTypes)
JeffTypes.dll
FUT.netmodule
RUT.netmodule
JeffTypes
, CLR ,
System.IO.FileNotFoundException.
, XML
.
.config, App.exe.config.
:
<configuration>
<runtime>
<assemblyBinding xmlns="urn:schemasmicrosoftcom:asm.v1">
<probing privatePath="AuxFiles" />
</assemblyBinding>
</runtime>
</configuration>
2 , ,
59
, CLR
, , AuxFiles.
privatePath , ,
, . ,
. ,
,
.

CLR .
(
, firstPrivatePath secondPrivatePath privatePath
):
AppDir\AsmName.dll
AppDir\AsmName\AsmName.dll
AppDir\firstPrivatePath\AsmName.dll
AppDir\firstPrivatePath\AsmName\AsmName.dll
AppDir\secondPrivatePath\AsmName.dll
AppDir\secondPrivatePath\AsmName\AsmName.dll
...
,
JeffTypes JeffTypes, CLR
,
.
, CLR
, .exe
.dll. ,
FileNotFoundException.

: ,
,
. , AsmName.dll
enUS, :
C:\AppDir\enUS\AsmName.dll
C:\AppDir\enUS\AsmName\AsmName.dll
C:\AppDir\firstPrivatePath\enUS\AsmName.dll
C:\AppDir\firstPrivatePath\enUS\AsmName\AsmName.dll
C:\AppDir\secondPrivatePath\enUS\AsmName.dll
C:\AppDir\secondPrivatePath\enUS\AsmName\AsmName.dll
C:\AppDir\enUS\AsmName.exe
C:\AppDir\enUS\AsmName\AsmName.exe
C:\AppDir\firstPrivatePath\enUS\AsmName.exe
C:\AppDir\firstPrivatePath\enUS\AsmName\AsmName.exe
C:\AppDir\secondPrivatePath\enUS\AsmName.exe
C:\AppDir\secondPrivatePath\enUS\AsmName\AsmName.exe
60
CLR
C:\AppDir\en\AsmName.dll
C:\AppDir\en\AsmName\AsmName.dll
C:\AppDir\firstPrivatePath\en\AsmName.dll
C:\AppDir\firstPrivatePath\en\AsmName\AsmName.dll
C:\AppDir\secondPrivatePath\en\AsmName.dll
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Microsoft (R) .NET Framework Strong Name Utility Version 2.0.50727.42

Copyright (c) Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.
Public key is
00240000048000009400000006020000002400005253413100040000010001003f9d621b702111
850be453b92bd6a58c020eb7b804f75d67ab302047fc786ffa3797b669215afb4d814a6f294010
b233bac0b8c8098ba809855da256d964c0d07f16463d918d651a4846a62317328cac893626a550
69f21a125bc03193261176dd629eace6c90d36858de3fcb781bfc8b817936a567cad608ae672b6
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Token: 0x23000001
Public Key or Token: b7 7a 5c 56 19 34 e0 89
Name: mscorlib
Version: 2.0.0.0
Locale: <null>
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:
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Token: 0x20000001
Name : JeffTypes
Public Key
:
Hash Algorithm : 0x00008004
Version: 3.0.0.0
70
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Locale: <null>
Flags : [none] (00000000)
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Microsoft (R) .NET Global Assembly Cache Utility. Version 2.0.50727.42

Copyright (c) Microsoft Corporation.All rights reserved.
Usage: Gacutil <command> [ <options> ]
Commands:
/i <assembly_path> [ /r <...> ] [ /f ]
Installs an assembly to the global assembly cache.
/il <assembly_path_list_file> [ /r <...> ] [ /f ]
Installs one or more assemblies to the global assembly cache.
71
/u <assembly_display_name> [ /r <...> ]
Uninstalls an assembly from the global assembly cache.
/ul <assembly_display_name_list_file> [ /r <...> ]
Uninstalls one or more assemblies from the global assembly cache.
/l [ <assembly_name> ]
List the global assembly cache filtered by <assembly_name>
/lr [ <assembly_name> ]
List the global assembly cache with all traced references.
/cdl
Deletes the contents of the download cache
/ldl
Lists the contents of the download cache
/?
Displays a detailed help screen
Options:
/r <reference_scheme> <reference_id> <description>
Specifies a traced reference to install (/i, /il) or uninstall (/u, /ul).
/f
Forces reinstall of an assembly.
/nologo
Suppresses display of the logo banner
/silent
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, GACUtil.exe /i, GAC,
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, , ,
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Volume in drive C has no label.

Volume Serial Number is 2450178A
Directory of C:\WINDOWS\assembly\GAC_MSIL
09/22/2005
09/22/2005
08/25/2005
08/25/2005
08/25/2005
08/25/2005
08/25/2005
08/25/2005
08/25/2005
08/25/2005
08/25/2005
07:38
07:38
10:25
10:25
10:25
10:29
10:25
10:25
10:25
10:25
10:29
AM
AM
AM
AM
AM
AM
AM
AM
AM
AM
AM
<DIR>
<DIR>
<DIR>
<DIR>
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<DIR>
<DIR>
<DIR>
<DIR>
<DIR>
.
..
Accessibility
ADODB
AspNetMMCExt
CppCodeProvider
cscompmgd
IEExecRemote
IEHost
IIEHost
MFCMIFC80
76
08/25/2005
08/25/2005
08/25/2005
08/25/2005
08/25/2005
08/25/2005
08/25/2005
08/25/2005
08/25/2005
08/25/2005
...
08/25/2005
08/25/2005
08/25/2005
08/25/2005
08/25/2005
08/25/2005
08/25/2005
08/25/2005
08/25/2005
08/25/2005
08/25/2005
08/25/2005
08/25/2005
08/25/2005
08/25/2005
08/25/2005
08/25/2005
08/25/2005
08/25/2005
08/25/2005
08/25/2005
10:32
10:32
10:29
10:25
10:25
10:25
10:25
10:32
10:33
10:25
CLR
AM
AM
AM
AM
AM
AM
AM
AM
AM
AM
<DIR>
<DIR>
<DIR>
<DIR>
<DIR>
<DIR>
<DIR>
<DIR>
<DIR>
<DIR>
Microsoft.AnalysisServices
Microsoft.AnalysisServices.DeploymentEngine
Microsoft.Build.Conversion
Microsoft.Build.Engine
Microsoft.Build.Framework
Microsoft.Build.Tasks
Microsoft.Build.Utilities
Microsoft.DataWarehouse.Interfaces
Microsoft.ExceptionMessageBox
Microsoft.JScript
10:25 AM
<DIR>
System
10:25 AM
<DIR>
System.Configuration
10:25 AM
<DIR>
System.Configuration.Install
10:25 AM
<DIR>
System.Data.SqlXml
10:25 AM
<DIR>
System.Deployment
10:25 AM
<DIR>
System.Design
10:25 AM
<DIR>
System.DirectoryServices
10:25 AM
<DIR>
System.DirectoryServices.Protocols
10:25 AM
<DIR>
System.Drawing
10:25 AM
<DIR>
System.Drawing.Design
10:25 AM
<DIR>
System.Management
10:25 AM
<DIR>
System.Messaging
10:25 AM
<DIR>
System.Runtime.Remoting
10:25 AM
<DIR>
System.Runtime.Serialization.Formatters.Soap
10:25 AM
<DIR>
System.Security
10:25 AM
<DIR>
System.ServiceProcess
10:25 AM
<DIR>
System.Web.Mobile
10:25 AM
<DIR>
System.Web.RegularExpressions
10:25 AM
<DIR>
System.Web.Services
10:25 AM
<DIR>
System.Windows.Forms
10:25 AM
<DIR>
System.Xml
1 File(s)
0 bytes
110 Dir(s) 13,211,459,584 bytes free
, "
. System :
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Volume Serial Number is 2450178A
Directory of C:\WINDOWS\assembly\GAC_MSIL\System
08/25/2005 10:25 AM
<DIR>
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08/25/2005 10:25 AM
<DIR>
..
08/25/2005 10:25 AM
<DIR>
2.0.0.0__b77a5c561934e089
0 File(s)
0 bytes
3 Dir(s) 13,211,467,776 bytes free
System System.dll,
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77
"System, Version=2.0.0.0, Culture=neutral, PublicKeyToken=b77a5c561934e089"

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81
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System.Console.WriteLine(Hi);
}
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// SIG: 00 00 01
{
.entrypoint
// Method begins at RVA 0x2050
// Code size
11 (0xb)
.maxstack 8
IL_0000: /* 72 | (70)000001
*/
ldstr
"Hi"
IL_0005: /* 28 | (0A)000003
*/
call
void [mscorlib]System.Console::WriteLine(string)
IL_000a: /* 2A |
*/
ret
} // end of method Program::Main
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<?xml version="1.0"?>
<configuration>
<runtime>
<probing privatePath="AuxFiles;bin\subdir" />
<dependentAssembly>
<assemblyIdentity name="JeffTypes"
publicKeyToken="32ab4ba45e0a69a1" culture="neutral"/>
<bindingRedirect
oldVersion="1.0.0.0" newVersion="2.0.0.0" />
<codeBase version="2.0.0.0"
href="http://www.Wintellect.com/JeffTypes.dll" />
</dependentAssembly>
<dependentAssembly>
<assemblyIdentity name="FredTypes"
publicKeyToken="1f2e74e897abbcfe" culture="neutral"/>
<bindingRedirect
oldVersion="3.0.0.03.5.0.0" newVersion="4.0.0.0" />
<publisherPolicy apply="no" />
</assemblyBinding>
</runtime>
</configuration>
XML" CLR .
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,
87
. CLR GAC URL"

, codeBase.
dependentAssembly, assemblyIdentity binding
Redirect : JeffTypes
1.0.0.0 , "
, 32ab4ba45e0a69a1,
, 2.0.0.0.
codeBase JeffTypes
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com/JeffTypes.dll. 2, codeBase "
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dependentAssembly, assemblyIdentity binding
Redirect FredTypes 3.0.0.0
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publisherPolicy , FredTypes,
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), CLR .
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. CLR

, .
apply publisherPolicy yes ,
CLR GAC / "
, ; CLR
/. . "
CLR / Machine.config
.
CLR , "
, GAC. GAC
, codeBase , CLR ,
2. ,
, codeBase, CLR URL""
, .

, CLR
. , "
, ,
88
CLR
. CLR , "
XML" .
XML" Microsoft .NET
Framework Configuration, .NET Framework SDK.
, "
.NET Framework. ,
(Control Panel), (Administrative Tools),
Microsoft .NET Framework Configuration.
, , ,
,
Machine.config , CLR
"
.
, "
,
, , . , "
, , "
. .

, ,
, "
XML" . "
, ,
. ,
" CLR, ,
. , "
XML" , ,
. , "

. ,
.
, , ,
. "
, XML".
, . JeffTypes.config, "
JeffTypes.dll:
<configuration>
<runtime>
<dependentAssembly>
<assemblyIdentity name="JeffTypes"
publicKeyToken="32ab4ba45e0a69a1" culture=" neutral"/>
<bindingRedirect
oldVersion="1.0.0.0" newVersion=" 2.0.0.0" />
89
<codeBase version="2.0.0.0"
href="http://www.Wintellect.com/JeffTypes.dll"/>
</assemblyBinding>
</runtime>
</configuration>
, . "
, ,
. ,
probing publisherPolicy.
CLR
1.0.0.0 JeffTypes 2.0.0.0. , "
, ,
. AL.exe
:
AL.exe /out:policy.1.0.JeffTypes.dll
/version:1.0.0.0
/keyfile:MyCompany.keys
/linkresource:JeffTypes.config
AL.exe .
/out AL.exe PE" Policy.1.0.JeffTypes.dll,
, . "
. , Policy, CLR,
. , 1.0,
CLR, Jeff"
Types, 1.0. "
;

. , JeffTypes, , "
. , dll, "
, .
/version ,
. , ,
, . "
, CLR 1.0.0.0 JeffTypes
2.0.0.0, , "
1.0.0.0 JeffTypes 2.5.0.0. CLR
, ,
.
/keyfile AL.exe
, . "
, JeffTypes.
CLR , JeffTypes
.
90
CLR
/linkresource AL.exe XML" "

.
. "
JeffTypes. , "
XML" , AL.exe /embedre
source, , ,
CLR , XML
.
, ,
JeffTypes.dll .
GAC. JeffTypes
GAC, . "
, URL" codeBase.
!
"
.
.
. ,
, "
, . , CLR "
. "
, publisherPolicy:
<publisherPolicy apply="no"/>

<assemblyBinding>
, <dependantAssembly> .
, CLR ,
GAC , "
. , CLR "
, Machine.config.
! "
.
, "
. , "
, .
.
, ,
,
. , "
.
I I

(Common Language Runtime, CLR). ,
, ,
, ,
. ,
, , .
System.Object
CLR System.Object.
, :
// , Object
class Employee {
...
}
// , Object
class Employee : System.Object {
...
}
,
System.Object,
. System.Object
. 41.
. 4-1. System.Object

Equals
true, .
. 5
GetHashCode
.
,
. ,
Object,
;
. . 5
93
. 4-1. ()

ToString
(this.GetType().Full
Name). ,
String, .
,
, Boolean Int32,
. ,
: ,
. , ToString
CultureInfo, .
ToString . 11
GetType
, Type,
, GetType.
Type ,
.
. 22. GetType ,
,
.
, , System.Object,
(. . 42).
. 4-2. System.Object

MemberwiseClone

this.
Finalize
,
, ,
. ,
, .
. 20
CLR , new.
Employee :
Employee e = new Employee("ConstructorParam1");

new .
1. ,
System.Object (
).
, (type object pointer)
(SyncBlockIndex) CLR
. ,
.
2. ,
.
3. SyncBlockIndex.
4. ,
new ( ConstructorParam1).
94
II
.

.
. ,
System.Object,
. , ILDasm.exe MSCorLib.dll
System.Object.
, new ( )
.
e Employee.
, new delete,
, . CLR
(. 20), ,
.

CLR (type safety).
CLR.
GetType. ,
. , Employee
GetType, SpaceShuttle.

. CLR
.
. , C#
,
.
C#
.
:
// System.Object.
internal class Employee {
...
}
// , new Employee,
// Object Employee.
Object o = new Employee();
// , Employee Object.
// ( Visual Basic)
// .
Employee e = (Employee) o;
}
}
95
,
. ? CLR
,
, . ,
, InvalidCastException:

...
}
internal class Manager : Employee {
...
}
// Manager PromoteEmployee.
// Manager Object,
// PromoteEmployee .
Manager m = new Manager();
PromoteEmployee(m);
// DateTime PromoteEmployee.
// DateTime Employee,
// PromoteEmployee System.InvalidCastException.
DateTime newYears = new DateTime(2007, 1, 1);
PromoteEmployee(newYears);
}
public static void PromoteEmployee(Object o) {
// ,
// o, .
// CLR ,
// o ( ),
// , Employee
// , Employee.
...
}
}
Main Manager PromoteEmployee.
, Manager Object,
PromoteEmployee. PromoteEmployee CLR ,
o Employee , Employee.
Manager Employee, CLR ,
PromoteEmployee .
PromoteEmployee , Main
DateTime, PromoteEmployee. DateTime
Object, , PromoteEmployee,
. PromoteEmployee CLR , o
96
II
DateTime, Employee, ,
Employee. CLR
System.InvalidCastException.
,
. :
,
.
.
CLR .
, PromoteEmp
loyee Object, Employee. Object,
, C# CLR.
C#
is as
C# . , , is
,
Boolean: true false. is
. :
Object o = new Object();

Boolean b1 = (o is Object); // b1 true.
Boolean b2 = (o is Employee); // b2 false.
null, is false,
, .
is :
if (o is Employee) {
// e if.
}
CLR :
is o Employee, if
, o Employee. CLR
,
, CLR ,
(o),
(Employee).
, C# ,
as:
Employee e = o as Employee;
if (e != null) {
// e if.
}
CLR o Employee, , as
. o Employee
97
, as null. : as CLR
, if e null
, .
as ,
. ,
null. null
, NullReferenceException.
, :
System.Object o = new Object(); // Object.

Employee e = o as Employee;
// o Employee.
// : , e null.
e.ToString();
// e NullReferenceException.
, , . ,
:
internal class B {
}
// .
internal class D : B { // .
}
. 43 C# ,
CLR.
, OK,
CTE (compiletime error),
RTE (runtime error).
. 4-3.
OK
Object o1 = new Object();
Object o2 = new B();
Object o3 = new D();
Object o4 = o3;
B b1 = new B();
B b2 = new D();
D d1 = new D();
B b3 = new Object();
D d3 = b2;
D d4 = (D) d1;
D d5 = (D) b2;
D d6 = (D) b1;
B b5 = (B) o1;
B b6 = (D) b2;
RTE
D d2 = new Object();
B b4 = d1;
CTE
98
II

, . ,
System.Text , System.IO
.
System.IO.FileStream System.Text.StringBuilder:

System.IO.FileStream fs = new System.IO.FileStream(...);
System.Text.StringBuilder sb = new System.Text.StringBuilder();
}
}
,
FileStream StringBuilder . ,
,
. , C# using, Visual Basic
Imports. :
using System.IO;
// "System.IO".
using System.Text; // "System.Text".
FileStream fs = new FileStream(...);
StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
}
}
,

, . ,
FileStream System.IO.FileStream, StringBuilder System.Text.StringBuilder.
using C# Imports Visual Basic
; . using
C# .
! CLR .
CLR (
) ,
, ,
.
,
:
, ,
, , . .
,
System.IO. ,
99
.
, System.Text.
using, , File
Stream StringBuilder System.
IO.FileStream System.Collections.StringBuilder. , ,
.
/reference (. 2
3), .
. ,

. ,
, . C#
MSCorLib.dll, .
FCL, Object,
Int32, String .
,
, ( )
. Microsoft
. . CLR
. , ,
Microsoft Wintellect, ,
Widget.
, , , .
Widget Microsoft Microsoft.Widget, Widget
Wintellect Wintellect.Widget. Widget
, C# error CS0104: Widget is an ambiguous
reference ( CS0104: Widget ):
using Microsoft; // "Microsoft."

using Wintellect; // "Wintellect."
Widget w = new Widget();// .
}
}
, ,
Widget :

Wintellect.Widget w = new Wintellect.Widget(); // .
}
}
100
II
C# using,
. ,
,
.
:

// WintellectWidget Wintellect.Widget.
using WintellectWidget = Wintellect.Widget;
WintellectWidget w = new WintellectWidget(); // .
}
}
,
. , Australian Boomerang Company (ABC) Alaskan Boat
Corporation (ABC) BuyProduct
. ,
ABC, BuyProduct. ,
, , ,

, . C#
(extern aliases),
.
( ) .
. C#.
, ,
, ,
.
,
, . .NET Framework
SDK Microsoft Microsoft (
, Microsoft.CSharp, Microsoft.VisualBasic Microsoft.Win32).
, ( C#):
namespace CompanyName {
public sealed class A {
}
namespace X {
public sealed class B { ... }
}
// TypeDef: CompanyName.A
// TypeDef: CompanyName.X.B
}
,
;
CLR.
101
,
namespace . C# namespace

.

(, )
. , ,
, .
, System.IO.FileStream MSCorLib.dll, System.IO.File
SystemWatcher System.dll. System.dll
.NET Framework.
.
, MSCorLib.dll System.Int32 System.Text.String
Builder.
.NET Framework SDK ,

. . 41 Syntax ,
ResXFileRef System.Resources,
System.Windows.Forms.dll.
, ResXFileRef,
using System.Resources; /r:System.Windows.
Forms.dll .
. 41.
.NET Framework SDK
102
II

, ,
, . , ,
, .
. , ,
, CLR, ,
, CLR.
. 42 Microsoft Windows
CLR. .
1 .

. . 42 .
(
). ,
(
). , , M1.
. 42. M1
, , (prologue
code), .
(epilogue code), ,
,
. M1
name (. 43).
. 43. M1
103
M1 M2,
name. name
(. 44). M2
s. (,
,
.) ,
( . 44).
. 44. M2 M1

M2
length tally (. 45).
M2. M2 ,
,
M2 , . 43.
M1, M2,
, M1.
. 45.
M2
M1 ,
(
, name),
104
II
M1 , . 42.
, ,
M1,
, .
CLR. ,
:

public
Int32
public virtual String
public static Employee
}
GetYearsEmployed() { ... }
GenProgressReport() { ... }
Lookup(String name) { ... }
internal sealed class Manager : Employee {

public override String GenProgressReport() { ... }
}
Windows , CLR,
, ( 1 ).
, M3 (. 46). M3
, , CLR;
, .
. 46. CLR , ,
, M3
IL 3 JIT
, M3 Employee, Int32, Manager
String ( Joe). CLR
AppDomain , . ,
, CLR
, .
Employee Manager . 47. M3
105
, , Int32 String
( , ),
.
. 47. M3 Employee Manager

.
, :
. Employee Manager
. ,
. .
,
, . 1.
Employee (GetYearsEmployed, GenProgressReport
Lookup), . Manager
( GenProgressReport),
.
CLR
M3,
M3. M3
(. . 48). , CLR
null 0
() .
, M3 Manager.
Manager, Manager (. 49).
Manager ,
. ,
, Manager,
,
Manager ( Employee Object).
CLR
106
II
, (
Manager). , CLR
(SyncBlockIndex)
null 0 () , ,
, .
new Manager,
e ( ).
. 48.
M3
. 49. Manager
107
M3 Lookup Emplo
yee. CLR ,
, .
CLR
, JIT ( )
. ,
Lookup Employee ,
Joe. , , Joe
, Lookup Manager,
Joe .
e. . 410.
. 410. Lookup Employee

Manager Joe
, e Manager.
, ,
,
.
M3 Get
YearsEmployed Employee. CLR
, , .
e Employee. (
Employee, CLR
Object.) CLR
,
JIT ( )
. , GetYearsEmployed 5,
Joe .
year (. 411).
108
II
. 411. GetYearsEmployeed
Employee 5
M3 GenProgress
Report Employee. CLR
. , CLR
, ,
. , e Joe Manager.
, CLR ;
. CLR
, JIT (
) . , Get
YearsEmployed 5, Joe .
GenProgressReport Manager,
e Manager. . 412.
. 412. GenProgressReport
Employee Manager
109
, Lookup Employee , Joe Employee,

Manager, Lookup Employee,
Employee, ,
GenProgressReport Employee, Manager.
, , IL
JIT, ,
,
. , (
). , CLR
, .
CLR
, ,
. ,
CLR.
, Employee Manager
. ,
, , . , CLR
. :
?. , CLR
System.Type ( MSCorLib.dll).
Employee Manager ,
,
System.Type (. 413).
. 413. Manager Employee

System.Type
, System.Type
, ,
. , System.Type
. ,
CLR. , GetType System.
110
II
Object ,
. , GetType
,
( ).
,
Microsoft .NET Framework. ,
. .NET Frame
work, , ,
,
. ,

.

,
. ,
:
System.Int32 a = new System.Int32();

,
. , ( C#)
, :
int a = 0;
,
IL System.Int32. ,
, (primitive types)
.NET Framework Class Library
(FCL). , C# int System.Int32. ,
IL:
int a = 0;
//
System.Int32 a = 0;
//
int a = new int();
//
System.Int32 a = new System.Int32();//
.
.
.
.
112
II
. 51 FCL
C#. , Com
mon Language Specification (CLS),
. , CLS,
.
. 5-1. C# FCL
C#
FCL
CLS
sbyte
System.SByte
8
byte
System.Byte
8
short
System.Int16
16
ushort
System.UInt16
16
int
System.Int32
32
uint
System.UInt32
32
long
System.Int64
64
ulong
System.UInt64
64
char
System.Char
16 Unicode (char

8
,
C++)
float
System.Single
32 float IEEE
double
System.Double
64 float IEEE
bool
System.Boolean
(True False)
decimal
System.Decimal
128
,

,
.
, 96

, 8
10,
96 (
0 28).

object
System.Object
string
System.String
, , C#
, using (
4):
using
using
using
using
using
using
...
sbyte
byte
short
ushort
int
uint
=
=
=
=
=
=
System.SByte;
System.Byte;
System.Int16;
System.UInt16;
System.Int32;
System.UInt32;
113

C#:
, .
FCL . ,
,
FCL. .
, , : string
String. C# , string
FCL System.String.
C# long System.Int64, Int16
Int32. , ++ (C++/CLI) long
Int32. ,
, .
long, ,
.
FCL , .
, BinaryReader ReadBoolean, ReadInt32 ReadSingle
. ., System.Convert ToBoolean, ToInt32 ToSingle . .
, , float,
, , :
BinaryReader br = new BinaryReader(...);

float val = br.ReadSingle();
// , .
Single val = br.ReadSingle();
// .
FCL.
,
:
Int32 i = 5; // 32 .
Int64 l = i; // 64 .
, , 4,
, . System.Int32 System.Int64
. :
, . , .
, C#
. ,
IL
, , .
, ,
.
,
, :
Int32 i
Int64 l
Single s
Byte b
Int16 v
=
=
=
=
=
5;
i;
i;
(Byte) i;
(Int16) s;
//
//
//
//
//
Int32 Int32.
Int32 Int64.
Int32 Single.
Int32 Byte.
Single Int16.
114
II
C# , ,
; Int32 Int64.
C#
.
. , Int32 Byte
, Int32
; Single Int16,
Single , Int16.

. , 6,8 Single Int32
, Int32 6,
7. , C# .

C#, (Conversions).
,
: .
, ,
:
Console.WriteLine(123.ToString() + 456.ToString()); // "123456"

, , , ,
, .
Boolean found = false; // found 0.

Int32 x = 100 + 20 + 3;// x 123.
String s = "a " + "bc";// s "a bc".
, , ,
( +, , *, /, %, &, ^, |, ==, !=, >, <, >=, <=, <<, >>,
~, !, ++, . .):
Int32 x = 100;
Int32 y = x + 23;
Boolean lessThanFifty = (y < 50);
// .
// .
// " " .

,
:
Byte b = 100;
b = (Byte) (b + 200); // b 44 ( 2C).

, , , . ,
(, ),
, .
. C C++
;
115
. Visual Basic ,
, .
! CLR
32 64 . b 200
32 ( 64,
32 ) , .
200 b ( 32) 32
. 32 ,
b, Byte.
C# ,
Byte.
CLR IL,
. , add,
, add.ovf,
System.OverflowException. , CLR IL
(sub/sub.ovf), (mul/mul.ovf)
(conv/conv.ovf).
C# ,
; . ,
, ,
IL .
,
.

, /checked+.
, , ,
IL
. , CLR
, . , CLR
OverflowException.
.

.
, . C#
checked unchecked.
(, ):
UInt32 invalid = unchecked((UInt32) 1);
// OK.
checked (,
):
Byte b = 100;
b = checked((Byte) (b + 200));
// OverflowException.
b 200 32 ;
300. 300 Byte OverflowException.
Byte checked, .
116
II
b = (Byte) checked(b + 200);
// b 44; OverflowException.
checked unchecked, C# ,
:
checked {
// .
Byte b = 100;
b = (Byte) (b + 200); // .
}
// .
, +=,
:
checked {
Byte b = 100;
b += 200;
}
// .
// .
// .
!
, checked,
( ) checked
IL , ,
. :
checked {
// , SomeMethod 400 Byte.
SomeMethod(400);
// OverflowException SomeMethod
// .
}
checked unchecked, .
checked ,
, ,
, .
unchecked ,
, .
, checked unchecked,
, ,
(, ),
.
/checked+.
,
, checked unchecked.
, .
/checked, ,
.
117
! System.Decimal .
( C# Visual Basic) CLR Decimal
. CLR IL
Decimal. .NET Framework ,
Decimal Add, Subtract, Multiply,
Divide , +, , *, / . .
Decimal
Decimal, . Deci
mal CLR. ,
IL Decimal,
checked unchecked,
. Decimal
OverflowException.

CLR : (reference types)
(value types). FCL ,
.
, C# new ,
.
, :
;
, ,
, ;
(
);
.
,
. , ,
Int32 ! ,
, , CLR
.
( ).
;
.
, (derefe
rence) . ,
,
(collections),
.
.NET Framework ,
, . (class),
. , System.Object, System.Exception, System.IO.FileStream
System.Random .
118
II
(structure) (enumeration).
, System.Int32, System.Boolean, System.Decimal, System.TimeSpan
System.DayOfWeek, System.IO.FileAttributes System.Drawing.FontStyle
.
,
System.ValueType,
System.Object.
System.ValueType.
System.Enum, System.ValueType.
CLR .
. 12.

,
. , CLR
,
. , ,
Boolean, Char, Int32, Uint64, Single, Double, Decimal . .
! ( ,
C/C++)
. C/C++
, , :
. : ,
, , ,
, , .
. 51 :
// ( 'class').
class SomeRef { public Int32 x; }
// ( 'struct')
struct SomeVal { public Int32 x; }
static void ValueTypeDemo() {
SomeRef r1 = new SomeRef(); // .
SomeVal v1 = new SomeVal(); // .
r1.x = 5;
// .
v1.x = 5;
// .
Console.WriteLine(r1.x);
// "5".
Console.WriteLine(v1.x);
// "5".
// . 51
// .
SomeRef r2 = r1;
SomeVal v2 = v1;
r1.x = 8;
v1.x = 9;
//
//
//
//
//
().
.
r1.x r2.x.
v1.x, v2.x.
"8".
119
// "8".
// "9".
// "5".
// . 51
// .
}
SomeVal struct,
class. C# , struct, ,
class, .
. ,
:
.
. 51.
:
SomeVal v1 = new SomeVal();
// .
, SomeVal .
, C# , SomeVal ,
SomeVal . C#
.
:
SomeVal v1;
// .
IL, SomeVal
. , ,
new, C# . :
// , C# ,
// v1 .
SomeVal v1 = new SomeVal();
Int32 a = v1.x;
120
II
// , C# ,
// v1 .
SomeVal v1;
Int32 a = v1.x; // error CS0170: Use of possibly unassigned field 'x'
// ( CS0170: 'x', ).
, ,
. .
, .
. , ,
,
, , (immutable).
.
.
,
,
, . :
, ,
, ,
.
,
:
( 16 );
( 16 )

.
,
. , ,
. ,
.
: (unboxed)
(boxed) (. ).
.
System.ValueType.
, System.Object. System.ValueType
Equals, true,
. , System.ValueType GetHashCode,
,
.
, ,
Equals GetHash
Code. Equals GetHashCode .

,
.
( ).
121
.
, null,
.
Null
ReferenceException.
,
0.
, NullRefe
renceException . CLR
, null, (nullable types).
18.

, .
,
.
,
, ,
, ,
. ,
,
.
, ,
, ,
. ,
( Finalize),
.
,
Finalize,
. ( C#,
C++/CLI Visual Basic)
Finalize. , CLR
Finalize,
.
CLR
CLR
. , CLR
, ,
.
, ,
, CLR .
CLR ,
System.Runtime.InteropServices.StructLayout
Attribute. CLR,
122
II
LayoutKind.Auto,
LayoutKind.Sequential, Layout
Kind.Explicit , .
StructLayoutAttribute,
.
() Microsoft C# Lay
outKind.Auto, () LayoutKind.Sequential.
, ,
, ,
, .
, ,
,
:
using System;
using System.Runtime.InteropServices;
// CLR
// .
[StructLayout(LayoutKind.Auto)]
internal struct SomeValType {
Byte b;
Int16 x;
}
StructLayoutAttribute
, LayoutKind.Explicit.
System.Runtime.InteropServices.FieldOffsetAttribute
Int32,
( ) ,
. ,
C/C++ (union),
. :
using System;
// .
[StructLayout(LayoutKind.Explicit)]
[FieldOffset(0)] Byte b; // b x
[FieldOffset(0)] Int16 x; // .
}
, ,
. ,
,
,
.

, .
123

:
,
. .
, Point ArrayList (
System.Collections). :
// .
struct Point {
public Int32 x, y;
}
ArrayList a = new ArrayList();
Point p;
// Point ( ).
for (Int32 i = 0; i < 10; i++) {
p.x = p.y = i; // .
a.Add(p);
//
// ArrayList.
}
...
}
}
Point.
Point ArrayList. , ArrayList:
Point, Point ? Add
ArrayList .
Add :
public virtual Int32 Add(Object value);

, Add Object, (
) . p,
Point. ,
Point .

(boxing). .
1. .
,
, SyncBlockIndex.
2. , .
3. . ;
.
, C#, IL
, ,
, ,
.
124
II
C# , ,
, ,
. p Point
Point.
Point ( )
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// 123.
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}
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127

{
.entrypoint
// 45 (0x2e).
.maxstack 3
.locals init (int32 V_0,
object V_1)
// 5 v.
IL_0000: ldc.i4.5
IL_0001: stloc.0
// v o.
IL_0002: ldloc.0
IL_0003: box
[mscorlib]System.Int32
IL_0008: stloc.1
// 123 v.
IL_0009: ldc.i4.s 123
IL_000b: stloc.0
// v Concat.
IL_000c: ldloc.0
IL_000d: box
// Concat.
IL_0012: ldstr
", "
// o: Int32 .
IL_0017: ldloc.1
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// Int32 Concat.
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object)
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128
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object V_1)
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129
// v o.
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IL_000c: ldloc.0
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// .
Object o = v;
// o v.
130
II
v = 123;
// 123.
Console.WriteLine(v); // "123".
v = (Int32) o;
// o v.
Console.WriteLine(v); // "5".
}
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internal struct Point : IComparable {
private Int32 m_x, m_y;
// , .
public Point(Int32 x, Int32 y) {
m_x = x;
m_y = y;
}
// ToString, System.ValueType.
public override String ToString() {
// Point .
return String.Format("({0}, {1})", m_x, m_y);
}
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public Int32 CompareTo(Point other) {
// ,
// (0, 0).
return Math.Sign(Math.Sqrt(m_x * m_x + m_y * m_y)
Math.Sqrt(other.m_x * other.m_x + other.m_y * other.m_y));
}
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public Int32 CompareTo(Object o) {
if (GetType() != o.GetType()) {
throw new ArgumentException("o is not a Point");
}
// CompareTo.
return CompareTo((Point) o);
}
}
133
public static class Program {

// Point.
Point p1 = new Point(10, 10);
Point p2 = new Point(20, 20);
// p1 ToString ( ).
Console.WriteLine(p1.ToString());// "(10, 10)"
// p GetType ( ).
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Console.WriteLine(c.GetType());// "Point"
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// Point.
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// c , Point.
// p2 , CompareTo(Object).
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p2 = (Point) c;
// , p2.
Console.WriteLine(p2.ToString());// "(10, 10)"
}
}
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134
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.NET Framework,

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135
using System;
// Point .
internal struct Point {
m_x = x;
m_y = y;
}
public void Change(Int32 x, Int32 y) {
m_x = x; m_y = y;
}
}
}
Point p = new Point(1, 1);
Console.WriteLine(p);
p.Change(2, 2);
Object o = p;
Console.WriteLine(o);
((Point) o).Change(3, 3);
}
}
: Main p Point
m_x m_y 1. p WriteLine,
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Point . m_x m_y
136
II
3, Change
Point. WriteLine (2, 2).
.
, C++/CLI,
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. :
using System;
// , Change.
internal interface IChangeBoxedPoint {
void Change(Int32 x, Int32 y);
}
// Point .
internal struct Point : IChangeBoxedPoint {
m_x = x;
m_y = y;
}
public void Change(Int32 x, Int32 y) {
m_x = x; m_y = y;
}
}
}
p.Change(2, 2);
Object o = p;
((Point) o).Change(3, 3);
// p , .
((IChangeBoxedPoint) p).Change(4, 4);
137
// .
((IChangeBoxedPoint) o).Change(5, 5);
}
}
.
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138
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// null.
if (obj == null) return false;
139
// .
if (this.GetType() != obj.GetType()) return false;
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140
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CS0659: Program overrides Object.Equals(Object o) but does not override Object.Get
HashCode() (Program Object.Equals(Object o),
Object.GetHashCode()).

public override Boolean Equals(Object obj) { ... }
}
141
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142
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// 3
146
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private readonly Int32 SomeReadOnlyField = 2;

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// 4
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internal sealed class SomeInternalType { ... }
internal sealed class AnotherInternalType { ... }

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152
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156
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// Code size 26 (0x1a)
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IL_0000: call
void System.Console::WriteLine()
IL_0005: newobj instance void System.Object::.ctor()
IL_000a: stloc.0
IL_000b: ldloc.0
IL_000c: callvirt instance int32 System.Object::GetHashCode()
IL_0011: pop
IL_0012: ldloc.0
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IL_0018: pop
IL_0019: ret
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157
using System;
public Int32 GetFive() { return 5; }
Program p = null;
Int32 x = p.GetFive(); // C# NullReferenceException.
}
}
, . p null,
GetFive CLR
p, Program. GetFive this null,
GetFive , . C#
call callvirt, Null
ReferenceException.
! ,
. ,
call
callvirt.
,
.
C#, , C#
callvirt. ,
.
callvirt
call. ,
.
internal class SomeClass {

// ToString Object.
// call
// ToString Object.
// call callvirt,
// .
return base.ToString();
}
}
base.ToString C#
call, ToString .
, , ToString ,
, .
call ,
, .
,
. , ,
158
III
null, NullReferenceException
. , CLR
,
, .
,
.

call callvirt,
this, ,
.

. ,
. , JIT (inline)
, . ,
, .
,
. ,
, . ,
,
. :
public class Set {

private Int32 m_length = 0;
// .
public Int32 Find(Object value) {
return Find(value, 0, m_length);
}
// .
public Int32 Find(Object value, Int32 startIndex) {
return Find(value, 0, m_length);
}
//
// .
public virtual Int32 Find(Object value, Int32 startIndex, Int32 endIndex) {
// , ...
}
// .
}

.NET Framework ,
, .
.
159
( ,
),
. ,
.
, ,
. ,
.
,
.
,
. ,
( C#) , ,
sealed.
, , ,
.
.
,
, .
,
. ,
,
,
.
,
, CLR
, , . ,
, JIT
, .
,
.
, JIT
ToString .
using System;
public sealed class Point {
public Point(Int32 x, Int32 y) { m_x = x; m_y = y; }
}
// C# callvirt,
// JIT>
// ToString,
160
III
// p Point, .
Console.WriteLine(p.ToString());
}
}

. ,
,
, . ,

.
,
,
.
,
. ,
.
,
. ,
CLR
(closed).
,
. ,
.
, . ,
closed
,
. , CLR
.
, (, ),
closed.
( , System.
Object). ,
, . .
public class SimulatedClosedClass : Object {

public sealed override Boolean Equals(Object obj) {
return base.Equals(obj);
}
public sealed override Int32 GetHashCode() {
return base.GetHashCode();
}
public sealed override String ToString() {
return base.ToString();
}
// , C# Finalize.
// ...
// .
}
161
, CLR .
, :
,
. , C#
.
, . ,
C#. ,
,
,
.
. C#
. , , C#
.
.
(internal) ,
,
.
,
. , C# . ,
, ,
,
, . ,
,

.
:
. ,
,
. ,
.
.
,
(
),
.

,
. 3 (
,
,
).
. ,
.
.
162
III
Phone:
namespace CompanyA {
public class Phone {
public void Dial() {
Console.WriteLine("Phone.Dial");
// .
}
}
}
, , BetterPhone,
Phone :
namespace CompanyB {
public class BetterPhone : CompanyA.Phone {
Console.WriteLine("BetterPhone.Dial");
EstablishConnection();
base.Dial();
}
protected virtual void EstablishConnection() {
Console.WriteLine("BetterPhone.EstablishConnection");
// .
}
}
}

C# warning CS0108: The keyword new is required
on BetterPhone.Dial() because it hides inherited member Phone.Dial(). ,
Dial, BetterPhone,
Phone. Dial ,
, .

. ,
: new
Dial BetterPhone.
BetterPhone:
// Dial Phone.
public new void Dial() {
base.Dial();
}
163

// .
}
}
}
BetterPhone,
:

CompanyB.BetterPhone phone = new CompanyB.BetterPhone();
phone.Dial();
}
}
:
BetterPhone.Dial
BetterPhone.EstablishConnection
Phone.Dial
,
, . Dial
, BetterPhone.
EstablishConnection, Dial Phone.
, Phone,
. ,
Dial.
Phone:
namespace CompanyA {
public class Phone {
Console.WriteLine("Phone.Dial");
// .
}
Console.WriteLine("Phone.EstablishConnection");
// .
}
}
}
BetterPhone
( Phone), : warning CS0114:
BetterPhone.EstablishConnection() hides inherited member Phone.EstablishConnec
tion(). To make the current member override that implementation, add the override
keyword. Otherwise, add the new keyword [ CS0114: BetterPhone.
EstablishConnection() Phone.EstablishConnection().
164
III
, override,
new].
, Phone, BetterPhone
EstablishConnection,
. BetterPhone
, , ,
Phone.
, EstablishConnection
, ,
Dial EstablishConnection, BetterPhone,
Phone.
,
Dial new EstablishConnection:
// 'new' , ,
// Dial .
public new void Dial() {
base.Dial();
}
// 'new', ,
// EstablishConnection .
protected new virtual void EstablishConnection() {
// .
}
}
}
new ,
CLR, BetterPhone Dial Establish
Connection , .
CLR , Phone BetterPhone
.
( Main) :
BetterPhone.Dial
Phone.Dial
Phone.EstablishConnection
, , Main Dial, ,
BetterPhone. Dial EstablishConnection,
BetterPhone. EstablishConnection BetterPhone
, Dial Phone, Establish
Connection . EstablishConnection BetterPhone
165
new,
EstablishConnection, Phone.
Dial Phone EstablishConnection,
Phone, .
new BetterPhone
Dial EstablishConnection.
,
,
.
,
. ,
,
, Dial EstablishConnection,
,
.
: ,
Phone, , Dial EstablishConnection
Phone , .
Dial BetterPhone. ,
, EstablishConnection
BetterPhone Phone,
new.
, Establish
Connection BetterPhone. ,
, ,
BetterPhone EstablishConnection virtual override.
BetterPhone:
// Dial ( ).
// new , virtual
// override, ,
// EstablishConnection .
protected override void EstablishConnection() {
// .
}
}
}
( Main) :
Phone.Dial
166
III
, , Main Dial, ,
Phone BetterPhone. ,
Dial, Phone, Establish
Connection, BetterPhone,
EstablishConnection, Phone.
, , .
, .
, .

.
. ,
, . C#
:
Boolean, Char, Byte, SByte, Int16, UInt16, Int32, UInt32, Int64, UInt64, Single, Double,
Decimal String.
: ,
. ,
, .
.
,
, ,
IL.
,
. , .
,
, ,
, (
MaxInt16 32767). , .
DLL:
using System;
// : C# static,
// , .
public const Int32 MaxEntriesInList = 50;
}
168
III
using System;
Console.WriteLine("Max entries supported in list: "
+ SomeLibraryType.MaxEntriesInList);
}
}
, Max
EntriesInList. , , MaxEntriesIn
List 50, 50 Int32
IL (. 71). ,
DLL ,
.
. 71. ILDasm.exe IL

,
,
. MaxEntries
InList 1000 DLL,
. ,
. ,
, ,
( ).
.
(field) ,
. . 71 ,
.
, (CLR)
(), ().
,
169
AppDomain (. 21), JIT

, .
.
. 7-1.
CLR
C#
Static
static
Instance
(default)
InitOnly
readonly
Volatile
volatile
, ,

, CLR .
volatile:
, Single, Boolean, Byte, SByte, Int16, UInt16,
Int32, UInt32, Char, ,
: Byte, SByte, Int16,
UInt16, Int32 UInt32
,
.
, . ,
,
(
).
CLR (read/write) (readonly) .
. ,
.
(
).
, , ,
. ,
.

, .
DLL:
using System;
// static , .
public static readonly Int32 MaxEntriesInList = 50;
}
, ,
, ,
, . Main
CLR DLL (
) MaxEntriesInList ,
. , 50.
170
III
, 50 1000
.
1000.
, (
). : ,

CLR .
, ,
:

// .
// .
public static readonly Random s_random = new Random();
// .
private static Int32 s_numberOfWrites = 0;
// .
public readonly String Pathname = "Untitled";
// .
private System.IO.FileStream m_fs;
public SomeType(String pathname) {
// .
// ,
// .
this.Pathname = pathname;
}
public String DoSomething() {
// .
s_numberOfWrites = s_numberOfWrites + 1;
// .
return Pathname;
}
}
(inline). C#
,
. 8, C# ,
,
. , C#
,
,
. 8.
171
!
, , ,
. :
public sealed class AType {

// InvalidChars .
public static readonly Char[] InvalidChars = new Char[] { 'A', 'B', 'C'};
}
public sealed class AnotherType {
public static void M() {
// ,
// InvalidChars.
AType.InvalidChars[0] = 'X';
AType.InvalidChars[1] = 'Y';
AType.InvalidChars[2] = 'Z';
// ,
// , InvalidChars, .
AType.InvalidChars = new Char[] { 'X', 'Y', 'Z' };
}
}
: ,
,

,
, , . , ,
( ),
(
). , ,
, ,
.

( )
,
. , ,
.ctor ( constructor).

(
SyncBlockIndex),
, .

. ,
, 0 null.
, .
, ,
. ,
: virtual, new, override, sealed
abstract. ,
( C#) (
),
.
: , ,
173
, :
public class SomeType {

}
:

public SomeType() : base() { }
}

protected, public.
,
, .
(sealed abstract)
.
,
.

.
, C#,
, , , .
System.Object
.
, System.Object
.

. , MemberwiseClone Object
, ,
, . ,
.
!
, . :
,
, ,

.
.
C# ,
:
internal sealed class SomeType {

private Int32 m_x = 5;
}
SomeType m_x 5.
: ? IL
( .ctor), (. 81).
174
III
. 81. IL SomeType

, SomeType ,
m_x 5 . ,
C# ,
.
, . ,
. . :
internal sealed class

private Int32 m_x
private String m_s
private Double m_d
private Byte m_b;
//
public
public
public
SomeType {
= 5;
= "Hi there";
= 3.14159;
.
SomeType()
{ ... }
SomeType(Int32 x) { ... }
SomeType(String s) { ...; m_d = 10; }
}
IL ,
, m_x, m_s
m_d. ,
. , IL,
String, , m_x, m_s m_d, ,
m_d 10. : m_b
0, , .
,
, m_x, m_s m_d:
.
,
, , ;
,
, .
.
C#
this:

// , .
private Int32 m_x;
: , ,
175
private String m_s;

private Double m_d;
private Byte m_b;
// , .
// .
public SomeType() {
m_x = 5;
m_s = "Hi there";
m_d = 3.14159;
m_b = 0xff;
}
// ,
// m_x.
public SomeType(Int32 x) : this() {
m_x = x;
}
// ,
// m_s.
public SomeType(String s) : this() {
m_s = s;
}
// ,
// m_x m_s.
public SomeType(Int32 x, String s) : this() {
m_x = x;
m_s = s;
}
}

( )
(struct) ,
(class). CLR
, . , ,
. (
C#) ,
. :
internal struct
public Int32
}
internal sealed
public Point
}
Point {
m_x, m_y;
class Rectangle {
m_topLeft, m_bottomRight;
176
III
Rectangle, new,
. ,
C#. , Rectangle,
Point.
CLR
, . , ,
.
CLR
, ,
, , Rectangle:

public Int32 m_x, m_y;
m_x = x;
m_y = y;
}
}
internal sealed class Rectangle {
public Point m_topLeft, m_bottomRight;
public Rectangle() {
// C# new, ,
// .
m_topLeft = new Point(1, 2);
m_bottomRight = new Point(100, 200);
}
}
,
. , Rectangle
m_topLeft m_bottomRight Point new, m_x
m_y Point 0.
Point , ,
, . :

public Int32 m_x, m_y;
public Point() {
m_x = m_y = 5;
}
}
internal sealed class Rectangle {
public Point m_topLeft, m_bottomRight;
public Rectangle() {
}
}
: , ,
177
: 0 5
m_x m_y, Point (m_topLeft m_bottomRight )?
(: .)
( ++)
, C# Rectangle ,
Point ,
, Rectangle. ,
, C#
.
,
.
, ,
.
, m_x m_y Point
Rectangle
, Point.
, , . ,
C# .
.
C# : error
CS0568: Structs cannot contain explicit parameterless constructors ( CS0568:
).
C#
, ,
. ,
,
.
.
,
0 null,
. ,
, , 0
null! ,
, , .
,
, .
C# , ,
, , ,

.
. ,
,
.
C#
, CLR. ,
178
III
, , (,
IL) .
C#
,
: error CS0573: SomeValType.m_x: cannot have instance field initializers in
structs( CS0573: SomeValType.m_x:
).

// .
private Int32 m_x = 5;
}
,
, ,
, .
,
:

// C# .
public SomeValType(Int32 x) {
m_x = x;
// : m_y .
}
}
C#
: error CS0171: Field SomeValType.y must be fully assigned before control leaves
the constructor ( CS0171: SomeValType.y
).
, m_y ( 0) .

, CLR (
,
). (
C# ), . ,

,
. .
. ,
.
C#:
internal sealed class SomeRefType {

static SomeRefType() {
// SomeRefType.
: , ,
179
}
}
// C#
// , .
static SomeValType() {
// SomeValType.
}
}
: ,
, , ,
. , (C#
). ,
( ), C#
: error CS0515: SomeValType.SomeValType(): access mo
difiers are not allowed on static constructors ( CS0515: SomeValType.Some
ValType():
). ,
, , CLR
.
! ,
, CLR
. :

static SomeValType() {
Console.WriteLine("This never gets displayed");
}
public Int32 m_x;
}
SomeValType[] a = new SomeValType[10];
a[0].m_x = 123;
Console.WriteLine(a[0].m_x); // 123.
}
}
.
JIT , .
, JIT ,
AppDomain. , JIT
IL . , JIT
, ,
. ( .
.)
180
III
, JIT , ,
.
, ,
. CLR ,
AppDomain.
.
,
, , .
.
, ,
. ,
. ,
CLR , ,
.
CLR ,
AppDomain,
,
Singleton,
.
,
, . ,
ClassA, , ClassB,
, ClassA. CLR
, ,
, ClassA
ClassB.
. ,
CLR, ,
.
, ,
CLR .
System.TypeInitializationException.
,
, .
, C# ,
:

private static Int32 s_x = 5;
}
C#
,
. , class struct,
, .
: , ,
181

SomeType. , ,
:

private static Int32 s_x;
static SomeType() { s_x = 5; }
}
ILDasm.exe ,
. IL (. 82).
, ,
.cctor ( ).
. 82. IL SomeType

IL , .cctor
. ,
s_x 5.
.
,
.
, Java, ,
,
. , , ,
. CLR
,
RunClassConstructor,
System.Runtime.CompilerServices.RuntimeHelpers.
, ,
, .
RunClassConstructor
CLR , , ,
.
:

private static Int32 s_x = 5;
182
III
static SomeType() {
s_x = 10;
}
}
C# ,
s_x 5, 10.
, IL C#
, , ,
.
! :
? , ,
AppDomain. AppDomain
, , , ,
.
,
Finalize,
. , CLR Finalize.
: AppDomain
,
DomainUnload System.AppDomain.

, JIT , IL
, CLR
. ,
, .
JIT ,
.
, , IL. .
JIT ,

. (precise) , CLR
, .
JIT , ,
.
(beforefieldinit), CLR

;
.
,
CLR , CLR
. , CLR
: , ,
183

AppDomain ,
JIT NGen.exe.

CLR
, BeforeFieldInit
, . ,
C# .
using System;
using System.Diagnostics;
///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
// ,
// C# BeforeFieldInit.
internal sealed class BeforeFieldInit {
public static Int32 s_x = 123;
}
// ,
// C# BeforeFieldInit.
internal sealed class Precise {
public static Int32 s_x;
static Precise() { s_x = 123; }
}
///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
const Int32 iterations = 1000 * 1000 * 1000;
PerfTest1(iterations);
PerfTest2(iterations);
}
// JIT-
// BeforeFieldInit Precise ,
// ,
// .
private static void PerfTest1(Int32 iterations) {
Stopwatch sw = Stopwatch.StartNew();
for (Int32 x = 0; x < iterations; x++) {
// JIT- BeforeFieldInit,
// .
BeforeFieldInit.s_x = 1;
}
Console.WriteLine("PerfTest1: {0} BeforeFieldInit", sw.Elapsed);
184
III
sw = Stopwatch.StartNew();
// JIT- Precise,
// ,
// .
Precise.s_x = 1;
}
Console.WriteLine("PerfTest1: {0} Precise", sw.Elapsed);
}
// JIT- ,
// BeforeFieldInit Precise ,
//
// , - .
private static void PerfTest2(Int32 iterations) {
Stopwatch sw = Stopwatch.StartNew();
BeforeFieldInit.s_x = 1;
}
Console.WriteLine("PerfTest2: {0} BeforeFieldInit", sw.Elapsed);
Precise.s_x = 1;
}
Console.WriteLine("PerfTest2: {0} Precise", sw.Elapsed);
}
}
////////////////////////////// ////////////////////////////////////
:
PerfTest1:
PerfTest1:
PerfTest2:
PerfTest2:
00:00:02.1997770
00:00:07.6188948
00:00:02.0843565
00:00:02.0843732
BeforeFieldInit
Precise
BeforeFieldInit
Precise
,
( BeforeFieldInit), C#
BeforeFieldInit.
( Precise) C#
.
: ,
,
,
.
,
. PerfTest1 2,2 ,
7,62 ,
. PerfTest2 , JIT
: , ,
185
, , IL
.

BeforeFieldInit ,
, .

.

,
. , (, System.String)
(==) (!=). CLR
, .
, ,
, .
, C# +,
c , . +
, C# ,
. C# !=, Visual
Basic <>. , ^ C# (XOR),
Visual Basic .
CLR ,
,
. ,
.
, , ,

. CLR
.

, ,
. CLR ,
. C#
( ) ,
,
. ,
C#
.
, C#:
public sealed class Complex {

public static Complex operator+(Complex c1, Complex c2) { ... }
}
op_Addition
specialname, ,
. ( C#)
186
III
+, .
, op_Addi
tion specialname, .
, ,
, .
. 81 82 ,
C# ,
, .
.
. 8-1. C# CLS-
C#
CLS-
op_UnaryPlus
Plus
op_UnaryNegation
Negate
op_LogicalNot
Not
op_OnesComplement
OnesComplement
++
op_Increment
Increment
op_Decrement
Decrement
op_True
IsTrue { get; }
op_False
IsFalse { get; }
. 8-2. C# CLS-

C#
CLS-
op_Addition
Add
op_Subtraction
Subtract
op_Multiply
Multiply
op_Division
Divide
op_Modulus
Mod
&
op_BitwiseAnd
BitwiseAnd
op_BitwiseOr
BitwiseOr
op_ExclusiveOr
Xor
<<
op_LeftShift
LeftShift
>>
op_RightShift
RightShift
==
op_Equality
Equals
!=
op_Inequality
Compare
<
op_LessThan
Compare
>
op_GreaterThan
Compare
<=
op_LessThanOrEqual
Compare
>=
op_GreaterThanOrEqual
Compare
: , ,
187
CLR ,
, C# . ,
. . ECMA (www.ecma
international.org/publications/standards/Ecma335.htm)
CLI, 10.3.1 ( ) 10.3.2 ( ).
.NET
Framework (FCL) Int32, Int64, UInt32 . . ,
. , CLR
IL,
. ,
,
. ,
,
IL. : ,
, FCL,
.

,
.
, ,
, ,
+ ( ),
. ,
, op_ (, op_Addi
tion) .
, +
, op_Addition.
, C# op_Addition,
+, . +, C#
op_Addition specialname, ,
op_Addition . op_Addition
, , specialname
C# . ,
op_Addition, +
.
Microsoft,
, , ,
, .
, ,
specialname,
, ,
188
III
. ,
,
,
op_. , Microsoft
, ,
Microsoft .
Microsoft

.
. , op_Addition
op_AdditionAssignment
Add.
. 81 82.
, Complex :
public sealed class Complex {

public static Complex operator+(Complex c1, Complex c2) { ... }
public static Complex Add(Complex c1, Complex c2) { return(c1 + c2); }
}
, , ,
, Add.
Microsoft,
, . ,
,
, JIT
.
JIT
.
,

Microsoft, System.Decimal FCL.

. , Byte Int32.
,
, .
, ,
, CLR ( ).
CLR , ,
( ).
. , FCL
Rational, Int32
Single. , .
: , ,
189
, Rational
,
. ,
ToXxx, (
ToString). ,
, Xxx.
Rational:
public sealed class Rational {

// Rational Int32.
public Rational(Int32 num) { ... }
// Rational Single.
public Rational(Single num) { ... }
// Rational Int32.
public Int32 ToInt32() { ... }
// Rational Single.
public Single ToSingle() { ... }
}
, , ,
Int32 Single Rational .
,
,
.

. (, C#)
,
.
. CLR ,
. , C# (
) ,
,
. ,
C#
. Rational
:
public sealed class Rational {

// Rational Int32.
public Rational(Int32 num) { ... }
// Rational Single.
public Rational(Single num) { ... }
// Rational Int32.
public Int32 ToInt32() { ... }
190
III
// Rational Single.
public Single ToSingle() { ... }
// Rational Int32 .
public static implicit operator Rational(Int32 num) {
return new Rational(num);
}
// Rational Single .
public static implicit operator Rational(Single num) {
return new Rational(num);
}
// Int32, Rational.
public static explicit operator Int32(Rational r) {
return r.ToInt32();
}
// Single, Rational
public static explicit operator Single(Rational r) {
return r.ToSingle();
}
}
,

. implicit C#,
,
. explicit
,
.
implicit explicit (
operator) ,
. operator ,
, .
Rational ,
( C#):

Rational r1 = 5;
// Int32 Rational.
Rational r2 = 2.5F;
// Single Rational.
Int32 x = (Int32) r1; // Rational Int32.
Single s = (Single) r2; // Rational Single.
}
}
: , ,
191
.
C# (
) IL,
, Rational.
? ,
Rational . ,
.
, Rational,
:
public
public
public
public
static
static
static
static
Rational
Rational
Int32
Single
op_Implicit(Int32 num)
op_Implicit(Single num)
op_Explicit(Rational r)
op_Explicit(Rational r)
, ,
, op_Implicit op_Explicit.
,
,
Int32 Rational.
(, Rational Int32),
.

OverflowException InvalidOperationException.
op_Explicit
Rational.
: Int32 Single . ,
. CLR

, .
. ,
, , C++, C#, Visual Basic Java
,
. (, IL)
, . , IL
,
,
. C#
, ,
.
C# .
,
, ,
, , .
,
IL .
192
III
,
. ,
.
, , .

, Sys
tem.Decimal . Decimal
, Decimal .
ToXxx
Decimal . ,
.

CLR ,
. ( )
( ) . ,
.
, .
, ,
, , .
! ( )
, , ,
,
.
CLR , . C#
out ref.
,
. ,
.
CLR out ref ,
IL. C#
, ,
, .
out,
, .
,
. ref,
,
, .
out ref
.
:

: , ,
193
Int32 x;
// x.
GetVal(out x);
// x .
Console.WriteLine(x); // 10.
}
private static void GetVal(out Int32 v) {
v = 10; // V.
}
}
x Main,
GetVal. v
Int32. GetVal Int32, v,
10. GetVal , x 10,
. out ,
.
, out
ref:

Int32 x = 5;
// x.
AddVal(ref x);
// x .
Console.WriteLine(x); // "15".
}
private static void AddVal(ref Int32 v) {
v += 10; // v.
}
}
x Main 5.
x AddVal, v
Int32 Main. AddVal
Int32, v. ,
AddVal v . AddVal
,
. AddVal 10. AddVal
, x Main 15,
.
, IL CLR out
ref : .
,
. , ref,
, error CS0165:
Use of unassigned local variable x ( CS0165:
x, .):

Int32 x;
// x .
194
III
// :
// error CS0165: Use of unassigned local variable x.
AddVal(ref x);
Console.WriteLine(x);
}
private static void AddVal(ref Int32 v) {
v += 10; // v.
}
}
! ,
C# out ref,
, out ref, ,
. ,
(
). C# ,
, ,
, ,
.
, CLR
, out ref. ,
C# :
public sealed class Point {

static void Add(Point p) { ... }
static void Add(ref Point p) { ... }
}
,
(out ref), JIT
,
. Point
:
static void Add(out Point p) { ... }

Add Point,
C# error CS0663: Add cannot define overloaded
methods that differ only on ref and out ( CS0663: Add
, ref out).
out ref
, . out ref
.
,
.
,
.
out ref ,
. :
: , ,
195
using System;
using System.IO;
FileStream fs; // fs.
// .
StartProcessingFiles(out fs);
// , .
for (; fs != null; ContinueProcessingFiles(ref fs)) {
// .
fs.Read(...);
}
}
private static void StartProcessingFiles(out FileStream fs) {
fs = new FileStream(...); // fs .
}
private static void ContinueProcessingFiles(ref FileStream fs) {
fs.Close(); // .
// null, .
if (noMoreFilesToProcess) fs = null;
else fs = new FileStream (...);
}
}
, ,
, out ref,
. ,
ContinueProcessingFiles ,
. ,
ref. :
class App {
static public void Main() {
FileStream fs = null; // ().
// .
ProcessFiles(ref fs);
// , .
for (; fs != null; ProcessFiles(ref fs)) {
// .
fs.Read(...);
}
}
196
III
void ProcessingFiles(ref FileStream fs) {

// , .
if (fs != null) fs.Close(); // .
// null, .
}
}
, ref
, :
using System;
using System.IO;
FileStream fs = null; // null ( ).
// .
ProcessFiles(ref fs);
// , .
for (; fs != null; ProcessFiles(ref fs)) {
// .
fs.Read(...);
}
}
private static void ProcessFiles(ref FileStream fs) {
// , .
if (fs != null) fs.Close(); // .
// null, .
}
}
, ref
, :
public static void Swap(ref Object a, ref Object b) {

Object t = b;
b = a;
a = t;
}
, ,
String:
: , ,
197
public static void SomeMethod() {

String s1 = "Jeffrey";
String s2 = "Richter";
Swap(ref s1, ref s2);
Console.WriteLine(s1); // "Richter".
Console.WriteLine(s2); // "Jeffrey".
}
: ,
, . , Swap
Object, String. String,
:

// , ,
// .
Object o1 = s1, o2 = s2;
Swap(ref o1, ref o2);
// .
s1 = (String) o1;
s2 = (String) o2;
}
SomeMethod
.
. (,
, ) :

public Int32 m_val;
}
SomeType st;
// : error CS1503: Argument '1':
// cannot convert from 'ref SomeType' to 'ref object' ( CS1503:
// "1"
// 'ref SomeType' 'ref object').
GetAnObject(out st);
Console.WriteLine(st.m_val);
}
198
III
private static void GetAnObject(out Object o) {

o = new String('X', 100);
}
}
, Main GetAnObject
SomeType. , GetAnObject Object,
GetAnObject o .
st GetAnObject
Main String,
SomeType, Console.WriteLine
. , C# , st
SomeType, GetAnObject
Object.
, ,
. Swap:
public
T t
b =
a =
}
static void Swap<T>(ref T a, ref T b) {

= b;
a;
t;
Swap ( )
:

Swap(ref s1, ref s2);
}

System.Threading.Interlocked
CompareExchange Exchange.

,
. , System.String ,
, ,
,
.
, , :
static Int32 Add(params Int32[] values) {

// : ,
// .
: , ,
199
Int32 sum = 0;
for (Int32 x = 0; x < values.Length; x++)
sum += values[x];
return sum;
}
, params,
.
, ,
Int32, ,
, .
, :

// "15".
Console.WriteLine(Add(new Int32[] { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 } ));
}
,
Add. ,
. , , ,
Add :

// "15".
Console.WriteLine(Add(1, 2, 3, 4, 5));
}
, ,
params.
System.ParamArrayAttribute.
, C#
, ParamArray.
, , ,
, ParamArray ,
. , ,
, ,
.
Add, Int32
.
Add, Int32, Add,
Int32 ParamArray.
,
Int32 Add. : ,
Add ,
, Add,
.
params
(ParamArrayAttribute).
. null
200
III
, 0 . Add
, , 0 ( ):

// "0".
Console.WriteLine(Add());
}
,
Int32.
, ? :
, Int32[]
Object[]. , Type
:

DisplayTypes(new Object(), new Random(), "Jeff", 5);
}
private static void DisplayTypes(params Object[] objects) {
foreach (Object o in objects)
Console.WriteLine(o.GetType());
}
}
, :
System.Object
System.Random
System.String
System.Int32
! ,
, .
,
,
.
,
, params.
Concat System.String,
:
public sealed class String : Object, ... {

public static string Concat(object arg0);
public static string Concat(object arg0, object arg1);
public static string Concat(object arg0, object arg1, object arg2);
public static string Concat(params object[] args);
public static string Concat(string str0, string str1);
public static string Concat(string str0, string str1, string str2);
public static string Concat(string str0, string str1, string str2, string str3);
: , ,
201
public static string Concat(params string[] values);

}
, Concat
, params .
Concat
, , ,
.
params ,
; ,
.

, . ,
, ,
, , IEnumerable<T>,
, List<T>, ,
ICollection<T> IList<T>:
// : .
public void ManipulateItems<T>(IEnumerable<T> collection) { ... }
// : .
public void ManipulateItems<T>(List<T> collection) { ... }
, , , ,
, List<T>, String . . ,
IEnumerable<T>. List<T>,
String. ,
, .
, , , (
), IList<T>.
List<T>. IList<T>
,
IList<T>.
, ,
. ,
, . , ,
, a stream, :
// : .
public void ProcessBytes(Stream someStream) { ... }
// : .
public void ProcessBytes(FileStream fileStream) { ... }
: FileStream,
NetworkStream, MemoryStream . . FileStream,
.
202
III
,
, (
). , ,
FileStream, Stream:
// :
// .
public FileStream OpenFile() { ... }
// :
// .
public Stream OpenFile() { ... }
,
FileStream, Stream.
,
Stream. ,
.

, . ,
OpenFile
FileStream ( ,
FileStream). , , List<String>,
, ,
String[]. ,
,
. , :
// :
// .
public IList<String> GetStringCollection() { ... }
// :
// .
public List<String> GetStringCollection() { ... }
, GetStringCollection
List<String>,
IList<String>.
String[], ,
. ,
IEnumerable<String> ICollec
tion<String>.
- -
, C++,
,
, . CLR
, .
: , ,
203
, ,
( C#).
, , C++
const ,
.
,

.
C++ , ,
.
, ,
. , ,
String , .
Microsoft CLR
. CLR
,
, .
,
. ,
. , ,
. , ,
, ,
.
, CLR
.
.
, . CLR
: , ,
. , C#
, Visual Basic .

,
. ,
. , , :
public sealed class Employee {

public String Name; // .
public Int32 Age; // .
}
,
:
Employee e = new Employee();

e.Name = "Jeffrey Richter"; // .
e.Age = 41;
// .
Console.WriteLine(e.Name);
// "Jeffrey Richter".

. ,
, .
.
,
, ,

. , Employee:
e.Age = 5; // , 5 ?
205
. ,
, ,
,
. , ,
,
, .
,
, , , ,
,
, .
, ,
(accessor). ,
, .
:

private String m_Name; // .
private Int32 m_Age;
// .
public String GetName() {
return(m_Name);
}
public void SetName(String value) {
m_Name = value;
}
public Int32 GetAge() {
return(m_Age);
}
public void SetAge(Int32 value) {
if (value < 0)
throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException("value",
value.ToString(),
"The value must be greater than or equal to 0");
m_Age = value;
}
}
,
,
,
.
, : ,

, ,
.
206
III
e.SetName("Jeffrey Richter");
String EmployeeName = e.GetName();
e.SetAge(41);
e.SetAge(5);
ArgumentOutOfRangeException.
Int32 EmployeeAge = e.GetAge();
//
//
//
//
.
.
.
.
// .
. CLR
,
. .
,
:

private String m_Name;
public String Name {
get { return(m_Name); }
set { m_Name = value; }
// value
// .
}
public Int32 Age {
get { return(m_Age); }
set {
if (value < 0)
// value
// .
value.ToString(),
m_Age = value;
}
}
}
, , ,
,
:
e.Name = "Jeffrey Richter";

String EmployeeName = e.Name;
e.Age = 41;
e.Age = 5;
ArgumentOutOfRangeException
Int32 EmployeeAge = e.Age;
//
//
//
//
"" .
"" .
"" .

// "" .
,
. CLR , ,
. , (.
6) (. 14).
207
( void).
( ,
). , : get
set. , set, , ,
get, , .
get set ,
. (backing
field). get set .
, System.Threading.Thread Priority,
, Thread ,
. , ,
, : ,
, , , . .

:
get ,
get;
set ,
set;
.
Employee.
Name Age.
get set, Employee
. , :

private String m_Name;
public String get_Name(){
return m_Name;
}
public void set_Name(String value) {
m_Name = value; // value .
}
public Int32 get_Age() {
return m_Age;
}
public void set_Age(Int32 value) {
if (value < 0) { // value .
value.ToString(),
}
m_Age = value;
}
}
208
III
,
get_ set_ , .
C# . ,
,
.
, .
, .
, ,
,
. ,
get set. ,

. ,
System.Reflection.PropertyInfo. CLR
, .

, ,
Microsoft .NET Framework .
, , .
. ,
, ,
, . :
,
, . ,
get set;
,
;
out
ref, :
using System;
private static String Name {
set {}
}
static void MethodWithOutParam(out String n) { n = null; }
//
// :
// error CS0206: A property or indexer may not
// be passed as an out or ref parameter.
MethodWithOutParam(out Name);
}
}
209
,
. ,
,

. ,
(, System.MarshalByRefObject),
,
. , , MarshalByRefObject,
;

, . System.DateTime
Now, .
.
, Microsoft , Now
;
,
. ,
,
;

, ,
;
,
. , ,
,
.
, ,
.
, : ,
.
,
,
. .NET Framework ,
,
GetXxx SetXxx.
,
,
, !

, , get
. (parameterless
properties). ,
. ,
, (parameterful
210
III
properties), get .
. ,
: C#
, Visual Basic .
C# .
C# ()
. , ,
C# []. BitArray,
,
, :
using System;
public sealed class BitArray {
// , .
private Byte[] m_byteArray;
private Int32 m_numBits;
// ,
// 0.
public BitArray(Int32 numBits) {
// .
if (numBits <= 0)
throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException("numBits",
numBits.ToString(),
"numBits must be > 0");
// .
m_numBits = numBits;
// .
m_byteArray = new Byte[(numBits + 7) / 8];
}
// ( ).
public Boolean this[Int32 bitPos] {
// get .
get {
// .
if ((bitPos < 0) || (bitPos >= m_numBits))
throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException("bitPos");
// .
return (m_byteArray[bitPos / 8] & (1 << (bitPos % 8))) != 0;
}
// set .
set {
if ((bitPos < 0) || (bitPos >= m_numBits))
211
throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException("bitPos",

bitPos.ToString());
if (value) {
// .
m_byteArray[bitPos / 8] = (Byte)
(m_byteArray[bitPos / 8] | (1 << (bitPos % 8)));
} else {
// .
m_byteArray[bitPos / 8] = (Byte)
(m_byteArray[bitPos / 8] & ~(1 << (bitPos % 8)));
}
}
}
}
BitArray :
// BitArray, 14 .
BitArray ba = new BitArray(14);
// , set.
for (Int32 x = 0; x < 14; x++) {
ba[x] = (x % 2 == 0);
}
// , get.
for (Int32 x = 0; x < 14; x++) {
Console.WriteLine("Bit " + x + " is " + (ba[x] ? "On" : "Off"));
}
BitArray Int32 bitPos.
,
. ( )
.

. , System.Collections.Hashtable ,
.

, .
set , set
( C# value),
, .
CLR .
, .
,
. C# this[...]
, , C#
. C# ,
,
CLR .
212
III
CLR ,
:
set ,
set;
get ,
get;

;
: CLR .
BitArray, , ,
:

// get .
public Boolean get_Item(Int32 bitPos) { /* ... */ }
// set .
public void
set_Item(Int32 bitPos, Boolean value) { /* ... */ }
}
, Item
get_ set_. C#
, C#
, Item.
get_Item set_Item.
.NET Framework Reference, Item,
, . , System.Collections.
Generic.List Item,
List.
C#, Item,
. ,
, ,
, , (get set).
C# ,
System.Runtime.CompilerServices.IndexerNameAttribute. :
using System;
using System.Runtime.CompilerServices;
[IndexerName("Bit")]
public Boolean this[Int32 bitPos] {
// .
}
}
get_Item set_Item get_Bit
set_Bit. C# IndexerName
213
, ;
.1
Visual Basic,
, C#:
'
BitArray.
Dim ba as New BitArray(10)
'
'
Visual Basic (),

[].
Console.WriteLine(ba(2))
' True False.
'
Visual Basic .
Console.WriteLine(ba.Bit(2)) ' , .
C# ,
.
IndexerName
, . C#
, ,
, , .
C#
error CS0111: Class SomeType already defines a member called
this with the same parameter types ( CS0111: SomeType
this ).
using System;
// get_Item.
public Int32 this[Boolean b] {
get { return 0; }
}
// get_Jeff.
[IndexerName("Jeff")]
public String this[Boolean b] {
}
}
, C#
[],
, .
, Sys
tem.String, String Chars, Item.
1
IndexerNameAttribute ECMA
CLI C#.
214
III
. ,
, []
, Chars .

, C# ,
.
, , ,
?
C#?
:
,
System.Reflection.DefaultMemberAttribute. , DefaultMember
Attribute , . #
, ,
DefaultMember
Attribute DefaultMemberAttribute.
,
, .
, C#, ,
IndexerName, DefaultMember,
, Item.
IndexerName, DefaultMember
, IndexerName.
: C# , ,
.
,
,
DefaultMember. ,
C#.
, ,
C# .
.
,
. CLR ,

System.Reflection.PropertyInfo.

get set JIT
,

. (inline) (,
215
, )
. ,
, .
,
, , ,
.
: JIT ,
. ,
, .
.

get set. get
set:

public String Name {
protected set {}
}
}
, Name public, ,
get .
, set protected
SomeType , SomeType.

C# ,
,
. ,
set ( ).
-
, C# CLR
,
. C# .
,
. , ,
.
, / ,
, , .
, ,
.
1 0
, , .
, ( )
. , Button
() Click (). ,
Button,
. ,
. , ,
:
,
;

, ;
, .
,
.
, .
CLR (delegate).
(callback method),
. ,
, .
, 15.
CLR,
, . ,
. ,
.
, MailManager,
. MailManager
NewMail. (, Fax Pager)
. MailManager
, ,
.
.

MailManager Fax Pager. . 101 ,
.
10
217
.101. ,
.
MailManager, NewMail.
Fax Pager NewMail
( ) MailManager, MailManager ,
.
MailManager ,
NewMail,
.
,

, ,
. .
MailManager ( http://wintellect.com)
MailManager, Fax Pager.
, Fax Pager .
1: ,
,

, ,
.

, ,
. , ,
218
III
, ,
System.EventArgs, EventArgs.
NewMailEventArgs ,
(m_from), (m_to) (m_subject).
// 1: , ,
// .
internal class NewMailEventArgs : EventArgs {
private readonly String m_from, m_to, m_subject;
public NewMailEventArgs(String from, String to, String subject) {
m_from = from; m_to = to; m_subject = subject;
}
public String From
{ get { return m_from; } }
public String To
{ get { return m_to;
} }
public String Subject { get { return m_subject; } }
}
EventArgs .NET
Framework Class Library (FCL) :
[ComVisible(true)]
[Serializable]
public class EventArgs {
public static readonly EventArgs Empty = new EventArgs();
public EventArgs() { }
}
, .
, .
. ,
Button ,
. ,
, Event
Args, EventArgs.Empty.
2: -
C# event.
( ,
), ,
( ), ( ).
NewMail:
internal class MailManager {

// 2:
public event EventHandler<NewMailEventArgs> NewMail;
...
}
10
219
NewMail , EventHandler<NewMailEventArgs>,
,
, Event
Handler<NewMailEventArgs>. System.EventHandler
:
public delegate void EventHandler<TEventArgs>

(Object sender, TEventArgs e) where TEventArgs: EventArgs;
:
void MethodName(Object sender, NewMailEventArgs e);

, ,
sender Object. , MailManager
, NewMailEventArgs,

:
void MethodName(MailManager sender, NewMailEventArgs e);

, sender
Object, . , MailManager
SmtpMailManager?
sender
SmtpMailManager, MailManager, ,
SmtpMailManager NewMail. ,
SmtpMailManager ,
sender SmtpMailManager.
, ,
, sender Object.
, sender Object
. ,
, NewMailEventArgs.
, PopMailManager ,
MailManager.
: ,
EventArgs
e.
,
. (, Microsoft Visual
Studio) , e.
, ,
void. ,

. void
.
, FCL , Resolve
EventHandler, Microsoft
Assembly.
220
III
3: ,

, .
, MailMsgEventArgs,
.
, ,
,
.
MailManager:

...
// 3: ,
// .
// , .
protected virtual void OnNewMail(NewMailEventArgs e) {
//
// .
EventHandler<NewMailEventArgs> temp = NewMail;
// ,
// , .
if (temp != null) temp(this, e);
}
...
}
, OnNewMail
temp, . temp
null
.
. , temp
NewMail, , , NewMail
null, , ,
NewMail, null.
CLR NullReferenceException.
temp
, MailManager, On
NewMail,
. ,
.
OnNewMail ,
.
.
10
221
4: ,

,
. MailManager Simulate
NewMail MailManager.

// 4: ,
// .
public void SimulateNewMail(String from, String to, String subject) {
// ,
// .
NewMailEventArgs e = new NewMailEventArgs(from, to, subject);
// , .
// ,
// .
OnNewMail(e);
}
}
SimulateNewMail
NewMailEventArgs, .
OnNewMail, MailManager,
MailManager .
,
. ( , , MailManager,
.)

,
, . MailManager
, :
public event EventHandler<NewMailEventArgs> NewMail;

:
// 1. , null.
private EventHandler<NewMailEventArgs> NewMail = null;
// 2. add_Xxx ( Xxx ).
// .
[MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.Synchronized)]
public void add_NewMail(EventHandler<NewMailEventArgs> value) {
NewMail = (EventHandler<NewMailEventArgs>)
Delegate.Combine(NewMail, value);
}
222
III
// 3. remove_Xxx ( Xxx ).
//
public void remove_NewMail(EventHandler<NewMailEventArgs> value) {
NewMail = (EventHandler<NewMailEventArgs>)
Delegate.Remove(NewMail, value);
}
.
,
. null, ,
, .
, EventHand
ler<NewMailEventArgs>,
EventHandler<NewMailEventArgs>.
,
. ,
.
: , NewMail, ,
, .
, .
, ,
, .
C# ,
.
C# , add_
(NewMail). C#
, Combine System.Delegate.
Combine
, .
C#
, .
C# ,
remove_ (NewMail). Remove
System.Delegate.
, .
, add remove Method
ImplAttribute ( System.Runtime.CompilerServices).
, ,
: , ,
,
.
add remove ,

. , add remove,
, . ,
, ,
,
10
223
.
;
add remove
.
,

. ,
add remove. ,

. ,
, , System.Reflec
tion.EventInfo. CLR
.
,
, . , ,
, .
Fax:
internal sealed class Fax {

// MailManager.
public Fax(MailManager mm) {
// EventHandler<NewMailEventArgs>,
// FaxMsg.
// NewMail MailManager.
mm.NewMail += FaxMsg;
}
// MailManager
// Fax .
private void FaxMsg(Object sender, NewMailEventArgs e) {
// 'sender' MailManager,
// .
// 'e' ,
// MailManager.
// .
//
// .
Console.WriteLine("Faxing mail message:");
Console.WriteLine(" From={0}, To={1}, Subject={2}",
e.From, e.To, e.Subject);
}
// Fax
// NewMail.
public void Unregister(MailManager mm) {
224
III
// NewMail
// MailManager.
mm.NewMail = FaxMsg;
}
}
MailMana
ger . Fax,
MailManager . Fax
+= C#
NewMail MailManager:
mm.NewMail += FaxMsg;
, C#
+= , :
mm.add_NewMail(new EventHandler<NewMailEventArgs>(this.FaxMsg));
, C# , EventHandler<New
MailEventArgs> , NewMail Fax.
C# add_NewMail MailManager,
. , ,
IL , ILDasm.exe.
, ,
, add.
,
. add, ,
.
MailManager, FaxMsg
Fax. MailManager
, sender. ,
, Fax
MailManager.
NewMailEventArgs.
, , NewMailEventArgs,
.
NewMailEventArgs FaxMsg
,
. Fax ,
.
,
. , Fax
NewMail,
.
, .
Dispose IDisposable,
(
IDisposable . 20).
10
225
, ,
Unregister Fax.
Fax. , +=
=. ,
=, C# remove :
mm.remove_NewMail(new EventHandler<NewMailEventArgs>(FaxMsg));
+=, ,
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remove,
,
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, C# ,
+= =.
add remove , C#
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).

, C#
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. , add remove
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226
III
,
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add remove.
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:
10
227

//
// .
private readonly Object m_eventLock = new Object();
// , .
private EventHandler<NewMailEventArgs> m_NewMail;
// .
public event EventHandler<NewMailEventArgs> NewMail {
// add.
add {
//
// ( ) .
lock (m_eventLock) { m_NewMail += value; }
}
// remove.
remove {
//
// ( ) .
lock (m_eventLock) { m_NewMail = value; }
}
}
// ,
// .
// , .
protected virtual void OnNewMail(NewMailEventArgs e) {
// .
EventHandler<NewMailEventArgs> temp = m_NewMail;
// ,
// .
if (temp != null) temp(this, e);
}
// ,
// .
public void SimulateNewMail(String from, String to, String subject) {
// , ,
// , .
NewMailEventArgs e = new NewMailEventArgs(from, to, subject);
// , .
// , ,
// ,
228
III
// .
OnNewMail(e);
}
}
MailManager m_NewMail,
, .
C# .
,
add remove, .
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event ,
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. : value
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get set,
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[MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.Synchronized)],
lock C#
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,
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(NewMail) , m_NewMail.
10
229

,
add remove .
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230
III
EventSet,

. FCL System.ComponentModel.EventHandlerList,
, EventSet. System.
Windows.Forms.Control System.Web.UI.Control
EventHandlerList .
, , FCL EventHandler
List. EventHandlerList EventSet , Event
HandlerList . ,
EventHandlerList ,
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I V
1 1
,
Microsoft .NET Framework. System.Char
. Sys
tem.String, . (
, .)
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,
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Security.SecureString,
, .
.NET Framework 16 Unicode,

.
System.Char ( ). System.Char
, : MinValue,
\0, MaxValue, \uffff.
Char GetUnicodeCategory,
System.Globalization.Unicode
Category, : ,
, , ,
. . ( Unicode).
Char ,
: IsDigit, IsLetter, IsWhiteSpace, IsUpper, IsLower, IsPunctuation, IsLetterOrDigit,
IsControl, IsNumber, IsSeparator, IsSurrogate IsLowSurrogate, IsHighSurrogate IsSymbol.
GetUnicodeCategory true
false. : ,
String String.
, ToLowerInvariant ToUpperInvariant

.
11
233
(culture), (
, CurrentCulture System.Threa
ding.Thread), ToLower ToUpper.
, CultureInfo.
ToLower ToUpper,
. ,
U+0069 ( i)
U+0130 ( I ),
U+0049 ( I).
, Char
. Equals true,
Char 16 Unicode.
CompareTo ( IComparable/IComparable<Char>)
. ToString
, , Parse TryParse
String
UTF16.
, GetNumericValue .
:
using System;
Double d;
// '\u0033' " 3".
d = Char.GetNumericValue('\u0033'); // '3' .
Console.WriteLine(d.ToString());
// "3".
// '\u00bc' " ('1/4')".
d = Char.GetNumericValue('\u00bc');
// "0.25".
// 'A' " A".
d = Char.GetNumericValue('A');
// "1".
}
}

Char .
,
IL .
Char , Int32, .
, (, C#) ,
: (. 5).
Convert System.Convert
, Char .
,
234
IV
Over
flowException.
IConvertible Char
.NET Framework Class Library (FCL)
IConvertible, , ToUInt16 ToChar.
,
: Char
. IConvertible System.In
validCastException, (,
Char Boolean) . (
Char FCL) IConvertible
(. 14), ,

IConvertible. IConvertible GetTypeCode
, IFormatProvider.
,
.
null, .
:
using System;
Char c;
Int32 n;
// " " C#.
c = (Char) 65;
Console.WriteLine(c);
// "A".
n = (Int32) c;
Console.WriteLine(n);
// "65".
c = unchecked((Char) (65536 + 65));

// "A".
// " " Convert.

c = Convert.ToChar(65);
// "A".
n = Convert.ToInt32(c);
// "65".
// Convert.
try {
c = Convert.ToChar(70000);
// 16
11
235
// .
}
catch (OverflowException) {
Console.WriteLine("Cant convert 70000 to a Char.");
}
// " " IConvertible.

c = ((IConvertible) 65).ToChar(null);
// "A".
n = ((IConvertible) c).ToInt32(null);
// "65".
}
}
System.String
, , System.String,
.
Object, ,
. String
(IComparable/IComparable<String>, ICloneable, IConvertible,
IEnumerable/IEnumerable<Char> IEquatable<String>).

( C#) String ,
.
,
.
C# new String :
using System;
String s = new String("Hi there."); // <
Console.WriteLine(s);
}
}
:
using System;
String s = "Hi there.";
}
}
236
IV
, ILDasm.exe:
.method public hidebysig static void Main() cil managed

{
.entrypoint
// Code size
13 (0xd)
.maxstack 1
.locals init (string V_0)
IL_0000: ldstr
"Hi there."
IL_0005: stloc.0
IL_0006: ldloc.0
IL_0007: call
IL_000c: ret
IL newobj.
. IL ldstr (
), String ,
. , String CLR
.
, String Char*
SByte*. C# new
, String Char* SByte*.
String ,
Char .
, ,
.
C#
. , ,
, , C# ,
C/C++:
// String .
String s = "Hi\r\nthere.";
!
, ,
. System.Environment
NewLine, Windows
, . NewLine
,
. , CLI
UNIX NewLine ,
\n. ,
:
String s = "Hi" + Environment.NewLine + "there.";

+
C#:
11
237
// .
String s = "Hi" + " " + "there.";
,
,
Hi there.. +
.
+ ,
. System.Text.StringBuilder
( ).
, , C# ,
.
(verbatim strings)
. :
// .
String file = "C:\\Windows\\System32\\Notepad.exe";
// .
String file = @"C:\Windows\System32\Notepad.exe";
. @
,
(\) ,
, .
, , ,
String.

, String, ,
; ,
.
. , ,
:
if (s.ToUpperInvariant().Substring(10, 21).EndsWith("EXE")) {
...
}
ToUpperInvariant ; s
. SubString , ToUpperInvariant,
, EndsWith.
, ToUpperInvariant Sub
String, .
, String
,
.
, StringBuilder.
238
IV

. , CLR String
, ,
. ,
,
(string interning), .
String CLR.
, CLR
.
: String . ,
, String,
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CLR String,
.

, .
, .
, , ( ,
).

,
String:
Boolean Equals(String value, StringComparison comparisonType)

static Boolean Equals(String a, String b,
StringComparison comparisonType)
static Int32 Compare(String strA, String strB,
StringComparison comparisonType)
static Int32 Compare(string strA, string strB,
Boolean ignoreCase, CultureInfo culture)
static Int32 Compare(String strA, Int32 indexA,
String strB, Int32 indexB, Int32 length, StringComparison comparisonType)
static Int32 Compare(String strA, Int32 indexA, String strB,
Int32 indexB, Int32 length, Boolean ignoreCase, CultureInfo culture)
Boolean StartsWith(String value, StringComparison comparisonType)
Boolean StartsWith(String value,
Boolean ignoreCase, CultureInfo culture)
Boolean EndsWith(String value, StringComparison comparisonType)
Boolean EndsWith(String value, Boolean ignoreCase, CultureInfo culture)
,
, ,
,
.
11
239
comparisonType ( )
, StringComparison,
:
public enum StringComparison {

CurrentCulture = 0,
CurrentCultureIgnoreCase = 1,
InvariantCulture = 2,
InvariantCultureIgnoreCase = 3,
Ordinal = 4,
OrdinalIgnoreCase = 5
}
,
, URL,
, , , XML, XML . .
StringComparison. Ordinal
StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase. ,
.
,
(
), StringComparison.CurrentCulture String
Comparison.CurrentCultureIgnoreCase.
! StringComparison.
InvariantCulture StringComparison.InvariantCultureIgnoreCase.

,
, StringComparison.Ordinal StringCompari
son.OrdinalIgnoreCase. ,
,
.
!
,
String ToUpperInvariant ToLowerInvariant.
ToUpperInvariant,
ToLowerInvariant , Microsoft
. , FCL

.

, .
StartsWith,
EndsWith Compare Boolean CultureInfo.
240
IV
! String
Equals, StartsWith, EndsWith Compare ,
. Microsoft (
). , String
CompareTo ( IComparable), Com
pareOrdinal == != .
, ,
, ,
. ,
CompareTo ,
Equals . ,
, .
.
( RFC 1766) .NET Frame
work System.Globalization.CultureInfo. , enUS
() , enAU
, deDE . CLR
,
CultureInfo.
CurrentUICulture ,
. Windows Forms Web
Forms, ,
, .
CultureInfo,
.
Win32 GetUserDefaultUILanguage
CultureInfo, Windows.
MUI (Multilingual User Interface) Windows
Regional and Language Options (
) .
CurrentCulture , Current
UICulture, ,
. CultureInfo
.
Win32 GetUserDefaultLCID
CultureInfo. Regional Options (
) Regional and Language Options (
) .
CurrentUICulture CurrentCulture
CultureInfo,
. . , ,
, ,

. CurrentUICulture
CultureInfo, enUS.
11
241
CultureInfo System.Globali
zation.CompareInfo,
Unicode.
.NET Framework, .NET
Framework ( ) .

:
using System;
using System.Globalization;
String s1 = "Strasse";
String s2 = "Strae";
Boolean eq;
// CompareOrdinal .
eq = String.Compare(s1, s2, StringComparison.Ordinal) == 0;
Console.WriteLine("Ordinal comparison: '{0}' {2} '{1}'", s1, s2,
eq ? "==" : "!=");
// (de) (DE).
CultureInfo ci = new CultureInfo("deDE");
// Compare .
eq = String.Compare(s1, s2, true, ci) == 0;
Console.WriteLine("Cultural comparison: '{0}' {2} '{1}'", s1, s2,
eq ? "==" : "!=");
}
}
:
Ordinal comparison: 'Strasse' != 'Strae'

Cultural comparison: 'Strasse' == 'Strae'
Compare ,
(character expansions),
,
.
ss. AE.
Compare
0, .

.
.
CultureInfo CompareInfo. ,
CultureInfo
242
IV
,
CompareInfo.
Compare String
.
, CurrentCulture . ,
Compare, CompareInfo
Compare CompareInfo,
(,
). , ,
Compare CompareInfo.
Compare CompareInfo
CompareOptions, IgnoreCase,
IgnoreKanaType, IgnoreNonSpace, IgnoreSymbols, IgnoreWidth, None, Ordinal StringSort.
,
.
. .NET Framework.

:
using
using
using
using
using
System;
System.Text;
System.Windows.Forms;
System.Globalization;
System.Threading;

String output = String.Empty;
String[] symbol = new String[] { "<", "=", ">" };
Int32 x;
CultureInfo ci;
// ,
// .
String s1 = "cot";
String s2 = "c te";
// .
ci = new CultureInfo("frFR");
x = Math.Sign(ci.CompareInfo.Compare(s1, s2));
output += String.Format("{0} Compare: {1} {3} {2}",
ci.Name, s1, s2, symbol[x + 1]);
output += Environment.NewLine;
// .
ci = new CultureInfo("jaJP");
11
243

// .
ci = Thread.CurrentThread.CurrentCulture;
output += Environment.NewLine + Environment.NewLine;
//
//
//
//

CompareInfo.Compare .
"shinkansen" (
) : .
s1 = "
s2 = "
"; // ("\u3057\u3093\u304b\u3093\u305b\u3093")
"; // ("\u30b7\u30f3\u30ab\u30f3\u30bb\u30f3")
// .
ci = new CultureInfo("jaJP");
x = Math.Sign(String.Compare(s1, s2, true, ci));
output += String.Format("Simple {0} Compare: {1} {3} {2}",
// , .
CompareInfo compareInfo = CompareInfo.GetCompareInfo("jaJP");
x = Math.Sign(compareInfo.Compare(s1, s2, CompareOptions.IgnoreKanaType));
output += String.Format("Advanced {0} Compare: {1} {3} {2}",
MessageBox.Show(output, "Comparing Strings For Sorting");
}
}
,
. 111.
. 111.
244
IV

, Windows
( 230 ).
Regional And Language Options (
), Languages (),
Install Files For East Asian Languages (
) OK (. 112)
(Input Method
Editor, IME).
. 112.
Regional And Language Options (
)
, ANSI;
UTF8,
Microsoft Visual Studio, Microsoft C#.
Compare, CompareInfo IndexOf, IsLastIndexOf,
IsPrefix IsSuffix.
,
CompareOptions,
Compare, IndexOf, LastIndexOf, StartsWith EndsWith String.
, FCL System.StringComparer,
. ,
.

, .
.
(ordinal comparison) CLR ,
11
245
. ,
, ,
. CLR
, .
,
, .
, ,
.

,
CLR (string interning).
CLR ,
, .
( ). String ,
:
public static String Intern(String str);

public static String IsInterned(String str);
, Intern, String . ,
String.
, ,
. String,
, . :
,
, String. String,
, ,
.
Intern, IsInterned String
. , IsInterned
. null,
.
CLR
, . Microsoft ,

, .
System.Runtime.CompilerServices.CompilationRelaxationsAttribute,
System.Runtime.CompilerServices.CompilationRelaxa
tions.NoStringInterning, ECMA CLR
, . :
C#
/.
/, CLR
, . ,
,
, Intern String.
:
246
IV
String s1 = "Hello";
String s2 = "Hello";
Console.WriteLine(Object.ReferenceEquals(s1, s2));
// 'False'.
s1 = String.Intern(s1);
s2 = String.Intern(s2);
Console.WriteLine(Object.ReferenceEquals(s1, s2));
// 'True'.
ReferenceEquals s1
Hello , s2 Hello.
, 'False'. , CLR
2.0, True. , CLR
/, C#, CLR
Hello AppDomain. ,
s1 s2 . , ,
,
/ , Hello
. , CLR 2.0 /
, NGen.exe.
ReferenceEquals Hello
, s1 Hello.
Intern s2 Hello,
s1. ReferenceEquals
True ,
/.
,
.
NumTimesWordAppearsEquals :
word ,
. , ,
:
private static Int32 NumTimesWordAppearsEquals(String word, String[] wordlist) {

Int32 count = 0;
for (Int32 wordnum = 0; wordnum < wordlist.Length; wordnum++) {
if (word.Equals(wordlist[wordnum], StringComparison.Ordinal))
count++;
}
return count;
}
, Equals String,
, .
. , wordlist
, String,
. ,
.
,
:
11
247
private static Int32 NumTimesWordAppearsIntern(String word, String[] wordlist) {

// , wordlist
// .
word = String.Intern(word);
Int32 count = 0;
for (Int32 wordnum = 0; wordnum < wordlist.Length; wordnum++) {
if (Object.ReferenceEquals(word, wordlist[wordnum]))
count++;
}
return count;
}
, wordlist
. , ,
, wordlist
String . ,
, , ,
.
NumTimesWordAppearsIntern , NumTimesWord
AppearsEquals, ,
NumTimesWordAppearsIntern ,
wordlist (
). NumTimesWordAppearsIntern
,
, wordlist.
, ,
. ,
C# , .

.
,
.
, (
C#)
.
.
. C/C++
. Microsoft C/C++
(string pooling). , .
, .

,
.
String,
248
IV
Length, Chars ( C#), GetEnumerator, ToCharArray, Con

tains, IndexOf, LastIndexOf, IndexOfAny LastIndexOfAny.
System.Char 16
Unicode, Unicode
. , Unicode
. , U+0625 (
) U+0650 ( )
, .
, Unicode
, 16 .
(high surrogate), (low surrogate).
U+D800 U+DBFF, U+DC00
U+DFFF. Unicode
.

. Unicode
System.Globalization.StringInfo.
,
. , ,
LengthInTextElements StringInfo.
SubstringByTextElements StringInfo,
.
, StringInfo GetTextElementEnumerator,
System.Globalization.TextElementEnumerator, ,
, Unicode.
, ParseCombiningCharacters
StringInfo, Int32,
.
.
StringInfo
:
using
using
using
using
System;
System.Text;
System.Globalization;
System.Windows.Forms;

// .
String s = "a\u0304\u0308bc\u0327";
SubstringByTextElements(s);
EnumTextElements(s);
EnumTextElementIndexes(s);
}
private static void SubstringByTextElements(String s) {
11
249
StringInfo si = new StringInfo(s);

for (Int32 element = 0; element < si.LengthInTextElements; element++) {
output += String.Format(
"Text element {0} is '{1}'{2}",
element, si.SubstringByTextElements(element, 1),
Environment.NewLine);
}
MessageBox.Show(output, "Result of SubstringByTextElements");
}
private static void EnumTextElements(String s) {
TextElementEnumerator charEnum =
StringInfo.GetTextElementEnumerator(s);
while (charEnum.MoveNext()) {
"Character at index {0} is '{1}'{2}",
charEnum.ElementIndex, charEnum.GetTextElement(),
Environment.NewLine);
}
MessageBox.Show(output, "Result of GetTextElementEnumerator");
}
private static void EnumTextElementIndexes(String s) {
Int32[] textElemIndex = StringInfo.ParseCombiningCharacters(s);
for (Int32 i = 0; i < textElemIndex.Length; i++) {
"Character {0} starts at index {1}{2}",
i, textElemIndex[i], Environment.NewLine);
}
MessageBox.Show(output, "Result of ParseCombiningCharacters");
}
}

(. 113, 114 115).
. 113. SubstringByTextElements
250
IV
. 114. GetTextElementEnumerator
. 115. ParseCombiningCharacters
,
. 113 114, : (Win
dows Display Properties) (Appearance)
(Advanced) Lucida Sans Unicode
,
.
.

String
(. 111).
. 11-1.
Clone
(this).
, String .
Icloneable String
Copy
.
,
.

. , ,
(),

CopyTo
SubString
ToString
(this)
11
251
, String
, Insert, Remove, PadLeft, Replace, Split, Join, ToLower,
ToUpper, Trim, Concat, Format . :
; , (
).

String ,
String FCL Sys
tem.Text.StringBuilder.
String. ,
String, StringBuilder, ,
, .
StringBuilder Char.
StringBuilder,
, . ,
, StringBuilder
, ,
.
.
StringBuilder,
StringBuilder String, ToString StringBuilder.
,
StringBuilder. ,
.
String, ToString, .
, , ,
StringBuilder, , ,
ToString, ,
, ToString.
StringBuilder
String StringBuilder CLR
. , ( C#) StringBuilder
. StringBuilder ,
:

StringBuilder .
,
StringBuilder.
(Maximum capacity) Int32,
, .
Int32.MaxValue ( 2 ). ,
, .
StringBuilder .
252
IV
(Capacity) Int32,
StringBuilder. 16. ,
StringBuilder,
StringBuilder.
StringBuilder ,
. , StringBuilder
, ,
, .
.
, ,
.
(Character array) Char,
. ( )
.
Length StringBuilder. Length
StringBuilder. StringBuilder
, String . ,
Length 0.
StringBuilder
StringBuilder String . ,
StringBuilder ,
, . StringBuilder
:
,
;
, ToString
StringBuilder.
StringBuilder
.
StringBuilder, .
, ,
StringBuilder, .
. 112 StringBuilder.
. 11-2. StringBuilder
MaxCapacity
Capacity
/
.
, , ,
MaxCapacity,
ArgumentOutOfRangeException
11
253
. 11-2. ()
EnsureCapacity
,
, ,
.
String
Builder, .
, ,
,

Length
.

.
0
StringBuilder
ToString

String,
StringBuilder.
String ,
.
StringBuilder
(
). ToString
startIndex length
String,
StringBuilder
Chars
.
C# (
),
, (
[])
Append Insert
/
,
.

,

AppendFormat

, .

.

StringBuilder
Replace
Remove
Equals
true, String
Builder
,
CopyTo
StringBuilder
Char
254
IV
: StringBuilder
StringBuilder.
:

String s = sb.AppendFormat("{0} {1}", "Jeffrey", "Richter").
Replace(' ', '').Remove(4, 3).ToString();
Console.WriteLine(s); // "JeffRichter"
StringBuilder String.
, String ToLower, ToUpper, EndsWiths, PadLeft, Trim . .,
StringBuilder. StringBuilder
Replace,
( ).
String StringBuilder. ,
, ,
:
// StringBuilder .
// , StringBuilder.
sb.AppendFormat("{0} {1}" "Jeffrey", "Richter").Replace(" ", "");
// StringBuilder String,
// .
String s = sb.ToString().ToUpper();
// StringBuilder ( Char).
sb.Length = 0;
// String StringBuilder
// .
sb.Append(s).Insert(8, "Marc");
// StringBuilder String.
s = sb.ToString();
// String .
Console.WriteLine(s); // "JEFFREYMarcRICHTER"
, StringBuilder
, String. , Microsoft
StringBuilder,
.

, ,
, ( Byte, Int32, Single . .)
DateTime. .NET Framework
11
255
, ,
.
, FCL ,
. .

ToString.
System.Object, . ToString
, ,
.
, ,
, ,
.
ToString System.Object
. ,
. ,
, FileStream Hashtable?
,
, ToString. ,
FCL (Byte, Int32, UInt64, Double . .), ToString,
.

ToString . ,
. , , ,
,
. ,
, .

.
,
.
ToString,
.

, System.IFormattable:
public interface IFormattable {

String ToString(String format, IFormatProvider formatProvider);
}
FCL (Byte, SByte, Int16/UInt16, Int32/UInt32, Int64/UInt64,
Single, Double, Decimal DateTime) . ,
, GUID. ,
IFormattable,
,
.
ToString IFormattable . , format,
, . , formatProvi
256
IV
der, , System.IFormatProvider.
ToString .
.
, ToString IFormattable,
.
, System.FormatException.
FCL . , Date
Time : d , D
, g , M /, s
, T , u
ISO 8601, U , Y
/ . . : G
, F , D X
. . 12.
, : C ,
D , E (), F
, G , N , P ,
R (roundtrip) X
. ,
.
, ToString
, ,
. .
. .NET Framework SDK, .
null,
ToString G. ,
, . ,
, , ,
; . , ToString
.
, .
,
. ToString
ToString IFormattable null formatProvider.
(
, , ), .
ToString , GUID, ,
GUID.
, .
ToString format
Provider. null, ToString ,
, System.Threading.Thread.CurrentThread.Cur
rentCulture. System.Globalization.CultureInfo.
, ToString NumberFormat
DateTimeFormat .
System.Globalization.NumberFormatInfo System.Globaliza
tion.DateTimeFormatInfo . NumberFormatInfo
11
257
, CurrencyDecimalSeparator, CurrencySymbol, NegativeSign, Num

berGroupSeparator PercentSymbol. DateTimeFormatInfo
, Calendar, DateSeparator, DayNames, LongDatePattern, Short
TimePattern TimeSeparator. ToString
.
ToString IFormattable null
, IFormatProvider:
public interface IFormatProvider {

Object GetFormat(Type formatType);
}
IFormatProvider :
, ,
, ,
, .
System.Globalization.CultureInfo FCL
, IFormatProvider.
, , , CultureInfo
ToString formatProvider.
Decimal :
Decimal price = 123.54M;

String s = price.ToString("C", new CultureInfo("viVN"));
MessageBox.Show(s);
, (. 116).
. 116. ,

ToString Decimal, , formatProvider
null, GetFormat :
NumberFormatInfo nfi = (NumberFormatInfo)

formatProvider.GetFormat(typeof(NumberFormatInfo));
ToString (CultureInfo)
. ( Decimal)
. ( DateTime)
GetFormat :
DateTimeFormatInfo dtfi = (DateTimeFormatInfo)

formatProvider.GetFormat(typeof(DateTimeFormatInfo));
, GetFormat ,
, ,
. .NET Framework GetFormat
258
IV
( );
.
, ,
,
InvariantCulture System.Globalization.CultureInfo
formatProvider ToString:
Decimal price = 123.54M;

String s = price.ToString("C", CultureInfo.InvariantCulture);
MessageBox.Show(s);

(. 117). : .
(U+00A4).
. 117. ,

. ,
.
FCL IFormatProvider :
CultureInfo, NumberFormatInfo DateTimeFormatInfo.
GetFormat NumberFormatInfo, ,
NumberFormatInfo. , this, null.
GetFormat DateTimeFormatInfo this,
DateTimeFormatInfo, null .
.

, ,
. ToString,
null formatProvider.
ToString
ToString. , Decimal ToString:
// ToString(null, null).
// : , .
public override String ToString();
// ToString.
// ToString IFormattable.
// : , .
public String ToString(String format, IFormatProvider formatProvider);
// ToString(format, null).
// : , , .
public String ToString(String format);
11
259
// ToString(null, formatProvider).
// ToString IConvertible.
// : , .
public String ToString(IFormatProvider formatProvider);

.
.
, :
String s = String.Format("On {0}, {1} is {2} years old.",

new DateTime(2006, 4, 22, 14, 35, 5), "Aidan", 3);

enUS, :
On 4/22/2006 2:35:05 PM, Aidan is 3 years old.

Format String ,

. Format
{0} (
), {1} (Aidan) {2} ,
(3).
Format ToString,
.
, . ,
,
.
,
. ,
0 2:
String s = String.Format("On {0:D}, {1} is {2:E} years old.",

new DateTime(2006, 4, 22, 14, 35, 5), "Aidan", 3);
en
US, :
On Saturday, April 22, 2006, Aidan is 3.000000E+000 years old.

, Format ,
0 IFormattable
ToString, D null. Format
ToString IFormattable 2,
E null. IFormattable, Format
ToString ,
.
260
IV
String
Format. , IFormatProvider,

, .
, Format ToString ,
IFormatProvider.
String StringBuilder,
AppendFormat StringBuilder. ,
Format String, ,
StringBuilder. AppendFormat
, IFormatProvider.
System.Console Write WriteLine,
. Console
Write WriteLine, IFormatProvider.

, Format String, IFormat
Provider, Write WriteLine
Console. , , ,

, , .

, .NET Framework
. . ,
AppendFormat StringBuilder ,
. ,
ToString AppendFormat ,
, .
Format String.
. ,
HTML,
, Int32 .
, Int32 String,
: . :
using System;
using System.Text;
using System.Threading;
sb.AppendFormat(new BoldInt32s(), "{0} {1} {2:M}", "Jeff", 123, DateTime.Now);
Console.WriteLine(sb);
}
}
11
261
internal sealed class BoldInt32s : IFormatProvider, ICustomFormatter {

public Object GetFormat(Type formatType) {
if (formatType == typeof(ICustomFormatter)) return this;
return Thread.CurrentThread.CurrentCulture.GetFormat(formatType);
}
public String Format(String format, Object arg, IFormatProvider formatProvider) {
String s;
IFormattable formattable = arg as IFormattable;
if (formattable == null) s = arg.ToString();
else s = formattable.ToString(format, formatProvider);
if (arg.GetType() == typeof(Int32))
return "" + s + "";
return s;
}
}
en
US ( ):
Jeff 123 January 23

Main StringBuilder,
. AppendFormat
BoldInt32s. ,
IFormatProvider, ICustom
Formatter:
public interface ICustomFormatter {

String Format(String format, Object arg,
IFormatProvider formatProvider);
}
Format , Append
Format StringBuilder .

. AppendFormat, ,
. AppendFormat:
public StringBuilder AppendFormat(IFormatProvider formatProvider,

String format, params Object[] args) {
// IFormatProvider , ,
// ICustomFormatter.
ICustomFormatter cf = null;
if (formatProvider != null)
cf = (ICustomFormatter)
formatProvider.GetFormat(typeof(ICustomFormatter));
262
IV
// ( )
// StringBuilder.
Boolean MoreReplaceableArgumentsToAppend = true;
while (MoreReplaceableArgumentsToAppend) {
// argFormat ,
// format.
String argFormat = /* ... */;
// argObj
// args.
Object argObj = /* ... */;
// argStr ,
// .
String argStr = null;
// ,
// .
if (cf != null)
argStr = cf.Format(argFormat, argObj, formatProvider);
//
// , .
if (argStr == null) {
// ,
// .
IFormattable formattable = argObj as IFormattable;
if (formattable != null) {
// ;
// .
argStr = formattable.ToString(argFormat, formatProvider);
} else {
// ;
// .
if (argObj != null) argStr = argObj.ToString();
else argStr = String.Empty;
}
}
// argStr ( ).
/* ... */
// , , .
MoreReplaceableArgumentsToAppend = /* ... */;
}
return this;
}
Main AppendFormat, GetFormat
, ICustomFormatter. GetFormat,
BoldInt32s, , ICustomFormatter,
, .
11
263
GetFormat , GetFormat
CultureInfo, .
AppendFormat
Format ICustomFormatter. Format,
BoldInt32s. Format ,

IFormattable. , ToString
( Object);
ToString, .
, , ,
Int32, , , HTML 
. Int32,
.

. : ,
.
, .
Microsoft ,
.
, , ,
Parse. String, ;
Parse . FCL Parse
, DateTime, TimeSpan
( SQL).
, .
(Byte, SByte, Int16/UInt16, Int32/UInt32, Int64/UInt64, Single, Double Decimal)
Parse. Parse,
Int32. ( Parse .)
public static Int32 Parse(String s, NumberStyles style,

IFormatProvider provider);
, . s
String ,
Int32. style System.Globali
zation.NumberStyles ,
Parse . provider IFormatProvider
, , Parse
, .
Parse System.FormatException,
:
Int32 x = Int32.Parse(" 123", NumberStyles.None, null);

, Parse style:
Int32 x = Int32.Parse(" 123", NumberStyles.AllowLeadingWhite, null);
264
IV
,
NumberStyles, . .NET Framework SDK.
:
Int32 x = Int32.Parse("1A", NumberStyles.HexNumber, null);

Console.WriteLine(x); // "26".
Parse .
Parse . ,
Int32 Parse:
// NumberStyles.Integer
// .
public static Int32 Parse(String s);
// .
public static Int32 Parse(String s, NumberStyles style);
// NumberStyles.Integer .
public static Int32 Parse(String s, IFormatProvider provider)
// , .
public static int Parse(String s, NumberStyles style,
IFormatProvider provider);
DateTime Parse:
public static DateTime Parse(String s,

IFormatProvider provider, DateTimeStyles styles);
Parse
, Parse DateTime ,
System.Globalization.DateTimeStyles,
NumberStyles. ,
DateTimeStyles, . .NET Framework SDK.
DateTime Parse:
// ,
// DateTimeStyles.None .
public static DateTime Parse(String s);
// DateTimeStyles.None .
public static DateTime Parse(String s, IFormatProvider provider);
// .
public static DateTime Parse(String s,
IFormatProvider provider, DateTimeStyles styles);
.
, Parse DateTime ,
. DateTime ParseExact,
, ,
, , .
11
265
. , DateTimeFormatInfo,
.NET Framework SDK.
Microsoft
: Parse
( , ),
. ,
, Parse
Microsoft TryParse ,
DateTime, TimeSpan IPAddress.
TryParse Int32:
public static Boolean TryParse(String s, NumberStyles style,

IFormatProvider provider, out Int32 result);
, true false, ,
Int32. true, ,
,
. TryXxx
19.
:

Win32 ,
Unicode MultiByte Character Set (MBCS).
, ,
. CLR 16 Unicode,
16 Unicode.
.

. ,
16 ,
. (encode) 16
,
(decode) 16 .

, , Unicode. ,
, Windows 95,
Unicode, ShiftJIS ( 932).
ShiftJIS CLR ,
Windows.
,
System.IO.BinaryWriter System.IO.StreamWriter.

System.IO.BinaryReader System.IO.StreamReader.
UTF8. (UTF
266
IV
Unicode Transformation Format.) ,

.
, FCL ,
. UTF16 UTF8.
UTF16 16 2 .
,
. UTF16 Unicode (Unicode encoding).
, , UTF16,
(big endian) (little endian) .
UTF8 , ,
, . 0x0080,
, 1 .
0x0080 0x07FF,
, 2 . , 0x0800
, , 3
. , , (surrogate character pairs)
4 . UTF8 ,
UTF16,
0x0800 .
UTF16 UTF8, FCL
.
UTF32 4 .
,
, . , UTF
32 ,
4 . , UTF32
,
. .
, UTF32
.
UTF7 , 7
. ,
, . Unicode Consortium
UTF7.
ASCII 16 ASCII; 16
0x0080 .
0x007F ,
. , ASCII
( 0x00 0x7F),
( ).
ASCII, .
, FCL 16
. ASCII,
, .
UTF16 UTF8 ,
, .
11
267
,
, System.Text.Encoding.
Encoding ,
, Encoding.

UTF8:
using System;
using System.Text;
// .
String s = "Hi there.";
// , Encoding, ""
// UTF8.
Encoding encodingUTF8 = Encoding.UTF8;
// .
Byte[] encodedBytes = encodingUTF8.GetBytes(s);
// .
Console.WriteLine("Encoded bytes: " +
BitConverter.ToString(encodedBytes));
// .
String decodedString = encodingUTF8.GetString(encodedBytes);
// .
Console.WriteLine("Decoded string: " + decodedString);
}
}
:
Encoded bytes: 48692074686572652E

Decoded string: Hi there.
UTF8, Encoding : Unicode,
BigEndianUnicode, UTF32, UTF7, ASCII Default. ,

, Regional and
Language Options ( ). (. Win32
GetACP.) Default ,
,

.
Encoding Get
Encoding, ( ).
GetEncoding , /,
268
IV
. , GetEncoding
ShiftJIS 932.
, Encoding (
GetEncoding) .
;
.
, .
GetEncoding Encoding,
System.Text.Unicode
Encoding, System.Text.UTF8Encoding, System.Text.UTF32Encoding, System.Text.UTF7Encoding
System.Text.ASCIIEncoding. ,
,
.
UnicodeEncoding, UTF8Encoding, UTF32Encoding UTF7Encoding
,
(byte order mark, BOM).
,
;

.
, BinaryWriter StreamWriter
. ASCIIEncoding
, .
ASCIIEncoding (, )
ASCII Encoding.
ASCIIEncoding ,
.
, Encoding, GetBytes,
. (
.) GetChars
GetString. ( .)
GetBytes GetString.
, , Encoding, GetByteCount,
, , ,
. ,
. Get
CharCount, ,
. ,
.
GetByteCount GetCharCount ,
/.
, GetMaxByteCount GetMaxCharCount
,
, .
, Encoding,
, .
. .NET Framework SDK.
11
269
, ,
:
using System;
using System.Text;
foreach (EncodingInfo ei in Encoding.GetEncodings()) {
Encoding e = ei.GetEncoding();
Console.WriteLine("{1}{0}" +
"\tCodePage={2}, WindowsCodePage={3}{0}" +
"\tWebName={4}, HeaderName={5}, BodyName={6}{0}" +
"\tIsBrowserDisplay={7}, IsBrowserSave={8}{0}" +
"\tIsMailNewsDisplay={9}, IsMailNewsSave={10}{0}",
Environment.NewLine,
e.EncodingName, e.CodePage, e.WindowsCodePage,
e.WebName, e.HeaderName, e.BodyName,
e.IsBrowserDisplay, e.IsBrowserSave,
e.IsMailNewsDisplay, e.IsMailNewsSave);
}
}
}
( ):
IBM EBCDIC (USCanada)

CodePage=37, WindowsCodePage=1252
WebName=IBM037, HeaderName=IBM037, BodyName=IBM037
IsBrowserDisplay=False, IsBrowserSave=False
IsMailNewsDisplay=False, IsMailNewsSave=False
OEM United States
IBM EBCDIC (International)
Arabic (ASMO 708)
WebName=ASMO708, HeaderName=ASMO708, BodyName=ASMO708
IsBrowserDisplay=True, IsBrowserSave=True
270
IV
Unicode
WebName=utf16, HeaderName=utf16, BodyName=utf16
IsBrowserDisplay=False, IsBrowserSave=True
Unicode (BigEndian)
WebName=unicodeFFFE, HeaderName=unicodeFFFE, BodyName=unicodeFFFE
Western European (DOS)
WebName=ibm850, HeaderName=ibm850, BodyName=ibm850
Unicode (UTF8)
WebName=utf8, HeaderName=utf8, BodyName=utf8
IsBrowserDisplay=True, IsBrowserSave=True
IsMailNewsDisplay=True, IsMailNewsSave=True
, ,
Encoding, . 113.
. 11-3. , Encoding
GetPreamble
, ,
. BOM
(byte order mark) (preamble).
, BOM
,
. , Encoding,
0 , .
UTF8Encoding , ,
3 : 0xEF, 0xBB, 0xBF. UnicodeEncoding
, ,
: 0xFE, 0xFF (big endian)
0xFF, 0xFE (little endian)
Convert
.
GetChars
GetBytes
.
Equals
true, Encoding

GetHashCode
11
271

, UTF16
System.Net.Sockets.NetworkStream. ,
, 5 , 7. UTF
16 2 . GetString
Encoding 5 ,
2 . GetString
7 , GetString , 3 ,
!
, Encoding
.
,
,
, .
,
Encoding ( )
GetDecoder. ,
System.Text.Decoder. Decoder,
Encoding, . .NET Framework
SDK ,
Decoder. FCL Decoder
. FCL, GetDecoder
.
Decoder : GetChars GetCharCount.
, ,
GetChars GetCharCount Encoding.
, ,
. ,
.

, , . Decoder
.
, Encoding, /
. , Decoder,
.
, GetDecoder Encoding
GetEncoder. , System.
Text.Encoder, . ,
.NET Framework SDK ,
Encoder. FCL
Encoder . , Decoder,
FCL, GetEncoder
.
, Encoder, : GetBytes GetByteCount.
, Encoder,
, .
272
IV
Base-64
UTF16 UTF8 .

base64. FCL base
64, , , Encoding.
base64
, System.
Convert.
base64 ,
FromBase64String FromBase64CharArray Convert.
base64
ToBase64String ToBase64CharArray Convert.
:
using System;
// 10 , .
Byte[] bytes = new Byte[10];
new Random().NextBytes(bytes);
// .
Console.WriteLine(BitConverter.ToString(bytes));
// base64 .
String s = Convert.ToBase64String(bytes);
// base64 .
bytes = Convert.FromBase64String(s);
Console.WriteLine(BitConverter.ToString(bytes));
}
}

( ,
):
3BB92740593586545FF1
O7knQFk1hlRf8Q==
3BB92740593586545FF1

String ,
. , String
,
, ,

11
273
. String
, CLR
( String
), ,
. , ,
,
.

, .
Microsoft FCL System. Security.
SecureString. SecureString,
, .
.

.
, ,
AppendChar, InsertAt, RemoveAt SetAt.
,
. ,

. , ,
, ,
.
SecureString IDisposable,
, .
,
Dispose SecureString. Dispose
, ,
. : SecureString
CriticalFinalizerObject (. 20),
Finalize SecureString,
. String,
SecureString
.
, SecureString,
. , FCL SecureString
. , , SecureString,
. 2 .NET Framework SecureString
:
(cryptographic service provider,
CSP), . System.Security.Cryptography.CspParameters;
, X.509, .
System.Security.Cryptography.X509Certificates.X509Certificate System.Security.
Cryptography.X509Certificates.X509Certificate2;

, . System.Diagnostics.Process System.Diagnostics.ProcessStartInfo.
274
IV
.NET Framework
SecureString. , SecureString
Windows Forms, Windows Presentation Foundation Web Form,

. , SecureString

. FCL, SecureString
.
, ,
SecureString. SecureString
, ,
.
,
.
.
SecureString String
,
. SecureString
ToString
( String).
, ,
SecureString ( /unsafe
C#):
using System;
using System.Security;
using (SecureString ss = new SecureString()) {
Console.Write("Please enter password: ");
while (true) {
ConsoleKeyInfo cki = Console.ReadKey(true);
if (cki.Key == ConsoleKey.Enter) break;
// SecureString.
ss.AppendChar(cki.KeyChar);
Console.Write("*");
}
Console.WriteLine();
// , .
DisplaySecureString(ss);
}
// 'using' SecureString Disposed,
// .
}
11
275
// , .
private unsafe static void DisplaySecureString(SecureString ss) {
Char* pc = null;
try {
// SecureString .
pc = (Char*) Marshal.SecureStringToCoTaskMemUnicode(ss);
// ,
// SecureString.
for (Int32 index = 0; pc[index] != 0; index++)
Console.Write(pc[index]);
}
finally {
// ,
// SecureString.
if (pc != null)
Marshal.ZeroFreeCoTaskMemUnicode((IntPtr) pc);
}
}
}
System.Runtime.InteropServices.Marshal 5 ,
SecureString .
, SecureString, IntPtr.
,
. . 114
System.Runtime.InteropServices.Marshal, SecureString
,
.
. 11-4. Marshal

SecureString
SecureStringToBSTR
ZeroFreeBSTR
SecureStringToCoTaskMemAnsi
ZeroFreeCoTaskMemAnsi
SecureStringToCoTaskMemUnicode
ZeroFreeCoTaskMemUnicode
SecureStringToGlobalAllocAnsi
ZeroFreeGlobalAllocAnsi
SecureStringToGlobalAllocUnicode
ZeroFreeGlobalAllocUnicode
1 2
Windows ,
, .

(CLR) .NET Framework
(FCL). , , ,
. ,
, ,
.

(enumerated type) , ,
. Color,
,
:
internal enum Color {

White,
//
Red,
//
Green,
//
Blue,
//
Orange
//
}
0.
1.
2.
3.
4.
, , White 0, Green 1 . .

, .
, , ,
, .
, , ,
,
( White 0, 0 White).
,
12
277
, . ,
, ,
, .
. ,
,
Color.Orange ( ),
Fruit ().
CLR ,
. ,
,
(, C++).
System.Enum,
System.ValueType, System.Object. ,
(. 5)
, .
, .
C#
. , Color
, :
internal struct Color : System.Enum {

// ,
// .
public const Color White = (Color) 0;
public const Color Red = (Color) 1;
public const Color Green = (Color) 2;
public const Color Blue= (Color) 3;
public const Color Orange = (Color) 4;
// ,
// Color.
// , .
public Int32 value__;
}
, C# ,
, System.
Enum. , . ,
,
. ,
. ,
,
, ,
.
System.Enum, ,
,
. ,
.
278
IV
! , ,
,
.
, ,
, ,
. ,
, , ,
, .
, ,
,
. 8.
, Enum GetUnderlyingType:
public static Type GetUnderlyingType(Type enumType);

,
. ,
byte, sbyte, short, ushort, int (
C# ), uint, long ulong. ,
C# FCL. C#
; FCL ( Int32)
: error CS1008: Type byte, sbyte, short, ushort, int, uint, long, or ulong expected
( CS1008: byte, sbyte, short, ushort, int, uint, long ulong).
C# , byte
(System.Byte):
internal enum Color : byte {

White,
Red,
Green,
Blue,
Orange
}
Color ,
, GetUnderlyingType:
// "System.Byte".
Console.WriteLine(Enum.GetUnderlyingType(typeof(Color)));
C# .

(==, !=, <, >, <=, >=, +, , ^, &, |, ~, ++
). , value__
. , C#
.
.
,
, System.Enum.ToString,
System.Enum:
12
Color c = Color.Blue;
Console.WriteLine(c.ToString());
Console.WriteLine(c.ToString("G"));
Console.WriteLine(c.ToString("D"));
Console.WriteLine(c.ToString("X"));
//
//
//
//
//
279
"Blue" ( ).
"Blue" ( ).
"Blue" ( ).
"3" ( ).
"03" ( ).
ToString
,
, : byte/sbyte 2 ,
short/ushort 4 , int/uint 8 long/ulong 2 .
.
ToString System.Enum Format,
:
public static String Format(Type enumType, Object value, String format);

ToString
. Format ToString:
value ,
. ,
Blue:
// "Blue".
Console.WriteLine(Enum.Format(typeof(Color), 2, "G"))

.
Enum
,
, . ,
,
, .
GetValues System.Enum ,
;
,
:
public static Array GetValues(Type enumType);

GetValues ToString
:
Color[] colors = (Color[]) Enum.GetValues(typeof(Color));

Console.WriteLine("Number of symbols defined: " + colors.Length);
Console.WriteLine("Value\tSymbol\n\t");
foreach (Color c in colors) {
// .
Console.WriteLine("{0,5:D}\t{0:G}", c);
}
280
IV
Number of symbols defined: 5

Value Symbol
'
0 White
1 Red
2 Green
3 Blue
4 Orange
,
. ,
( , . .)
ToString, , ,
, (,
). GetValues, Enum
, :
// .
public static String GetName(Type enumType, Object value);
// : ,
// .
public static String[] GetNames(Type enumType);
, ,
.
, , ,
.
Parse Enum:
public static Object Parse(Type enumType, String value);

public static Object Parse(Type enumType,
String value, Boolean ignoreCase);
:
// Orange 4, 'c' 4.
Color c = (Color) Enum.Parse(typeof(Color), "orange", true);
// Brown , ArgumentException.
Color c = (Color) Enum.Parse(typeof(Color), "Brown", false);
// Color 1.
Color c = (Color) Enum.Parse(typeof(Color), "1", false);
// Color 23.
Color c = (Color) Enum.Parse(typeof(Color), "23", false);
, IsDefined Enum:
public static Boolean IsDefined(Type enumType, Object value);
12
281

:
// "True", Red Color 1.

Console.WriteLine(Enum.IsDefined(typeof(Color), 1));
// "True", White Color 0.
Console.WriteLine(Enum.IsDefined(typeof(Color), "White"));
// "False", .
Console.WriteLine(Enum.IsDefined(typeof(Color), "white"));
// "False" Color 10.
Console.WriteLine(Enum.IsDefined(typeof(Color), 10));
IsDefined . :
public void SetColor(Color c) {

if (!Enum.IsDefined(typeof(Color), c)) {
throw(new ArgumentOutOfRangeException("c", c, "Invalid Color value."));
}
// White, Red, Green, Blue Orange.
...
}
SetColor :
SetColor((Color) 547);
, 547, ,
SetColor ArgumentOutOfRangeException, ,
.
! IsDefined ,
. , IsDefined ,
. , IsDefined
, ;
,
, .
, IsDefined ,
, . .
, Color , SetColor
. SetColor IsDefined ,
White, Red, Green, Blue Orange. ,
Color Purple, SetColor
Purple,
.
, System.Enum ToObject,
Byte, SByte, Int16, UInt16, Int32, UInt32, Int64 UInt64
.
282
IV
.
,
. , :
, . FCL ,
, .
: . ,
,
.

.
GetAttributes System.IO.File FileAttributes.
FileAttributes , Int32,
. FCL FileAttributes
:
[Flags, Serializable]
public enum FileAttributes {
ReadOnly
= 0x0001,
Hidden
= 0x0002,
System
= 0x0004,
Directory
= 0x0010,
Archive
= 0x0020,
Device
' 0x0040,
Normal
= 0x0080,
Temporary
= 0x0100,
SparseFile
= 0x0200,
ReparsePoint
= 0x0400,
Compressed
= 0x0800,
Offline
= 0x1000,
NotContentIndexed = 0x2000,
Encrypted
= 0x4000
}
, , :
String file = @"C:\Boot.ini";

FileAttributes attributes = File.GetAttributes(file);
Console.WriteLine("Is {0} hidden? {1}", file,
(attributes & FileAttributes.Hidden) == FileAttributes.Hidden);
:
File.SetAttributes(@"C:\Boot.ini",
FileAttributes.ReadOnly | FileAttributes.Hidden);
FileAttributes , , ,
, ,
. ,
, . ,
12
283
,
, , .
,
,
, .
.
None, 0,
, (.
ReadWrite).
System.FlagsAttribute:
[Flags]
// C# "Flags", "FlagsAttribute".
internal enum Actions {
None
= 0
Read
= 0x0001,
Write
= 0x0002,
ReadWrite = Actions.Read | Actions.Write,
Delete
= 0x0004,
Query
= 0x0008,
Sync
= 0x0010
}
Actions ,
.
, . ,
:
Actions actions = Actions.Read | Actions.Delete;

Console.WriteLine(actions.ToString());
// 0x0005.
// "Read, Delete".
ToString
. 0x0005 . ,
Actions [Flags], ToString
, .
0x0001 0x0005, ToString Read, Delete.
Actions [Flags], ToString 5.
ToString
: G (), D () X (
).
, [Flags].
, ,
. [Flags] , ToString
.
1. , ,
.
2. (AND)
, , ,
, ,
, .
284
IV
,
.
3.
, ,
. ToString
.
4. ,
, .
5. 0
0,
.
6. 0.
Actions [Flags],
. F:
// [Flags]
// .
internal enum Actions {
None
= 0
Read
= 0x0001,
Write
= 0x0002,
ReadWrite = Actions.Read | Actions.Write,
Delete
= 0x0004,
Query
= 0x0008,
Sync
= 0x0010
}
Actions actions = Actions.Read | Actions.Delete;
Console.WriteLine(actions.ToString("F"));
// 0x0005.
// "Read, Delete".
,
, ,
, .
: , ,
. , Actions
All 0x001F.
Actions 0x001F All.
.

. , ,
, Parse Enum.
:
// Query 8, 'a' 8.
Actions a = (Actions) Enum.Parse(typeof(Actions), "Query", true);
Console.WriteLine(a.ToString()); // "Query".
// Query, Read, 'a' 9.
a = (Actions) Enum.Parse(typeof(Actions), "Query, Read", false);
Console.WriteLine(a.ToString()); // "Read, Query".
12
285
// Actions 28.
a = (Actions) Enum.Parse(typeof(Actions), "28", false);
Console.WriteLine(a.ToString()); // "Delete, Query, Sync".
Parse :
1. .
2. (+) (),
Parse ,
,
.
3. ( ),
.
4.
. ,
System.ArgumentException. ,
(OR),
.
5. ,
.
IsDefined
. :
, IsDefined
, , .
, ,
IsDefined ;
, IsDefined
, .

, IsDefined false.
1 3
,
. Microsoft .NET (CLR)
(singledimension), (multidimen
sion) (jagged). System.Array,
System.Object. ,
,
, . :
Int32[] myIntegers;
// .
myIntegers = new Int32[100]; // 100 Int32.
myIntegers
Int32. myIntegers null,
.
100 Int32; 0.
, 100
Int32 . ,

SyncBlockIndex, .
myIntegers.
:
Control[] myControls;
// .
myControls = new Control[50]; // 50 Control.
myControls
Control. myControls
null, .
50 Control; null.
Control ,
; .
myControls.

(. 131).
13
287
. 131.
Controls :
myControls[1] = new Button();

myControls[2] = new TextBox();
myControls[3] = myControls[2]; // .
myControls[46] = new DataGrid();
myControls[48] = new ComboBox();
myControls[49] = new Button();
(CLS),
. , C#,
, , , Micro
soft Visual Basic .NET. ,
, Microsoft
. CLR
, . ,
,
,
0, .
. 131 ,
(overhead). ( ),
( 0) .
. ,
.
.
,
SZ .
, IL
, newarr, ldelem, ldelema, ldlen stelem.
.
:
// Doubles.
Double[,] myDoubles = new Double[10, 20];
288
IV
// String.
String[,,] myStrings = new String[5, 3, 10];
CLR (jagged) .
,
.
.
, Point:
// Point.
Point[][] myPolygons = new Point[3][];
// myPolygons[0] 10 Point.
myPolygons[0] = new Point[10];
// .
for (Int32 x = 0; x < myPolygons[0].Length; x++)
Console.WriteLine(myPolygons[0][x]);
CLR . ,
, , , 100
( 0 99), 100 5
System.IndexOutOfRangeException.

, CLR.

, JIT
, .
,
, C# (.
).

CLR
, . :
,

. CLR
. ( Array.Copy,
.) :
13
289
// FileStream.
FileStream[,] fs2dim = new FileStream[5, 10];
// Object.
Object[,] o2dim = fs2dim;
// .
// CS0030: 'object[*,*]'
// 'System.IO.Stream[]'.
Stream[] s1dim = (Stream[]) o2dim;
// Stream.
Stream[,] s2dim = (Stream[,]) o2dim;
// String.
// , InvalidCastException.
String[,] st2dim = (String[,]) o2dim;
// Int32 ( ).
Int32[] i1dim = new Int32[5];
// .
// CS0030: 'int[]' 'object[]'.
Object[] o1dim = (Object[]) i1dim;
// , Array.Copy
// .
// Int32.
Object[] ob1dim = new Object[i1dim.Length];
Array.Copy(i1dim, ob1dim, i1dim.Length);
Array.Copy .
, memmove C, , memmove
. , ,
. Copy
:
,
Int32[] Object[];
,
Object[] Int32[];
(widening) CLR,
Int32[] Double[];

, ,
Object[] IFormattable[]. Object[]
IFormattable[], .
290
IV
Copy:
// , .
internal struct MyValueType : IComparable {
public Int32 CompareTo(Object obj) {
...
}
}
// 100 .
MyValueType[] src = new MyValueType[100];
// IComparable.
IComparable[] dest = new IComparable[src.Length];
// IComparable
// .
Array.Copy(src, dest, src.Length);
}
}
, FCL
Array.Copy.
,
(array covariance). ,
. , :
String[] sa = new String[100];

Object[] oa = sa;
// oa String.
oa[5] = "Jeff";
// : CLR ,
// oa String; .
oa[3] = 5;
// : CLR ,
// oa Int32;
// ArrayTypeMismatchException.
oa Object[],
String[]. , 5
, 5 Int32, Object.
, CLR ,
.
, Int32.
, , CLR
ArrayTypeMismatchException.
13
291

, BlockCopy System.Buffer
, Array.Copy. BlockCopy

, Copy. Int32
, . BlockCopy

, Byte[],
Unicode ( ), Char[].

.

, ConstrainedCopy
System.Array. ,
,
. ConstrainedCopy
(constrained execution region, CER).
, ConstrainedCopy
,
. ,
, .

System.Array
, CLR
FileStream[] AppDomain.
FileStream[] fsArray;
FileStream[] System.Array,
System.Array. ,
fsArray. ,
System.Array , Clone,
CopyTo, GetLength, GetLongLength, GetLowerBound, GetUpperBound, Length Rank.
System.Array
, AsReadOnly, BinarySearch, Clear,
ConstrainedCopy, ConvertAll, Copy, Exists, Find, FindAll, FindIndex, FindLast, FindLastIndex,
ForEach, IndexOf, LastIndexOf, Resize, Reverse, Sort TrueForAll.
.
.
,
.
SDK, ,
.
292
IV
IEnumerable,
ICollection IList
,
, IEnumerable, ICollection IList.
, System.Array
. System.Array ,
System.Object.
, System.Array
,
.
CLR , System.Array IEnu
merable<T>, ICollection<T> IList<T>, ,
, .
, .
CLR :
CLR IEnumerable
<T>, ICollection<T> IList<T> ( T ),
, ,
. .
Object
Array ( IEnumerable, ICollection, IList)
Object[]
(IEnumerable, ICollection, IList of Object)
String[]
(IEnumerable, ICollection, IList of String)
Stream[]
(IEnumerable, ICollection, IList of Stream)
FileStream[] (IEnumerable, ICollection, IList of FileStream)
.
.
( )
.
, :
FileStream[] fsArray;
FileStream[] CLR
IEnumerable<FileStream>, ICollection<FileStream> IList<FileStream>. ,
FileStream[] IEnumerable<Stream>,
IEnumerable<Object>, ICollection<Stream>, ICollection<Object>, IList<Stream> IList<
Object>. CLR ,
fsArray
. , fsArray
:
void M1(IList<FileStream> fsList) { ... }

void M2(ICollection<Stream> sCollection) { ... }
void M3(IEnumerable<Object> oEnumerable) { ... }
: ,
. ,
:
13
293
DateTime[] dtArray; // .
DateTime[] IEnumerable<DateTime>,
ICollection<DateTime> IList<DateTime>, ,
System.ValueType System.Object. , dtArray
M3,
,
.

,
. , .
, Array.Copy ,
,
.
, .
,
; ,
, , ,
. , .
, ,
Array.Copy, . : Array.Copy
.
, ,
, null,
. Microsoft
, ,
. .
, :
// .
Appointment[] appointments = GetAppointmentsForToday();
for (Int32 a = 0; a < appointments.Length; a++) {
...
}
, ,
:
// .
Appointment[] appointments = GetAppointmentsForToday();
if (appointments != null) {
for (Int32 a = 0, a < appointments.Length; a++) {
// X appointments[a].
}
}

, null .
294
IV
, . ,
, ,
.

.

CreateInstance Array.
, , ,
. CreateInstance
,
, , .
, , Create
Instance, ElementType[] ( ElementType ),
.

System.Decimal.
2005 2009 , 1 4
. .
,
, GetLowerBound GetUpperBound
System.Array, .
using System;
public sealed class DynamicArrays {
// [2005..2009][1..4].
Int32[] lowerBounds = { 2005, 1 };
Int32[] lengths
= { 5, 4 };
Decimal[,] quarterlyRevenue = (Decimal[,])
Array.CreateInstance(typeof(Decimal), lengths, lowerBounds);
Console.WriteLine("{0,4} {1,9} {2,9} {3,9} {4,9}",
"Year", "Q1", "Q2", "Q3", "Q4");
Int32 firstYear = quarterlyRevenue.GetLowerBound(0);
Int32 lastYear
= quarterlyRevenue.GetUpperBound(0);
Int32 firstQuarter = quarterlyRevenue.GetLowerBound(1);
Int32 lastQuarter = quarterlyRevenue.GetUpperBound(1);
for (Int32 year = firstYear; year <= lastYear; year++) {
Console.Write(year + " ");
for (Int32 quarter = firstQuarter; quarter <= lastQuarter; quarter++) {
Console.Write("{0,9:C} ", quarterlyRevenue[year, quarter]);
}
}
}
}
13
295
Year
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
Q1
$0.00
$0.00
$0.00
$0.00
$0.00
Q2
$0.00
$0.00
$0.00
$0.00
$0.00
Q3
$0.00
$0.00
$0.00
$0.00
$0.00
Q4
$0.00
$0.00
$0.00
$0.00
$0.00

CLR :
. SZ
( singledimensional, zerobased) ;
.
,
( ):
using System;
Array a;
// .
a = new String[0];
Console.WriteLine(a.GetType()); // "System.String[]"
// .
a = Array.CreateInstance(typeof(String),
new Int32[] { 0 }, new Int32[] { 0 });
Console.WriteLine(a.GetType()); // "System.String[]"
// .
new Int32[] { 0 }, new Int32[] { 1 });
Console.WriteLine(a.GetType()); // "System.String[*]" < !
// .
a = new String[0, 0];
Console.WriteLine(a.GetType()); // "System.String[,]"
// .
new Int32[] { 0, 0 }, new Int32[] { 0, 0 });
// "1" .
296
IV
new Int32[] { 0, 0 }, new Int32[] { 1, 1 });

}
}
Console.WriteLine
.
System.String[], 1 System.String[*].
, CLR , .
: C# String[*], ,
C#,
. GetValue SetValue
Array,
.
0 1
System.String[,]. CLR
, .
, : System.String[*,*],
CLR ,

.

,
. . ,
IL ( newarr, ldelem, ldelema, ldlen stelem)
, JIT
. , JIT
, ,
, ,
. , JIT
, ,
. :
using System;
Int32[] a = new Int32[5];
for(Int32 index = 0; index < a.Length; index++) {
// X a[index].
}
}
}
, , Length
for. Length ,
. JIT
, Length Array, ,
,
13
297
.
. ,
JIT
.
,
, . Length
, .
, , JIT ,
, Length 1,
,
. , JIT ,
:
(( Length 1) <= a.GetUpperBound(0))

.
JIT ,
,
. .
, ,

. JIT ,
.
, JIT ,
, ,
.
, ,
(jagged) . C# CLR
, () ,
,
. :
, SByte, Byte, Int16, UInt16, Int32, UInt32, Int64,
UInt64, Char, Single, Double, Decimal, Boolean,
, .
, ,
.
,
, , ,
! ,
, ,
SecurityPermission Skip Verification.
C# ( ,
) :
using System;
298
IV
const Int32 numElements = 100;

const Int32 testCount = 10000;
Stopwatch sw;
// .
Int32[,] a2Dim = new Int32[numElements, numElements];
// ( ).
Int32[][] aJagged = new Int32[numElements][];
for (Int32 x = 0; x < numElements; x++)
aJagged[x] = new Int32[numElements];
// 1: , .
for (Int32 test = 0; test < testCount; test++)
Safe2DimArrayAccess(a2Dim);
Console.WriteLine("{0}: Safe2DimArrayAccess", sw.Elapsed);
// 2:
//
.
SafeJaggedArrayAccess(aJagged);
Console.WriteLine("{0}: SafeJaggedArrayAccess", sw.Elapsed);
// 3: .
Unsafe2DimArrayAccess(a2Dim);
Console.WriteLine("{0}: Unsafe2DimArrayAccess", sw.Elapsed);
}
private static void Safe2DimArrayAccess(Int32[,] a) {
for (Int32 x = 0; x < a.GetLength(0); x++) {
for (Int32 y = 0; y < a.GetLength(1); y++) {
Int32 element = a[x, y];
}
}
}
private static void SafeJaggedArrayAccess(Int32[][] a) {
for (Int32 x = 0; x < a.GetLength(0); x++) {
for (Int32 y = 0; y < a[x].GetLength(0); y++) {
Int32 element = a[x][y];
}
}
}
private static unsafe void Unsafe2DimArrayAccess(Int32[,] a) {
Int32 dim0LowIndex = 0; // a.GetLowerBound(0);
Int32 dim0HighIndex = a.GetUpperBound(0);
13
299
Int32 dim1LowIndex = 0; // a.GetLowerBound(1);

Int32 dim1HighIndex = a.GetUpperBound(1);
Int32 dim0Elements = dim0HighIndex X dim0LowIndex;
fixed (Int32* pi = &a[0, 0]) {
for (Int32 x = dim0LowIndex; x <= dim0HighIndex; x++) {
Int32 baseOfDim = x * dim0Elements;
for (Int32 y = dim1LowIndex; y <= dim1HighIndex; y++) {
Int32 element = pi[baseOfDim + y];
}
}
}
}
}
Unsafe2DimArrayAccess unsafe,
fixed C#.
/unsafe Allow Unsafe Code Build
Microsoft Visual Studio.
:
00:00:02.7977902: Safe2DimArrayAccess
00:00:02.2690798: SafeJaggedArrayAccess
00:00:00.2265131: Unsafe2DimArrayAccess
, .
, ,
,
,
,
. :
,
. ,
,
. ,
.

,
, ,

. ,
:
,
fixed C#
;
,
.
, ,
;
300
IV
CLR

.
, . ,
, ,
CLR .
CASPol.exe,
.NET Framework.

,
:
, (
);
, . SecureString
11 ,
SecureStringToCoTaskMemUnicode System.Runtime.Interop
Services.Marshal;
, .
,
, , stack
alloc C# ( , alloca C). stackalloc

,
.
, , , , ,
FCL.
, ()
, ;
. , , /
unsafe C#.
StackallocDemo , stackalloc
C#:
using System;
StackallocDemo();
InlineArrayDemo();
}
private static void StackallocDemo() {
unsafe {
13
301
const Int32 width = 20;

Char* pc = stackalloc Char[width]; // .
String s = "Jeffrey Richter";
// 15 .
for (Int32 index = 0; index < width; index++) {

pc[width X index X 1] =
(index < s.Length) ? s[index] : '.';
}
// ".....rethciR yerffeJ".
Console.WriteLine(new String(pc, 0, width));
}
}
private static void InlineArrayDemo() {
unsafe {
CharArray ca;
// .
Int32 widthInBytes = sizeof(CharArray);
Int32 width = widthInBytes / 2;
String s = "Jeffrey Richter"; // 15 .
for (Int32 index = 0; index < width; index++) {
ca.Characters[width X index X 1] =
(index < s.Length) ? s[index] : '.';
}
// ".....rethciR yerffeJ".
Console.WriteLine(new String(ca.Characters, 0, width));
}
}
}
internal unsafe struct CharArray {
// .
public fixed Char Characters[20];
}
,
,
.
, CharArray .
:
( ),
( );
, ,
unsafe;
fixed;
302
IV
;
: Boolean, Char, SByte, Byte,
Int32, UInt32, Int64, UInt64, Single Double.
,
,
. . Inline
ArrayDemo
. , StackallocDemo, .
1 4

(multiple inheritance) ,
. TransmitData,
, ReceiveData,
. , SocketPort,
, . , SocketPort
: TransmitData ReceiveData.
,
SocketPort, . CLR,
, ,
. , CLR
.
,
, , .

.NET Framework System.Object, 4
: ToString, Equals, GetHashCode GetType.
, ,
Object. , ,
Object,
.
Object :
,
Object,
;
,
Object, Object .
CLR (
, Object).
. ,

, ,
.
304
IV
CLR , , ,
.
. ,

CLR . ,
,

. C# CLR
, , ,
.

,
. ,
, ,
, .
.

, .
: ,
( C# ),
,
.
, .
CLR ,
, , CLS
,
. C#
.
C# ,
interface.
Framework Class Library:
public interface IDisposable {

void Dispose();
}
public interface IEnumerable {
IEnumerator GetEnumerator();
}
public interface IEnumerable<T> : IEnumerable {
IEnumerator<T> GetEnumerator();
}
public interface ICollection<T> : IEnumerable<T>, IEnumerable {
void
Add(T item);
void
Clear();
14
Boolean
void
Boolean
Int32
Boolean
305
Contains(T item);
CopyTo(T[] array, Int32 arrayIndex);
Remove(T item);
Count
{ get; } // .
IsReadOnly { get; } // .
}
CLR ,
. CLR
,
. ,
.
(public, protected, internal . .).

I, . CLR
( )
.
, 16.
.
,
, .
. ,
TCollection<T> TEnumerable<T>
IEnumerable. :
, ICollection<T>,
, ICollection<T>, IEnumerable<T> IEnumerable;
, , ICollec
tion<T>, ,
IEnumerable<T> IEnumerable.

, , ,

. C# ,
; .
System.IComparable<T> ( MSCorLib.dll)
:
public interface IComparable<T> {

Int32 CompareTo(T other);
}
, ,
, , Point:
using System;
// Point System.Object IComparable<T> Point.
public sealed class Point : IComparable<Point> {
306
IV

m_x = x;
m_y = y;
}
// IComparable<T> Point.
public Int32 CompareTo(Point other) {
return Math.Sign(Math.Sqrt(m_x * m_x + m_y * m_y)
Math.Sqrt(other.m_x * other.m_x + other.m_y * other.m_y));
}
}
}
Point[] points = new Point[] {
new Point(3, 3),
new Point(1, 2),
};
// CompareTo IComparable<T> Point.
if (points[0].CompareTo(points[1]) > 0) {
Point tempPoint = points[0];
points[0] = points[1];
points[1] = tempPoint;
}
Console.WriteLine("Points from closest to (0, 0) to farthest:");
foreach (Point p in points)
}
}
C# , , ,
public. CLR ,
. ,
, , .
. ,
,
.
,
,
.
, .
, :
14
using System;
/************************* *************************/
Base b = new Base();
// Dispose b: "Dispose Base".
b.Dispose();
((IDisposable)b).Dispose();
/************************* ************************/
Derived d = new Derived();
// Dispose d: "Dispose Derived".
d.Dispose();
// Dispose d: "Dispose Derived".
((IDisposable)d).Dispose();
/************************* *************************/
b = new Derived();
b.Dispose();
// Dispose b: Dispose Derived.
((IDisposable)b).Dispose();
}
}
// Object IDisposable.
internal class Base : IDisposable {
// .
public void Dispose() {
Console.WriteLine("Bases Dispose");
}
}
// IDisposable.
internal class Derived : Base, IDisposable {
// Dispose.
// 'new' ,
// Dispose IDisposable.
new public void Dispose() {
Console.WriteLine("Deriveds Dispose");
// : ,
// ( ).
307
308
IV
// base.Dispose();
}
}

System.String FCL
System.Object. , String : IComparable,
ICloneable, IConvertible, IEnumerable, IComparable<String>, IEnumerable<Char>
IEquatable<String>. , String (
) , Object. String
, .
CLR , ,
. ,
, . , CLR
, Object,
, :
// s String.
String s = "Jeffrey";
// s, ,
// String, Object, IComparable, ICloneable,
// IConvertible, IEnumerable . .
// cloneable String.
ICloneable cloneable = s;
// cloneable, ,
// ICloneable ( ,
// Object).
// comparable String.
IComparable comparable = s;
// comparable, ,
// IComparable ( ,
// Object).
// enumerable String.
//
// , .
IEnumerable enumerable = (IEnumerable) comparable;
// enumerable, ,
// IEnumerable ( ,
// Object).
String
, , ,
, String, Jeffrey.
, .
s String, , ,
String (, Length). s
14
309
, Object (
, GetType).
cloneable ICloneable, ,
Clone, . ,
, Object (, GetType), CLR
, Object. cloneable
,
, String. , compa
rable, CompareTo , Object,
.
! ,
( ) .
, ,
,
, CLR
.
CLR ,
.

( )
CLR,
(. 1). ,
, ,
. ,
, ,
. , :
internal sealed class SimpleType : IDisposable {

public void Dispose() { Console.WriteLine("Dispose"); }
}
:
, Object,
;
,
IDisposable. , Dispose
, IDisposable;
, Dispose, SimpleType.
, C# ,
SimpleType Dispose Dispose
IDisposable. C# ,
, .
, . ,
Dispose , C#
.
310
IV
, C#
, , SimpleType
. ,
Dispose ,
Dispose IDisposable.

SimpleType st = new SimpleType();
// Dispose.
st.Dispose();
IDisposable d = st;
d.Dispose();
}
}
Dispose,
SimpleType. d IDisposable.
d SimpleType.
d.Dispose() Dispose IDisposable.
C# , Dispose
Dispose IDisposable, ,
. :
Dispose
Dispose
SimpleType, :
internal sealed class SimpleType : IDisposable {

public void Dispose() { Console.WriteLine("public Dispose"); }
void IDisposable.Dispose() { Console.WriteLine("IDisposable Dispose"); }
}
Main,
, :
public Dispose
IDisposable Dispose
C# ,
( IDisposable.Dispose),
(explicit interface method implementation, EIMI). :
C# ,
( ). ,
, private,
, .

.
14
311
, EIMI ,
, . , EIMI
;
( ) ,
/ .
, . .
EIMI.

C# CLR ,
.
.
, .
( IComparable)
, Object.
.
. :
private void SomeMethod1() {

Int32 x = 1, y = 2;
IComparable c = x;
// CompareTo Object,
// y Int32.
c.CompareTo(y);
// .
// CompareTo Object;
// "2" ( String) ,
// ArgumentException.
c.CompareTo("2");
}
,
, FCL ICompa
rable<T>. ,
:
private void SomeMethod2() {

Int32 x = 1, y = 2;
IComparable<Int32> c = x;
// CompareTo Object,
// y Int32.
c.CompareTo(y);
// .
// CompareTo Int32;
// "2" ( String) ,
// String Int32.
c.CompareTo("2");
}
312
IV
,
. : Some
Method1 CompareTo IComparable
Object; y ( Int32)
y. SomeMethod2 CompareTo
IComparable<T> Int32; y ,
.
FCL
IComparable, ICollection, IList, IDictionary .
,
.
FCL ,
, .NET Framework .

.

, ,
. , IEnumerab
le<T> IEnumerable. ,
IEnumerable<T>, IEnumerable.
, ,
,
. ,
Object,
.
, ,

.
,
,
. , ,
.
using System;
// IComparable<T> .
public sealed class Number: IComparable<Int32>, IComparable<String> {
private Int32 m_val = 5;
// CompareTo IComparable<Int32>.
public Int32 CompareTo(Int32 n) {
return m_val.CompareTo(n);
}
// CompareTo IComparable<String>.
public Int32 CompareTo(String s) {
14
313
return m_val.CompareTo(Int32.Parse(s));
}
}
Number n = new Number();
// n 5 Int32.
IComparable<Int32> cInt32 = n;
Int32 result = cInt32.CompareTo(5);
// n "5" String.
IComparable<String> cString = n;
result = cString.CompareTo("5");
}
}

.
.
,
.
. :
public static class SomeType {

private static void Test() {
Int32 x = 5;
Guid g = new Guid();
// M ,
// Int32 IComparable, IConvertible.
M(x);
// M ,
// Guid IComparable, IConvertible.
M(g);
}
// T, M, ,
// IComparable IConvertible.
private static Int32 M<T>(T t) where T : IComparable, IConvertible {
...
}
}
!
,
. ,
314
IV
, .
,
.
, ,
,
( ), .
,
.

.
M x ( Int32, ).
x M . M t.CompareTo(...),
(
, CompareTo).
, M , x
M :
private static Int32 M(IComparable t) {

...
}
C#
IL, ,
. ,
C# IL,
,
.

,
, . , ,
:
public interface IWindow {

Object GetMenu();
}
public interface IRestaurant {
Object GetMenu();
}
, .
, :
// System.Object
// IWindow IRestaurant.
public sealed class MarioPizzeria : IWindow, IRestaurant {
14
315
// GetMenu IWindow.
Object IWindow.GetMenu() { ... }
// GetMenu IRestaurant.
Object IRestaurant.GetMenu() { ... }
// GetMenu (),
// .
public Object GetMenu() { ... }
}
GetMenu,
C#, GetMenu
.
, MarioPizzeria,
, :
MarioPizzeria mp = new MarioPizzeria();

// GetMenu MarioPizzeria.
mp.GetMenu();
// IWindow.GetMenu.
IWindow window = mp;
window.GetMenu();
// IRestaurant.GetMenu.
IRestaurant restaurant = mp;
restaurant.GetMenu();

,
.
,
. ,
,
. System.Object
System.Object,
. ,
EIMI, .
IComparable:
public interface IComparable {

Int32 CompareTo(Object other);
}
,
System.Object. , ,
:
316
IV
internal struct SomeValueType : IComparable {

private Int32 m_x;
public SomeValueType(Int32 x) { m_x = x; }
public Int32 CompareTo(Object other) {
return(m_x ((SomeValueType) other).m_x);
}
}
SomeValueType, :

SomeValueType v = new SomeValueType(0);
Int32 n = v.CompareTo(v); // .
n = v.CompareTo(o);
// InvalidCastException.
}
:
v
CompareTo, , CompareTo
Object;
,
, CompareTo SomeValueType,
InvalidCastException.
, EIMI.
SomeValueType, EIMI:
internal struct SomeValueType : IComparable {

private Int32 m_x;
public SomeValueType(Int32 x) { m_x = x; }
public Int32 CompareTo(SomeValueType other) {
return(m_x other.m_x);
}
// : public/private.
Int32 IComparable.CompareTo(Object other) {
return CompareTo((SomeValueType) other);
}
}
. ,
CompareTo. Object,
SomeValueType. , ,
other SomeValueType, .
, CompareTo
, SomeValueType ,
IComparable. Some
ValueType CompareTo, ICom
parable. CompareTo,
EIMI.
14
317

:

Int32 n = v.CompareTo(v); // .
n = v.CompareTo(o);
// .
}
, ,
:

IComparable c = v;
// !
Int32 n = c.CompareTo(v); // .
n = c.CompareTo(o);
// InvalidCastException.
}
,
CLR .
Main .
EIMI , IConvertible,
ICollection, IList IDictionary.
.

!
EIMI,
EIMI , . ,
EIMI .
, EIMI (,
). EIMI
( ):
, , EIMI
, Microsoft Visual Studio IntelliSense;
,
;
EIMI .
.NET Framework
,
.
, Int32 , IConvertible.
, , ,
, IConvertible
Int32 . , :
318
IV

Int32 x = 5;
Single s = x.ToSingle(null); // IConvertible.
}
C# : error
CS0117: int does not contain a definition for ToSingle ( CS0117: int
ToSingle).
, , Int32 ToSingle
, .
ToSingle Int32, IConvertible:

Int32 x = 5;
Single s = ((IConvertible) x).ToSingle(null);
}
,
.
Int32 IConvertible
, .
.
, , EIMI , EIMI
. :
internal class Base : IComparable {

// (EIMI).
Int32 IComparable.CompareTo(Object o) {
Console.WriteLine("Bases CompareTo");
return 0;
}
}
internal sealed class Derived : Base, IComparable {
// , .
Console.WriteLine("Deriveds CompareTo");
// EIMI :
// "error CS0117: 'Base' does not contain a definition for 'CompareTo'".
base.CompareTo(o);
return 0;
}
}
CompareTo Derived base.CompareTo,
C#. ,
Base CompareTo,
. CompareTo,
14
319
IComparable. CompareTo Derived

:
// , .
// EIMI .
IComparable c = this;
c.CompareTo(o);
return 0;
}
this c IComparable.
c CompareTo. CompareTo Derived
CompareTo IComparable Derived,
. ,
Derived IComparable:
internal sealed class Derived : Base /*, IComparable */ { ... }

CompareTo CompareTo Base.
,
.

, . Derived
.
Base Derived:
internal class Base : IComparable {

// (EIMI).
Int32 IComparable.CompareTo(Object o) {
Console.WriteLine("Bases IComparable CompareTo");
return CompareTo(o); // .
}
// ( ).
public virtual Int32 CompareTo(Object o) {
Console.WriteLine("Bases virtual CompareTo");
return 0;
}
}
internal sealed class Derived : Base, IComparable {
// , .
public override Int32 CompareTo(Object o) {
320
IV
// Base.
return base.CompareTo(o);
}
}
: ,
.
, , . , EIMI
.
EIMI,
, . ! EIMI
, ,
.
:
?
,
? . ,
.

.
, , . ,
(IConvertible),
(ISerializable) . . ,
System.ValueType
.
.
,
, .
,
, .
.
,
, . ,
COM COM
Microsoft Word Microsoft Internet Explorer.

, .
,

. .

.
FCL , ,
. System.IO.Stream ,
, Read Write. (System.
14
321
IO.FileStream, System.IO.MemoryStream System.Net.Sockets.NetworkStream)

Stream. Microsoft
Stream ,
. ,
/,
Stream.
, ,
, : Stream
. ,
Windows Forms, Button, CheckBox, ListBox
System.Windows.Forms.Control,
, Control.
(collections), Microsoft
FCL . System.Collections.Generic
: IEnumerable<T>, ICollection<T>,
IList<T> IDictionary<TKey, TValue>. Microsoft
( List<T>, Dictionary<TKey, TValue>, Queue<T>, Stack<T> .),
. ,
. ,
List<T>, Dictionary<TKey, TValue> Queue<T>
.
, , .
, ,
, . ,
IList<T>, ,
, , .
.
, ,
, . , FCL
IComparer<T>, .
, FCL Comparer<T>,
()
. ,
.
1 5

, . Microsoft
.NET Framework !
(delegate).
, ++,
. ,
( CLR).

, .

qsort ,
. Microsoft Windows !
, ,
. .NET Framework !
. , ,
: , !
, ,
.
/++ ,
. , !
, , !
, . , /++ !
(
).
.NET Framework !
, Windows. !
.NET Framework , .
, :
using System;
using System.Windows.Forms;
using System.IO;
15
323
// ; ,
// Int32 void.
internal delegate void Feedback(Int32 value);
StaticDelegateDemo();
InstanceDelegateDemo();
ChainDelegateDemo1(new Program());
ChainDelegateDemo2(new Program());
}
private static void StaticDelegateDemo() {
Console.WriteLine(" Static Delegate Demo ");
Counter(1, 3, null);
Counter(1, 3, new Feedback(Program.FeedbackToConsole));
Counter(1, 3, new Feedback(FeedbackToMsgBox)); // "Program." .
}
private static void InstanceDelegateDemo() {
Console.WriteLine(" Instance Delegate Demo ");
Program p = new Program();
Counter(1, 3, new Feedback(p.FeedbackToFile));
}
private static void ChainDelegateDemo1(Program p) {
Console.WriteLine(" Chain Delegate Demo 1 ");
Feedback fb1 = new Feedback(FeedbackToConsole);
Feedback fb2 = new Feedback(FeedbackToMsgBox);
Feedback fb3 = new Feedback(p.FeedbackToFile);
Feedback fbChain = null;
fbChain = (Feedback) Delegate.Combine(fbChain, fb1);
Counter(1, 2, fbChain);
fbChain = (Feedback)
Delegate.Remove(fbChain, new Feedback(FeedbackToMsgBox));
}
private static void ChainDelegateDemo2(Program p) {
Console.WriteLine(" Chain Delegate Demo 2 ");
Feedback fb1 = new Feedback(FeedbackToConsole);
Feedback fb2 = new Feedback(FeedbackToMsgBox);
Feedback fb3 = new Feedback(p.FeedbackToFile);
324
IV
Feedback fbChain = null;

fbChain += fb1;
fbChain += fb2;
fbChain += fb3;
fbChain = new Feedback(FeedbackToMsgBox);
}
private static void Counter(Int32 from, Int32 to, Feedback fb) {
for (Int32 val = from; val <= to; val++) {
// , .
if (fb != null)
fb(val);
}
}
private static void FeedbackToConsole(Int32 value) {
Console.WriteLine("Item=" + value);
}
private static void FeedbackToMsgBox(Int32 value) {
MessageBox.Show("Item=" + value);
}
private void FeedbackToFile(Int32 value) {
StreamWriter sw = new StreamWriter("Status", true);
sw.WriteLine("Item=" + value);
sw.Close();
}
}
, .
Feedback. !
. Feedback ,
Int32 void.
typedef /++, .
Program Counter. !
, from to. Counter
fb, !!
Feedback. Counter ,
( fb null) ( !
fb). !
.
.
15
325

, Counter,
, . !
StaticDelegateDemo .
StaticDelegateDemo Counter, !
, fb Counter, null.
fb null,
.
Counter Feedback !
. ! !
, !
, . Feedback
( Program.FeedbackToConsole), ,
. , new,
Counter.
Counter FeedbackToConsole,
Program. FeedbackToConsole , !
.
FeedbackToConsole Program
, Counter !
Program. ,
Counter FeedbackToConsole . !
, Counter .
,
,
, ! ,
.
Counter StaticDelegateDemo ,
Feedback !
Program.FeedbackToMsgBox. FeedbackToMsgBox , !
, .
. , !
Feedback , !
FeedbackToConsole FeedbackToMsgBox Program
Feedback,
( Int32) (void). ,
FeedbackToConsole :
private static Boolean FeedbackToConsole(String value) {

...
}
C#
error CS0123: The signature of method FeedbackToConsole does not match
326
IV
this delegate type ( CS0123: FeedbackToConsole !

).
C#, CLR
. (covariance) , !
, , .
(contra!variance) , !
, . ,
:
delegate Object MyCallback(FileStream s);

, , !
:
String SomeMethod(Stream s);

, SomeMethod ( String), !
, , (Object); !
. SomeMethod ( Stream) ,
(FileStream); !
.
: !
, void. , ,
MyCallback:
Int32 SomeOtherMethod(Stream s);

, SomeOtherMethod, ( Int32)
, MyCallback ( Object);
, Int32 . !
void ,
, !
. , C#
.

, ,
. , !
, InstanceDelegateDemo
.
, p Program Instance
DelegateDemo. Program
. Counter !
Feedback, p.FeedbackToFile.
FeedbackToFile,
, . Counter
, fb,
15
327
FeedbackToFile, p
.
FeedbackToFile FeedbackToConsole FeedbackToMsgBox,
, .
( Status AppBase .)
,
, .
, !
. ,

. , , !
.

, :
delegate C#, !
new ,
( !
, !).
, !
. , CLR
. !
CLR ,
!
. ,
.
! :
internal delegate void Feedback(Int32 value);

, , !
, :
internal class Feedback : System.MulticastDelegate {

// .
public Feedback(Object object, IntPtr method);
// , .
public virtual void Invoke(Int32 value);
// , .
public virtual IAsyncResult BeginInvoke(Int32 value,
AsyncCallback callback, Object object);
public virtual void EndInvoke(IAsyncResult result);
}
: , Invoke,
BeginInvoke EndInvoke. !
328
IV
Invoke. BeginInvoke EndInvoke

23, .
ILDasm.exe, ,
(. 15!1):
. 151. ILDasm.exe ,
Feedback, Sys
tem.MulticastDelegate, .NET Framework Class
Library ( MulticastDelegate).
! System.MulticastDelegate
System.Delegate, , , System.Object.
, !
; FCL . !
, , , !

MulticastDelegate, , !
, Delegate, MulticastDelegate. !
, Delegate Combine Remove.
( , .)
, Delegate.
MulticastDelegate,
Delegate,
.
, internal.
public, !
Feedback .
, (!
), . ,
, , !
.
MulticastDelegate, !
, MulticastDelegate. ,
(. 15!1).
15
329
. 15-1. MulticastDelegate
_target
System.Object
! !
, null. ! !
,
, !
. !
, ,
this
_methodPtr
System.Int32
, CLR

_prev
System.Multicast null.
Delegate
(
)
:
, . , !
, , , Program.Feedback
ToConsole p.FeedbackToFile. ,
!
, ,
, .
object , IntPtr (!
MethodDef MethodRef), !
, method. !
object null. !
_target _methodPtr. null
_invocationList. , !
.
, ,
. :
Feedback fbStatic = new Feedback(Program.FeedbackToConsole);

Feedback fbInstance = new Feedback(new Program().FeedbackToFile);
fbStatic fbInstance
! Feedback (. 15!2).
. 152. , ,
,
330
IV
Delegate !
: Target Method.
. Target ,
. , Target ,
_target. , Target null.
Method System.Reflection.MethodInfo,
. , Method , !
_methodPtr MethodInfo
.
!, , ,
:
Boolean DelegateRefersToInstanceMethodOfType(MulticastDelegate d, Type type) {

return((d.Target != null) && d.Target.GetType() == type);
}
, (!
, FeedbackToMsgBox):
Boolean DelegateRefersToMethodOfName(MulticastDelegate d, String methodName) {

return(d.Method.Name == methodName);
}
, .
, !, ,
.
Counter:

// , .
if (fb != null)
fb(val);
}
}
, !
. if , null fb. ,
, .
null , fb ,
! Feedback, null. ,
fb, (val),
. Invoke !
!, , fb , !
. , :
fb(val);
, :
fb.Invoke(val);
15
331
Counter ILDasm.exe, , !
, Invoke . . 15!3
IL! Counter. IL_0009
Invoke Feedback.
. 153. ILDasm.exe ,
Invoke Feedback
, Counter Invoke , :

// , .
if (fb != null)
fb.Invoke(val);
}
}
, , Invoke !
Feedback. Invoke _target
_methodPtr . : !
Invoke , Feedback,
( ) Invoke Int32 !
void.

( )
,
. (chaining) , !
!, , !
. ,
ChainDelegateDemo1 , .
332
IV
Console.WriteLine !, !
fb1, fb2 fb3 (. 15!4).
. 154. ,
fb1, fb2 fb3
! ! Feedback
, . !
fbChain null !
. Combine Delegate !
:

Combine !
null fb1. Combine fb1, !
fbChain !,
fb1 (. 15!5).
. 155.

15
333
, Combine:

Combine , fbChain !,
!. !
_target _methodPtr.
, , _invocationList
!. ( 0)
, FeedbackTo
Console ( , fbChain). !
( 1) , !
FeedbackToMsgBox ( fb2). , fbChain
! (. 15!6).
. 156.

Combine:

, , fbChain !, Combine
! (. 15!7). , ! !
_target _methodPtr ! ,
_invocationList !.
( 0 1)
, ! .
( 2) ,
FeedbackToFile ( fb3). , !
fbChain !. :
, _invocationList,
.
334
IV
. 157.
, fbChain !
Counter:
Counter , Invoke !
! Feedback, . 15!3. Invoke !
, fbChain, !
, _invocationList null, ,
, !
. !
: FeedbackToConsole, FeedbackToMsgBox FeedbackToFile.
Invoke Feedback :
public void Invoke(Int32 value) {

Delegate[] delegateSet = _invocationList as Delegate[];
if (delegateSet != null) {
// , .
foreach (Feedback d in delegateSet)
d(value); // .
} else {
// ,
// .
// .
_methodPtr.Invoke(_target, value);
// .
15
335
//
// C#.
}
}
, Remove
Delegate. ChainDelegateDemo1 :
fbChain = (Feedback) Delegate.Remove(fbChain, new Feedback(FeedbackToMsgBox));

Remove ( 0),
!, (
fbChain). Remove , target _methodPtr
(
Feedback). Remove
, ! _invo
cationList
!
. Remove null.
: Remove ,
_target _methodPtr.
! Feedback, void.
:
public delegate Int32 Feedback(Int32 value);

Invoke :
public Int32 Invoke(Int32 value) {

Int32 result;
Delegate[] delegateSet = _invocationList as Delegate[];
if (delegateSet != null) {
// , .
foreach (Feedback d in delegateSet)
result = d(value); // .
} else {
// ,
// .
// .
result = _methodPtr.Invoke(_target, value);
// .
//
// C#.
}
return result;
}
!
result. result
(
); , !
Invoke.
336
IV
C#
C# , !
+= = .
Delegate.Combine Delegate.Remove . !
. ChainDelegateDemo1
ChainDelegateDemo2 (. ) !
IL!. , ChainDelegateDemo2
+= = C#.
, !
IL! ILDasm.exe. , C# !
+= =
Combine Remove Delegate .

, ! !
. Invoke !
, , !
. , .
, .
, , !
, . , !
, ,
. !
? !
,
. , .
, , MulticastDele
gate GetInvocationList,
,
:
public abstract class MulticastDelegate : Delegate {

// ,
// .
public sealed override Delegate[] GetInvocationList();
}
GetInvocationList , MulticastDelegate,
Delegate, !
! . GetInvocationList !
,
; .
_invocationList null, ,
, .
, !
:
15
using System;
using System.Text;
// Light.
internal sealed class Light {
// Light.
public String SwitchPosition() {
return "The light is off";
}
}
// Fan.
internal sealed class Fan {
// Fan.
public String Speed() {
throw new InvalidOperationException("The fan broke due to overheating");
}
}
// Speaker.
internal sealed class Speaker {
// Speaker.
public String Volume() {
return "The volume is loud";
}
}
// , .
private delegate String GetStatus();
// .
GetStatus getStatus = null;
//
// .
getStatus += new GetStatus(new Light().SwitchPosition);
getStatus += new GetStatus(new Fan().Speed);
getStatus += new GetStatus(new Speaker().Volume);
// ,
// .
Console.WriteLine(GetComponentStatusReport(getStatus));
}
// ,
// .
private static String GetComponentStatusReport(GetStatus status) {
337
338
IV
// , .
if (status == null) return null;
// .
StringBuilder report = new StringBuilder();
// , .
Delegate[] arrayOfDelegates = status.GetInvocationList();
// .
foreach (GetStatus getStatus in arrayOfDelegates) {
try {
// .
report.AppendFormat("{0}{1}{1}", getStatus(), Environment.NewLine);
}
catch (InvalidOperationException e) {
// .
Object component = getStatus.Target;
report.AppendFormat(
"Failed to get status from {1}{2}{0}Error: {3}{0}{0}",
Environment.NewLine,
((component == null) ? "" : component.GetType() + "."),
getStatus.Method.Name,
e.Message);
}
}
// .
return report.ToString();
}
}
, :
The light is off

Failed to get status from Fan.Speed
Error: The fan broke due to overheating
The volume is loud

C#
, !
. .
:
button1.Click += new EventHandler(button1_Click);
15
339
button1.Click , :
void button1_Click(Object sender, EventArgs e) {

// ...
}
button1_Click
, .

! EventHandler ,
button1_Click. ! EventHandler CLR,
,
. !
. , !
.
:
button1.Click += button1_Click;
, C# Microsoft !
. !
, , , . ,
, C#, !
IL!, !
CLR . ,
C#
.
1:
-
, C# ,
!, . :
internal sealed class AClass {

public static void CallbackWithoutNewingADelegateObject() {
ThreadPool.QueueUserWorkItem(SomeAsyncTask, 5);
}
private static void SomeAsyncTask(Object o) {
}
}
QueueUserWorkItem ThreadPool !
! WaitCallback,
SomeAsyncTask. C# , ,
! WaitCallback,
. , C# !
IL! ! WaitCallback, !
.
340
IV
2:

, SomeAsyncTask, !
QueueUserWorkItem ThreadPool. C# !
, . !
, :

ThreadPool.QueueUserWorkItem(
delegate(Object obj) { Console.WriteLine(obj); },
5);
}
}
: QueueUserWorkItem
! delegate , !
, C# !
( AClass). ! ,

. ILDasm.exe, !
. !
ILDasm.exe , C# <Callback
WithoutNewingADelegateObject>b__0. : !
, ,
C# !
.
ILDasm.exe, , C#
System.Runtime.CompilerServices.CompilerGeneratedAttribute
, , . !
.
, !
( ), . !
!
() . !
(!
, unsafe). , !
!
, , ,
.
, public, protected, internal,
virtual, sealed, override abstract.
, C#
( ):

// .
15
341
// : CallbackWithoutNewingADelegateObject
// .
// : .
[CompilerGenerated]
private static WaitCallback <>9__CachedAnonymousMethodDelegate1;
if (<>9__CachedAnonymousMethodDelegate1 == null) {
// .
<>9__CachedAnonymousMethodDelegate1 =
new WaitCallback(<CallbackWithoutNewingADelegateObject>b__0);
}
ThreadPool.QueueUserWorkItem(<>9__CachedAnonymousMethodDelegate1, 5);
}
[CompilerGenerated]
private static void <CallbackWithoutNewingADelegateObject>b__0(Object obj) {
Console.WriteLine(obj);
}
}
WaitCall
back: void Object. !
, , (Object obj) !
delegate.
, ; !
, , (
, ). ,
,
( , CallbackWithoutNewingADelegate
Object ).
. :

private static String sm_name; // .
// .
delegate(Object obj) { Console.WriteLine(sm_name+ ": " + obj); },
5);
}
}
CallbackWithoutNewingADelegateObject ,
.

, , ,
this . , !
,
:
342
IV

private String m_name; // .
// .
public void CallbackWithoutNewingADelegateObject() {
// .
delegate(Object obj) { Console.WriteLine(m_name+ ": " + obj); },
5);
}
}
3:

, !
, :
button1.Click +=
delegate(Object sender, EventArgs e)
{ MessageBox.Show("The Button was clicked!"); };
,
, . !
sender e.
, C#
:
button1.Click +=
delegate { MessageBox.Show("The Button was clicked!"); };
: (Object sender, EventArgs e). !
, ,
CLR !
. !
, EventHandler ( ,
Click Button).
.
! ,
delegate , !
. , ,
void, return !
.
4:

, !
. ,
15
343
, .
:

public static void UsingLocalVariablesInTheCallbackCode(Int32 numToDo) {
// .
Int32[] squares = new Int32[numToDo];
AutoResetEvent done = new AutoResetEvent(false);
// .
for (Int32 n = 0; n < squares.Length; n++) {
delegate(Object obj) {
Int32 num = (Int32) obj;
// .
squares[num] = num * num;
// , ( ) .
if (Interlocked.Decrement(ref numToDo) == 0)
done.Set();
},
n);
}
// .
done.WaitOne();
// .
for (Int32 n = 0; n < squares.Length; n++)
Console.WriteLine("Index {0}, Square={1}", n, squares[n]);
}
}
, C# ,
. !
, numToDo, , squares done.
.
,
( CLR).
? ,
, !
. ,
. UsingLocalVariables
InTheCallbackCode , !
!
, .
, , , !
C# . C# !
( ):
344
IV

public static void UsingLocalVariablesInTheCallbackCode(Int32 numToDo) {
// .
WaitCallback callback1 = null;
// .
<>c__DisplayClass2 class1 = new <>c__DisplayClass2();
// .
class1.numToDo = numToDo;
class1.squares = new Int32[class1.numToDo];
class1.done = new AutoResetEvent(false);
// .
for (Int32 n = 0; n < class1.squares.Length; n++) {
if (callback1 == null) {
//
// .
callback1 = new WaitCallback(
class1.<UsingLocalVariablesInTheCallbackCode>b__0);
}
ThreadPool.QueueUserWorkItem(callback1, n);
}
// .
class1.done.WaitOne();
// .
for (Int32 n = 0; n < class1.squares.Length; n++)
Console.WriteLine("Index {0}, Square={1}", n, class1.squares[n]);
}
// ,
//
// Aclass.
[CompilerGenerated]
private sealed class <>c__DisplayClass2 : Object {
//
// .
public Int32[] squares;
public Int32 numToDo;
public AutoResetEvent done;
// .
public <>c__DisplayClass2 { }
15
345
// , .
public void <UsingLocalVariablesInTheCallbackCode>b__0(Object obj) {
Int32 num = (Int32) obj;
squares[num] = num * num;
if (Interlocked.Decrement(ref numToDo) == 0)
done.Set();
}
}
}
! , !
C#.
, , !
. , , , !
, !
. , , !
Visual Studio !
.
: !
, , !
, !
. , !

, . !
,
.
, .
// String.
String[] names = { "Jeff", "Kristin", "Aidan" };
// , 'i'.
Char charToFind = 'i';
names = Array.FindAll(names, delegate(String name)
{ return (name.IndexOf(charToFind) >= 0); });
// .
names = Array.ConvertAll<String, String>(names, delegate(String name)
{ return name.ToUpper(); });
// .
Array.Sort(names, String.Compare);
// .
Array.ForEach(names, Console.WriteLine);
346
IV

, , ,
. , fb !
, Feedback, !
:
fb(item); // item Int32.

, , !
. ,
,
.
. !
10, EventSet.
. !
,
. , !
.
, System.Delegate ,
, !
. :
public abstract class Delegate {

// , .
public static Delegate CreateDelegate(Type type, MethodInfo method);
public static Delegate CreateDelegate(Type type, MethodInfo method,
Boolean throwOnBindFailure);
// , .
public static Delegate CreateDelegate(Type type,
Object firstArgument, MethodInfo method); // firstArgument means this
public static Delegate CreateDelegate(Type type,
Object firstArgument, MethodInfo method, Boolean throwOnBindFailure);
// , .
public Object DynamicInvoke(params Object[] args);
}
CreateDelegate Delegate,
, type. MethodInfo ,
;
API (. 22). !
, CreateDelegate firstArgu
ment, ,
this ( ). , CreateDelegate Argu
mentException, , !
method. , method, !
, , !
15
347
type. throwOnBindFailure false,

null.
! System.Delegate !
CreateDelegate, . !
. Microsoft , !
. ,

String, MethodInfo. , ,
.
DynamicInvoke System.Delegate
!, , !
. DynamicInvoke !
, .
, , !
ArgumentException. DynamicInvoke , !
.
CreateDelegate Dyna
micInvoke:
using System;
using System.IO;
// .
internal delegate Object TwoInt32s(Int32 n1, Int32 n2);
internal delegate Object OneString(String s1);
public static void Main(String[] args) {
if (args.Length < 2) {
String fileName = Path.GetFileNameWithoutExtension(
Assembly.GetEntryAssembly().Location);
String usage =
@"Usage:" +
"{0}{1} delType methodName [Arg1] [Arg2]" +
"{0} where delType must be TwoInt32s or OneString"+
"{0} if delType is TwoInt32s, methodName must be Add or Subtract" +
"{0} if delType is OneString, methodName must be NumChars or Reverse" +
"{0}" +
"{0}Examples:" +
"{0} {1} TwoInt32s Add 123 321" +
"{0} {1} TwoInt32s Subtract 123 321" +
"{0} {1} OneString NumChars \"Hello there\"" +
"{0} {1} OneString Reverse \Hello there\"";
Console.WriteLine(usage, Environment.NewLine, fileName);
return;
}
348
IV
// delType .
Type delType = Type.GetType(args[0]);
if (delType == null) {
Console.WriteLine("Invalid delType argument: " + args[0]);
return;
}
Delegate d;
try {
// Arg1 .
MethodInfo mi = typeof(Program).GetMethod(args[1],
BindingFlags.NonPublic | BindingFlags.Static);
// , .
d = Delegate.CreateDelegate(delType, mi);
}
catch (ArgumentException) {
Console.WriteLine("Invalid methodName argument: " + args[1]);
return;
}
// , ,
// .
Object[] callbackArgs = new Object[args.Length 2];
if (d.GetType() == typeof(TwoInt32s)) {
try {
// String Int32.
for (Int32 a = 2; a < args.Length; a++)
callbackArgs[a 2] = Int32.Parse(args[a]);
}
catch (FormatException) {
Console.WriteLine("Parameters must be integers.");
return;
}
}
if (d.GetType() == typeof(OneString)) {
// String.
Array.Copy(args, 2, callbackArgs, 0, callbackArgs.Length);
}
try {
// .
Object result = d.DynamicInvoke(callbackArgs);
Console.WriteLine("Result = " + result);
}
catch (TargetParameterCountException) {
Console.WriteLine("Incorrect number of parameters specified.");
}
}
15
// , Int32.
private static Object Add(Int32 n1, Int32 n2) {
return n1 + n2;
}
// , Int32.
private static Object Subtract(Int32 n1, Int32 n2) {
return n1 n2;
}
// , String.
private static Object NumChars(String s1) {
return s1.Length;
}
// , String.
private static Object Reverse(String s1) {
Char[] chars = s1.ToCharArray();
Array.Reverse(chars);
return new String(chars);
}
}
349
1 6
, ,
.
, ,
.
,
.
(generics) ,
(CLR) ,
,
.
, , , ,
, , ,
.
. ,
, Int32s, String . .,
DateTime, Versions...
. CLR
, ,
. , CLR
.
, CLR
, , .
, FCL
, .
. , .
FCL, ,
List<T> System.Collections.Generic.
(
):
[Serializable]
public class List<T> : IList<T>, ICollection<T>, IEnumerable<T>,
IList, ICollection, IEnumerable {
16
public
public
public
public
public
public
public
public
public
public
public
351
List();
void Add(T item);
Int32 BinarySearch(T item);
void Clear();
Boolean Contains(T item);
Int32 IndexOf(T item);
Boolean Remove(T item);
void Sort();
void Sort(IComparer<T> comparer);
void Sort(Comparison<T> comparison);
T[] ToArray();
public Int32 Count { get; }

public T this[Int32 index] { get; set; }
}
<T> List ,
.
, (, T),
(type parameters). T ,
,
. , List T
( Add T)
( ToArray T) .
( C# this).
get, T, set,
T. T ,
, ,
.
, List<T>
, ,
.
. ,
List, DateTime.
private static void SomeMethod() {

// (List), DateTime.
List<DateTime> dtList = new List<DateTime>();
// DateTime .
dtList.Add(DateTime.Now);
// .
// DateTime .
dtList.Add(DateTime.MinValue); // .
// String .
dtList.Add("1/1/2004");
// .
// DateTime .
DateTime dt = dtList[0];
// .
}
352
IV

.
,
, .
C++ Java
.

, CLR ,
, .
, ,
.
String Add .

, ,
. SomeMethod
(DateTime),
dt ( 0).

, Object.
,
CLR . 5
, ,
, , ,
.
,
CLR .
(. ), CLR
,
.
, ,

ArrayList FCL List.

.
using
using
using
using
System;
System.Collections;
System.Collections.Generic;
System.Diagnostics;

ValueTypePerfTest();
ReferenceTypePerfTest();
}
16
private static void ValueTypePerfTest() {

const Int32 count = 10000000;
using (new OperationTimer("List<Int32>")) {
List<Int32> l = new List<Int32>(count);
for (Int32 n = 0; n < count; n++) {
l.Add(n);
Int32 x = l[n];
}
l = null; // .
}
using (new OperationTimer("ArrayList of Int32")) {
a.Add(n);
Int32 x = (Int32) a[n];
}
a = null; // .
}
}
private static void ReferenceTypePerfTest() {
using (new OperationTimer("List<String>")) {
List<String> l = new List<String>();
l.Add("X");
String x = l[n];
}
l = null; // .
}
using (new OperationTimer("ArrayList of String")) {
a.Add("X");
String x = (String) a[n];
}
a = null; // .
}
}
}
// .
internal sealed class OperationTimer : IDisposable {
private Int64 m_startTime;
private String m_text;
private Int32 m_collectionCount;
353
354
IV
public OperationTimer(String text) {

PrepareForOperation();
m_text = text;
m_collectionCount = GC.CollectionCount(0);
// ,
// .
m_startTime = Stopwatch.GetTimestamp();
}
Console.WriteLine("{0,6:###.00} seconds (GCs={1,3}) {2}",
(Stopwatch.GetTimestamp() 5 m_startTime) /
(Double) Stopwatch.Frequency,
GC.CollectionCount(0) 5 m_collectionCount, m_text);
}
private static void PrepareForOperation() {
GC.Collect();
GC.WaitForPendingFinalizers();
GC.Collect();
}
}
Release (
) , :
.10
2.02
.52
.53
seconds
seconds
seconds
seconds
(GCs=
(GCs=
(GCs=
(GCs=
0)
30)
6)
6)
List<Int32>
ArrayList of Int32
List<String>
ArrayList of String
, List Int32 ,
ArrayList . :
2 , 20 ! ,
(Int32) ArrayList ,
, , 30 , List .
:
.
List . ,

. ,
, .
, CLR

.
.
.
16
355
FCL
, , FCL
. Microsoft

. , ,
, ,
. ,
, . , ,
, , ,
. . 161
.
. 16-1.

List<T>
Dictionary<TKey, TValue>
SortedDictionary<TKey, TValue>
Stack<T>
Queue<T>
LinkedList<T>

ArrayList
Hashtable
SortedList
Stack
Queue
.
Dictionary SortedDictionary KeyValuePair<TKey, TValue>,
DictionaryEntry. LinkedList
LinkedListNode<T>.
Microsoft ,
T
T (, TKey TValue). T
, I (, IComparable).
, ,
, ,
, . FCL
,
. . 162
.
. 16-2.

IList<T>
IDictionary<TKey, TValue>
ICollection<T>
IEnumerator<T>
IEnumerable<T>
IComparer<T>
IComparable<T>

IList
IDictionary
ICollection
IEnumerator
IEnumerable
IComparer
IComparable
356
IV
:
.
. , List<T>
IList<T>, List< Date
Time> IList.
, System.Array, ,
, AsReadOnly, Binary
Search, ConvertAll, Exists, Find, FindAll, FindIndex, FindLast, FindLastIndex, ForEach,
IndexOf, LastIndexOf, Resize, Sort TrueForAll. .
public abstract class Array : ICloneable, IList, ICollection, IEnumerable {

public static void Sort<T>(T[] array);
public static void Sort<T>(T[] array, IComparer<T> comparer);
public static Int32 BinarySearch<T>(T[] array, T value);
public static Int32 BinarySearch<T>(T[] array, T value,
IComparer<T> comparer);
...
}
.

// .
Byte[] byteArray = new Byte[] { 5, 1, 4, 2, 3 };
// Byte[].
Array.Sort<Byte>(byteArray);
// Byte[].
Int32 i = Array.BinarySearch<Byte>(byteArray, 1);
Console.WriteLine(i); // "0".
}
Power Collections Wintellect

Microsoft Wintellect Power Collections,
STL
C++ CLR. Power Collections
. . Web http://Wintellect.com.
,
. . 163
Power Collections.
16
357
. 16-3. Power Collections

Wintellect

BigList<T>
T. ,
100
Bag<T>
T.

OrderedBag<T>
T.

Set<T>
T.

OrderedSet<T>
T.

Deque<T>
. ,
/

OrderedDictionary
<TKey,TValue>
MultiDictionary
<TKey,TValue>
. ,
,
OrderedMultiDictionary
<TKey,TValue>

( ).

CLR .
Microsoft .
IL, .

.
( C#, Microsoft Visual
Basic .NET ),

.
IL
.
JIT, IL,
, .
,
.

,
.
, ,
, .
358
IV
IntelliSense Microsoft Visual Studio

.
, CLR.

.

, CLR
, .
. ,
CLR .
(), (),
. ,
CLR (
).

.
, . CLR
. ,
, .
, CLR ,
. .
using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
// .
internal sealed class DictionaryStringKey<TValue> :
Dictionary<String, TValue> {
}
Object o = null;
// Dictionary<,> 5.
Type t = typeof(Dictionary<,>);
// ().
o = CreateInstance(t);
// DictionaryStringKey<> 5.
t = typeof(DictionaryStringKey<>);
// ().
16
359
// DictionaryStringKey<Guid> .
t = typeof(DictionaryStringKey<Guid>);
// ().
// .
Console.WriteLine("Object type=" + o.GetType());
}
private static Object CreateInstance(Type t) {
Object o = null;
try {
o = Activator.CreateInstance(t);
Console.Write("Created instance of {0}", t.ToString());
}
catch (ArgumentException e) {
Console.WriteLine(e.Message);
}
return o;
}
}
, :
Cannot create an instance of System.Collections.Generic.

Dictionary2[TKey,TValue] because Type.ContainsGenericParameters is true.
Cannot create an instance of DictionaryStringKey1[TValue] because
Type.ContainsGenericParameters is true.
Created instance of DictionaryStringKey1[System.Guid]
Object type=DictionaryStringKey1[System.Guid]
, CreateInstance
Activator ArgumentException. ,
,
.
,
(), , ,
. ,
Dictionary 2, TKey TValue.
DictionaryStringKey 1, TValue.
, CLR
(. 4). .
, , List<T>,
List<DateTime> List<String>,
.
(. 8),
.
360
IV
,
. , ,
.
internal sealed class GenericTypeThatRequiresAnEnum<T> {

static GenericTypeThatRequiresAnEnum() {
if (!typeof(T).IsEnum) {
throw new ArgumentException("T must be an enumerated type");
}
}
}
CLR

. . ,
.
,
.

, , .
CLR
, , .
, List<T> Object, List<String> List<Guid>
Object. , DictionaryStringKey<TValue>
Dictionary<String, TValue>, DictionaryStringKey<Guid>
Dictionary<String, Guid>. ,
, ,
, .
, Node .
internal sealed class Node<T> {

public T m_data;
public Node<T> m_next;
public Node(T data) : this(data, null) {
}
public Node(T data, Node<T> next) {
m_data = data; m_next = next;
}
return m_data.ToString() +
((m_next != null) ? m_next.ToString() : null);
}
}
:
16
361
private static void SameDataLinkedList() {

Node<Char> head = new Node<Char>('C');
head = new Node<Char>('B', head);
head = new Node<Char>('A', head);
Console.WriteLine(head.ToString());
}
Node m_next ,
m_data . ,
( ) . ,
Node ,
Char, DateTime, String.
, Node,
TypedNode ( Node ),
.
.
internal class Node {

protected Node m_next;
public Node(Node next) {
m_next = next;
}
}
internal sealed class TypedNode<T> : Node {
public T m_data;
public TypedNode(T data) : this(data, null) {
}
public TypedNode(T data, Node next) : base(next) {
m_data = data;
}
return m_data.ToString() +
((m_next != null) ? m_next.ToString() : null);
}
}

. .
private static void DifferentDataLinkedList() {

Node head = new TypedNode<Char>('.');
head = new TypedNode<DateTime>(DateTime.Now, head);
head = new TypedNode<String>("Today is ", head);
Console.WriteLine(head.ToString());
}
362
IV

.
(<)
(>), .
,
.
, :
List<DateTime> dt = new List<DateTime>();

, :
internal sealed class DateTimeList : List<DateTime> {

// !
}
, , (
):
DateTimeList dt = new DateTimeList();

, .
, .
: ,
:
Boolean sameType = (typeof(List<DateTime>) == typeof(DateTimeList));

sameType false,
. , ,
, DateTimeList,
List<DateTime>. , List<Date
Time>, DateTimeList, DateTimeList
List<DateTime>. .
, C#
, .
using,
:
using DateTimeList = System.Collections.Generic.List<System.DateTime>;

using DateTimeList.
DateTimeList System.Collections.Generic.List
<System.DateTime>. ,
,
. sameType
true.
Boolean sameType = (typeof(List<DateTime>) == typeof(DateTimeList));
16
363

JIT ,
, CLR IL ,
,
. , , .
: CLR
+ , (code explosion),

.
, CLR ,
. ,
,
CLR + .
, List<DateTime> (
AppDomain), CLR List<DateTime>
. .
CLR
,
. , , CLR List<String>,
List<Stream>, String Stream
. , .
CLR ,
(32 32
64 64 Windows) ,
.
, CLR
. ,
.
(, Int32 UInt32 32 ), CLR
,
.

,
. CLR
.
(, IComparable)
.
. CLR
.
,
, .
.
FCL (
System.Collections.Generic):
364
IV
public interface IEnumerator<T> : IDisposable, IEnumerator {

T Current { get; }
}
.
, Triangle Point,
Current Point.
internal sealed class Triangle : IEnumerator<Point> {

private Point[] m_vertices;
// Current IEnumerator<Point> 5 Point.
Point Current { get { ... } }
}
, ,
:
internal sealed class ArrayEnumerator<T> : IEnumerator<T> {

private T[] m_array;
// Current IEnumerator<T> T.
T Current { get { ... } }
}
: ArrayEnumerator T ( T
, , ArrayEnumerator,
T ). , Current
T. 14.

CLR
, .
,
.
15, :
Invoke, BeginInvoke EndInvoke.
, ,
,
.
, :
public delegate TReturn CallMe<TReturn, TKey, TValue>(TKey key, TValue value);

, :
public sealed class CallMe<TReturn, TKey, TValue> : MulticastDelegate {

public CallMe(Object object, IntPtr method);
public TReturn Invoke(TKey key, TValue value);
public IAsyncResult BeginInvoke(TKey key, TValue value,
public TReturn EndInvoke(IAsyncResult result);
}
16
365
FCL .
. :
// .
public delegate void Action<T>(T obj);
// .
public delegate Int32 Comparison<T>(T x, T y);
// .
public delegate TOutput Converter<TInput, TOutput>(TInput input);
// , , .
public delegate Boolean Predicate<T>(T obj);
, FCL,
10:
public delegate void EventHandler<TEventArgs>(

object sender, TEventArgs e) where TEventArgs : EventArgs;
where .
.

, , ,
. ,

. CLR ,
,
. ,
, :
internal sealed class GenericType<T> {

private T m_value;
public GenericType(T value) { m_value = value; }
public TOutput Converter<TOutput>() {
TOutput result = (TOutput) Convert.ChangeType(m_value, typeof(TOutput));
return result;
}
}
GenericType (T),
Converter (TOutput).
GenericType, . Converter
, m_value,
, .
.
366
IV
Swap:
private static void Swap<T>(ref T o1, ref T o2) {

T temp = o1;
o1 = o2;
o2 = temp;
}
Swap :
private static void CallingSwap() {

Int32 n1 = 1, n2 = 2;
Console.WriteLine("n1={0}, n2={1}", n1, n2);
Swap<Int32>(ref n1, ref n2);
Console.WriteLine("n1={0}, n2={1}", n1, n2);
String s1 = "Aidan", s2 = "Kristin";
Console.WriteLine("s1={0}, s2={1}", s1, s2);
Swap<String>(ref s1, ref s2);
Console.WriteLine("s1={0}, s2={1}", s1, s2);
}
, out
ref, , ,
out/ref, , ,
. out/reg
8. , Exchange Compare
Exchange Interlocked :
public static class Interlocked {

public static T Exchange<T>(ref T location1, T value) where T: class;
public static T CompareExchange<T>(
ref T location1, T value, T comparand) where T: class;
}

C#
. ,
# (type inference)
. , (
) ,
. :
private static void CallingSwapUsingInference() {

Int32 n1 = 1, n2 = 2;
Swap(ref n1, ref n2); // Swap<Int32>.
String s1 = "Aidan";
Object s2 = "Kristin";
Swap(ref s1, ref s2); // , .
}
16
367
: Swap
. Swap C# ,
n1 n2 Int32, Swap, Int32.
C#
, , .
Swap C# , s1 String, s2 Object (
s2 String). s1 s2 ,
Swap
: error CS0411: The type arguments for method Program.Swap<T>(ref
T, ref T) cannot be inferred from the usage. Try specifying the type arguments explicitly
( CS0411: Program.Swap<T>(ref T, ref T)
. ).
,
, ,
:
private static void Display(String s) {

}
private static void Display<T>(T o) {
Display(o.ToString()); // Display(String).
}
Display :
Display("Jeff");
Display(123);
Display<String>("Aidan");
// Display(String).
// Display<T>(T).
// Display<T>(T).
Display,
String, Display ( T String). C#
, ,
Display, String.
Display, String,
Display. , ,
. ,
Display, ToString,
String, .
Display , String.
,
, .
, Display,
. Display ToString
,
Display.
368
IV

C# , , , ,
.
, .
C#
, # Microsoft ,
. ,
, #
, . ,
+ . ,
+, .

C# ,
, ,
. .
private static Boolean MethodTakingAnyType<T>(T o) {

T temp = o;
Console.WriteLine(o.ToString());
Boolean b = temp.Equals(o);
return b;
}
(temp) T,
.
, , ,
, ,
,
, Object (, ToString Equals).
:
private static T Min<T>(T o1, T o2) {

if (o1.CompareTo(o2) < 0) return o1;
return o2;
}
Min o1 CompareTo.
CompareTo, #
,
.
: error CS0117: T does not contain a definition for
CompareTo ( CS0117: T CompareTo).
,
, ,
, Object, ! .
, CLR
(constraints), .
16
369
,
, .
Min, ( ):
public static T Min<T>(T o1, T o2) where T : IComparable<T> {

if (o1.CompareTo(o2) < 0) return o1;
return o2;
}
where C# , T
IComparable (T).
CompareTo,
IComparable<T>.
, ,
, ,
. , : error
CS0309: The type object must be convertible to System.IComparable<object> in order
to use it as a parameter T in the generic type or method Program.Min<T>(T, T)| (
CS0309: object System.IComparable<object>,
T
Program.Min<T>(T, T)).
private static void CallMin() {

Object o1 = "Jeff", o2 = "Richter";
Object oMin = Min<Object>(o1, o2); // CS0309.
}
, System.Object
IComparable<Object>. , System.Object
.
.
.
, ( Min). CLR
.
. .
//
internal
internal
internal
:
sealed class AType {}
sealed class AType<T> {}
sealed class AType<T1, T2> {}
// : AType<T>, .
internal sealed class AType<T> where T : IComparable<T> {}
// : AType<T1, T2>.
internal sealed class AType<T3, T4> {}
internal sealed class AnotherType {
// :
private static void M() {}
370
IV
private static void M<T>() {}

private static void M<T1, T2>() {}
// : M<T>, .
private static void M<T>() where T : IComparable<T> {}
// : M<T1, T2>.
private static void M<T3, T4>() {}
}

, , ,
, .
,
, . ,

, ,
, .
.
internal class Base {

public virtual void M<T1, T2>()
where T1 : struct
where T2 : class {
}
}
internal sealed class Derived : Base {
public override void M<T3, T4>()
where T3 : EventArgs
// .
where T4 : class
// .
{ }
}
: Error CS0460:
Constraints for override and explicit interface implementation methods are inherited
from the base method so cannot be specified directly ( CS0460:

).
M<T3, T4> Derived where,
. : ( T1
T3, 2 4), ( ) .
, CLR
.
: , /
. .
16
371

.
,
. : System.
Object, System.Array, System.Delegate, System.MulticastDelegate, System.ValueType, System.
Enum System.Void.

, , ,
. , :
internal sealed class PrimaryConstraintOfStream<T> where T : Stream {

public void M(T stream) {
stream.Close();// OK.
}
}
T
Stream ( System.IO), , ,
PrimaryConstraintOfStream, Stream
(, FileStream).
, System.Object. ,
System.Object, C# : error CS0702:
Constraint cannot be special class object ( CS0702:
object).
: class struct. class
, .
, ,
, :
internal sealed class PrimaryConstraintOfClass<T> where T : class {

public void M() {
T temp = null;// , T .
}
}
temp null , ,
T ,
null. T ,
,
null.
struct ,
. ,
. CLR System.
Nullable<T> , null
. , Nullable<T>
struct, CLR ,
Nullable<Nullable<T>>. null
18.
, struct.
372
IV
internal sealed class PrimaryConstraintOfStruct<T> where T : struct {

public static T Factory() {
// ,
// .
return new T();
}
}
T new ,
, T ,
. T ,
class, ,
.

.
, ,
. ,
, (
, ).
. 14.

. , ,
,
.
.
.
private static List<TBase> ConvertIList<T, TBase>(IList<T> list)

where T : TBase {
List<TBase> baseList = new List<TBase>(list.Count);
for (Int32 index = 0; index < list.Count; index++) {
baseList.Add(list[index]);
}
return baseList;
}
ConvertIList , T
TBase. ,
T, , TBase.
ConvertIList.
private static void CallingConvertIList() {

// List<String> ( IList<String>).
IList<String> ls = new List<String>();
ls.Add("A String");
// IList<String> IList<Object>.
IList<Object> lo = ConvertIList<String, Object>(ls);
16
373
// IList<String> IList<IComparable>.
IList<IComparable> lc = ConvertIList<String, IComparable>(ls);
// IList<String> IList<IComparable<String>>.
IList<IComparable<String>> lcs =
ConvertIList<String, IComparable<String>>(ls);
// IList<String> IList<String>.
IList<String> ls2 = ConvertIList<String, String>(ls);
// IList<String> IList<Exception>.
IList<Exception> le = ConvertIList<String, Exception>(ls);// Error
}
ConvertIList , String
Object. String Object,
. ConvertIList
, String IComparable. String
IComparable,
. ConvertIList , String
IComparable<String>. String ICompa
rable<String>, .
ConvertIList , String .
ConvertIList , String Exception.
String Exception,
, : error CS0309: The type
string must be converted to System.Exception in order to use it as parameter T in
the generic type or method SomeType.ConvertIList<T,TBase>(System.Collectons.Gene
ric.IList<T> ( CS0309: string System.Excep
tion, T
SomeType.ConvertIList<T,TBase>(System.Collectons.Generic.IList<T>).

.
,
, .
: #
struct, .
.
.
internal sealed class ConstructorConstraint<T> where T : new() {

public static T Factory() {
// ,
//
// ,
// .
return new T();
}
}
374
IV
new T ,
, T
. , ,
, ,
.

,
. CLR (, , C#)
. Microsoft,
, .

,

, , .

,
, .
private static void CastingAGenericTypeVariable1<T>(T obj) {

Int32 x = (Int32) obj ; // .
String s = (String) obj; // .
}
,
.
, , Object:

Int32 x = (Int32) (Object) obj ;
// .
String s = (String) (Object) obj;
// .
}
, CLR
InvalidCastException.
as C#.
String ( Int32 ).

String s = obj as String; // .
}

null ,
.
private static void SettingAGenericTypeVariableToNull<T>() {

T temp = null;
// CS0403 Cannot convert null to type parameter 'T'
// because it could be a value type
// ( CS0403 null 5 ,
16
375
// T .)
}
T , ,
null . ,
temp null, .
C# Microsoft ,
. #
default.
private static void SettingAGenericTypeVariableToDefaultValue<T>() {

T temp = default(T); // .
}
default C# JIT
CLR , temp null, T
, temp, .
null
null ==
!= , , .
private static void ComparingAGenericTypeVariableWithNull<T>(T obj) {

if (obj == null) { /* , 5 */ }
}
T , .
obj null.
C# .
.
JIT, , if true,
if .
!=, JIT
if ( true),
if.
, struct, # ,
, null,
.

, .
private static void ComparingTwoGenericTypeVariables<T>(T o1, T o2) {

if (o1 == o2) { } // .
}
T , ,
,
, ==. T
class, , == true,
. :
376
IV
T , operator==,
==. ,
!=.
(Byte, Int32,
Single, Decimal ) # ,
. ,
ComparingTwoGenericTypeVariables struct,
. ,
.
, ,
.
, , , ,
.

, , ,
. 5 , C#
Byte, Int16, Int32, Int64, Decimal . ,
, C# ( +, , * /),
.
, .
,
. .
private static T Sum<T>(T num) where T : struct {

T sum = default(T) ;
for (T n = default(T) ; n < num ; n++)
sum += n;
return sum;
}
, :
struct default(T), sum n
. :
error CS0019: Operator < cannot be applied to operands of type T and T (
CS0019: < T ).
error CS0023: Operator ++ cannot be applied to operand of type T ( CS0023:
++ ).
error CS0019: Operator += cannot be applied to operands of type T and T (
CS0019: += T ).
CLR,
( )
. ,
(. 22),
. .
. , CLR
Microsoft .
1 7
Microsoft
.NET Framework , (custom
attributes).
. ,
, !
!. (
.)

HTML!, , Notepad.exe.
HTML! , !
. HTML!
, (Web!) ,
, . ,
HTML
.
!
( C#) .
!
, . ,
!
, .
Microsoft ASP.NET Microsoft Windows Communication Foundation.
Windows Communication Foundation !
, () , !
XAML.

. !
!
. .NET Framework (Windows Forms, Web Forms,
Web! XML . .) , !
( ) . !
, .NET Framework, !
.
378
IV

, public, private, static , .
, .
? , ! ,
? , ,
?
,
, !
. !
, Microsoft
, .
,
.
, CLR! !
.
, : !
. !
. !

.
.NET Framework (FCL) !
, . !
.
DllImport CLR,
, DLL!.
Serializable !
, .
AssemblyVersion !
.
Flags ,
, .
C# . C# !
, !
, , . . ,
, , .
using System;
[StructLayout(LayoutKind.Sequential, CharSet = CharSet.Auto)]
internal sealed class OSVERSIONINFO {
public OSVERSIONINFO() {
OSVersionInfoSize = (UInt32) Marshal.SizeOf(this);
}
public UInt32 OSVersionInfoSize = 0;
public UInt32 MajorVersion
= 0;
17
public UInt32 MinorVersion

public UInt32 BuildNumber
public UInt32 PlatformId
379
= 0;
= 0;
= 0;
[MarshalAs(UnmanagedType.ByValTStr, SizeConst = 128)]

public String CSDVersion
= null;
}
internal sealed class MyClass {
[DllImport("Kernel32", CharSet = CharSet.Auto, SetLastError = true)]
public static extern Boolean GetVersionEx(
[In, Out] OSVERSIONINFO ver);
}
StructLayout OSVERSIONINFO,
MarshalAs CSDVersion, DllImport GetVersionEx, In Out
ver GetVersionEx.
. , Microsoft Visual Basic .NET
(<, >).
CLR ,
. !
TypeDef (, , , !
), MethodDef (), ParamDef, FieldDef, PropertyDef, EventDef, Assem!
blyDef ModuleDef. Assem!
blyRef, ModuleRef, TypeRef MemberRef. , C# !
, ,
, , (, , , !
), , ( ), , ,
, , !.
C# , , !
. . !
, !
( ). ,
, .
using System;
[assembly: SomeAttr]
[module: SomeAttr]
// .
// .
[type: SomeAttr]
internal sealed class SomeType
<[typevar: SomeAttr] T> {
// .
[field: SomeAttr]
public Int32 SomeField = 0;
// .
[return: SomeAttr]
[method: SomeAttr]
public Int32 SomeMethod(
// .
// .
// .
380
IV
[param: SomeAttr]
// .
Int32 SomeParam) { return SomeParam; }
[property: SomeAttr]
public String SomeProp {
[method: SomeAttr]
}
// .
// get.
[event: SomeAttr]
[field: SomeAttr]
[method: SomeAttr]
// .
// .
//
// add remove.
}
, , , ,
.
.
(CLS), System.
Attribute. C# CLS! . .NET
Framework SDK
: StructLayoutAttribute, MarshalAsAttribute, DllImportAttribute, InAttribute
OutAttribute. System.Runtime.InteropService,
. !
, System.Attribute,
CLS! .
C# Attribute
, !
. .
, [DllImport(...)] [DllImportAttri
bute(...)].
, .
. ,

. , !
.
. , DllImport !
GetVersionEx:
[DllImport("Kernel32", CharSet=CharSet.Auto, SetLastError=true)]

.
DllImportAttribute
String.
Kernel32. (positional para!
meters) : !
.
17
381
? !
DllImportAttribute !
. , DllImportAttribute !
Kernel32, CharSet
SetLastError CharSet.Auto true. , !
, !
. , !
DllImportAttribute.
, .
, ver GetVersionEx In Out.

. C#
,
. Attribute !
, .
!
:
[Serializable][Flags]
[Serializable, Flags]
[FlagsAttribute, SerializableAttribute]
[FlagsAttribute()][Serializable()]

, System.Attribute, !
. ,
. , Microsoft !
. !
FlagsAttribute:
namespace System {
public class FlagsAttribute : System.Attribute {
public FlagsAttribute() {
}
}
}
: FlagsAttribute Attribute, CLS!
. ,
public,
Attribute. , ,
. FlagsAttribute
.
382
IV
!
. , ! ,
, ,
( ) !
.
, ( )
.
, .

. !
, ,
.
, FlagsAttribute
, !
. . !
, ,
! System.AttributeUsageAttribute:
namespace System {
[AttributeUsage(AttributeTargets.Enum, Inherited = false)]
public class FlagsAttribute : System.Attribute {
public FlagsAttribute() {
}
}
}
AttributeUsageAttribute.
, ! , !
. AttributeUsageAttribute , !
, !
. !
, !
. AttributeUsage ,
Flags .
, ,
AttributeUsageAttribute . FCL:
[Serializable]
[AttributeUsage(AttributeTargets.Class, Inherited=true)]
public sealed class AttributeUsageAttribute : Attribute {
internal static AttributeUsageAttribute Default =
new AttributeUsageAttribute(AttributeTargets.All);
internal Boolean m_allowMultiple = false;
internal AttributeTargets m_attributeTarget = AttributeTargets.All;
internal Boolean m_inherited = true;
// .
public AttributeUsageAttribute(AttributeTargets validOn) {
17
383
m_attributeTarget = validOn;
}
internal AttributeUsageAttribute(AttributeTargets validOn,
Boolean allowMultiple, Boolean inherited) {
m_attributeTarget = validOn;
m_allowMultiple = allowMultiple;
m_inherited = inherited;
}
public Boolean AllowMultiple {
get { return m_allowMultiple; }
set { m_allowMultiple = value; }
}
public Boolean Inherited {
get { return m_inherited; }
set { m_inherited = value; }
}
public AttributeTargets ValidOn {
get { return m_attributeTarget; }
}
}
, AttributeUsageAttribute , !
, ,
. System.AttributeTargets FCL :
[Flags, Serializable]
public enum AttributeTargets {
Assembly
= 0x0001,
Module
= 0x0002,
Class
= 0x0004,
Struct
= 0x0008,
Enum
= 0x0010,
Constructor
= 0x0020,
Method
= 0x0040,
Property
= 0x0080,
Field
= 0x0100,
Event
= 0x0200,
Interface
= 0x0400,
Parameter
= 0x0800,
Delegate
= 0x1000,
ReturnValue
= 0x2000,
GenericParameter = 0x4000,
All
= Assembly
| Module
Constructor | Method
Interface
| Parameter
GenericParameter
}
| Class
| Property
| Delegate
| Struct
| Enum |
| Field
| Event |
| ReturnValue|
384
IV
AttributeUsageAttribute ,

: AllowMultiple Inherited.
!
. , Flags Serializable
. error CS0579: Duplicate Flags
attribute ( CS0579: Flags) !
:
[Flags][Flags]
enum Color {
Red
}

. FCL ConditionalAttribute !
, ( EnvironmentPermissionAttribute, File
IOPermissionAttribute, ReflectionPermissionAttribute, RegistryPermissionAttribute !
), .
AllowMultiple, ,
.
AttributeUsageAttribute Inherited ,
!
. :
[AttributeUsage(AttributeTargets.Class | AttributeTargets.Method,
Inherited=true)]
internal class TastyAttribute : Attribute {
}
[Tasty][Serializable]
internal class BaseType {
[Tasty] protected virtual void DoSomething() { }
}
internal class DerivedType : BaseType {
protected override void DoSomething() { }
}
AnotherType DoSomething Tasty,
. AnotherType , FCL! Seria
lizableAttribute .
.NET Framework , !
, , , , .
, Inherited true !
. , !
.
.
17
385

AttributeUsage, CLR !
, , !
. !
Attribute
UsageAttribute.

/
,
, ,
. , !
, , !
.
,
. !
, Boolean, Char, Byte,
SByte, Int16, UInt16, Int32, UInt32, Int64, UInt64, Single, Double, String, Type, Object
. ,
, ,
, ,
CLS.
, !
, , .
, , Type, !
typeof C#, . !
, , Object
Int32, String ( null).
,
.
:
using System;
internal enum Color { Red }
[AttributeUsage(AttributeTargets.All)]
internal sealed class SomeAttribute : Attribute {
public SomeAttribute(String name, Object o, Type[] types) {
// 'name' String.
// 'o'
// ( ).
// 'types' Type
// .
}
}
386
IV
[Some("Jeff", Color.Red, new Type[] { typeof(Math), typeof(Console) })]

}
,
,
.
. , !
,
.
! ,
: , !
, . , ,
, !
. :
, !
, . 1! !
. !
, !
, , 1! !
. !
, .

. , !
,
,
.
12 , Flags
System.Enum ToString Format. !
!, ,
, , Flags. !
, (reflection).
, 22.
Microsoft Format Enum,
:
public static String Format(Type enumType, Object value, String format) {

// FlagsAttribute?
if (enumType.IsDefined(typeof(FlagsAttribute), false)) {
// ; ,
// .
...
} else {
17
387
// ; ,
// .
...
}
...
}
IsDefined Type,
,
FlagsAttribute. IsDefined true, !
FlagsAttribute, Format ,
. IsDefined false, Format
.
, , ,
( !
) . !
!
FCL . !
System.Type IsDefined, .
, ,
. System.Attribute. , CLS!
System.Attribute;
IsDefined, GetCustomAttributes Get
CustomAttribute. . , !
(, , !
, , , , , ,
, ), ,
. , !
. . 17!1.
. 17-1. System.Attribute,
CLS-
IsDefined
true , !
Attribute .
, () !

GetCustomAttributes
, !
,
. ,
!
, .
(), , , !
.
, .
,
AllowMultiple true
388
IV
. 17-1. ()
GetCustomAttribute
, !
. (!
), , ,
.
, null. !
, !
System.Reflection.AmbiguousMatchException.
,
AllowMultiple false
, IsDefined,
. ,
, , ,
, . IsDefined !
,
.
!, GetCustomAttributes GetCustom
Attribute.
, , ,
. !
.
, ,
!
. , , . ,
, !
, .
System.Reflection , !
: Assembly, Module, Enum,
ParameterInfo, MemberInfo, Type, MethodInfo, ConstructorInfo, FieldInfo, EventInfo, Proper
tyInfo *Builder.
IsDefined GetCustomAttributes. System.Attribute
GetCustomAttribute.
GetCustomAttributes, , ,
Object (Object[]), Attribute (Attribute[]). !
, , ,
, CLS. ,
, CLS, .
.NET Framework.
, Attribute, Type MethodInfo
, inherit.
, ,
. !
, , ,
,
Attribute.
17
389
: ! IsDefined, GetCustom
Attribute GetCustomAttributes,
, . ,
, !
, , .
, !
.
, !
. ; !

, .
using System;
[Serializable]
[DefaultMemberAttribute("Main")]
[DebuggerDisplayAttribute("Richter", Name = "Jeff", Target = typeof(Program))]
[Conditional("Debug")]
[Conditional("Release")]
public void DoSomething() { }
public Program() {
}
[CLSCompliant(true)]
[STAThread]
// , .
ShowAttributes(typeof(Program));
// .
MemberInfo[] members = typeof(Program).FindMembers(
MemberTypes.Constructor | MemberTypes.Method,
BindingFlags.DeclaredOnly | BindingFlags.Instance |
BindingFlags.Public | BindingFlags.Static,
Type.FilterName, "*");
foreach (MemberInfo member in members) {
// , .
ShowAttributes(member);
}
}
private static void ShowAttributes(MemberInfo attributeTarget) {
Attribute[] attributes = Attribute.GetCustomAttributes(attributeTarget);
390
IV
Console.WriteLine("Attributes applied to {0}: {1}",

attributeTarget.Name, (attributes.Length == 0 ? "None" : String.Empty));
foreach (Attribute attribute in attributes) {
// .
Console.WriteLine(" {0}", attribute.GetType().ToString());
if (attribute is DefaultMemberAttribute)
Console.WriteLine(" MemberName={0}",
((DefaultMemberAttribute) attribute).MemberName);
if (attribute is ConditionalAttribute)
Console.WriteLine(" ConditionString={0}",
((ConditionalAttribute) attribute).ConditionString);
if (attribute is CLSCompliantAttribute)
Console.WriteLine(" IsCompliant={0}",
((CLSCompliantAttribute) attribute).IsCompliant);
DebuggerDisplayAttribute dda = attribute as DebuggerDisplayAttribute;
if (dda != null) {
Console.WriteLine(" Value={0}, Name={1}, Target={2}",
dda.Value, dda.Name, dda.Target);
}
}
}
}
, :
Attributes applied to Program:

System.SerializableAttribute
System.Diagnostics.DebuggerDisplayAttribute
Value=Richter, Name=Jeff, Target=Program
System.Reflection.DefaultMemberAttribute
MemberName=Main
Attributes applied to DoSomething:
System.Diagnostics.ConditionalAttribute
ConditionString=Release
ConditionString=Debug
Attributes applied to Main:
System.STAThreadAttribute
System.CLSCompliantAttribute
IsCompliant=True
Attributes applied to .ctor: None
17
391

, , !
, .
,
. Match
System.Attribute, , !
. !
Attribute.Match Equals, !
. Match
, . :
using System;
[Flags]
internal enum Accounts {
Savings = 0x0001,
Checking = 0x0002,
Brokerage = 0x0004
}
[AttributeUsage(AttributeTargets.Class)]
internal sealed class AccountsAttribute : Attribute {
private Accounts m_accounts;
public AccountsAttribute(Accounts accounts) {
m_accounts = accounts;
}
public override Boolean Match(Object obj) {
// Match
// Attribute, .
// if (!base.Match(obj)) return false;
//
//
//
//
if
'this' null, obj, null,

.
: , ,
Match .
(obj == null) return false;
//
//
//
if
.
: , ,
Match .
(this.GetType() != obj.GetType()) return false;
// obj , .
// : ,
// , .
AccountsAttribute other = (AccountsAttribute) obj;
392
IV
//
//
//
if
, .
, accounts 'this'
accounts other.
((other.m_accounts & m_accounts) != m_accounts)
return false;
return true; // .
}
public override Boolean Equals(Object obj) {
// Equals
// Object, .
// if (!base.Equals(obj)) return false;
//
//
//
//
if
'this' null, obj, null,

.
: , ,
Match .
(obj == null) return false;
//
//
//
if
.
: , ,
Match .
(this.GetType() != obj.GetType()) return false;
// obj , .
// : ,
// , .
AccountsAttribute other = (AccountsAttribute) obj;
//
//
//
if
.
, accounts 'this'
accounts other.
(other.m_accounts != m_accounts)
return false;
return true; // .
}
// GetHashCode, Equals .
public override Int32 GetHashCode() {
return (Int32) m_accounts;
}
}
[Accounts(Accounts.Savings)]
internal sealed class ChildAccount { }
[Accounts(Accounts.Savings | Accounts.Checking | Accounts.Brokerage)]
internal sealed class AdultAccount { }
17
393

CanWriteCheck(new ChildAccount());
CanWriteCheck(new AdultAccount());
// ,
// AccountsAttribute.
CanWriteCheck(new Program());
}
private static void CanWriteCheck(Object obj) {
// .
Attribute checking = new AccountsAttribute(Accounts.Checking);
// , .
Attribute validAccounts = Attribute.GetCustomAttribute(
obj.GetType(), typeof(AccountsAttribute), false);
// "Checking",
// , .
if ((validAccounts != null) && checking.Match(validAccounts)) {
Console.WriteLine("{0} types can write checks.", obj.GetType());
} else {
Console.WriteLine("{0} types can NOT write checks.", obj.GetType());
}
}
}
, :
ChildAccount types can NOT write checks.

AdultAccount types can write checks.
Program types can NOT write checks.
, Match,
Match Attribute,
Equals ,
.

,
Attribute

, . ,
, ,
, Attribute. ,
GetCustomAttribute(s) Attribute
!!
, . , CLR
394
IV
( ). , set
,
. ,
.
!
System.Reflection.CustomAttributeData. !
GetCustomAttributes, !
. : !
Assembly, Module, ParameterInfo MemberInfo.
System.Reflection (. 22). !
, !
ReflectionOnlyLoad ( 22) Assembly,
CustomAttributeData. , ReflectionOnly
Load CLR ! , !
.
GetCustomAttributes CustomAttributeData ,
CustomAttributeData IList<CustomAttributeData>.
,
! . CustomAttributeData,
, !
!. , Constructor
, , ConstructorArguments
,
IList<CustomAttributeTypedArgument>, NamedArguments !
, IList<Cus
tomAttributeNamedArgument>. : , !
!
.
, !
CustomAttributeData:
using
using
using
using
System;
System.Diagnostics;
System.Reflection;
[Serializable]
[DefaultMemberAttribute("Main")]
[DebuggerDisplayAttribute("Richter", Name="Jeff", Target=typeof(Program))]
[Conditional("Debug")]
[Conditional("Release")]
public void DoSomething() { }
public Program() {
}
17
395
[CLSCompliant(true)]
[STAThread]
// , .
ShowAttributes(typeof(Program));
// .
MemberInfo[] members = typeof(Program).FindMembers(
MemberTypes.Constructor | MemberTypes.Method,
BindingFlags.DeclaredOnly | BindingFlags.Instance |
BindingFlags.Public | BindingFlags.Static,
Type.FilterName, "*");
foreach (MemberInfo member in members) {
// , .
ShowAttributes(member);
}
}
private static void ShowAttributes(MemberInfo attributeTarget) {
IList<CustomAttributeData> attributes =
CustomAttributeData.GetCustomAttributes(attributeTarget);
Console.WriteLine("Attributes applied to {0}: {1}",
attributeTarget.Name, (attributes.Count == 0 ? "None" : String.Empty));
foreach (CustomAttributeData attribute in attributes) {
// .
Type t = attribute.Constructor.DeclaringType;
Console.WriteLine(" {0}", t.ToString());
Console.WriteLine(" Constructor called={0}", attribute.Constructor);
IList<CustomAttributeTypedArgument> posArgs = attribute.ConstructorArguments;
Console.WriteLine(" Positional arguments passed to constructor:" +
((posArgs.Count == 0) ? " None" : String.Empty));
foreach (CustomAttributeTypedArgument pa in posArgs) {
Console.WriteLine("
Type={0}, Value={1}", pa.ArgumentType, pa.Value);
}
IList<CustomAttributeNamedArgument> namedArgs = attribute.NamedArguments;
Console.WriteLine(" Named arguments set after construction:" +
((namedArgs.Count == 0) ? " None" : String.Empty));
foreach(CustomAttributeNamedArgument na in namedArgs) {
Console.WriteLine(" Name={0}, Type={1}, Value={2}",
na.MemberInfo.Name, na.TypedValue.ArgumentType, na.TypedValue.Value);
}
}
}
}
396
IV
, :
Attributes applied to Program:

System.SerializableAttribute
Constructor called=Void .ctor()
Positional arguments passed to constructor: None
Named arguments set after construction: None
System.Diagnostics.DebuggerDisplayAttribute
Constructor called=Void .ctor(System.String)
Positional arguments passed to constructor:
Type=System.String, Value=Richter
Named arguments set after construction:
Name=Name, Type=System.String, Value=Jeff
Name=Target, Type=System.Type, Value=Program
System.Reflection.DefaultMemberAttribute
Type=System.String, Value=Main
Attributes applied to DoSomething:
Type=System.String, Value=Release
Type=System.String, Value=Debug
Attributes applied to Main:
System.CLSCompliantAttribute
Constructor called=Void .ctor(Boolean)
Type=System.Boolean, Value=True
System.STAThreadAttribute
Constructor called=Void .ctor()
Positional arguments passed to constructor: None
Attributes applied to .ctor: None
17
397

! ,
. !
. !
!
. , NUnit ,
TestFixtureSetUp, Setup, TearDown, TestFixtureTearDown Test, ,
NUnit .
NUnit !
. NUnit
, !
. , !
NUnit !
. , , !
.
, System.Diagnostics.Conditional
Attribute, . :
// #define TEST
#define VERIFY
using System;
[Conditional("TEST")][Conditional("VERIFY")]
public sealed class CondAttribute : Attribute {
}
[Cond]
Console.WriteLine("CondAttribute is {0}applied to Program type.",
Attribute.IsDefined(typeof(Program),
typeof(CondAttribute)) ? "" : "not ");
}
}
CondAttribute,
, !
TEST VERIFY.
.
1 8
null
,
null .
. , ,
. ,
32 , Int32 FCL.
,
null. .
, CLR
Int32 null.
Microsoft ADO.NET ,
null. , ,
System.Data.SqlTypes ,
null,
. , SqlDecimal 38
, Decimal 29.
, SqlString
, String.
Microsoft Language Integrated Query (LINQ)

, null,
.
: Java java.util.Date ,
null. CLR System.DateTime
null. Java
Web, CLR,
, Java null,
CLR , .
18
, null
399
Microsoft CLR
, null (nullable value type). ,
, FCL System.Nullable<T>.
.
[Serializable, StructLayout(LayoutKind.Sequential)]
public struct Nullable<T> where T : struct {
// .
private Boolean hasValue = false; // null.
internal T value = default(T);
// , .
public Nullable(T value) {
this.value = value;
this.hasValue = true;
}
public Boolean HasValue { get { return hasValue; } }
public T Value {
get {
if (!hasValue) {
throw new InvalidOperationException(
"Nullable object must have a value.");
}
return value;
}
}
public T GetValueOrDefault() { return value; }
public T GetValueOrDefault(T defaultValue) {
if (!HasValue) return defaultValue;
return value;
}
public override Boolean Equals(Object other) {
if (!HasValue) return (other == null);
if (other == null) return false;
return value.Equals(other);
}
public override int GetHashCode() {
if (!HasValue) return 0;
return value.GetHashCode();
}
public override string ToString() {
if (!HasValue) return "";
return value.ToString();
}
400
IV
public static implicit operator Nullable<T>(T value) {

return new Nullable<T>(value);
}
public static explicit operator T(Nullable<T> value) {
return value.Value;
}
}
, null.
Nullable<T> ,
. ,
,
. : T Nullable
struct,
null.
Int32,
null, :
Nullable<Int32> x = 5;
Nullable<Int32> y = null;
Console.WriteLine("x: HasValue={0}, Value={1}",
x.HasValue, x.Value);
Console.WriteLine("y: HasValue={0}, Value={1}",
y.HasValue, y.GetValueOrDefault());
:
x: HasValue=True, Value=5
y: HasValue=False, Value=0
,
null, C#
C#
x y Nullable<Int32>.
C# , null,
C# .
, C#
, null. C#
x y, :
Int32? x = 5;
Int32? y = null;
C# Int32? Nullable<Int32>. C#
. C#
, null, . C#
,
null. :
18
, null
401
private static void ConversionsAndCasting() {

// Int32 Nullable<Int32>.
Int32? a = 5;
// 'null' Nullable<Int32>.
Int32? b = null;
// Nullable<Int32> Int32.
Int32 c = (Int32) a;
// ,
// null.
Double? d = 5; // Int32>Double? (d is 5.0 as a double)
Double? e = b; // Int32?>Double? (e is null)
}
C# ,
null. :
private static void Operators() {

Int32? a = 5;
Int32? b = null;
// (+ ++ ! ~)
a++;
// a = 6
b = b; // b = null
// (+ * / % & | ^ << >>)
a = a + 3; // a = 9
b = b * 3; // b = null;
//
if
if
if
(== !=)
(a == null) { /* no */ } else { /* yes */ }
(b == null) { /* yes */ } else { /* no */ }
(a != b)
{ /* yes */ } else { /* no */ }
// (< > <= >=)

if (a < b)
{ /* no */ } else { /* yes */ }
}
C# :
(+, ++, !, ~). null,
null.
(+, , *, /, %, &, |, ^, <<, >>).
null, null.
(==, !=). null,
. null, .
null,
.
402
IV
(<>, <=, >=). null,

false. null,
.
, ,
null, . :
private static Int32? NullableCodeSize(Int32? a, Int32? b) {

return a + b;
}
IL.
C# IL:
private static Nullable<Int32> NullableCodeSize(

Nullable<Int32> a, Nullable<Int32> b) {
Nullable<Int32> nullable1 = a;
Nullable<Int32> nullable2 = b;
if (!(nullable1.HasValue & nullable2.HasValue)) {
return new Nullable<Int32>();
}
return new Nullable<Int32>(
nullable1.GetValueOrDefault() + nullable2.GetValueOrDefault());
}
null C#
C# , null (nullcoalescing
operator). ?? .
null, .
null, .
null .
,
, null. ,
null:
private static void NullCoalescingOperator() {

Int32? b = null;
// :
// x = (b.HasValue) ? b.Value : 123
Int32 x = b ?? 123;
Console.WriteLine(x); // "123"
// :
// String temp = GetFilename();
// filename = (temp != null) ? temp : "Untitled";
String filename = GetFilename() ?? "Untitled";
}
18
, null
403
CLR
, null
CLR ,
null. , GetType

, null, CLR.
, .
CLR.
, null
Nullable<Int32>,
null. ,
Object;
Nullable<Int32>. ,
null , , Nullable<Int32>
null. CLR
, null,
, , null,
.
, Nullable<T> CLR ,
null; , CLR null.
null, CLR . , Nullable<Int32>
5 , Int32 5. ,
:
// Nullable<T> null T.
Int32? n = null;
Object o = n; // o is null
Console.WriteLine("o is null={0}", o == null); // "True"
n = 5;
o = n; // o Int32
Console.WriteLine("os type={0}", o.GetType()); // "System.Int32"
, null
CLR T T Nullable<T>.
null
Nullable<T>, CLR Nullable<T> null. :
// Int32.
Object o = 5;
// Nullable<Int32> Int32.
Int32? a = (Int32?) o; // a = 5
Int32 b = (Int32) o; // b = 5
404
IV
// , null.
o = null;
// "" Nullable<Int32> Int32.
a = (Int32?) o;
// a = null.
b = (Int32) o;
// NullReferenceException.
, null,
CLR, , . ,
.
:
private static void UnboxingAllocations() {

// Int32.
Object o = 5;
Int32 numGCs = GC.CollectionCount(0);
for (Int32 x = 0; x < count; x++) {
Int32 unboxed = (Int32) o;
}
Console.WriteLine("Number of GCs={0}", GC.CollectionCount(0) numGCs);
numGCs = GC.CollectionCount(0);
for (Int32 x = 0; x < count; x++) {
Int32? unboxed = (Int32?) o;
}
Console.WriteLine("Number of GCs={0}", GC.CollectionCount(0) numGCs);
}
:
Number of GCs=0
Number of GCs=30
,
o Int32, Nullable<Int32>.
30 ,
. 5 ,

. ,
nullable ,
hasValue.
nullable, CLR Nullable<T>,
hasValue true ,
.
.
18
, null
405
GetType ,
null
GetType Nullable<T> CLR
T Nullable<T>. :
Int32? x = 5;
// "System.Int32", "System.Nullable<Int32>".
Console.WriteLine(x.GetType());
,
null
n Nullable<Int32>
IComparable<Int32>. Int32 Nullable<T>
IComparable<Int32>. C#
, CLR .
.
Int32? n = 5;
Int32 result = ((IComparable) n).CompareTo(5);
Console.WriteLine(result);
//
// .
// 0
CLR ,
,
null. ,
:
Int32 result = ((IComparable) (Int32) n).CompareTo(5); // .
CLR
1 9
,
, (exception handling).
.
, ,
, , !

, . !
, !
. , , ,
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. , !
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CLR !
, .
, ,
. !
, , !
. , !
19
409
. !
, , ,
.
, !
. !
, !
. , !
.

API Win32 COM Microsoft !
. !
Win32 false, ! .
false, GetLast
Error. , COM HRESULT.
, 1, , !
, .
Microsoft API Win32 COM
.
.
, ++,
.
,
, , Microsoft !
( , !
, !
).
.
, . ,
, . ,
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. ,
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!
, 32! .
, , .
0, ,
, .
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! ,
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. ,
410
CLR
, .
, . ,
, , ,
.
,
,
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! . Win32!
, , ,
, , ,
. , ,
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.
, , . !
, , !
,
. ,
. , !
. 32!
Win32 COM ,
, , !
, .
Microsoft .NET Framework ,
32! , .
.
Microsoft ! !
, ,
. , ,
, !
. ,
.

C#
,
. ,
. , !
, .NET Framework !
C#. , .NET
Framework
(structured exception handling, SEH) Windows. SEH
, Programming Applications for Microsoft Windows,
4 Edition, Microsoft Press, 1999 (Windows : !
19
411
Win32! 64! Windows, 4! .,

.: , .: ! , 2001 .).
C#
. ,
. !
try, catch finally .
private void SomeMethod() {

try {
//
//
}
catch
//
//
//
}
catch
//
//
//
}
catch
//
//
try ,
.
(InvalidOperationException) {
catch ,
InvalidOperationException ( ,
).
(IOException) {
catch ,
IOException ( ,
).
{
catch ,
.
// , ,
// . .
throw;
}
finally {
// finally ,
// , try.
// , .
}
// finally , try
// catch
// .
}

.
, , try finally
try catch. catch, !
. .
412
CLR
try
try ,
. finally.
try , !
.
catch. catch
, , , !
. try catch
finally, try .
catch
catch , !
. try
catch. try , CLR
catch. !
finally ( ). finally,
, .
, catch,
(catch type). C#! !
System.Exception . ,
catch, InvalidOperationException (
), IOException ( ). catch (
) ; !
catch System.Exception,
, catch.
!!
catch Microsoft Visual Studio,
!
$exception.
CLR catch , !
. !
, System.Exception
( ). C#
, catch,
, .
try ( ,
try) , CLR catch , !
.
, CLR
, .
catch, , , !
. .
, , CLR !
finally. , try,
19
413
, catch, !
. : finally, catch,
, catch, !
.
, finally !
catch. ,
. :
, , !
;
, ,
, ;
catch.
, .
, CLR
: catch,
.
, catch !
finally, .
finally ,
finally. finally ,
, catch.
C# . !
,
System.Exception. catch !
( ,
). Exception , , !
.
finally
finally , .
,
try . , try , finally
, :
private void ReadData(String pathname) {

FileStream fs = null;
try {
fs = new FileStream(pathname, FileMode.Open);
// .
...
}
catch (IOException) {
// catch
// IOException ( ).
...
}
414
CLR
finally {
// .
if (fs != null) fs.Close();
}
}
try ,
; , , finally ,
, .
, , finally !
, ,
.
, try finally.
try . finally
, catch, try
finally.
finally, !
, finally. : finally
, ,
try. finally ,
. finally,
CLR ,
finally. CLR
, try ( !
), ( ,
) .
(CLS)
, CLS-
CLR!
, Exception,
CLS. CLR
, !
CLS !, String, Int32, DateTime . . !
C# Exception ,
IL! C++/CLI , Ex!
ception, .
, CLR ,
, , , !
Exception. 2.0 CLR catch !
CLS! .
C# , , !
CLS , C# !
, .
2.0 CLR Microsoft RuntimeWrapped
Exception ( System.Runtime.CompilerServices).
19
415
Exception, CLS!
. RuntimeWrappedException Object ( !
, WrappedException
). CLR 2.0 , CLS,
CLR RuntimeWrappedException !
, !
. , CLR
CLS CLS!. ,
Exception, CLS !
, .
C# ,
Exception, , C# 2.0 !
CLS , !
:

try {
// try ,
// .
}
catch (Exception e) {
// C# 2.0 CLS3 .
// C# 2.0 ,
// CLS.
throw; // ().
}
catch {
// C#
// , CLS .
throw; // ().
}
}
, CLR !
, catch ( ), !
.
CLR 2.0, catch C#
, CS1058: A previous catch clause already catches all
exceptions. All non!exceptions thrown will be wrapped in a System.Runtime.Com!
pilerServices.RuntimeWrappedException (CS1058: catch !
. !
System.Runtime.CompilerServices.RuntimeWrappedException).
.NET Framework 2.0:
catch catch, catch !
;
CLR, ,
, catch (Exception) !
RuntimeWrappedException. , CLR !
, CLS, ,
416
CLR
catch, . CLR
RuntimeCompatibilityAttribute:
[assembly:RuntimeCompatibility(WrapNonExceptionThrows = false)]
. !
!
.
( CLR ) ,
( CLR ).
?
, ,
! , . !
, : ,
. : , !
. , !
. , , Read
.
: , ,
20 , 10!.
, !
. , , ? !
. !
, , !
, . ,
, Read !
.
! !
. , !
. , , !
Read , :
. !
, ! , Read !
, ,
. , !
Read, .
Read
, , !
, , Read
. ,
.
19
417
!
. !
. , !
Read, , !
.
, , ,
. !
!
. !
, !
( , ).
,
, , . !
, !
. !
, FileStream ( ) StringBuilder (
), ( , !
, . .).
. !
Read (), Write (), Flush (),
Append (), Insert (), Remove () . . , !
, ,
.
:
internal class Account {

public static void Transfer(Account from, Account to, Decimal amount) {
...
}
}
Transfer Account Decimal, !
, . ,
Transfer .
: from to
null , from !
to ,
, !
,
.
Transfer !
, , !
. :
void. , Transfer, , !
, ,
.
418
CLR

,
:
, Stack
OverflowException;
, , !
FileNotFoundException;
IL! , !
VerificationException;
JIT! IL!,
OutOfMemoryException.
, ,
.
:
private void InfiniteLoop() {

while (true) ;
}
1000 , 1001
. ? ,
, Abort Thread.
, ,
ThreadAbortException. ,
CLR , Microsoft ASP.NET
Microsoft SQL Server, ,
, .
System.Exception
CLR Int32 String
( ). Microsoft !
, System.Exception
, CLS! !
, System.Exception, !
, CLS!. C# !
CLS! .
System.Exception (. 19!1).
19
419
. 19-1. System.Exception
Message
String

.

,
. !
!
, !
,
!

Data
IDictionary
!!
. , !
,
. , !
,

Source
String
, !

StackTrace
String
,
!
.

TargetSite
MethodBase ,
HelpLink
String
URL (, file://C:\MyApp\
Help.htm#MyExceptionHelp), !

.
,
!

(
!
),

InnerException
Exception
,

.
null.
Exception !
GetBaseException, !

420
CLR
, FCL
.NET Framework Class Library
( System.Exception).
, MSCorLib.dll;
(, !
, . 22).
System.Exception
System.ApplicationException
System.Reflection.InvalidFilterCriteriaException
System.Reflection.TargetException
System.Reflection.TargetInvocationException
System.Reflection.TargetParameterCountException
System.Threading.WaitHandleCannotBeOpenedException
System.IO.IsolatedStorage.IsolatedStorageException
System.Runtime.CompilerServices.RuntimeWrappedException
System.SystemException
System.AccessViolationException
System.AppDomainUnloadedException
System.ArgumentException
System.ArgumentNullException
System.ArgumentOutOfRangeException
System.DuplicateWaitObjectException
System.Text.DecoderFallbackException
System.Text.EncoderFallbackException
System.ArithmeticException
System.DivideByZeroException
System.NotFiniteNumberException
System.OverflowException
System.ArrayTypeMismatchException
System.BadImageFormatException
System.CannotUnloadAppDomainException
System.Collections.Generic.KeyNotFoundException
System.ContextMarshalException
System.DataMisalignedException
System.ExecutionEngineException
System.FormatException
System.Reflection.CustomAttributeFormatException
System.IndexOutOfRangeException
System.InvalidCastException
System.InvalidOperationException
System.ObjectDisposedException
System.InvalidProgramException
System.IO.IOException
System.IO.DirectoryNotFoundException
System.IO.DriveNotFoundException
System.IO.EndOfStreamException
System.IO.FileLoadException
System.IO.FileNotFoundException
System.IO.PathTooLongException
19
System.MemberAccessException
System.FieldAccessException
System.MethodAccessException
System.MissingMemberException
System.MissingFieldException
System.MissingMethodException
System.MulticastNotSupportedException
System.NotImplementedException
System.NotSupportedException
System.PlatformNotSupportedException
System.NullReferenceException
System.OperationCanceledException
System.OutOfMemoryException
System.InsufficientMemoryException
System.RankException
System.Reflection.AmbiguousMatchException
System.Reflection.ReflectionTypeLoadException
System.Resources.MissingManifestResourceException
System.Resources.MissingSatelliteAssemblyException
System.Runtime.InteropServices.ExternalException
System.Runtime.InteropServices.COMException
System.Runtime.InteropServices.SEHException
System.Runtime.InteropServices.InvalidComObjectException
System.Runtime.InteropServices.InvalidOleVariantTypeException
System.Runtime.InteropServices.MarshalDirectiveException
System.Runtime.InteropServices.SafeArrayRankMismatchException
System.Runtime.InteropServices.SafeArrayTypeMismatchException
System.Runtime.Remoting.RemotingException
System.Runtime.Remoting.RemotingTimeoutException
System.Runtime.Remoting.ServerException
System.Runtime.Serialization.SerializationException
System.Security.Cryptography.CryptographicException
System.Security.Cryptography.CryptographicUnexpectedOperationException
System.Security.HostProtectionException
System.Security.Policy.PolicyException
System.Security.Principal.IdentityNotMappedException
System.Security.SecurityException
System.Security.VerificationException
System.Security.XmlSyntaxException
System.StackOverflowException
System.Threading.AbandonedMutexException
System.Threading.SynchronizationLockException
System.Threading.ThreadAbortException
System.Threading.ThreadInterruptedException
System.Threading.ThreadStartException
System.Threading.ThreadStateException
System.TimeoutException
System.TypeInitializationException
System.TypeLoadException
System.DllNotFoundException
System.EntryPointNotFoundException
421
422
CLR
System.TypeUnloadedException
System.UnauthorizedAccessException
System.Security.AccessControl.PrivilegeNotHeldException
Microsoft : System.Exception
, , System.
Exception System.SystemException System.ApplicationException. CLR
, SystemException, ,
, ApplicationException.
catch, CLR!
.
, , : !
Exception (,
IsolatedStorageException), CLR! ApplicationException
( , TargetInvocationException), !
SystemException ( , FormatException). !
, , SystemException ApplicationException !
. Microsoft
, ,
, .

, ,
, .
.
Exception
? . !
, ,
, , !
. , FCL, !
, FCL , !
. , !
System.Exception. ,
!
, . ,
,
, . ,
System.Exception !
,
.

? !
,
. , !
. !
. !
19
423
,
. !
.
, ,

.
, (
FCL! ),
. !
, , !
, . Microsoft
, FCL,
, .

, , ,
IFormattable IComparable, !
:

public void SomeMethod(Object o) {
if (!((o is IFormattable) && (o is IComparable))) {
throw new MissingInterfaceException(...);
}
// , .
...
}
}
FCL ,
MissingInterfaceException . :
Exception.
. : Exception, ArgumentException ?
, , , !
, .
MissingInterfaceException ArgumentException, !
, ArgumentException,
. , ,
. , , !
, ( ArgumentException), !
, !
(MissingInterfaceException). MissingInterface
Exception , , !
ArgumentException. MissingInterfaceException, !
, ArgumentException, .
!
.
424
CLR
MissingInterfaceException Exception, !
, .
, !
. ,

. ,
,
.

, . , ,
( !
), , !
.
,
, . !
Exception . ,
, .
, !
sealed.
Exception :
( ), !
!
;
, String !
;
, (String) !
, Exception, !
;
, SerializationInfo Streaming
Context, , Exception.
: , Exception
; ,
,
.
, !
.
, ,
Exception. , .
, System.ArgumentException String
ParamName ( , Exception). Argument
Exception ( !
) String, !
ParamName, , !
.
ArgumentException ParamName,
, . ,
19
425
!
, , !
, .
, ,
.
, !
.
,
. ,
[Serializable] ISerializable GetObjectData
( SecurityPermission) , !
SerializationInfo StreamingContext. : ,
, !
. :
using
using
using
using
System;
System.Text;
System.Runtime.Serialization;
System.Security.Permissions;
// DiskFullException.
[Serializable]
public sealed class DiskFullException : Exception, ISerializable {
// .
private String m_diskpath;
// , .
public String DiskPath { get { return m_diskpath; } }
// Message,
// ( ).
public override String Message {
get {
if (m_diskpath == null) return base.Message;
StringBuilder msg = new StringBuilder(base.Message);
msg.AppendFormat(
" (DiskPath={0}){1}",
m_diskpath, Environment.NewLine);
return msg.ToString();
}
}
// .
public DiskFullException() : base() { }
public DiskFullException(String message) : base(message) { }
public DiskFullException(String message, Exception innerException)
: base(message, innerException) { }
// ,
// .
426
CLR
public DiskFullException(String message, String diskpath)

: this(message) { m_diskpath = diskpath; }
public DiskFullException(String message, String diskpath, Exception innerException)
: this(message, innerException) { m_diskpath = diskpath; }
// .
// , .
// .
private DiskFullException(SerializationInfo info, StreamingContext context)
: base(info, context) {
// .
m_diskpath = info.GetString("DiskPath");
}
// ; SecurityPermission ,
// .
[SecurityPermission(SecurityAction.Demand, SerializationFormatter = true)]
public override void GetObjectData(
SerializationInfo info, StreamingContext context) {
// .
base.GetObjectData(info, context);
// .
info.AddValue("DiskPath", m_diskpath);
}
}

, ,
. , !
, !
. !
, .
! !
, , !
. !
,
. :
, , !
. ,
. , !
, !
. , ,
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, !
.
19
427
, ,
. ,
, !
. !
, !
. (,
) .

, !
, , !
,
! . . !,
, , , !
. !, ,
,
. , , !
, .
Account Transfer. !
. !
, , !
, null.
, !
. from.
, from .
, !

.
!
, , !
, System.ArgumentException.
, System.ArgumentException, System.Argument
NullException, System.ArgumentOutOfRangeException System.DuplicateWaitObjectException.
, !
, ArgumentException,
ArgumentException. : System.ComponentModel.InvalidEnumArgumentException
ArgumentException, Microsoft
,
System.dll, MSCorLib.dll.
!
, Debug.Assert.
!
. !

, ,
428
CLR
. , !
, !
Debug.Assert, !
. Debug.Assert
;
. !
Debug.Assert,

.
,
! . , !
, .
, , . !
, , , !
, ( String,
). , , !
.
, ,
, !
, !
. , !
. :
#define BADCODE
using System;
Int32[] denominators = { 1, 2, 3 };
// .
ThreadPool.QueueUserWorkItem(Divide100By, denominators);
// : Divide100By
// .
Thread.Sleep(50);
// Divide100By.
denominators[2] = 0;
Console.WriteLine("Press <Enter> when you see the results.");
Console.ReadLine();
}
private static void Divide100By(Object o) {
19
429
#if BADCODE
// .
Int32[] denominators = (Int32[]) o;
#else
// , .
// .
Int32[] denominatorsInput = (Int32[]) o;
Int32[] denominators = new Int32[denominatorsInput.Length];
Array.Copy(denominatorsInput, denominators, denominators.Length);
#endif
// , .
for (Int32 index = 0; index < denominators.Length; index++) {
if (denominators[index] == 0)
throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException("denominators",
String.Format("Index {0} contains 0", index));
}
Console.WriteLine(
"All denominators are valid; DivideByZeroException cant occur.");
// : Main
// .
Thread.Sleep(100);
// , .
for (Int32 index = 0; index < denominators.Length; index++) {
Console.WriteLine("100 / {0} = {1}",
denominators[index], 100 / denominators[index]);
}
}
}
:
All denominators are valid; DivideByZeroException cant occur.

Press <Enter> when you see the results.
100 / 1 = 100
100 / 2 = 50
Unhandled Exception: System.DivideByZeroException: Attempted to divide by zero.
at Program.Divide100By(Object o) in C:\...\ArgumentValidation.cs:line 50
at System.Threading._ThreadPoolWaitCallback.WaitCallback_Context(Object state)
at System.Threading.ExecutionContext.Run(ExecutionContext executionContext,
ContextCall
back callback, Object state)
at System.Threading._ThreadPoolWaitCallback.PerformWaitCallback(Object state)
, !
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, Divide100By !
DivideByZeroException, , , !
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ZeroException . !
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All denominators are valid; DivideByZeroException cant occur.

Press <Enter> when you see the results.
100 / 1 = 100
100 / 2 = 50
100 / 3 = 33
finally
!, finally ! ,
, !
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!
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finally:
using System;
using System.IO;
// .
FileStream fs = new FileStream(@"C:\Data.bin ", FileMode.Open);
try {
// 100 .
Console.WriteLine(100 / fs.ReadByte());
}
finally {
// finally ,
// ,
// (, 0) .
fs.Close();
}
}
}
,
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lock using. ,
try finally, !
19
431
finally. , C# !
using. ,
.
using System;
using System.IO;
// .
using (FileStream fs =
new FileStream(@"C:\Data.bin", FileMode.Open)) {
// 100 .
Console.WriteLine(100 / fs.ReadByte());
}
}
}
using 20, lock
24.

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String result;
try {
result = /* */
}
catch (DivideByZeroException) {
19
433
result = " : ";

}
result = " : ";
}
return result;
}

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public void SerializeObjectGraph(FileStream fs,

IFormatter formatter, Object rootObj) {
// .
Int64 beforeSerialization = fs.Position;
try {
// .
formatter.Serialize(fs, rootObj);
}
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// .
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// .
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// : finally,
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throw .

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public Int32 SomeMethod(Int32 x){

try {
return 100 / x;
}
catch (DivideByZeroException e) {
throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException("x cant be 0", e);
}
}
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x , 0, ArgumentOut
OfRangeException. !
. , x 0, !
. , , x 0,
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19
435
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:
internal sealed class PhoneBook {

private String m_pathname; // .
// .
public String GetPhoneNumber(String name) {
String phone;
FileStream fs = null;
try {
fs = new FileStream(m_pathname, FileMode.Open);
(Code to read from fs until name is found)
phone = /* */
}
catch (FileNotFoundException e) {
// , ,
// .
throw new NameNotFoundException(name, e);
}
catch (IOException e) {
// , ,
// .
throw new NameNotFoundException(name, e);
}
finally {
if (fs != null) fs.Close();
436
CLR
}
return phone;
}
}
( !
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,
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System.Windows.Forms.Application ThreadException System.Win
dows.Forms.Application;
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.

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442
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:

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try {
...
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}
finally {
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}
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19
443
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public void SomeMethod() {
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444
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m_textWriter = tw;
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for (Int32 x = 0; x < bytes.Length; x++) {
m_textWriter.Write(bytes[x]);
}
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454
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// , Enter.
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// .
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}
}
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456
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20
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protected CriticalFinalizerObject() { /* */ }
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}
458
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64). ,
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// .
protected IntPtr handle;
protected SafeHandle(IntPtr invalidHandleValue, Boolean ownsHandle) {
this.handle = invalidHandleValue;
// ownsHandle true, ,
// SafeHandle ,
// .
}
protected void SetHandle(IntPtr handle) {
this.handle = handle;
}
20
( )
459
// , Dispose Close.
public void Dispose() { Dispose(true); }
public void Close() { Dispose(true); }
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// !
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// , Dispose, .
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// , , .
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}
// Finalize.
// !
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// ,
// , .
protected abstract Boolean ReleaseHandle();
public void SetHandleAsInvalid() {
// , , .
// GC.SuppressFinalize(this), Finalize.
}
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get {
// , , .
}
}
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get {
// .
// true,
// ( ,
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}
}
// .
// .
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DangerousAddRef(ref Boolean success) {...}
public IntPtrDangerousGetHandle() {...}
public void
DangerousRelease() {...}
}
460
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, . , : ,
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SafeHandleZeroOrMinusOneIsInvald .
public abstract class SafeHandleZeroOrMinusOneIsInvalid : SafeHandle {

protected SafeHandleZeroOrMinusOneIsInvalid(Boolean ownsHandle)
: base(IntPtr.Zero, ownsHandle) {
}
public override Boolean IsInvalid {
get {
if (base.handle == IntPtr.Zero) return true;
if (base.handle == (IntPtr) (@1)) return true;
return false;
}
}
}
: SafeHandleZeroOrMinusOneIsInvalid ,
,
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Handle SafeWaitHandle. Microsoft.Win32.
SafeHandles. SafeFileHandle.
public sealed class SafeFileHandle : SafeHandleZeroOrMinusOneIsInvalid {

public SafeFileHandle(IntPtr preexistingHandle, Boolean ownsHandle)
: base(ownsHandle) {
base.SetHandle(preexistingHandle);
}
protected override Boolean ReleaseHandle() {
// Windows, .
return Win32Native.CloseHandle(base.handle);
}
}
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:
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,
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. , , SafeHandle,
,
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using System;
using Microsoft.Win32.SafeHandles;
internal static class SomeType {
[DllImport("Kernel32", CharSet=CharSet.Unicode, EntryPoint="CreateEvent")]
// .
private static extern IntPtr CreateEventBad(
IntPtr pSecurityAttributes, Boolean manualReset,
Boolean initialState, String name);
// .
[DllImport("Kernel32", CharSet=CharSet.Unicode, EntryPoint="CreateEvent")]
private static extern SafeWaitHandle CreateEventGood(
IntPtr pSecurityAttributes, Boolean manualReset,
Boolean initialState, String name);
IntPtr handle = CreateEventBad(IntPtr.Zero, false, false, null);
SafeWaitHandle swh = CreateEventGood(IntPtr.Zero, false, false, null);
}
}
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462
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,
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20
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.

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internal sealed class GCBeep {

// Finalize.
~GCBeep() {
// .
Console.Beep();
// , ,
// ,
// .
if (!AppDomain.CurrentDomain.IsFinalizingForUnload() &&
!Environment.HasShutdownStarted)
new GCBeep();
}
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.
Finalize ,
Beep GCBeep. Finalize GCBeep
464
CLR
. ,
GCBeep.

// GCBeep ,
// , .
new GCBeep();
// 100@ .
for (Int32 x = 0; x < 10000; x++) {
Console.WriteLine(x);
Byte[] b = new Byte[100];
}
}
}
, Finalize ,
. , Finalize
, ,
. .
internal sealed class TempFile {

private String m_filename = null;
private FileStream m_fs;
public TempFile(String filename) {
// .
m_fs = new FileStream(filename, FileMode.Create);
// .
m_filename = filename;
}
// Finalize.
~TempFile() {
// , ,
// ,
// .
if (m_filename != null)
File.Delete(m_filename);
}
}
.
internal sealed class TempFile {

private String m_filename;
private FileStream m_fs;
public TempFile(String filename) {
try {
20
( )
465
// .
m_fs = new FileStream(filename, FileMode.Create);
// .
m_filename = filename;
}
catch {
// @ ,
// Finalize.
// SuppressFinalize . .
GC.SuppressFinalize(this);
// .
throw;
}
}
// Finalize.
~TempFile() {
// ,
// .
File.Delete(m_filename);
}
}
Finalize
.
, ,
, .
, , ,

, . ,
, ,
( . ).
, , ,

.
Fina
lize. Finalize ,
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.
, ,
.
466
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Finalize
Finalize ,
.
0 .
Finalize,

.
Collect System.GC
CLR. Microsoft
, .
Windows
CLR Win32 CreateMemoryResourceNotification
QueryMemoryResourceNotification. Windows
, CLR ,
.
CLR , CLR
, ,
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Finalize 40 , CLR
.

, Microsoft .
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CLR, CLR
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GCBeep, . GCBeep
, (. ),
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, , . ,
20
( )
467
GCBeep ,
GCBeep ,
CLR.
, CLR ,
Finalize.
GCBeep, Finalize
GCBeep IsFinalizingForUnload AppDomain
HasShutdownStarted System.Environment. IsFinalizingFor
Unload true, Finalize
. HasShutdownStarted true,
Finalize .

, : ,
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, .
, new
. Finalize,

(finalization list) ,
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. 205 .
, . C, E, F, I J
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. 205.
468
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System.Object Finalize, CLR

, , Finalize
System.Object,
. Finalize Object
.
, B, E, G, G, I J .
.
,
freachable
. ,
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. 206.
. 206. ,
freachable
. 206 , B, G H ,
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CLR ,
Finalize.
,
.
freachable ( ), .
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, . , Finalize
.
, , CLR
. , ,
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20
( )
469
,
.
,

Finalize .
freachable
, , . ,
f finalization, :
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, . ,
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, , . ,

freachable, ,
. freachable ,
,
.
, , ,
: .
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.
, ,
, , freachable
. , , .
, , ,
, .
,
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.
. 207.
470
CLR
:

Finalize ,
, .
: , ,
, .

,
, ,
. , ,
.
, ,
, .
,
, (dispose pattern).
, , ,
. ,
, ,
, .
, Finalize,
, ,

. ,
Finalize.
, , System.IO.BinaryWriter.
, .
SafeHandle. Finalize,
, , ,
( ), .
, SafeHandle,
, SafeHandle IDisposable.
SafeHandle,
, .
// IDisposable
// , .
public abstract class SafeHandle : CriticalFinalizerObject, IDisposable {
//
// .
// , .
Dispose(true);
}
20
( )
471
// Dispose.
public void Close() {
Dispose(true);
}
// Finalize ,
// .
~SafeHandle() {
// , .
Dispose(false);
}
// , .
// Finalize, Dispose Close.
// ,
// .
// , .
protected virtual void Dispose(Boolean disposing) {
if (disposing) {
// , .
// ,
// , ,
// Finalize .
// SafeHandle .
}
//
//
//
//
//
//
//
/ .
.
, .
ownsHandle false, .
, , .
ReleaseHandle.
GC.SuppressFinalize(this), Finalize.
}
}
.
, . , SafeHandle
System.IDisposable, FCL :
public interface IDisposable {

void Dispose();
}
, , ,
. ,
Dispose, ,
, . , ,
, .
,
472
CLR
, . Dispose Close,
, .
, , SafeHandle
Close, Dispose.
, ,
Close,
. , System.IO.FileStream
, Close.
(close), (dispose) .
System.Threading.Timer Close,
.
! ,
,
. Dispose ,
.
Dispose, , , ,
. ,
,
Finalize.
, BinaryWriter
. Dispose BinaryWriter, (Dispose)
Dispose ,
BinaryWriter. BinaryWriter
, , ,
.
, SafeHandle:
Dispose Close , Finalize
. ,
Dispose, disposing.
, . Safe
Handle , , ,
ReleaseHandle,
. , ,
Dispose Close ;
,
( ).
,
Dispose/Close .
,
Dispose/Close, ,
.
, ,
20
( )
473
Dispose/Close . ,
, , .
Finalize disposing Dispose
false. Dispose ,
, Finalize.
, CLR
FileStream Finalize. , FileStream
Finalize, .
, Dispose Close disposing
Dispose true.
, . Dispose
, (, FileStream).
, , FileStream
.
, SafeHandle , Dispose,
, ,
. , SafeHandle ,
Dispose,
.
Dispose Close, Finalize.
.
, Dispose,
, Dispose ,
.
FileStream, ,
Stream, Close IDisposable.Dispose,
. FileStream Dispose,
, SafeHandle,
.
!
. 1
IDisposable, .
IDisposable ,
,
,
. , 1 IDisposable
,
,
, .
,
Dispose SuppressFinalize GC.
, SafeHandle, Dispose Close,
Finalize,
. SuppressFinalize
474
CLR
, ,
this. , CLR
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.
.
,

,
, . Safe
Handle System.IO.FileStream.
FileStream ,
. FileStream Win32 CreateFile,
SafeFileHandle,
FileStream. FileStream
(, Length, Position, CanRead)
(Read, Write, Flush).
, , ,
, . .
using System;
using System.IO;
// .
Byte[] bytesToWrite = new Byte[] { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 };
// .
FileStream fs = new FileStream("Temp.dat", FileMode.Create);
// .
fs.Write(bytesToWrite, 0, bytesToWrite.Length);
// .
File.Delete("Temp.dat"); // IOException.
}
}
, , , ,
. , Delete File
Windows , Delete
System.IO.IOException : The process cannot access the file Temp.dat
because it is being used by another process (
Temp.dat, ).
20
( )
475
, !
Write Delete, SafeFileHandle FileStream
Finalize, Delete.
, 99 100
.
, FileStream ,
,
. .
using System;
using System.IO;
// .
// .
// .
// .
fs.Dispose();
// .
File.Delete("Temp.dat"); // T .
}
}
, Dispose
FileStream. Dispose Dispose,
Boolean, , , Dispose SafeFileHandle.
Win32 CloseHandle, Windows
. Delete File Windows ,
, .
FileStream Close,
, , .
using System;
using System.IO;
// .
// .
476
CLR
// .
// .
fs.Close();
// .
File.Delete("Temp.dat"); // .
}
}
, Close
,
.
, Dispose Close
.
, . ,
. Write
. ,
, Write
System.ObjectDisposedException : Cannot access a closed file (
).
using System;
using System.IO;
// .
// .
// .
// .
fs.Close();
// .
// ObjectDisposedException.
// .
File.Delete("Temp.dat");
}
}
20
( )
477
, , FileStream,
;
.
! ,
, ,
System.ObjectDisposedException,
. Dispose Close
ObjectDisposedException
.
!
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, . ,
, .
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.
,
.
, , .
,
( ),
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Close, , ,
ObjectDisposedException.
Dispose Close , ,
(
), ,
,
.
using C#
Dispose
Close. ,
finally,
. .
using System;
using System.IO;
// .
478
CLR
// .
try {
// .
}
finally {
// .
if (fs != null)
fs.Dispose();
}
// .
}
}
;
. , C# using,
, ,
.
using.
using System;
using System.IO;
// .
// .
using (FileStream fs = new FileStream("Temp.dat", FileMode.Create)) {
// .
}
// .
}
}
using
. ,
using.
try finally. finally
, IDisposable,
Dispose. , using
, IDisposable.
20
( )
479
C# using
,
.
using ,
IDisposable.
,
. , .
Mutex IDisposable, Dispose
. .

, Mutex.
MutexLock, Main
MutexLock.
using System;
// .
// , , ;
// .
internal struct MutexLock : IDisposable {
private Mutex m_mutex;
// .
public MutexLock(Mutex m) {
m_mutex = m;
m_mutex.WaitOne();
}
// Dispose .
m_mutex.ReleaseMutex();
}
}
// , MutexLock.
// @.
Mutex m = new Mutex();
// , .
using (new MutexLock(m)) {
// .
}
}
}
480
CLR
! ,
IDisposable, MutexLock, .

. ,
IDisposable,
. ,
. ,
, .
,
, , ,
,
.
(, MutexLock),
( ) ,
,
Dispose .

System.IO.FileStream
.
. .
FileStream
System.IO.StreamWriter, .
FileStream fs = new FileStream("DataFile.dat", FileMode.Create);

StreamWriter sw = new StreamWriter(fs);
sw.Write("Hi there");
// Close .
sw.Close();
// : StreamWriter.Close FileStream.
// FileStream .
: StreamWriter
Stream, FileStream
. StreamWriter
Stream. StreamWriter
. StreamWriter
Stream.
BinaryWriter Dispose
Close ( StreamWriter
, using C#).
: BinaryWriter Stream
. FileStream
Win32 CloseHandle.
20
( )
481
Dispose Close File

Stream : BinaryWriter .
, FileStream ,
, .
, , , Dispose Close?
,
, . Finalize
. FileStream , .
StreamWriter
, . , StreamWriter
, .
Microsoft?
,
,
. Microsoft : StreamWriter
Finalize,
FileStream. , ,
StreamWriter, . Microsoft
, ,
Close Dispose.
.NET 2.0
Managed Debugging Assistants (MDA). , .NET Framework

MDA.
. MDA ,
StreamWriter ,
. MDA Visual Studio,
Debug/Exceptions. Exceptions
Managed Debugging Assistants,
StreamWriterBufferedDataLost
Thrown, Visual Studio
StreamWriter.

CLR GC (GC
handle table),
.
.
, .
System.Runtime.
InteropServices.GCHandle, . GC
,
482
CLR
GCHandle SecurityPermission Unmana

gedCode.
// System.Runtime.InteropServices.
public struct GCHandle {
// , .
public static GCHandle Alloc(object value);
public static GCHandle Alloc(object value, GCHandleType type);
// , GCHandle IntPtr.
public static explicit operator IntPtr(GCHandle value);
public static IntPtr ToIntPtr(GCHandle value);
// , IntPtr GCHandle.
public static explicit operator GCHandle(IntPtr value);
public static GCHandle FromIntPtr(IntPtr value);
// , GCHandle.
public static Boolean operator ==(GCHandle a, GCHandle b);
public static Boolean operator !=(GCHandle a, GCHandle b);
// ,
// ( 0).
public void Free();
// , / .
public object Target { get; set; }
// , true, 0.
public Boolean IsAllocated { get; }
// Pinned .
public IntPtr AddrOfPinnedObject();
public override Int32 GetHashCode();
public override Boolean Equals(object o);
}
,
Alloc GCHandle,
, GCHandleType , /
. GCHandleType .
public enum GCHandleType {

Weak = 0, // .
WeakTrackResurrection = 1 // .
Normal = 2, // .
Pinned = 3 // .
}
, .
20
( )
483
Weak , :
, ,
. , Finalize ,
, .
WeakTrackResurrection
, : , ,
. , Finalize (
) , ,
.
Normal ,
,
(), . ,
, (). Alloc,
GCHandleType, , GCHandleType.Normal .
Pinned ,
,
(), . ,
, (). ,
.
, ,
.
Alloc GCHandle
GC ,
, Alloc. ,
GCHandleType. Alloc GCHandle. GCHand
le , , IntPtr,
.
GC GCHandle
Free ( ,
IntPtr ).
GC.
1. (
). GC, c
Normal Pinned (
, ).
2. GC
Weak. ,
()
null.
3. .
,
freachable.
, .
4. GC
WeakTrackResurrection.
( ,
484
CLR
freachable), (
), null.
5. , ,
. ,
, ,
. Pinned (
), , , .
, ,
. Normal Pinned, .
.
Normal ,
,
, .
,
,
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GCHandle Normal.
GCHandle IntPtr, IntPtr
. ,
IntPtr GCHandle,
Target, ( ) .
,
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( , ).
,
, .
,
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.
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Pinned,
,
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,
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GCHandle
. ,
.
.
, ,
. Alloc
GCHandle, Pinned.
20
( )
485
GCHandle AddrOfPinnedObject.
IntPtr Pinned
. ,
.
,
Pinned.
Free GCHandle,
.
, .
.
: Weak WeakTrackResurrection.
,
. Weak
,
. , Fax,
, MailManager .
Fax , .
, Fax , MailManager
.
. ,
, , ,
.
. Weak WeakTrackResurrection.
. Fax
MailManager ,
, Fax. MailManager Alloc
GCHandle Weak. MailManager
GCHandle ,
. MailManager
, Fax,
, Fax.
MailManager Fax ,
GCHandle
Target. Target null, Fax ,
MailManager GCHandle,
Free .
Target , Fax ,
Target ,
Fax; Fax
. MailManager
, Fax .
, Fax
.
, Weak WeakTrack
Resurrection , CLR , .
, WeakTrack
Resurrection.
486
CLR
, .NET Framework
(weak reference dele
gate), .
CLR Microsoft, , ,
.
GCHanlde ,
System WeakReference.
GCHandle:
Alloc GCHandle, Target
Target GCHandle, Finalize
Free GCHandle. ,
WeakReference,
. GCHandle,
GCHandleType Normal Pinned.
WeakReferences , , ,
, GCHandle. , Weak
Reference ( ),
GCHandle ,
Finalize.
WeakReference
.
using System;
// MailManager.
MailManager mm = new MailManager();
// Fax.
Fax f = new Fax(mm);
// , Fax
// .
mm.SimulateNewMail();
// .
GC.Collect();
// , Fax .
mm.SimulateNewMail();
}
}
internal sealed class MailManager {
// .
private List<WeakReference> m_NewMailCallbacks = new List<WeakReference>();
20
( )
487
// , .
public event EventHandler NewMail {
add {
lock (m_NewMailCallbacks) {
// (WeakReference)
// .
m_NewMailCallbacks.Add(new WeakReference(value));
}
}
remove {
//
// .
for (Int32 n = 0; n < m_NewMailCallbacks.Count; n++) {
// (WeakReference) .
WeakReference wr = m_NewMailCallbacks[n];
// .
EventHandler eh = (EventHandler) wr.Target;
if (eh == null) {
// .
// .
m_NewMailCallbacks.RemoveAt(n);
n;
// .
continue; // .
}
// .
// ?
if ((eh.Target == value.Target) && (eh.Method == value.Method)) {
// , . .
break;
}
}
}
}
}
// , .
public void SimulateNewMail() {
Console.WriteLine ("About to raise the NewMail event");
OnNewMail(EventArgs.Empty);
}
// NewMail.
private void OnNewMail(EventArgs e) {
488
CLR
// .
for (Int32 n = 0; n < m_NewMailCallbacks.Count; n++) {
// WeakReference .
WeakReference wr = m_NewMailCallbacks[n];
// .
EventHandler eh = (EventHandler)wr.Target;
if (eh == null) {
// .
// .
n;0
// .
} else {
// .
// .
eh(this, e);
}
}
}
}
}
internal sealed class Fax {
//
// NewMail MailManager.
public Fax(MailManager mm) {
mm.NewMail += GotMail;
}
// NewMail.
public void GotMail(Object sender, EventArgs e) {
// , , .
Console.WriteLine("In Fax.GotMail");
}
}
.
About to raise the NewMail event

In Fax.GotMail
About to raise the NewMail event
! ,
, .
:
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,
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20
( )
489
, .
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, .
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.
,

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.
Win32
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MEMORYSTATUSEX. 80,

, ,
.
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Finalize . Finalize
,
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.
, Finalize ,
, ?

~SomeType() {
Program.s_ObjHolder = this;
}
}
490
CLR

public static Object s_ObjHolder;
...
}
// null.
Finalize SomeType
.
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, ,
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, , ,
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( ), ,
.
,
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ReRegisterForFinalize, .
, Finalize SomeType,
.

~SomeType() {
Program.s_ObjHolder = this;
GC.ReRegisterForFinalize(this);
}
}
Finalize ,
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(this) . ,
( null),
freachable,
Finalize . , ,
, ,
ReRegisterForFinalize, ,
!
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.
20
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491
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Finalize , Finalize
, ReRegisterFor
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,
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,
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tor), ]
:
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492
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20
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493
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494
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496
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( ). ,
,
. GC
:
public static void AddMemoryPressure(Int64 bytesAllocated);

public static void RemoveMemoryPressure(Int64 bytesAllocated);
,
,
. ,
, .
. Windows
.
, . , CLR
(
). , ,
, ,
. System.Runtime.InteropServices
HandleCollector:
public sealed class HandleCollector {

public HandleCollector(String name, Int32 initialThreshold);
public HandleCollector(String name, Int32 initialThreshold,
Int32 maximumThreshold);
public void Add();
public void Remove();
public
public
public
public
Int32 Count { get; }

Int32 InitialThreshold { get; }
Int32 MaximumThreshold { get; }
String Name { get; }
}
,
, ,
, .
,
, .
20
( )
497
GC.AddMemoryPressure HandleCollector.Add
GC.Collect
0 .
,
.

. ,
.
, .

HandleCollector.
using System;
// 0 .
MemoryPressureDemo(0);
// 10 .
MemoryPressureDemo(10 * 1024 * 1024);
// .
HandleCollectorDemo();
}
private static void MemoryPressureDemo(Int32 size) {
Console.WriteLine("MemoryPressureDemo, size={0}", size);
// .
for (Int32 count = 0; count < 15; count++) {
new BigNativeResource(size);
}
//
// .
GC.Collect();
}
private sealed class BigNativeResource {
private Int32 m_size;
public BigNativeResource(Int32 size) {
m_size = size;
if (m_size > 0) {
// , .
GC.AddMemoryPressure(m_size);
498
CLR
}
Console.WriteLine("BigNativeResource create.");
}
~BigNativeResource() {
if (m_size > 0) {
// , .
GC.RemoveMemoryPressure(m_size);
}
Console.WriteLine("BigNativeResource destroy.");
}
}
private static void HandleCollectorDemo() {
Console.WriteLine("HandleCollectorDemo");
for (Int32 count = 0; count < 10; count++) {
new LimitedResource();
}
//
// .
GC.Collect();
}
private sealed class LimitedResource {
// HandleCollector
// ,
// .
private static HandleCollector s_hc = new HandleCollector("LimitedResource", 2);
public LimitedResource() {
// HandleCollector,
// LimitedResource.
s_hc.Add();
Console.WriteLine("LimitedResource create. Count={0}", s_hc.Count);
}
~LimitedResource() {
// HandleCollector, LimitedResource
// .
s_hc.Remove();
Console.WriteLine("LimitedResource destroy. Count={0}", s_hc.Count);
}
}
}
:
MemoryPressureDemo, size=0
BigNativeResource create.
20
BigNativeResource
BigNativeResource
BigNativeResource
BigNativeResource
BigNativeResource
BigNativeResource
BigNativeResource
BigNativeResource
BigNativeResource
BigNativeResource
BigNativeResource
BigNativeResource
BigNativeResource
BigNativeResource
BigNativeResource
BigNativeResource
BigNativeResource
BigNativeResource
BigNativeResource
BigNativeResource
BigNativeResource
BigNativeResource
BigNativeResource
BigNativeResource
BigNativeResource
BigNativeResource
BigNativeResource
BigNativeResource
BigNativeResource
( )
create.
create.
create.
create.
create.
create.
create.
create.
create.
create.
create.
create.
create.
create.
destroy.
destroy.
destroy.
destroy.
destroy.
destroy.
destroy.
destroy.
destroy.
destroy.
destroy.
destroy.
destroy.
destroy.
destroy.
MemoryPressureDemo, size=10485760
BigNativeResource destroy.
499
500
BigNativeResource
BigNativeResource
BigNativeResource
BigNativeResource
BigNativeResource
BigNativeResource
BigNativeResource
BigNativeResource
BigNativeResource
BigNativeResource
CLR
create.
create.
destroy.
destroy.
create.
create.
destroy.
destroy.
destroy.
destroy.
HandleCollectorDemo
LimitedResource create.
LimitedResource destroy.
Count=1
Count=2
Count=3
Count=3
Count=2
Count=1
Count=1
Count=2
Count=2
Count=2
Count=3
Count=3
Count=2
Count=1
Count=1
Count=2
Count=2
Count=2
Count=1
Count=0
,

,
, .
, CLR
.
.
System.Runtime MemoryFailPoint,
,
:
public sealed class MemoryFailPoint : CriticalFinalizerObject, IDisposable {

public MemoryFailPoint(Int32 sizeInMegabytes);
~MemoryFailPoint();
20
( )
501
public void Dispose();

}
.
, ( ),
( ,
). ,
.
1.
,
? , ,
MemoryFailPoint.
2. , ,
.
3. ,
.
, InsufficientMemory
Exception.
4.
, InsufficientMemoryException.
5.
,
, Memory
FailPoint. ,

, (
, ).
MemoryFailPoint InsufficientMemory
Exception,
( ),
OutOfMemoryException . ,
InsufficientMemoryException OutOfMemoryException.
! MemoryFailPoint
,
, . ,
. ,

. MemoryFailPoint ,
,
.
.
Dispose
MemoryFailPoint. Dispose (
) Memory
FailPoint. MemoryFailPoint.
502
CLR
using System;
using System.Runtime;
try {
// 1,5 .
using (MemoryFailPoint mfp = new MemoryFailPoint(1500)) {
// , .
} // Dispose 1,5 .
}
catch (InsufficientMemoryException e) {
// .
Console.WriteLine(e);
}
}
}

System.GC .
, ,
, GC.MaxGeneration.
2.
,
:
void GC.Collect(Int32 Generation)

void GC.Collect()
( ),
. 0
GC.MaxGeneration . 0,
0, 1 0 1, 2
0, 1 2. Collect, ,
,
:
GC.Collect(GC.MaxGeneration);
Collect:

, .

CLR .
.
, Collect,
, .
20
( )
503
Collect ,
, , , .
,

. Web
Windows Form,
. Collect,
, Collect, .
GC WaitForPendingFinalizers,
, ,
freachable, , Finalize .
, , ,
.
GC.Collect();
GC.Collect();
, ,
. , ,
, . Collect ,
Finalize.
WaitForPendingFinalizers
Finalize. WaitForPendingFinalizers ,
. Collect
, ,
.
, GC , ,
:
Int32 GetGeneration(Object obj)

Int32 GetGeneration(WeakReference wr)
GetGeneration ,
WeakReference.
0 GC.MaxGeneration .
,
GC.
using System;
internal sealed class GenObj {
~GenObj() {
Console.WriteLine("In Finalize method");
}
}
Console.WriteLine("Maximum generations: " + GC.MaxGeneration);
504
CLR
// GenObj .
Object o = new GenObj();
// , 0.
Console.WriteLine("Gen " + GC.GetGeneration(o)); // 0.
// .
GC.Collect();
GC.Collect();
GC.Collect();
Console.WriteLine("Gen " + GC.GetGeneration(o)); // 2 ( ).
o = null; // .
Console.WriteLine("Collecting Gen 0");
GC.Collect(0);
// 0.
GC.WaitForPendingFinalizers(); // Finalize .
Console.WriteLine("Collecting Gens 0, and 1");
GC.Collect(1);
// 0 1.
Console.WriteLine("Collecting Gens 0, 1, and 2");
GC.Collect(2);
// , Collect().
}
}
.
Maximum generations: 2
Gen 0
Gen 1
Gen 2
Gen 2
Collecting Gen 0
Collecting Gens 0, and 1
Collecting Gens 0, 1, and 2
In Finalize method

, ,
. ,

20
( )
505
.
,
( ),
, .
, , ,
. CLR ,
,
,
. ,
Microsoft ,
. Microsoft ,
.
, CLR
, ,
, , . CLR
, JIT
, , .
,
, , (safe point), ,
.
, CLR .
CLR ,
, CLR.
.
, .
, ,
CLR
250 ,
. , .
CLR , . , CLR
,
. CLR
, .
,
. ,
. ,
.
. CLR
, , ,
, .
, ,
, . ,
, , ,
, Pinned.
,
.
506
CLR
, CLR , ,
JIT, ,
. , JIT
,
. , JIT,
, ,
. ,
, , JIT,
, .
(, )
,
.

0
.
, .

(, ASP.NET Microsoft SQL Server)
CLR
.
.
,
.
. ,
. ,
:
,
.
CLR ,
( . 2 3), gcServer
, .
<configuration>
<runtime>
<gcServer enabled="true"/>
</runtime>
</configuration>
CLR,
, IsServerGC GCSettings.
using System;
using System.Runtime; // GCSettings .
20
( )
507
Console.WriteLine("Application is running with server GC=" +

GCSettings.IsServerGC);
}
}

,
,
,
. ,
0, ,
, .
0 1, , ,
2, 0 ,
, .
,
.
,
.
, .
, ,
. ,
,
,
.
, , , .
,
, .
, ,
.
, ,

.

. ,
, , ,
,
.
CLR ,
( . 2 3), gcConcurrent.
.
<configuration>
<runtime>
gcConcurrent enabled="false"/>
</runtime>
</configuration>
508
CLR

, .
85 . .
.
, ,
. ,
85 .
. ,
,
.
, Pinned.
2,
, .
2,
. ,
2.
using System;
Object o = new Byte[85000];
Console.WriteLine(GC.GetGeneration(o)); // 2, 0.
}
}
.
.
.

,
. , GC ,

, .
Int64 GetTotalMemory(Boolean forceFullCollection);

Int32 CollectionCount(Int32 generation);
, ,
, .
, , ,
.
, , .
.NET Framework
,
CLR.
PerfMon.exe ActiveX System
20
( )
509
Monitor, Windows.
System Monitor, PerfMon.exe +
, Add Counters (. 2016).
. 2016. .NET CLR PerfMon.exe

CLR
.NET CLR Memory, .
, Add,
Close. System Monitor
. , ,
Explain.

CLR Profiler, ,
. API,

.
,
. , ,
CLR profiler.
!
2 1
CLR
(AppDomains)
,
Microsoft .NET Framework, CLR
(AppDomains).
CLR,
.
,
.
,
. Microsoft Windows DLL
.
,
.
,
.
,
, CLR

.

.
CLR .
,
. ,
, .NET Framework
.
CLR
.NET Framework Microsoft Windows. , .NET Frame
work , Windows. ,
Windows
21
CLR (AppDomains)
511
PE (portable executable) Windows

(DLL).
Microsoft CLR COM, DLL,
Microsoft CLR COM
COM
(GUID). .NET Framework COM, CLR,
Windows, COM.
. C++ MSCorEE.h .NET Framework SDK
GUID ICorRuntimeHost.
Windows CLR.
COM CLR, CoCreateInstance,
CorBindToRuntimeEx
( MSCorEE.h).
MSCorEE.dll, C:\Windows\System32.
(shim) COM CLR,
, CLR .
CLR,
MSCorEE.dll (
).
MSCorEE.dll CLR,
MSCorEE.dll , CLR,
.
64 Windows
2.0 .NET Framework
MSCorEE.dll. 32 x86,
64 x64 IA64 (
).
CLR MSCorWks.dll, MSCorEE.dll.
1.0, 1.1 2.0 CLR, MSCorWks.dll
:
1.0 C:\Windows\Microsoft.NET\Framework\v1.0.3705;
1.1 C:\Windows\Microsoft.NET\Framework\v1.0.4322;
2.0 C:\Windows\Microsoft.NET\Framework\v2.0.50727.
CorBindToRuntimeEx
CLR, .
,
(, CLR), Cor
BindToRuntimeEx CLR
CLR, .

CLR,
. ,
requiredRuntime supportedRuntime XML
(. 2 3).
512
CLR
CorBindToRuntimeEx
ICorRuntimeHost. , :
, CLR,
,
, . .
,
;
CLR, CLR
. , ,
, ,
, ,
CLR ;
CLR;
;
CLR,
Windows.
CLR.

CLR, .
, ,
, .
:
;
JIT ( )
;
, ;
;

. : , ,
, , .
CLR
(Steven Pratschner) Customizing
the Microsoft .NET Framework Common Language Runtime (Microsoft Press, 2005).
, Windows
CLR
. Windows CLR.
CorBindToRuntimeEx
ICLRRuntimeHost.
CLR Windows
AddRef Release ICLRRuntimeHost
. CLR
, Windows ,
.
21
CLR (AppDomains)
513
C++ ,
, CLR .
#include <Windows.h>
#include <MSCorEE.h>
#include <stdio.h>
void main(int argc, WCHAR **argv) {
// CLR.
ICLRRuntimeHost *pClrHost;
HRESULT hr = CorBindToRuntimeEx(
NULL,
// CLR (NULL " ")
NULL,
// (NULL
// " ")
0,
//
CLSID_CLRRuntimeHost, // CLSID CLR
IID_ICLRRuntimeHost, // IID ICLRRuntimeHost
(PVOID*) &pClrHost); // COM
// ( )
// ( CLR)
// CLR.
pClrHost>Start();
// ,
// String Int32.
DWORD retVal;
hr = pClrHost>ExecuteInDefaultAppDomain(
L"SomeMgdAssem.dll",
L"Wintellect.SomeType", L"SomeMethod", L"Jeff", &retVal);
// , .
wprintf(L"Managed code returned %d", retVal);
// ( CLR).
}

. ,
SomeMgdAssem.dll, .
Wintellect.SomeType, ,
, SomeMethod. , ,
SomeMethod String, Int32.
C# , :
// C# SomeMgdAssem.dll.
using System;
namespace Wintellect {
514
CLR
public static Int32 SomeMethod(String s) {

Console.WriteLine("Managed assembly: {0}", s);
return s.Length;
}
}
}

COM CLR , AppDomain,
. AppDomain,
, (default AppDomain),
Windows.
, , COM
, CLR
. .
.
, AppDomain,
, AppDomain
. ,
.
,
.
, AppDomain
, .
, .
CLR
. CLR AppDomain
, .

,
, AppDomain.
,
, .

.
, CLR AppDomain.
, ,
.
! Windows
. ,

.
, ,
Windows . ,
21
CLR (AppDomains)
515
Windows . Win32 Create

Process ,
.
, ,
,

Windows.
, ,
.
. 211 Windows,
COM CLR, (,
,
Windows).
, AppDomain
(. 4). ,
( ,
JIT).
. 211. Windows, CLR
, AppDomain . AppDomain (
) : MyApp.exe, TypeLib.dll System.dll,
: Wintellect.dll System.dll.
: System.dll AppDomain.
System.dll,
; ,
516
CLR
, . ,
, IL , JIT
,
.

.
; CLR AppDomain
, .
.

. MSCorLib.dll, Microsoft.
System.Object, System.Int32 , .NET Framework.
CLR,
. MSCorLib.dll
, AppDomain.

. ,
, ,
: , ,
.
.
AppDomain
, AppDomain,
AppDomain.
.
AppDomainMarshalling
, ,
. ,
, ,
. AppDomainMarshalling
, , , ,
. ,
. ,
.
using
using
using
using
System;
System.Reflection;
System.Threading;
System.Runtime.Remoting;

// AppDomain, .
AppDomain adCallingThreadDomain = Thread.GetDomain();
// AppDomain ,
// . AppDomain
21
CLR (AppDomains)
517
// .
String callingDomainName = adCallingThreadDomain.FriendlyName;
Console.WriteLine("Default AppDomains friendly name={0}", callingDomainName);
// AppDomain,
// Main.
String exeAssembly = Assembly.GetEntryAssembly().FullName;
Console.WriteLine("Main assembly={0}", exeAssembly);
// , AppDomain.
AppDomain ad2 = null;
// 1: AppDomain
// .
Console.WriteLine("{0}Demo #1: MarshalbyReference", Environment.NewLine);
// AppDomain (
// , AppDomain).
ad2 = AppDomain.CreateDomain("AD #2", null, null);
// AppDomain, ,
//
// ( ).
MarshalByRefType mbrt = (MarshalByRefType)
ad2.CreateInstanceAndUnwrap(exeAssembly, "MarshalByRefType");
Type t = mbrt.GetType();
// , .
Console.WriteLine("Is proxy={0}", RemotingServices.IsTransparentProxy(mbrt));
// , MarshalByRefType, .
// .
// AppDomain, ,
// .
mbrt.SomeMethod(callingDomainName);
// AppDomain.
AppDomain.Unload(ad2);
// mbrt ;
// AppDomain.
try {
// .
// , .
mbrt.SomeMethod(callingDomainName);
Console.WriteLine("Successful call.");
}
catch (AppDomainUnloadedException) {
Console.WriteLine("Failed call.");
}
518
CLR
// 2: AppDomain
// .
Console.WriteLine("{0}Demo #2: MarshalbyValue", Environment.NewLine);
// AppDomain (
// , AppDomain).
// AppDomain, ,
//
// ( ).
MarshalByValType mbvt = (MarshalByValType)
ad2.CreateInstanceAndUnwrap(exeAssembly, "MarshalByValType");
// , .
Console.WriteLine("Is proxy={0}", RemotingServices.IsTransparentProxy(mbvt));
// , MarshalByRefType,
// .
mbvt.SomeMethod(callingDomainName);
// AppDomain.
AppDomain.Unload(ad2);
// mbrt ;
// AppDomain .
try {
// ; .
mbvt.SomeMethod(callingDomainName);
Console.WriteLine("Successful call.");
}
catch (AppDomainUnloadedException) {
Console.WriteLine("Failed call.");
}
// 3: AppDomain
// , .
Console.WriteLine("{0}Demo #3: NonMarshalable Type", Environment.NewLine);
// AppDomain (
// , AppDomain).
// AppDomain, ,
//
// .
NotMarshalableType nmt = (NotMarshalableType)
ad2.CreateInstanceAndUnwrap(exeAssembly, "NotMarshalableType");
// ...
}
}
21
CLR (AppDomains)
519
// .
public class MarshalByRefType : MarshalByRefObject {
DateTime creation = DateTime.Now;
public MarshalByRefType() {
Console.WriteLine("{0} ctor running in {1}",
this.GetType().ToString(), Thread.GetDomain().FriendlyName);
}
public void SomeMethod(String callingDomainName) {
Console.WriteLine("Calling from '{0}' to '{1}'.",
callingDomainName, Thread.GetDomain().FriendlyName);
}
}
// .
[Serializable]
public class MarshalByValType : Object {
public MarshalByValType() {
}
}
}
// .
// [Serializable]
public class NotMarshalableType : Object {
public NotMarshalableType() {
}
}
}
AppDomainMarshalling,
:
Default AppDomains friendly name=AppDomainMarshalling.exe

Main assembly=AppDomainMarshalling, Version=0.0.0.0, Culture=neutral, PublicKeyToken=null
520
CLR
Demo #1: MarshalbyReference

MarshalByRefType ctor running in AD #2
Is proxy=True
Calling from 'AppDomainMarshalling.exe' to 'AD #2'.
Failed call.
Demo #2: MarshalbyValue
MarshalByValType ctor running in AD #2
Is proxy=False
Calling from 'AppDomainMarshalling.exe' to 'AppDomainMarshalling.exe'.
Calling from 'AppDomainMarshalling.exe' to 'AppDomainMarshalling.exe'.
Successful call.
Demo #3: NonMarshalable Type
NotMarshalableType ctor running in AD #2
Unhandled Exception: System.Runtime.Serialization.SerializationException:
Type 'NotMarshalableType' in assembly 'AppDomainMarshalling, Version=0.0.0.0,
Culture=neutral, PublicKeyToken=null' is not marked as serializable.
at System.AppDomain.CreateInstanceAndUnwrap(String assemblyName, String typeName)
at Program.Main() in C:\AppDomainMarshalling.cs:line 97
, CLR.
Main AppDomain,
,
. Windows
.
. ,
CLR; Windows .
Windows AppDomain,
. CLR
.
CLR, AppDomain ,
GetDomain System.Threading.Thread.
, Cur
rentDomain System.AppDomain.
AppDomain (friendly
name) String,
. .
CLR AppDomain ,

. Main AppDomain
, FriendlyName System.
AppDomain.
, Main (
AppDomain), Main .
: Program, MarshalByRefType, MarshalByValType NonMars
halableType. ,
.
21
CLR (AppDomains)
521
1: AppDomain

CreateDomain System.AppDomain ,
CLR AppDomain Windows. AppDomain
CreateDomain;
,
AppDomain. CreateDomain,
, :
String, ,
AppDomain, AD #2;
System.Security.Policy.Evidence, ,
CLR AppDomain.
null,
, AppDomain. ,
,
System.Security.PermissionSet,
( , IPermission),
PermissionSet
CreateDomain, PermissionSet;
System.AppDomainSetup, , CLR
AppDomain. null,
AppDomain.
, AppDomain , App
DomainSetup, ,
CreateDomain AppDomainSetup.
CreateDomain AppDomain.
,
. AppDomain ,
, , AppDomain. App
Domain CLR AppDomain;
AppDomain ,
.
, AppDomain,
, ,
. Create
InstanceAndUnwrap AppDomain. CreateInstanceAndUnwrap,
: String, ,
AppDomain ( ad2),
String , . CreateInstanceAndUnwrap
AppDomain .
( CreateInstanceAndUnwrap)
AppDomain,
(MarshalByRefType).
, MarshalByRefType.
, CreateInstanceAndUnwrap
MarshalByRefType.
522
CLR
CreateInstanceAndUnwrap,
, .
, , , CLR
(), AppDomain, ,
. CreateInstanceAndUnwrap
, ,
AppDomains! , ,
CreateInstanceAndUnwrap .
: MarshalByRefType
System.MarshalByRefObject. , CreateInstanceAndUnwrap
, MarshalByRefObject, CLR
. ,
AppDomain (,
) AppDomain (,
CreateInstanceAndUnwrap).

AppDomain, CLR .
,

(, ).
, .
, .
, ,
. (
GCHandle, .
GCHandle 20.)
AppDomain CreateInstance
AndUnwrap ,
,
. AppDomain
Marshalling mbrt. : ,
CreateInstanceAndUnwrap, MarshalBy
RefType. CLR
. CLR ,
, .
, GetType ,
MarshalByRefType.
, , CreateInstanceAnd
Unwrap, .
AppDomainMarshalling IsTransparent
Proxy System.Runtime.Remoting.RemotingService,
, CreateInstanceAndUnwrap. IsTransparentProxy
true, , .
SomeMethod. mbrt ,
21
CLR (AppDomains)
523
.

AppDomain.
. GC
Handle , AppDomain,
SomeMethod .
,
. , SomeMethod Thread.GetDomain().
FriendlyName. AD #2 (
), AppDomain,
AppDomain.CreateDomain AD #2
. ,
Call Stack, [AppDomain Transition]
(. 212).
. 212. Call Stack

SomeMethod ,
SomeMethod , ,
AppDomain.

, . ,

. ,
AppDomain.
,

AppDomains.
524
CLR
Unload AppDomain, CLR AppDomain,
,
AppDomain.
mbrt AppDomain
;
( ).
AppDomain ,
SomeMethod,
. , AppDomain,
, , SomeMethod
AppDomainUnloadedException,
.
! CLR Microsoft ,
,
,
. ,
AppDomain
,
.
, . ,
MarshalByRefObject, .
. ,
,
MarshalByRefObject, JIT ,
( ),
FieldGetter FieldSetter System.Object.
; ,
.
, MarshalByRefObject,
,
CLR .
, ,
, .
, Marshal
ByRefObject
,
.
, ,
.
,
AppDomain, ,
.
21
CLR (AppDomains)
525
2: AppDomain

. App
Domain. CreateInstanceAndUnwrap
AppDomain .
MarshalByValType, System.MarshalByRefObject.
, CreateInstanceAndUnwrap
.
MarshalByValType System.MarshalByRefObject, Create
InstanceAndUnwrap ;
.
, MarshalByValType [Seriali
zable], CreateInstanceAndUnwrap .
, App
Domain () AppDomain ( ).

AppDomain, CLR
, .
CLR . CLR
( ),
. CLR
,
. , CLR
AppDomain. Create
InstanceAndUnwrap ;
.
! CLR
AppDomain ( ,
AppBase
). CLR
. ,
,
.
AppDomain
, .
,
( AppDomainMarshalling),
.
, , CreateInstanceAndUnwrap,
, AppDomainMarshalling
IsTransparentProxy System.Runtime.Remoting.
RemotingService, ,
CreateInstanceAndUnwrap. IsTransparentProxy false,
, , .
526
CLR
SomeMethod.
mbvt ,

. , :
Thread.GetDomain().FriendlyName AppDomainMarshalling. ,
Call Stack [AppDomain Transition].
,
, AppDomainMarshalling AppDomain,
SomeMethod. 1,
, AppDomain
, ,
, .
:
,
. MarshalByValType
AppDomain,
, .
,
AppDomain.

,
. ,
,
AppDomain.
3:

3 1 2.
AppDomain, CreateInstanceAndUnwrap

. NonMarshalableType. , Create
InstanceAndUnwrap
. NonMarshalableType
System.MarshalByRefObject [Serializable],
CreateInstanceAndUnwrap
,
! , Create
InstanceAndUnwrap SerializationException
AppDomain.
, .

SomeMethod String.
1 String, SomeMethod ,
SomeMethod . , CLR
,
21
CLR (AppDomains)
527
. , , CLR
, MarshalByRefObject;
.
, CLR , [Serializable].
, .
MarshalByRefObject [Seriali
zable], CLR
.
, CLR
. ,
, CLR
. ,
, , CLR

.
AppDomainMarshalling String
. System.String
MarshalByRefObject, .
, System.String [Serializable],
. CLR
String. String
AppDomain CLR
String , .
, String ,
String .
. 11.
AppDomain
CLR
. AppDomain
, CLR . AppDomain
: Unload AppDomain (
AppDomainMarshalling). CLR
AppDomain.
1. CLR ,
.
2. CLR ,
AppDomain
AppDomain. CLR
, AppDomain,
ThreadAbortException (
). finally,
. ,
ThreadAbortException, CLR
528
CLR
; , .
,
CLR .
! CLR ,
finally catch, ,
. CLR ,
,
, , , CLR
, ,
.
,
CLR Thread
AbortException.
3. AppDomain , . 2 CLR
,
, AppDomain.
, , , .
, ,
AppDomainUnloadedException.
4. CLR , ,
AppDomain. Finalize
, .
5. CLR . , AppDo
main.Unload, ; AppDomain.Unload
.
AppDomainMarshalling .
, AppDomain.Unload,
AppDomain , CLR
ThreadAbortException ( ThreadAbortException ).
, AppDomain.Unload, CLR 10 (
), AppDomain .
10 , , AppDomain.Unload,
, CannotUnloadAppDomainException, AppDomain
( ) .
, AppDomain.Unload,
AppDomain, CLR ,
AppDomain. Thread
AbortException ,
. App
Domain, . AppDomain
CannotUnloadAppDomainException,
, ,
.
21
CLR (AppDomains)
529
AppDomain
: CLR,
CLR AppDomain. ,
, CLR
. , ,
CLR .
Windows Forms
Windows Forms,
(shim) CLR .
CLR,
.
CLR. CLR CLR
, , (Main).
CLR , , .
. ,
, CLR
AppDomain, ,
. Main , Windows
( ).
, Windows
, Exit Sys
tem.Environment. Exit
, Finalize
, COM
, CLR, Win32
ExitProcess.
Windows Forms CLR

, AppDomainMarshalling.
Microsoft Internet Explorer

.NET Framework MIME (MSCorIE.dll),
Internet Explorer 5.01 .
, MIME application/octetstream
application/xmsdownload. , , MIME
CorBindToRuntimeEx CLR, Internet
Explorer CLR.
MIME CLR , Web
AppDomain.

, , Web,
, Web,
Web.
530
CLR
Web- ASP.NET Web- XML

ASP.NET ISAPI ( ASPNet_ISAPI.dll).
URL, , ASP.NET
CLR. Web, ASP.NET ,
. , ASP.NET CLR
AppDomain Web ( Web
). ASP.NET
CLR AppDomain , Web
,
. , CLR
AppDomain Web .
Web, ASP.NET
AppDomain, Web
AppDomain .
JIT ,
.
Web, ASP.NET CLR
AppDomain. ,
. , Windows
Web,
. , Web,
AppDomain Web
Web Web.
ASP.NET Web
, Web. Web
, ASP.NET , AppDomain,
( ),
AppDomain . ASP.NET
AppDomain, (shadow copying).
Microsoft SQL Server 2005

Microsoft SQL Server 2005 ,
C++. SQL Server 2005
.
SQL Server CLR.
App
Domain, .
! ,

. , JIT ,
.
FCL .
, .
?
21
CLR (AppDomains)
531

,
,
. ,
CLR. , , ,
, AppDomain,
.

CLR.

CLR. ,
(
Customizing the Microsoft .NET Framework Common Language Runtime,
).
CLR
System.AppDomainManager CLR
, , . ,
. , ,
, System.AppDomainManager,
.
GAC,
( GAC ).
Windows CLR
AppDomainManager .
, AppDomainManager. AppDomain,
, .
AppDomainManager Windows:
API ( )
.
CorBindToRuntimeEx ICLRControl
SetAppDomainManagerType,
GAC , AppDomainManager.
( )
CLR Windows
: APPDOMAIN_MANAGER_ASM ,
GAC, APPDOMAIN_MANAGER_TYPE ,
AppDomainManager.
,
;
.
( )
CLR HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\Software\Microsoft\.NETFrame
work\ ( HKEY_CURRENT_USER\Software\Microsoft\.NETFramework\)
532
CLR
: APPDOMAIN_MANAGER_ASM, ,
GAC, APPDOMAIN_MANAGER_TYPE, ,
AppDomainManager. ,
, ,
AppDomainManager . .

(,
). , ?
, AppDomainManager.
,
AppDomain.
AppDomain, AppDomainManager
.
AppDomain
AppDomain. AppDomain, CLR
, AppDomainManager.
,
, .
-
CLR,
. (
):
CLR ,
. (
. .)
CLR AppDomain.
AppDomain, .
CLR .
, .
CLR Windows.
AppDomains ,
.
CLR AppDomain .
.
, finally Finalize .
, finally
Finalize . ,
, ,
catch finally. , ,
(Critical Execution Region,
CER), .
, (escalation
policy), CLR, .
, SQL Server 2005 , CLR
21
CLR (AppDomains)
533
CLR
. , CLR
.
, CLR
.
, . ,
, ,
, .
, ,
, Monitor.Enter, WaitOne Mutex
AcquireReaderLock AcquireWriterLock ReaderWriterLock.
AutoResetEvent, ManualResetEvent Semaphore ,
,
. , CLR ,
,
AppDomain. , .
,
, ,
, AppDomain ;
.
,
, CLR
AppDomain
. AppDomain , CLR
AppDomain.

. .
,
. ,
, .
, ,
, . ,
AppDomain,
.

AppDomain, ,
, .
, ?

, .
, .
, ,
. , ?
( ),
.
534
CLR
,
. . 213 ,
.
( ).
1. .
2.
.
3. ,
, .
4. try App
Domain ( , MarshalByRefObject). AppDomain
(, ),
, .
;
.
5. .
,
Abort Thread, CLR
ThreadAbortException.
6. , finally,
. App
Domain. try,
catch, ThreadAbortException.
7. ThreadAbortException ResetAbort
Thread. , .
8. , ThreadAbortException,
,
.
. 213.
.
, Abort Thread . Abort
21
CLR (AppDomains)
535
AbortRequested .
, ,
(safe place). ,
, ( )
. ,
, .
, (. 20).
,
, catch finally,
.
,
AbortRequested Thread
AbortException. ,
, finally .
, ThreadAbortException
.
, ,
.
ThreadAbortException,
.
: ThreadAbortException,
? CLR
ThreadAbortException. ThreadAbortException,
CLR . , catch
CLR ThreadAbortException.
CLR : CLR
ThreadAbortException catch,
, ?
catch ResetAbort Thread.
CLR ThreadAbortException catch.
:
ThreadAbortException ResetAbort Thread?
: ResetAbort
SecurityPermission ControlThread true. AppDomain
, ,
.
, :
ThreadAbortException,
catch finally,
, .
.
, CLR
, AppDomain,
CLR . ,
ThreadAbortException catch
. , catch
CLR ThreadAbortException.
536
CLR
,

. catch finally
, ,
.
.
, Thread Abort: ,
Object, .
ThreadAbortException, Excep
tionState, , .
, Abort, ,
ThreadAbortException.
.
2 2
,
,
. ,
, ,
, ,
(addins),
.
, , ,
, .
.
CLR
AppDomain, 21.
AppDomain
.
, AppDomain, .
CLR, AppDomain, ,
,
, .

, JIT IL , ,
IL. , JIT
TypeRef AssemblyRef , ,
. AssemblyRef
. JIT
( ), ,
, AppDomain
( ). ,
( ,
).
538
CLR
CLR , Load
System.Reflection.Assembly. ,
AppDomain.
CLR Win32 LoadLibrary. ,
Load Assembly.
:
public class Assembly {

public static Assembly Load(AssemblyName assemblyRef);
public static Assembly Load(String assemblyString);
// .
}
Load CLR
GAC,
,
, codeBase . Load
, , CLR
GAC. , Load Assembly,
. ,
System.IO.FileNotFoundException.

,
Microsoft Windows.

. , GAC x86
, CLR (.
3). CLR ,
Load Assembly :
"SomeAssembly, Version=2.0.0.0, Culture=neutral,

PublicKeyToken=01234567890abcde, ProcessorArchitecture=MSIL"
CLR
ProcessorArchitecture MSIL (Microsoft IL), x86,
IA64 AMD64.
! Load System.AppDomain.
Assembly
, AppDomain.

.
, .
Load AppDomain ,
.
:
. , AppDomain
, CLR. ,
22
539
CLR App
Domain, .
, Load AppDomain
. , System.Assembly System.
MarshalByRefObject, AppDomain
. CLR
AppDomain.
AppDomain
, FileNotFound
Exception. ,
Load System.AppDomain.
Load
AppDomain AppDomain,
, .
( ILDasm.exe, PEVerify.exe, CorFlags.exe,
GACUtil.exe, SGen.exe, SN.exe XSD.exe),
. ,
( ) .
LoadFrom Assembly:

public static Assembly LoadFrom(String path);
// .
}
LoadFrom GetAssemblyName System.Reflection.
AssemblyName, ,
AssemblyRef,
System.Reflection.AssemblyName ( ).
LoadFrom Load Assembly, Assembly
Name. CLR
. , Load
Assembly, ;
LoadFrom. Load , LoadFrom ,
, LoadFrom. , ,
, LoadFrom
Assembly, .
, LoadFrom URL :
private static void SomeMethod() {

Assembly a = Assembly.LoadFrom(@"http://Wintellect.com/SomeAssembly.dll");
}
CLR ,
.
, . ,
Internet Explorer
[. Work Offline ( ) File ()],
.
540
CLR
!
. LoadFrom
Load, , CLR , ,
.
;

, , , LoadFrom .
,
, CLR
, LoadFile Assembly.
,
( ),
, ReflectionOnlyLoadFrom
, , ReflectionOnlyLoad Assembly.
:

public static Assembly ReflectionOnlyLoadFrom(String assemblyFile);
public static Assembly ReflectionOnlyLoad(String assemblyString);
// .
}
ReflectionOnlyLoadFrom ,
GAC .
ReflectionOnlyLoad GAC,
, , codeBase.
Load ,
, , .
,
AppDomain
ApplyPolicy.
ReflectionOnlyLoadFrom ReflectionOnlyLoad
CLR ,
InvalidOperationException.
,
, , .
,
,
ReflectionOnlyAssemblyResolve AppDomain,
, (
ApplyPolicy AppDomain); CLR .
, ReflectionOnlyLoad
From ReflectionOnlyLoad Assembly,
.
22
541
.
, CLR .
, :
. CLR
,
. ,
AppDomain, .
. 21.
, , ReflectionOnlyLoadFrom
ReflectionOnlyLoad, ,
. CLR ,
, ,

, , .

,
.

, .
, , . .
System.Reflection ,
( ) .

.
, ,
,
, .
System.Reflection , ,

. , ( . 17)
. ,
, IL.
, ILDasm.exe Microsoft.
,
,
CLR.
. FCL ,
,
, ,
, .
542
CLR
.
,
, . , FCL
, , .

. Microsoft Visual Studio
, ,
Web Win
dows Forms .
,

. ,
, ,
.
Win32 LoadLibrary GetProcAddress.
, ,
(late binding). (early binding) ,
.

,
,
. .

,
. , Type.
GetType(Jef);,
Jef , Jeff, ,
, ,
, .

,
. ,
System.Reflection.
,

.

,
. CLR
, . , , CLR
.
22
543
.
, ,
.
, .
, ,
( )
.
, . ,
,
, ( ),
, .
,
, .

. .
.
,
, .
FCL .
GetExportedTypes Assembly. ,

:
using System;
String dataAssembly = "System.Data, version=2.0.0.0, " +
"culture=neutral, PublicKeyToken=b77a5c561934e089";
LoadAssemAndShowPublicTypes(dataAssembly);
}
private static void LoadAssemAndShowPublicTypes(String assemId) {
// AppDomain.
Assembly a = Assembly.Load(assemId);
// ,
// .
foreach (Type t in a.GetExportedTypes()) {
// .
Console.WriteLine(t.FullName);
}
}
}
544
CLR
-
: System.
Type. System.Type .
, System.Reflection.MemberInfo ( Type
). FCL ,
System.Type, System.RuntimeType, System.ReflectionOnlyType, System.Reflection.TypeDele
gator , System.Reflection.Emit
(EnumBuilder, GenericTypeParameterBuilder TypeBuilder).
TypeDelegator
Type Type,
Type
.
.
System.RuntimeType.
FCL,
. AppDomain CLR
RuntimeType .
, System.Object
GetType. , CLR
RuntimeType. AppDomain
RuntimeType, ,
, :
private static Boolean AreObjectsTheSameType(Object o1, Object o2) {

return o1.GetType() == o2.GetType();
}
GetType Object, FCL
Type:
System.Type
GetType. String.
( ). : ,
( int, string, bool
C#), , CLR.
, ,
. ,
RuntimeType.
, ,
MSCorLib.dll.
, null System.TypeLoad
Exception , GetType
. FCL
.
GetType ,
System.Int32, mscorlib, Version=2.0.0.0, Culture=neutral, PublicKeyToken=
22
545
b77a5c561934e089. GetType
( ).
System.Type ReflectionOnlyGetType.
, GetType, ,
, .
System.Type : GetNestedType Get
NestedTypes.
System.Reflection.Assembly :
GetType, GetTypes GetExportedTypes.
System.Reflection.Module : GetType,
GetTypes FindTypes.
Microsoft
,
, .

, ,
.
FCL
BackusNaur Form Grammar for Type Names.
,
Type . Type
, ,
. C# typeof,
,
( )
. :
private static void SomeMethod(Object o) {

// GetType
// typeof
if (o.GetType() == typeof(FileInfo))
{
if (o.GetType() == typeof(DirectoryInfo)) {
}
( ).
( ).
... }
... }
if ,
o FileInfo, , FileInfo.
, , .

is as C#.
Type,
. , IsPublic, IsSealed,
IsAbstract, IsClass, IsValueType , , .
, Assembly, AssemblyQualifiedName, FullName, Module
, , ,
. BaseType, .
546
CLR
FCL Type.
. , Type 50
. .
.
, Exception
ExceptionTree (. )
, AppDomain
,
System.Exception. , , ,
, 19.
using
using
using
using
System;
System.Text;
System.Reflection;

// , .
LoadAssemblies();
// .
Int32 totalPublicTypes = 0, totalExceptionTypes = 0;
List<String> exceptionTree = new List<String>();
// , AppDomain.
foreach (Assembly a in AppDomain.CurrentDomain.GetAssemblies()) {
// , .
totalPublicTypes++;
// , .
if (!t.IsClass || !t.IsPublic) continue;
// .
StringBuilder typeHierarchy = new StringBuilder(t.FullName, 5000);
// , Exception.
Boolean derivedFromException = false;
// , System.Exception .
Type baseType = t.BaseType;
while ((baseType != null) && !derivedFromException) {
// .
typeHierarchy.Append("?" + baseType);
derivedFromException = (baseType == typeof(System.Exception));
baseType = baseType.BaseType;
}
22
// ,
// Exception; .
if (!derivedFromException) continue;
// ? Exception.
totalExceptionTypes++;
//
// ? Exception.
String[] h = typeHierarchy.ToString().Split('?');
Array.Reverse(h);
// ,
// .
// ? Exception.
exceptionTree.Add(String.Join("?", h, 1, h.Length ? 1));
}
}
// .
exceptionTree.Sort();
// .
foreach (String s in exceptionTree) {
// .
String[] x = s.Split('?');
//
// .
Console.WriteLine(new String(' ', 3 * x.Length) + x[x.Length ? 1]);
}
// .
Console.WriteLine("\n> Of {0} types, {1} are " +
"derived from System.Exception.",
totalPublicTypes, totalExceptionTypes);
}
private static void LoadAssemblies() {
String[] assemblies = {
"System,
PublicKeyToken={0}",
"System.Data,
"System.Design,
"System.DirectoryServices,
"System.Drawing,
"System.Drawing.Design,
"System.Management,
"System.Messaging,
"System.Runtime.Remoting,
"System.Security,
"System.ServiceProcess,
547
548
CLR
"System.Web,
"System.Web.RegularExpressions,
"System.Web.Services,
"System.Windows.Forms,
"System.Xml,
};
String EcmaPublicKeyToken = "b77a5c561934e089";
String MSPublicKeyToken= "b03f5f7f11d50a3a";
// , System.Object.
// , .
Version version =
typeof(System.Object).Assembly.GetName().Version;
// , .
foreach (String a in assemblies) {
String AssemblyIdentity =
String.Format(a, EcmaPublicKeyToken, MSPublicKeyToken) +
", Culture=neutral, Version=" + version;
Assembly.Load(AssemblyIdentity);
}
}
}

, Type,
. FCL .
CreateInstance System.Activator
CreateInstance.
Type String,
, . ,
, : ,
.
CreateInstance, , .
, , ,
. ,
, .
,
System.Runtime.Remoting.ObjectHandle ( System.MarshalByRefObject).
ObjectHandle , ,
AppDomain, AppDomain, AppDomain ,
.
, Unwrap ObjectHandle.
, .
,
. .
22
549
CreateInstanceFrom System.Activator Activator

CreateInstanceFrom.
CreateInstance ,
, .
AppDomain LoadFrom (
Load) Assembly. CreateInstanceFrom
Type, ObjectHandle,
.
System.AppDomain AppDomain
( ),
: CreateInstance, CreateInstanceAndUnwrap, CreateIntanceFrom
CreateInstanceFromAndUnwrap. Activator,
, AppDomain,
. , Unwrap,
, .
InvokeMember System.Type
Type InvokeMember.
, , .
AppDomain,
. .
Invoke System.Reflection.ConstructorInfo
Type
ConstructorInfo,
Invoke. AppDomain,
.
.
CLR , .
,
. CreateInstance
Activator ,
. ,
, CreateInstance,
Type, , Type
Boolean.
,
( , System.Array) ( System.Multi
castDelegate). , CreateInstance
Array ( ).
CreateInstance Type,
. CreateInstance
.
CreateDelegate
Delegate ( ).
CreateDelegate Type,
. ,
550
CLR
CreateDelegate
.
,
, MakeGenericType
Type, ,
. Type
. .
using System;
internal sealed class Dictionary<TKey, TValue> { }
// ? .
Type openType = typeof(Dictionary<,>);
// , TKey=String, TValue=Int32.
Type closedType = openType.MakeGenericType(
new Type[] { typeof(String), typeof(Int32) });
// .
Object o = Activator.CreateInstance(closedType);
// , .
Console.WriteLine(o.GetType());
}
}
, :
Dictionary'2[System.String,System.Int32]

,
. ,
,
(addin) .
, , ,
.
.
, ,

.
, ,
22
551
MSCorLib.dll.
, . ,
(. 3)
.
, . ,
. ,
, .
,
(. 3).
, MSCorLib.dll, :
CLR MSCorLib.dll,
CLR. ,
MSCorLib.dll. , MSCorLib.dll
(. 3).
, .
, ,
. ,
.
, :
.
, . ,
, .
.
,
, .
.
, .
,
. . ,
,
.
,
. , .
using System;
namespace Wintellect.HostSDK {
public interface IAddIn {
String DoSomething(Int32 x);
}
}
, AddInTypes.dll,
, HostSDK.
552
CLR
using System;
using Wintellect.HostSDK;
public sealed class AddIn_A : IAddIn {
public AddIn_A() {
}
public String DoSomething(Int32 x) {
return "AddIn_A: " + x.ToString();
}
}
public sealed class AddIn_B : IAddIn {
public AddIn_B() {
}
public String DoSomething(Int32 x) {
return "AddIn_B: " + (x * 2).ToString();
}
}
, Host.exe, (
). HostSDK.dll.
, ,
,
.dll, , EXE .
CLR
Microsoft
CLR. ,
.
using
using
using
using
using
System;
System.IO;
System.Reflection;
Wintellect.HostSDK;

// , Host exe.
String AddInDir = Path.GetDirectoryName(
Assembly.GetEntryAssembly().Location);
// ,
// EXE? .
String[] AddInAssemblies = Directory.GetFiles(AddInDir, "*.dll");
// , .
List<Type> AddInTypes = new List<Type>();
// ;
// , .
22
553
foreach (String file in AddInAssemblies) {

Assembly AddInAssembly = Assembly.LoadFrom(file);
// .
foreach (Type t in AddInAssembly.GetExportedTypes()) {
// , IaddIn,
// , .
if (t.IsClass && typeof(IAddIn).IsAssignableFrom(t)) {
AddInTypes.Add(t);
}
}
}
// : .
// , .
foreach (Type t in AddInTypes) {
IAddIn ai = (IAddIn) Activator.CreateInstance(t);
Console.WriteLine(ai.DoSomething(5));
}
}
}
.
AppDomain
. , ,
, .
AppDomain,
,
MarshalByRefObject. AppDomain
MarshalByRefObject .
( AppDomain) (
AppDomain),
.

,
,
.
,
.
(
) , ;
.
,
.

554
CLR
,

. ILDasm, FxCop
Windows Forms Web Forms,
Visual Studio.

. ,
, .

, , , ,
. FCL System.Reflection.MemberInfo, ,
, . MemberInfo
(. 221),
.
. 221.
,
.
, AppDomain.
GetMembers, ,
MemberInfo; , .
bf BindingFlags, GetMembers, ,
. ( BindingFlags .)
(, , , . .)
.
22
555
using System;
// , AppDomain.
Assembly[] assemblies = AppDomain.CurrentDomain.GetAssemblies();
foreach (Assembly a in assemblies) {
WriteLine(0, "Assembly: {0}", a);
// .
WriteLine(1, "Type: {0}", t);
// .
const BindingFlags bf = BindingFlags.DeclaredOnly |
BindingFlags.NonPublic | BindingFlags.Public |
BindingFlags.Instance | BindingFlags.Static;
foreach (MemberInfo mi in t.GetMembers(bf)) {
String typeName = String.Empty;
if (mi is Type)
typeName =
else if (mi is FieldInfo)
typeName =
else if (mi is MethodInfo)
typeName =
else if (mi is ConstructorInfo) typeName =
else if (mi is PropertyInfo)
typeName =
else if (mi is EventInfo)
typeName =
"(Nested) Type";
"FieldInfo";
"MethodInfo";
"ConstructoInfo";
"PropertyInfo";
"EventInfo";
WriteLine(2, "{0}: {1}", typeName, mi);

}
}
}
}
private static void WriteLine(Int32 indent, String format,
params Object[] args) {
Console.WriteLine(new String(' ', 3 * indent) + format, args);
}
}
.
.
Assembly: mscorlib, Version=2.0.0.0, Culture=neutral, PublicKeyToken=b77a5c561934e089

Type: System.Object
MethodInfo: Boolean InternalEquals(System.Object, System.Object)
MethodInfo: Int32 InternalGetHashCode(System.Object)
MethodInfo: System.Type GetType()
MethodInfo: System.Object MemberwiseClone()
MethodInfo: System.String ToString()
MethodInfo: Boolean Equals(System.Object)
MethodInfo: Boolean Equals(System.Object, System.Object)
556
MethodInfo:
MethodInfo:
MethodInfo:
MethodInfo:
CLR
Boolean ReferenceEquals(System.Object, System.Object)

Int32 GetHashCode()
Void Finalize()
Void FieldSetter(System.String, System.String, System.Object)
MethodInfo: Void FieldGetter(System.String, System.String, System.Object ByRef)

MethodInfo: System.Reflection.FieldInfo GetFieldInfo(System.String,
System.String)
ConstructoInfo: Void .ctor()
Type: System.Collections.IEnumerable
MethodInfo: System.Collections.IEnumerator GetEnumerator()
Type: System.Collections.Generic.IComparer1[T]
MethodInfo: Int32 Compare(T, T)
Type: System.ValueType
MethodInfo: Int32 GetHashCode()
MethodInfo: Boolean CanCompareBits(System.Object)
MethodInfo: Boolean FastEqualsCheck(System.Object, System.Object)
MethodInfo: System.String ToString()
ConstructoInfo: Void .ctor()
Type: System.IDisposable
MethodInfo: Void Dispose()
Type: System.Collections.Generic.IEnumerator1[T]
MethodInfo: T get_Current()
PropertyInfo: T Current
Type: System.ArraySegment1[T])
MethodInfo: T[] get_Array()
MethodInfo: Int32 get_Offset()
MethodInfo: Int32 get_Count()
MethodInfo: Int32 GetHashCode()
MethodInfo: Boolean Equals(System.ArraySegment1[T])
MethodInfo: Boolean op_Equality(System.ArraySegment1[T],
System.ArraySegment1[T])
MethodInfo: Boolean op_Inequality(System.ArraySegment1[T],
System.ArraySegment1[T])
ConstructoInfo: Void .ctor(T[])
ConstructoInfo: Void .ctor(T[], Int32, Int32)
PropertyInfo: T[] Array
PropertyInfo: Int32 Offset
PropertyInfo: Int32 Count
FieldInfo: T[] _array
FieldInfo: Int32 _offset
FieldInfo: Int32 _count
MemberInfo , .
. 221 MemberInfo,
. , System.Type MemberInfo,
Type , . 221.
22
557
. 22-1. , ,
MemberInfo

Name
String
.
Name
, +

MemberType
()
MemberTypes
[, ,
, , ,
( )]
DeclaringType
Type
Type,
ReflectedType
Type
Type,

Module
Module
Module,
MetadataToken
Int32
(
),
GetCustomAttributes
,
Object[]
,

, .

IsDefined
,
Boolean
true,
( )
, . 221, .
DeclaringType ReflectedType.
. :
public sealed class MyType {

public override String ToString() { return null; }
}
, ?
MemberInfo[] members = typeof(MyType).GetMembers();

members ,
, MyType
, System.Object. DeclaringType
MemberInfo, ToString, MyType,
ToString MyType. ,
DeclaringType MemberInfo,
Equals, System.Object, Equals System.Object,
MyType. ReflectedType MyType,
GetMembers .
, GetMembers,
( BindingFlags.DeclaredOnly).
GetMembers, , Type
, : GetNestedTypes, GetFields, Get
Constructors, GetMethods, GetProperties GetEvents.
558
CLR
, Type, FieldInfo, Construc

torInfo, MethodInfo, PropertyInfo EventInfo .
. 222 ,
. AppDomain ,
, , ,
.
( , , , ).
,
. ,
,
Namespace.
. 222. ,
. (
, .) , ,
/ GetParameters,
ParameterInfo,
. ReturnParameter,
ParameterInfo
. ,
GetGenericArguments. ,
, ,
GetCustomAttributes.
BindingFlags:
, Type GetMembers, Get
NestedTypes, GetFields, GetConstructors, GetMethods, GetProperties GetEvents.
22
559
,
System.Reflection.BindingFlags. ,
(OR), ,
. , BindingFlags
. 222.
. 22-2. ,
BindingFlags
Default
0x00
. ,
,

IgnoreCase
0x01
DeclaredOnly
0x02
,
( )
Instance
0x04
Static
0x08
Public
0x10
NonPublic
0x20
FlattenHierarchy
0x40
,
, .
BindingFlags, . ,
BindingFlags.Public | BindingFlags.Instance | BindingFlags.
Static.
: Type GetMember, GetNestedType, GetField,
GetConstructor, GetMethod, GetProperty GetEvent. ,
, .
IgnoreCase BindingFlags.

, , Find
Interfaces, GetInterface GetInterfaces Type. Type,
.
, , .
, , ,
. ,
IBookRetailer IMusicRetailer Purchase.
MethodInfo ,
GetInterfaceMap Type,
. System.Reflection.InterfaceMapping ( ).
InterfaceMapping (. 223).
560
CLR
. 22-3. InterfaceMapping

TargetType
Type
, GetInterfaceMapping
InterfaceType
Type
,
GetInterfaceMapping
InterfaceMethods
MethodInfo[]
TargetMethods
MethodInfo[]
,
,

InterfaceMethods TargetMethods , Interface

Methods[0] MethodInfo , TargetMethods[0]
, .
, ,
, .
using System;
// .
internal interface IBookRetailer : IDisposable {
void Purchase();
void ApplyDiscount();
}
internal interface IMusicRetailer {
void Purchase();
}
//
// ,
// .
internal sealed class MyRetailer : IBookRetailer, IMusicRetailer, IDisposable {
// IbookRetailer.
void IBookRetailer.Purchase() { }
public void ApplyDiscount() { }
// ImusicRetailer.
void IMusicRetailer.Purchase() { }
// IDisposable.
public void Dispose() { }
// MyRetailer ( ).
public void Purchase() { }
}
22
561
// , MyRetailer,
// .
//
// , FindInterfaces.
Type t = typeof(MyRetailer);
Type[] interfaces = t.FindInterfaces(TypeFilter,
typeof(Program).Assembly);
Console.WriteLine("MyRetailer implements the following " +
"interfaces (defined in this assembly):");
// .
foreach (Type i in interfaces) {
Console.WriteLine("\nInterface: " + i);
// , .
InterfaceMapping map = t.GetInterfaceMap(i);
for (Int32 m = 0; m < map.InterfaceMethods.Length; m++) {
//
// , .
Console.WriteLine(" {0} is implemented by {1}",
map.InterfaceMethods[m], map.TargetMethods[m]);
}
}
}
// true, .
private static Boolean TypeFilter(Type t, Object filterCriteria) {
// true, ,
// filterCriteria.
return t.Assembly == filterCriteria;
}
}
, :
MyRetailer implements the following interfaces (defined in this assembly):

Interface: IBookRetailer
Void Purchase() is implemented by Void IBookRetailer.Purchase()
Void ApplyDiscount() is implemented by Void ApplyDiscount()
Interface: IMusicRetailer
Void Purchase() is implemented by Void IMusicRetailer.Purchase()
: IDisposable ,
EXE.

, , , ,
. ,
562
CLR
. FieldInfo , Construc
torInfo , Method
Info , ,
PropertyInfo get set , EventInfo
.
,
. , . Type
InvokeMember, .
InvokeMember, ;
.
public abstract class Type : MemberInfo, ... {

public Object InvokeMember(
String name,
// .
BindingFlags invokeAttr, // .
Binder binder,
// .
Object target,
// , .
Object[] args,
// , .
CultureInfo culture);
// , .
...
}
InvokeMember,
. , System.Missing
MethodException, System.MissingFieldException System.MissingMemberException,
, InvokeMember . InvokeMember
, ; , Invoke
Member null. , Invo
keMember System.Reflection.TargetInvo
cationException, InnerException System.Reflection.TargetInvocation
Exception ,
. , , InvokeMember
, .
InvokeMember :
( ) (
). InvokeMember name
, .
.
, .
, InvokeMember ,
. , InvokeMember ( target),
. .
binder ,
System.Reflection.Binder. Binder ,
InvokeMember . Binder
BindToField, BindToMethod, ChangeType,
ReorderArgumentArray, SelectMethod SelectProperty. InvokeMember
Binder, binder.
22
563
Microsoft () System.Default
Binder Binder. FCL, Microsoft ,
.
, Binder,
, , .
InvokeMember binder null,
DefaultBinder.
(binder) ,
. , , ,
BindingFlags , .
BindingFlags: Default, IgnoreCase, DeclaredOnly,
Instance, Static, Public, NonPublic FlattenHierarchy (. 222).
, .
, ,
args InvokeMember.
. ,
.
, ,
. , ,
Int64. InvokeMember,
args Int32, DefaultBinder
. InvokeMember Int32 Int64.
. 224 , DefaultBinder.
. 22-4. , DefaultBinder

Char
UInt16, UInt32, Int32, UInt64, Int64, Single, Double
Byte
Char, UInt16, Int16, UInt32, Int32, UInt64, Int64, Single, Double
SByte
Int16, Int32, Int64, Single, Double
UInt16
UInt32, Int32, UInt64, Int64, Single, Double
Int16
Int32, Int64, Single, Double
UInt32
UInt64, Int64, Single, Double
Int32
Int64, Single, Double
UInt64
Single, Double
Int64
Single, Double
Single
Double
BindingFlags, Default
Binder (. 225):
564
CLR
. 22-5. BindingFlags, DefaultBinder
ExactBinding
0x010000
OptionalParamBinding
0x040000
,

.
,
,
.
InvokeMember Type
InvokeMember, culture,
. DefaultBinder .
, culture
. , String
1,23.
, culture,
Single ( culture deDE)
( culture enUS).
InvokeMember, ,
target. ,
. Type,
null .
InvokeMember . (
), (
), . Invoke
Member, , Binding
Flags (. 226).
. 22-6. BindingFlags, InvokeMember
InvokeMethod
0x0100
InvokeMember
CreateInstance
0x0200
InvokeMember ,

GetField
0x0400
InvokeMember
SetField
0x0800
InvokeMember
GetProperty
0x1000
InvokeMember
get
SetProperty
0x2000
InvokeMember
set
: InvokeMember
.
GetField GetProperty, InvokeMember ,
, .
SetField SetProperty.
22
565
. BindingFlags.CreateInstance,
, .
! ,
,
,
.
.
,
, , ,
. , .
,
System.Security.Permissions.ReflectionPermission,
, TypeInformation System.Security.Permis
sions.ReflectionPermissionFlags. ,
, ,
System.Security.SecurityException.
,
, .
MemberAccess ReflectionPermissionFlag.
, ,
SecurityException.
, ,
,
. ,

,
.
,
InvokeMember Type (
). , InvokeMember
.
,
, , .
, ,
, , .
, , Type
GetFields, GetConstructors, GetMethods, GetProperties, GetEvents
. ,
. ,
(. 227):
566
CLR
. 22-7.
FieldInfo
GetValue , SetValue,

ConstructorInfo
Invoke
MethodInfo
Invoke
PropertyInfo
GetValue get, SetValue

set
EventInfo
AddEventHandler add ,
RemoveEventHandler remove
PropertyInfo (. 9),
PropertyInfo CanRead, CanWrite
PropertyType. , ,
. PropertyInfo GetAccessors,
MethodInfo get ( )
set ( ). GetGetMethod Get
SetMethod , Method
Info. GetValue SetValue PropertyInfo ,
MethodInfo .
EventInfo (. 10).
EventInfo EventHandlerType,
Type . EventInfo GetAddMethod
GetRemoveMethod, MethodInfo.
AddEventHandler RemoveEventHandler ,
MethodInfo .
, . 227,
, .
, , ,
.
, , Invoke ConstructorInfo MethodInfo,
GetValue SetValue PropertyInfo
, Binder Bin
dingFlags. , , .
Binder
, Int32 Int64,
. BindingFlags, Binding
Flags.SuppressChangeType. , Default
Binder . , DefaultBinder
.
, ArgumentException.
, BindingFlags.ExactBinding,
BindingFlags.SuppressChangeType.
, ,
,
. ,
22
567
InvokeMethod MemberInfo,
, .

. ,
InvokeMember Type
, .
using System;
// .
// , , , .
private Int32 m_someField;
public SomeType(ref Int32 x) { x *= 2; }
public override String ToString() { return m_someField.ToString(); }
public Int32 SomeProp {
get { return m_someField; }
set {
if (value < 1)
throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException(
"value", "value must be > 0");
m_someField = value;
}
}
private void NoCompilerWarnings() {
SomeEvent.ToString();
}
}
private const BindingFlags c_bf = BindingFlags.DeclaredOnly |
BindingFlags.Public | BindingFlags.NonPublic |
BindingFlags.Instance;
Type t = typeof(SomeType);
UsingInvokeMemberToBindAndInvokeTheMember(t);
BindingToMemberFirstAndThenInvokingTheMember(t);
}
private static void UsingInvokeMemberToBindAndInvokeTheMember(Type t) {
Console.WriteLine("UsingInvokeMemberToBindAndInvokeTheMember");
// Type.
Object[] args = new Object[] { 12 }; // .
Console.WriteLine("x before constructor called: " + args[0]);
Object obj = t.InvokeMember(null,
568
CLR
c_bf | BindingFlags.CreateInstance, null, null, args);

Console.WriteLine("Type: " + obj.GetType().ToString());
Console.WriteLine("x after constructor returns: " + args[0]);
// .
t.InvokeMember("m_someField",
c_bf | BindingFlags.SetField, null, obj, new Object[] { 5 });
Int32 v = (Int32)t.InvokeMember("m_someField",
c_bf | BindingFlags.GetField, null, obj, null);
Console.WriteLine("someField: " + v);
// .
String s = (String)t.InvokeMember("ToString",
c_bf | BindingFlags.InvokeMethod, null, obj, null);
Console.WriteLine("ToString: " + s);
// .
try {
t.InvokeMember("SomeProp",
c_bf | BindingFlags.SetProperty, null, obj, new Object[] { 0 });
}
catch (TargetInvocationException e) {
if (e.InnerException.GetType() !=
typeof(ArgumentOutOfRangeException)) throw;
Console.WriteLine("Property set catch.");
}
t.InvokeMember("SomeProp",
c_bf | BindingFlags.SetProperty, null, obj, new Object[] { 2 });
v = (Int32)t.InvokeMember("SomeProp",
c_bf | BindingFlags.GetProperty, null, obj, null);
Console.WriteLine("SomeProp: " + v);
// : InvokeMember .
}
private static void BindingToMemberFirstAndThenInvokingTheMember(Type t) {
Console.WriteLine("BindingToMemberFirstAndThenInvokingTheMember");
// .
ConstructorInfo ctor = t.GetConstructor(
new Type[] { Type.GetType("System.Int32&") });
Object[] args = new Object[] { 12 }; // .
Console.WriteLine("x before constructor called: " + args[0]);
Object obj = ctor.Invoke(args);
Console.WriteLine("Type: " + obj.GetType().ToString());
Console.WriteLine("x after constructor returns: " + args[0]);
// .
FieldInfo fi = obj.GetType().GetField("m_someField", c_bf);
22
fi.SetValue(obj, 33);
Console.WriteLine("someField: " + fi.GetValue(obj));
// .
MethodInfo mi = obj.GetType().GetMethod("ToString", c_bf);
String s = (String) mi.Invoke(obj, null);
Console.WriteLine("ToString: " + s);
// .
PropertyInfo pi =
obj.GetType().GetProperty("SomeProp", typeof(Int32));
foreach (MethodInfo m in pi.GetAccessors())
Console.WriteLine(m);
try {
pi.SetValue(obj, 0, null);
}
catch (TargetInvocationException e) {
if (e.InnerException.GetType() != typeof(ArgumentOutOfRangeException))
throw;
Console.WriteLine("Property set catch.");
}
pi.SetValue(obj, 2, null);
Console.WriteLine("SomeProp: " + pi.GetValue(obj, null));
// .
EventInfo ei = obj.GetType().GetEvent("SomeEvent", c_bf);
Console.WriteLine("AddMethod: "
+ ei.GetAddMethod());
Console.WriteLine("RemoveMethod: "
+ ei.GetRemoveMethod());
Console.WriteLine("EventHandlerType: " + ei.EventHandlerType);
EventHandler ts = new EventHandler(EventCallback);
ei.AddEventHandler(obj, ts);
ei.RemoveEventHandler(obj, ts);
}
private static void EventCallback(Object sender, EventArgs e) {}
}
, :
UsingInvokeMemberToBindAndInvokeTheMember
x before constructor called: 12
Type: SomeType
x after constructor returns: 24
someField: 5
ToString: 5
Property set catch.
SomeProp: 2
BindingToMemberFirstAndThenInvokingTheMember
x before constructor called: 12
569
570
CLR
Type: SomeType
x after constructor returns: 24
someField: 33
ToString: 33
Int32 get_SomeProp()
Void set_SomeProp(Int32)
Property set catch.
SomeProp: 2
AddMethod: Void add_SomeEvent(System.EventHandler)
RemoveMethod: Void remove_SomeEvent(System.EventHandler)
EventHandlerType: System.EventHandler
: SomeType
Int32. ,
Int32.
BindingToMemberFirstAndThenInvokingTheMember
GetType Type, System.Int32&.
(&) , .
,
. FCL.

(
Type) ( MemberInfo),
.
. , : Type
MemberInfo .
, ,
.
CLR
. CLR ,
. CLR
. ,
Type MemberInfo, ,
, . FCL
( System) Run
timeTypeHandle, RuntimeFieldHandle RuntimeMethodHandle.
IntPtr;
( ). IntPtr , ,
AppDomain.
Type/MemberInfo
. ,
.
Type RuntimeTypeHandle,
GetTypeHandle Type, Type.
22
571
RuntimeTypeHandle Type,
GetTypeFromHandle Type, RuntimeTypeHandle.
FieldInfo RuntimeFieldHandle,
FieldHandle FieldInfo.
RuntimeTypeHandle FieldInfo,
GetTypeFromHandle FieldInfo.
MethodInfo RuntimeMethodHandle,
MethodHandle MethodInfo.
RuntimeTypeHandle MethodInfo,
GetMethodFromHandle MethodInfo.
MethodInfo,
RuntimeMethodHandle
.
using System;
private const BindingFlags c_bf = BindingFlags.FlattenHierarchy |
BindingFlags.Instance | BindingFlags.Static |
BindingFlags.Public | BindingFlags.NonPublic;
// .
Show("Before doing anything");
// MethodInfo MSCorlib.dll.
List<MethodBase> methodInfos = new List<MethodBase>();
foreach (Type t in typeof(Object).Assembly.GetExportedTypes()) {
// .
if (t.IsGenericTypeDefinition) continue;
MethodBase[] mb = t.GetMethods(c_bf);
methodInfos.AddRange(mb);
}
// .
Console.WriteLine("# of methods={0:###,###}", methodInfos.Count);
Show("After building cache of MethodInfo objects");
// RuntimeMethodHandles MethodInfo.
List<RuntimeMethodHandle> methodHandles =
methodInfos.ConvertAll<RuntimeMethodHandle>(
delegate(MethodBase mb) { return mb.MethodHandle; });
Show("Holding MethodInfo and RuntimeMethodHandle cache");
GC.KeepAlive(methodInfos); // .
572
CLR
methodInfos = null;
// .
Show("After freeing MethodInfo objects");
methodInfos = methodHandles.ConvertAll<MethodBase>(
delegate(RuntimeMethodHandle rmh) {
return MethodBase.GetMethodFromHandle(rmh); });
Show("Size of heap after re?creating MethodInfo objects");
GC.KeepAlive(methodHandles); // .
GC.KeepAlive(methodInfos);
// .
methodHandles = null;
// .
methodInfos = null;
// .
Show("After freeing MethodInfos and RuntimeMethodHandles");
}
private static void Show(String s) {
Console.WriteLine("Heap size={0,12:##,###,###} ? {1}",
GC.GetTotalMemory(true), s);
}
}
, :
Heap
# of
Heap
Heap
Heap
Heap
Heap
size=
150,756
methods=44,493
size=
3,367,084
size=
3,545,124
size=
368,936
size=
1,445,496
size=
191,036
? Before doing anything

?
?
?
?
?
After building cache of MethodInfo objects

Holding MethodInfo and RuntimeMethodHandle cache
After freeing MethodInfo objects
Size of heap after re?creating MethodInfo objects
After freeing MethodInfos and RuntimeMethodHandles
2 3

. , ,
. /
Microsoft Windows
.
,
/,
.
, , Wintellect Power
Threading,
. ,
Web http://Wintellect.com.
Windows CLR

CLR. CLR Windows ,
, ,
CLR. , ,
. ,
, , Programming
Applications for Microsoft Windows (Microsoft Press, 1999).
, CLR Windows,
CLR
Windows. , CLR CLR
Windows1 . , CLR
, .
, , ,
1
(fiber) , (
). Windows .
, .
/ ,
, Windows
.
574
CLR
. CLR
. Microsoft , , ,
CLR,
.
,
. ,
Windows, CLR,
FCL.
CLR.
(, Microsoft SQL Server 2005)
,
,
BeginThreadAffinity System.Threading.Thread.
,
, EndThreadAffinity Thread.

,
. ,
. ,
,
. , 16 Windows:

. Win
dows NT 3.1 .
,
.
, .
: ,
( ) 1
, 12
. , Windows
DLL , DLL
. : DLL
,
.

. Windows
, .
, 20 .

(context switch).
, .
23
575
1. .
2. .
, 700
86, 1240 x64 2500 IA64.
3. , , ,
.
, ,
.
4. ,
.
5. .
, Windows
. , Microsoft
,
.
:
. ,
. ,
( ), ,
, .
,
. Windows
: .
,
. .
, , , ,

. , Intel AMD,
,

.

,
, .

.
Hyperthreading
(multicore), Windows
( ) .
(, Intel Pentium Extreme), . ,
Windows Pentium Extreme !
, Intel Xeon Intel Pentium 4, Hyper
threading. .
( ),
, .
( ,
576
CLR
),
. ,
Hyperthreading,
, .
, ,
. , Intel,
1030%.
, Intel Pentium AMD Athlon 64 X2,
.
. . ,
, Hyperthreading,
,
.
4, 8, 16 32 . !
,
, .

.
, ;
.
, ,
. ,
. ,
, .
CLR
,
. ,

,

, . , CLR
. ,
.
, AppDomain .
CLR .
.
, ,
.
. , . ,
.
, .
, .
,
. ,
, ,
23
577
. ,
, .
,
, .
2 ( CLR
) ,
. ,
,
.
:
,
,
Hyperthreading. ,
.
, .
.
: .
,
(
).
. , ,
, , , Web
, APM (Asynchronous Programming Model).

APM .

CLR
, CLR ,
. ,

. , .

.
: 1000
, 1001 .
1000, 1001 , 1000
. ,
, .
,
?
.
, CLR,
, .
CLR
578
CLR
,
. ,
CLR CLR 2.0
25 2 ,
1000. , ,
. ,
,
CLR. , API Win32
.
System.Threading.ThreadPool ,
. :
void GetMaxThreads(out Int32 workerThreads, out Int32 completionPortThreads);

Boolean SetMaxThreads(Int32 workerThreads, Int32 completionPortThreads);
void GetMinThreads(out Int32 workerThreads, out Int32 completionPortThreads);
Boolean SetMinThreads(Int32 workerThreads, Int32 completionPortThreads);
void GetAvailableThreads(out Int32 workerThreads, out Int32 completionPortThreads);
GetMaxThreads .
SetMaxThreads.
.
, .
25 , ,
. ,
.
, CLR
500 .
,
.
SetMinThreads .
,
,
500 .
1.
, , GetAvailableThreads
, .
. ,
, ,
,
.
, .
ProcessorCount
System.Environment. .
Hyperthreading 2.
23
579

(,

)
,
(, . .).
, .
,

. , APM
.

, ThreadPool:
static Boolean QueueUserWorkItem(WaitCallback callBack);

static Boolean QueueUserWorkItem(WaitCallback callBack, Object state);
static Boolean UnsafeQueueUserWorkItem(WaitCallback callBack, Object state);
(
) .
callback ,
. ,
state ( ). QueueUserWorkItem
state null .
,
.
System.Threading.WaitCallback, :
delegate void WaitCallback(Object state);

,
.
using System;
Console.WriteLine("Main thread: queuing an asynchronous operation");
ThreadPool.QueueUserWorkItem(ComputeBoundOp, 5);
Console.WriteLine("Main thread: Doing other work here...");
Thread.Sleep(10000); // (10 ).
Console.WriteLine("Hit <Enter> to end this program...");
Console.ReadLine();
}
// WaitCallback.
private static void ComputeBoundOp(Object state) {
// .
580
CLR
Console.WriteLine("In ComputeBoundOp: state={0}", state);

Thread.Sleep(1000); // (1 ).
// ,
// .
}
}
, .
Main thread: queuing an asynchronous operation

Main thread: Doing other work here...
In ComputeBoundOp: state=5
:
Main thread: queuing an asynchronous operation

,
.
, Windows ,
.

, CLR (
). . 19.
UnsafeQueueUserWorkItem ThreadPool
QueueUserWorkItem. , .
(, ) CLR
(CAS),
.
CLR SecurityException.
, , , ,
, .
,
, .
, ,
.
. ,
QueueUserWorkItem
, ,
. ,
, , QueueUserWorkItem.

.
, QueueUserWorkItem
UnsafeQueueUserWorkItem,
.
23
581
, QueueUserWorkItem,
. UnsafeQueueUserWorkItem ,
, ,
,
. , , Unsafe
QueueUserWorkItem, ControlPolicy ControlEvidence
SecurityPermission
.

( ) .

, . ,
.
,
, . ,
(
, ).
, ,
(foreground) (
). ,
.
, .
. , ,
, ,
Abort Thread (. 21).
System.
Threading.Thread .
.
public sealed class Thread : CriticalFinalizerObject, ... {

public Thread(ParameterizedThreadStart start);
// , , .
}
start , .
ParameterizedThreadStart:
delegate void ParameterizedThreadStart(Object obj);

, ParameterizedThreadStart WaitCallback (
) . ,
, .
Thread ,
.
,
582
CLR
Start Thread (),

.
.
using System;
Console.WriteLine("Main thread: starting a dedicated thread " +
"to do an asynchronous operation");
Thread dedicatedThread = new Thread(ComputeBoundOp);
dedicatedThread.Start(5);
Thread.Sleep(10000);
// (10 ).
dedicatedThread.Join();
// .
Console.ReadLine();
}
// ParameterizedThreadStart
// .
Thread.Sleep(1000); // (1 ).
// ,
// .
}
}
, :
Main thread: starting a dedicated thread to do an asynchronous operation

, , (
):
Main thread: starting a dedicated thread to do an asynchronous operation

, , ,
ComputeBoundOp, Main Join.
, ,
dedicatedThread, .
QueueUserWorkItem
23
583
ThreadPool CLR .
Join. ,
QueueUserWorkItem,
, .
APM ( ).
System.Threading Timer,
CLR. Timer
CLR .
Timer .
public sealed class Timer : MarshalByRefObject, IDisposable {

public Timer(TimerCallback callback, Object state,
Int32 dueTime, Int32 period);
UInt32 dueTime, UInt32 period);
Int64 dueTime, Int64 period);
Timespan dueTime, TimeSpan period);
}
Timer. callback
, .
,
System.Threading.TimerCallback:
delegate void TimerCallback(Object state);

state
null, . dueTime
CLR ( )
. 32 , 64
TimeSpan.
, dueTime 0.
, period, ( )
. Timeout.Infinite ( 1),
.
CLR , Timer,
Timer.
Timer, CLR QueueUserWorkItem
ThreadPool,
. ,
. ,
584
CLR
. :
,
, .
Timer ,
CLR . ,
Change Dispose ( ):
public sealed class Timer : MarshalByRefObject, IDisposable {

public Boolean Change(Int32
dueTime, Int32
period);
public Boolean Change(UInt32
dueTime, UInt32
period);
public Boolean Change(Int64
dueTime, Int64
period);
public Boolean Change(TimeSpan dueTime, TimeSpan period);
public Boolean Dispose();
public Boolean Dispose(WaitHandle notifyObject);
}
Change Timer,
Dispose ,
notifyObject,
.
! Timer CLR
, .
Timer , ,
,
(. 20).
, ,
, .
using System;
Console.WriteLine("Main thread: starting a timer");
Timer t = new Timer(ComputeBoundOp, 5, 0, 2000);
Thread.Sleep(10000); // (10 ).
t.Dispose();
// .
}
// TimerCallback.
// .
Thread.Sleep(1000); // (1 ).
23
585
// ,
// .
}
}

FCL ,
, . .
Timer System.Threading
.
.
Timer System.Windows.Forms
Windows
(. Win32 SetTimer).
, Windows (WM_
TIMER). ,
.
:
.
.
Timer System.Timers , ,
Timer System.Threading.
CLR .
System.Timers.Timer Component System.
ComponentModel,
Microsoft Visual Studio.
. FCL , Microsoft
. ,
, System.Threading. Timer.
System.Timers.Timer ,
, .

,
, ,
.
.
, CLR ,
.
(APM).
,
,
. ,
FCL. .
586
CLR
System.IO.Stream ,
( FileStream NetworkStream),
BeginRead BeginWrite. : , Stream,
(
BufferedStream, MemoryStream CryptoStream),
APM.
, ,
.
System.Net.Dns BeginGetHostAddresses, BeginGetHostBy
Name, BeginGetHostEntry BeginResolve.
System.Net.Sockets.Socket BeginAccept, BeginConnect,
BeginDisconnect, BeginReceive, BeginReceiveFrom, BeginReceiveMessageFrom, Begin
Send, BeginSendFile BeginSendTo.
, System.Net.WebRequest ( FileWebRequest,
FtpWebRequest HttpWebRequest), BeginGetRequestStream
BeginGetResponse.
System.IO.Ports.SerialPort
BaseStream, Stream, , ,
BeginRead BeginWrite.
System.Data.SqlClient.SqlCommand BeginExecuteNon
Query, BeginExecuteReader BeginExecuteXmlReader.
, BeginInvoke,
APM. , Web
( WSDL.exe SvcUtil.exe)
, Begin, APM.
, ,
End. , APM FCL.
APM .
: QueueUserWorkItem ThreadPool

. ,
,
. , APM ,
, .
APM
-
,
APM. System.IO.FileStream,
, System.IO.FileOptions.
FileOptions.Asynchronous,
FileStream, .
FileStream,
Read. :
public Int32 Read(Byte[] array, Int32 offset, Int32 count)
23
587
Read Byte[],
. count , .
array offset (offset + count 1).
Read , .
. ,
,
. ,
,
,
.
Windows ,
. , Windows
, .
, ,
( ) . , ,
Read, ,
.
Read , , .
, BeginRead
FileStream:
IAsyncResult BeginRead(Byte[] array, Int32 offset, Int32 numBytes,

AsyncCallback userCallback, Object stateObject)
: BeginRead Read .
BeginRead userCallback stateObject. .
BeginRead Windows
. , BeginRead
.
,
. !

, ,
. , NetworkStream
Windows
.
(, DNS, Web
)
.

.
BeginRead ,
System.IAsyncResult. BeginRead ,
,
Windows, IAsyncResult.
. BeginRead
588
CLR
, ,
.
.
, ,

BeginRead .
. , ,
, .
, ,
. (rendezvousing)
. , APM .
.
FileStream
(
) FileOptions.Asynchronous (
Win32 CreateFile FILE_FLAG_OVERLAPPED).
, Windows
. , BeginRead FileStream
, ,
FileStream
.
.
, FileStream, File
Options.Asynchronous. Read FileStream
. FileStream
:

. , , BeginRead
FileStream, FileOptions.Asynchronous.
: FileStream ,
(
), ( ) File
Options.Asynchronous.
BeginRead, Read.
. c FileStream
,
FileOptions.Asynchronous.
APM
APM : ,
. .
23
589

,
Begin (BeginXxx).
IAsyncResult, .
EndXxx,
IAsyncResult. , EndXxx
IAsyncResult. , EndXxx CLR
,
IAsyncResult ( BeginXxx).
, EndXxx
, . EndXxx
, .
FileStream. FileStream
EndRead:
Int32 EndRead(IAsyncResult asyncResult)

: IAsyncResult, , ,
(Int32) Read.
EndRead , FileStream.
.
using System;
using System.IO;
// -.
FileStream fs = new FileStream(@"C:\Boot.ini", FileMode.Open,
FileAccess.Read, FileShare.Read, 1024,
FileOptions.Asynchronous);
Byte[] data = new Byte[100];
// FileStream.
IAsyncResult ar = fs.BeginRead(data, 0, data.Length, null, null);
//
//
// .
Int32 bytesRead = fs.EndRead(ar);
// . .
fs.Close();
// .
Console.WriteLine("Number of bytes read={0}", bytesRead);
590
CLR
Console.WriteLine(BitConverter.ToString(data, 0, bytesRead));
}
}
,
( ,
):
Number of bytes read=100

5B-62-6F-6F-74-20-6C-6F-61-64-65-72-5D-0D-0A-74-69-6D-65-6F75-74-3D-33-30-0D-0A-64-65-66-61-75-6C-74-3D-6D-75-6C-74-6928-30-29-64-69-73-6B-28-30-29-72-64-69-73-6B-28-30-29-70-6172-74-69-74-69-6F-6E-28-31-29-5C-57-49-4E-44-4F-57-53-0D-0A5B-6F-70-65-72-61-74-69-6E-67-20-73-79-73-74-65-6D-73-5D-0D
APM .
BeginXxx, EndXxx,
.
Read,
.
, BeginRead EndRead ,
APM :
. , .
.
FileStream, ,
Stream
, .
AsyncStreamRead
.
private static void ReadMultipleFiles(params String[] pathnames) {

AsyncStreamRead[] asrs = new AsyncStreamRead[pathnames.Length];
for (Int32 n = 0; n < pathnames.Length; n++) {
// -.
Stream stream = new FileStream(pathnames[n], FileMode.Open,
// Stream.
asrs[n] = new AsyncStreamRead(stream, 100);
}
// Stream ,
// .
// !
// .
for (Int32 n = 0; n < asrs.Length; n++) {
Byte[] bytesRead = asrs[n].EndRead();
23
591
// .
Console.WriteLine("Number of bytes read={0}", bytesRead.Length);
Console.WriteLine(BitConverter.ToString(bytesRead));
}
}
private sealed class AsyncStreamRead {
private Stream
m_stream;
private IAsyncResult m_ar;
private Byte[]
m_data;
public AsyncStreamRead(Stream stream, Int32 numBytes) {
m_stream = stream;
m_data = new Byte[numBytes];
// Stream.
m_ar = stream.BeginRead(m_data, 0, numBytes, null, null);
}
public Byte[] EndRead() {
//
// .
Int32 numBytesRead = m_stream.EndRead(m_ar);
// , .
m_stream.Close();
// .
Array.Resize(ref m_data, numBytesRead);
// .
return m_data;
}
}
,
.
ReadMultipleFiles ,
EndRead
. ,
. ,
.
, , ,
. APM ,
, , .
592
CLR

IAsyncResult :
public interface IAsyncResult {

Object
AsyncState
WaitHandle
AsyncWaitHandle
Boolean
IsCompleted
Boolean
CompletedSynchronously
}
{
{
{
{
get;
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}
}
}
}
AsyncState. AsyncWaitHandle IsCompleted

, .
CompletedSynchronously ,
BeginXxx EndXxx ( ).
,
, . ,
, CLR,
. . ,
,
. .
public static void PollingWithIsCompleted() {

// -.
// FileStream.
while (!ar.IsCompleted) {
Console.WriteLine("Operation not completed; still waiting.");
Thread.Sleep(10);
}
// .
// : EndRead .
// . .
fs.Close();
// .
}
23
593
BeginRead ,
IsCompleted IasyncResult, false,
, true.
, : Operation not
completed; still waiting. ( . .)
Sleep, ,
, .
, Is
Completed, true .
, IsCompleted
true, . EndRead
. , EndRead
.
,
AsyncWaitHandle IAsyncResult.
public static void PollingWithAsyncWaitHandle() {

// -.
// FileStream.
while (!ar.AsyncWaitHandle.WaitOne(10, false)) {
Console.WriteLine("Operation not completed; still waiting.");
}
// . : EndRead .
// . .
fs.Close();
// .
}
AsyncWaitHandle IAsyncResult ,
WaitHandle, System.Threading.ManualResetEvent.
24 WaitHandle .
,
Sleep , WaitOne
10 .
594
CLR

APM
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IAsyncResult BeginRead(Byte[] array, Int32 offset, Int32 numBytes,

AsyncCallback userCallback, Object stateObject)
BeginRead, BeginXxx
System.AsyncCallback Object.AsyncCallback.
, :
delegate void AsyncCallback(IAsyncResult ar);

,
. stateObject BeginXxx
.
, , ,
.
IAsyncResult, ,
AsyncState IAsyncResult.
.
using System;
using System.IO;
// , Main
// ReadIsDone.
private static Byte[] s_data = new Byte[100];
23
595

// , Main.
Console.WriteLine("Main thread ID={0}",
Thread.CurrentThread.ManagedThreadId);
// -.
// FileStream.
// FileStream (fs) (ReadIsDone).
fs.BeginRead(s_data, 0, s_data.Length, ReadIsDone, fs);
// .
// .
Console.ReadLine();
}
private static void ReadIsDone(IAsyncResult ar) {
// , ReadIsDone.
Console.WriteLine("ReadIsDone thread ID={0}",
// FileStream (state) IAsyncResult.
FileStream fs = (FileStream) ar.AsyncState;
// .
// . .
fs.Close();
// .
Console.WriteLine(BitConverter.ToString(s_data, 0, bytesRead));
}
}
,
( ,
):
Main thread ID=1

ReadIsDone thread ID=4
Number of bytes read=100
5B-62-6F-6F-74-20-6C-6F-61-64-65-72-5D-0D-0A-74-69-6D-65-6F75-74-3D-33-30-0D-0A-64-65-66-61-75-6C-74-3D-6D-75-6C-74-6928-30-29-64-69-73-6B-28-30-29-72-64-69-73-6B-28-30-29-70-6172-74-69-74-69-6F-6E-28-31-29-5C-57-49-4E-44-4F-57-53-0D-0A5B-6F-70-65-72-61-74-69-6E-67-20-73-79-73-74-65-6D-73-5D-0D
596
CLR
, Main
1, ReadIsDone 4.
,
. , IAsyncResult, BeginRead,
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IAsyncResult . ,
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fs BeginRead. FileStream
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AsyncState IAsyncResult.
:
Byte[] ( s_data) ,
Main ReadIsDone. ,
,
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Byte[]
. .
, Byte[] FileStream,
,
BeginRead.
.
C# (. 15),
C# .
C#:

// , Main.
Console.WriteLine("Main thread ID={0}",
// -.
// FileStream.
// FileStream (fs) (ReadIsDone).
fs.BeginRead(data, 0, data.Length,
delegate(IAsyncResult ar)
{
// , ReadIsDone.
Console.WriteLine("ReadIsDone thread ID={0}",
// .
23
597
// , .
fs.Close();
// .
}, null);
// .
//
// .
Console.ReadLine();
}
null
BeginRead. ,
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.

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, ,
.

, .
, .

, .

.
?

.

ReadMultipleFiles, .
,
, . ,
. ,
,
APM .
598
CLR
private static void ReadMultipleFiles(params String[] pathnames) {

for (Int32 n = 0; n < pathnames.Length; n++) {
// -.
Stream stream = new FileStream(pathnames[n], FileMode.Open,
// Stream.
new AsyncStreamRead(stream, 100,
delegate(Byte[] data)
{
// .
Console.WriteLine("Number of bytes read={0}", data.Length);
Console.WriteLine(BitConverter.ToString(data));
});
}
// , .
// .
//
// .
Console.ReadLine();
}
private delegate void StreamBytesRead(Byte[] streamData);
private sealed class AsyncStreamRead {
private Stream m_stream;
private Byte[] m_data;
StreamBytesRead m_callback;
public AsyncStreamRead(Stream stream, Int32 numBytes,
StreamBytesRead callback) {
m_stream = stream;
m_data = new Byte[numBytes];
m_callback = callback;
// Stream.
stream.BeginRead(m_data, 0, numBytes, ReadIsDone, null);
}
// -.
private void ReadIsDone(IAsyncResult ar) {
Int32 numBytesRead = m_stream.EndRead(ar);
// , .
m_stream.Close();
23
599
// .
Array.Resize(ref m_data, numBytesRead);
// .
m_callback(m_data);
}
}
APM

APM
.
: .
.
,
. ,
.
APM, ,
, . ,
, 1 n. (
) , n 3 .
Sum:
private static UInt64 Sum(UInt64 n) {

UInt64 sum = 0;
for (UInt64 i = 1; i <= n; i++) {
checked {
// checked, ,
// UInt65, OverflowExcept.
sum += i;
}
}
return sum;
}
n , Sum .

, .
, ,
(Sum):
internal delegate UInt64 SumDelegate(UInt64 n);

15, : C#
, :
3
, n(n+1)/2 n.
,
.
600
CLR
internal sealed class SumDelegate : MulticastDelegate {

public SumDelegate(Object object, IntPtr method);
public UInt64 Invoke(UInt64 n);
public IAsyncResult BeginInvoke(UInt64 n,
public UInt64 EndInvoke(IAsyncResult result);
}
C#
, BeginInvoke EndInvoke.
, ,
AsyncCallback Object. BeginInvoke IAsyncResult.
EndInvoke ; IAsyncResult; EndInvoke
.
,
, APM.

: ,
.
Sum .

// ,
// , .
SumDelegate sumDelegate = Sum;
// .
sumDelegate.BeginInvoke(1000000000, SumIsDone, sumDelegate);
//
// .
Console.ReadLine();
}
sumDelegate ,
.
BeginInvoke. CLR IAsyncResult,
. ,
Windows. BeginInvoke
CLR,
QueueUserWorkItem ThreadPool. , , BeginInvoke
IAsyncResult . ,
.
BeginInvoke
CLR, ,
(, Sum). ,
, . Begin
Invoke Sum
IsDone. , Sum ,
23
601
, SumIsDone. ,
,
. SumIsDone :
private static void SumIsDone(IAsyncResult ar) {

// SumDelegate (state) IAsyncResult.
SumDelegate sumDelegate = (SumDelegate) ar.AsyncState;
// .
UInt64 sum = sumDelegate.EndInvoke(ar);
// .
Console.WriteLine("Sum={0}", sum);
}
APM
BeginXxx ,
,
.

Windows , Windows
. , Windows
. ,
.
Windows CLR.
, EndXxx. EndXxx
, , , EndXxx
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, APM
( )
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. EndInvoke
.
, CLR (
).
.
SumIsDone ( ) :
OverflowException
.
private static void SumIsDone(IAsyncResult ar) {

// SumDelegate (state) IAsyncResult.
SumDelegate sumDelegate = (SumDelegate)ar.AsyncState;
try {
// . OverflowException.
UInt64 sum = sumDelegate.EndInvoke(ar);
602
CLR
// .
Console.WriteLine("Sum={0}", sum);
}
// EndInvoke OverflowException.
// .
Console.WriteLine("Sum cant be shown: number is too big.");
}
}
APM
APM, ,
. , Microsoft
, . .
, EndXxx.
, BeginXxx
; ,
EndXxx. .
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. CLR
EndXxx. ,
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23
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/ CreateFile

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604
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Windows ,
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), ,
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23
605
Context , SecurityPermission
SecurityPermissionFlag.Infrastructure. ,
,

. , ,
,
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Exection
Context
.
, .
, CLR.
, ,
( ),

. (
ReadME.txt C:.)
using
using
using
using
using
System;
System.IO;
System.Security;
System.Threading;
System.Security.Permissions;

// , , .
AttemptAccess("Default context");
// ,
// .
new FileIOPermission(PermissionState.Unrestricted).Deny();
// ,
// - .
AttemptAccess("No file permissions");
ECFlowing();
ECFlowingSuppressed();
// .
ExecutionContext ec = ExecutionContext.Capture();
// ,
// .
SecurityPermission.RevertDeny();
// .
AttemptAccess("Default context again");
606
CLR
ECCaptureAndRun(ec);
}
private static void ECFlowing() {
//
// .
WaitCallback wc = AttemptAccess;
// .
// EndInvoke ,
// .
wc.EndInvoke(wc.BeginInvoke("ECFlowing", null, null));
}
private static void ECFlowingSuppressed() {
// ,
// .
WaitCallback wc = AttemptAccess;
//
// .
using (AsyncFlowControl afc = ExecutionContext.SuppressFlow()) {
wc.EndInvoke(wc.BeginInvoke("ECFlowingSuppressed", null, null));
}
}
private static void ECCaptureAndRun(ExecutionContext ec) {
// AttemptAccess
// .
ExecutionContext.Run(ec, AttemptAccess,
"ECCaptureAndRun with Run");
}
private static void AttemptAccess(Object test) {
// , .
Boolean success = false;
try {
// .
File.GetAttributes(@"C:\ReadMe.txt");
// , .
success = true;
}
catch (SecurityException) {
// -
// .
}
// : .
Console.WriteLine("{0}: {1}", test, success);
}
}
23
, :
Default context: True

No file permissions: False
ECFlowing: False
ECFlowingSuppressed: True
Default context again: True
ECCaptureAndRun with Run: False
607
2 4
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Windows CLR ,
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Concurrent Affairs MSDN (, http://msdn.microsoft.com/
msdnmag/issues/05/10/ConcurrentAffairs/).
Power Threading Library ( http://wintellect.com),
.
.
CLR
,
Win32. , CLR
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24
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internal sealed class CacheCoherencyProblem {

private Byte m_initialized = 0;
private Int32 m_value = 0;
// .
public void Thread1() {
m_value = 5;
m_initialized = 1;
}
// .
if (m_initialized == 1) {
// 0.
Console.WriteLine(m_value);
}
}
}
,
. Thread1,
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,
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, , m_value
24
611
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static
static
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Object
Byte
SByte
Int16
UInt16
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Object address);
Byte address);
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Int16 address);
UInt16 address);
Int32 address);
UInt32 address);
24
static
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static
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613
Int64 address);
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static void MemoryBarrier();

VolatileRead ;
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; ,
, address, value.
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, .
CacheCoherencyProblem
VolatileMethod:
internal sealed class VolatileMethod {

private Byte m_initialized = 0;
// .
m_value = 5;
Thread.VolatileWrite(ref m_initialized, 1);
}
// .
if (Thread.VolatileRead(ref m_initialized) == 1) {
// , 5.
}
}
}
614
CLR
!
,
.
.
.
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VolatileWrite .
, ,
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: Byte,
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volatile C# JIT,
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volatile VolatileMethod
VolatileField:
internal sealed class VolatileField {

private volatile Byte m_initialized = 0;
// .
m_value = 5;
m_initialized = 1;
}
// .
if (m_initialized == 1) {
// , 5.
}
}
}
C# ( )
volatile ,
1
, volatile
C/C++ .
24
615
. ,
,
, , ,
. ,
. , ,
, :
m_amount = m_amount + m_amount; // m_amount .

m_amount *= m_amount
, C# volatile .
, m_amount volatile Int32,
TryParse Int32 :
Boolean success = Int32.TryParse("123", out m_amount);

// C# :
// CS0420: a reference to a volatile field will not be treated as volatile
// (CS0420: volatile ).
JIT IA64, CLR ,
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// (location++).
public static Int32 Increment(ref Int32 location);
// (location).
public static Int32 Decrement(ref Int32 location);
// (location1 += value).
// : ,
24
617
// .
public static Int32 Add(ref Int32 location1, Int32 value);
// (location1 = value).
public static Int32 Exchange(ref Int32 location1, Int32 value);
// :
// if (location1 == comparand) location1 = value
public static Int32 CompareExchange(ref Int32 location1,
Int32 value, Int32 comparand);
...
}
, Interlocked Exchange CompareExchange,
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locked ,
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Explicit)] , [FieldOffcet()]
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Concurrent Affairs MSDN
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http://MSDN.Microsoft.com/MSDNMag/Issues/
05/10/ConcurrentAffairs/Default.aspx.
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618
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CRITICAL_SECTION Win32),
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Win32 C++
:
class SomeType {
private:
// CRITICAL_SECTION, .
CRITICAL_SECTION m_csObject;
public:
SomeType() {
// CRITICAL_SECTION .
InitializeCriticalSection(&m_csObject);
}
~SomeType() {
// CRITICAL_SECTION .
DeleteCriticalSection(&m_csObject);
}
void SomeMethod() {
// CRITICAL_SECTION
// .
EnterCriticalSection(&m_csObject);
// , .
LeaveCriticalSection(&m_csObject);
}
void AnotherMethod() {
// CRITICAL_SECTION
// .
EnterCriticalSection(&m_csObject);
// ...
LeaveCriticalSection(&m_csObject);
}
};
24
619
, CLR
CRITICAL_SECTION
. , ,
, .

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24 32 40 64)
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CLR .
, .
, Win32 CRITICAL_SECTION.
, ,
. , ,
, .
, ,
.

, , ,
. ,
, CLR
,
. ,
.
,
, , .
. 241 .

, .

, , .
. ,
,
, ,
.
620
CLR
. 241. (
) CLR
Monitor

,
. /
, ,
System.Threading.Monitor. , ,
:
static void Enter(Object obj);

,
; ,
. , CLR

.
Monitor.Enter
. , .
,
, .
, Monitor.Enter
Monitor.TryEnter ( ):
static Boolean TryEnter(Object obj);

static Boolean TryEnter(object obj, Int32 millisecondsTimeout);
static Boolean TryEnter(Object obj, TimeSpan timeout);
24
621
,
true.

. false,
.
,
,
.
Monitor.Exit:
static void Exit(Object obj);

, Monitor.Exit,
, SynchronizationLockException. ,
,
Monitor.Enter Monitor.TryEnter
Monitor.Exit .
, Microsoft
, , Microsoft
Monitor :
internal sealed class Transaction {

// , .
private DateTime timeOfLastTransaction;
public void PerformTransaction() {
Monitor.Enter(this); // Enter this objects lock
// ...
// .
timeOfLastTransaction = DateTime.Now;
Monitor.Exit(this); // .
}
// , .
public DateTime LastTransaction {
get {
Monitor.Enter(this); // .
//
// .
DateTime dt = timeOfLastTransaction;
Monitor.Exit(this); // .
return dt; // .
}
}
}
622
CLR
, Enter Exit Monitor

. :
Enter Exit
dt.
, PerformTrans
action .
! ,
Microsoft
.
,
. , ,
.
C# lock
Monitor.Enter
Monitor.Exit , C#
.
:

lock (this) {
// ...
}

Object temp = this;
Monitor.Enter(temp);
try {
// ...
}
finally {
Monitor.Exit(temp);
}
}
}
lock Transaction. ,
LastTransaction; .
internal sealed class Transaction {

// , .
lock (this) { // Enter this objects lock
// ...
}
}
// .
// .
24
623
// , .
get {
lock (this) { // .
return timeOfLastTransaction; // .
} // .
}
}
}
, , lock
Monitor.Exit, , ,
lock .

. lock C# ,
.
! ,
, Microsoft
.
, .
,
Microsoft
Transaction ,
. ,
, ?
, , ,
, , Enter Exit
Monitor.
. 241 , A, B C
TypeT (). ,
. 4, ,
, :
. ,
, Monitor, Enter,
TryEnter Exit. Transaction
, PerformTransaction LastTransaction
, Microsoft
.
internal static class Transaction {

// , .
private static DateTime timeOfLastTransaction;
public static void PerformTransaction() {
lock (typeof(Transaction)) { // Enter the type objects lock
// ...
624
CLR
// .
// .
}
// , .
public static DateTime LastTransaction {
get {
lock (typeof(Transaction)) { // .
} // .
}
}
}
get
this, .
lock (
typeof C#).
! ,
, Microsoft
.
, .
,
.

, . Microsoft
CLR.
. , C++,
? ,
CRTICAL_SECTION ? , , !
CRTICAL_SECTION.
,
.

, ! ,
, Enter
Exit . ,
.
String,
. ,
MarshalByRefObject ,
, ( ).
, Microsoft
.
24
625
, ,
. Main SomeType
.
( ),
Finalize SomeType,
. CLR
, .
CLR (
AppDomain ) ,
, !
using System;
// Finalize SomeType.
~SomeType() {
// CLR
// .
// : Main,
// !
Monitor.Enter(this);
}
}
// SomeType.
SomeType st = new SomeType();
//
// .
Monitor.Enter(st);
//
// .
st = null;
GC.Collect();
Console.WriteLine("We never get here, both threads are deadlocked!");
}
}
, CLR, FCL ,
. 10
. CLR
.
System.Runtime.CompilerServices
MethodImplAttribute. ,
626
CLR
MethodImplOptions.Synchronized. ,
JIT lock(this).
, lock(typeof(<_>)),
<_> . ,
MethodImplAttribute MethodImpl
Options.Synchronized.
CLR, FCL C#,
,
.
System.Object , ,
lock. Transaction,
:
internal sealed class TransactionWithLockObject {

// , .
private Object m_lock = new Object();
// , .
lock (m_lock)
{ // .
// ...
// .
// .
}
// , .
get {
lock (m_lock){ // .
} // .
}
}
}
! , ,
.
.
, ,
.
Monitor System.Object
. , Microsoft Monitor
. ,
Monitor.
24
627
,
System.Object
Monitor.
. ,
static.
,
,
Monitor. ,
System.Object.
;
lock(this). , ,
.
!
Monitor.Enter lock C#.
,
.
Monitor.Enter,
C# .
Monitor.Exit, .
, ,
.
lock,
: error CS0185: valuetype is not a reference
type as required by the lock statement ( CS0185:
, lock).
, Mo
nitor.Enter Monitor.Exit .

, (doublecheck
locking). , singleton
, [
(lazy initialization)]. ,
, .
,
singleton.
, singleton .
,
. Java,
, Java .
, , http://
www.cs.umd.edu/~pugh/java/memoryModel/DoubleCheckedLocking.html.
CLR , Microsoft ,
. Microsoft ,
CLR ,
628
CLR
volatile.
. , ,
C#:
public sealed class Singleton {

// s_lock .
// , singleton
// , System.Object,
// .
// singleton .
private static Object s_lock = new Object();
// CLR ,
// ECMA. , .
private static volatile Singleton s_value;
// ,
// .
private Singleton() { }
// ,
// singleton ( ).
public static Singleton Value {
get {
// singleton?
if (s_value == null) {
// , .
lock (s_lock) {
// ?
if (s_value == null) {
// , , .
// , singleton
// ( ) ,
// .
s_value = new Singleton();
}
}
}
// singleton.
return s_value;
}
}
}
,
get s_value, ,
, , . ,
,
. , ,
24
629
value, , ,
,
singleton. ,
, singleton.
, JIT s_value
get
if. JIT
, if true
singleton . ,
. JIT , ,
volatile, . , JIT
, ,
(, Monitor.Enter Monitor.Exit).2
,
. ,
, .
. Singleton,
, ,
.
public sealed class Singleton {

private static Singleton s_value = new Singleton();
//
// .
private Singleton() { }
// , singleton.
public static Singleton Value {
get {
return s_value; // singleton.
}
}
}
CLR
, ,
get Value Singleton, CLR
2
JIT , Monitor.Enter (
) . , JIT
.
, , ,
, JIT .
, ,
.
JIT ,
,
. , JIT
,
.
630
CLR
, . , CLR

8.
,
,
( )
. ,
singleton,
. , , singleton
, ,
.
ReaderWriterLock
,
(multiplereader/singlewriter).
,
. ()
, () .
:
, ;
, ;
, ;
, .
FCL ReaderWriterLock,
.
. ReaderWriterLock ,
. , ,
, ,
, .
, .
,
. ,
. ,
ReaderWriterLock ,
Monitor.
, ,
,
. ReaderWriterLock
, , .
, ,
, ,
, (
Monitor).
ReaderWriterLock ,
. ,
24
631
ReaderWriterLock, ,
,
.
, ReaderWriterLock .

.
. ,
, ,
.
, 23.
, , ReaderWriterLock Monitor,
.
/
,
Power Threading ( http://Wintellect.com).
/ OneManyResourceLock
, Monitor.
, , .
Windows

Windows
: , .
CLR. ,
,
, Programming
Applications for Microsoft Windows, 4 Edition, Microsoft Press, 1999 (Windows
: Win32
64 Windows, 4 ., .: , .:
, 2001).
Monitor ReaderWriterLock
AppDomain,
AppDomain .
, ,
. ,
,
.
. ,
ReaderWriterLock. ,
33 Monitor.
System.Threading WaitHandle.
,
. FCL , WaitHandle.
System.Threading
MSCorLib.dll. Semaphore,
System.dll. :
632
CLR
WaitHandle
Mutex
Semaphore
EventWaitHandle
AutoResetEvent
ManualResetEvent
WaitHandle , Win32
. ,
WaitHandle. , WaitHandle ,
.
WaitHandle
( ):
public abstract class WaitHandle : MarshalByRefObject, IDisposable {

// Close Win32 CloseHandle.
public virtual void Close();
// WaitOne Win32 WaitForSingleObjectEx.
public virtual Boolean WaitOne();
public virtual Boolean WaitOne(
Int32 millisecondsTimeout, Boolean exitContext);
// WaitAny Win32 WaitForMultipleObjectsEx.
public static Int32 WaitAny(WaitHandle[] waitHandles);
public static Int32 WaitAny(WaitHandle[] waitHandles,
// WaitAll Win32 WaitForMultipleObjectsEx.
public static Boolean WaitAll(WaitHandle[] waitHandles);
public static Boolean WaitAll(WaitHandle[] waitHandles,
//
public static
WaitHandle
public static
WaitHandle
SignalAndWait Win32 SignalObjectAndWait.

Boolean SignalAndWait(WaitHandle toSignal,
toWaitOn);
Boolean SignalAndWait(WaitHandle toSignal,
toWaitOn, Int32 millisecondsTimeout, Boolean exitContext);
public const Int32 WaitTimeout = 0x102;

}
:
Close WaitHandle (
Dispose IDisposable),
. Win32 Close
Handle.
WaitOne WaitHandle,
.
Win32 WaitForSingleObjectEx. ,
true. false.
24
633
WaitAny WaitHandle,
, Wait
Handle[]. Int32 ,
WaitHandle.WaitTimeout,
.
Win32 WaitForMultipleObjectsEx,
bWaitAll false.
WaitAll WaitHandle,
, Wait
Handle[]. ,
true, ( ) false.
Win32 WaitForMultipleObjectsEx,
bWaitAll true.
SignalAndWait WaitHandle ,
.
, true.
false. Win32 SignalObjectAndWait.
WaitOne, WaitAll SignalAndWait,
, void, Boolean.
true,
.
.
WaitOne, WaitAll, WaitAny SignalAndWait,
exitContext, false. CLR
, System.Runtime.
Remotin.Contexts.ContextAttribute System.Runtime.Remoting.Contexts.Synchronization
Attribute. AppDomain
.
, .
WaitHandle, exit
Context, false.
Mutex, Semaphore, AutoResetEvent ManualResetEvent
WaitHandle, .
,
.
, Win32
CreateMutex, CreateSemaphore, CreateEvent ( false bManualReset)
CreateEvent ( true bManualReset).
,
WaitHandle.
, Mutex, Semaphore EventWaitHandle
OpenExisting, Win32 OpenMutex,
OpenSemaphore OpenEvent, string,
.
, OpenExisting.
634
CLR
,
WaitHandleCannotBeOpenedException.
, Mutex Semaphore,
ReleaseMutex Mutex Release Semaphore.

, ( EventWaitHandle) Set Reset
AutoResetEvent ManualResetEvent. : Set
Reset EventWaitHandle Boolean,
true, ,
.

, Microsoft ,
,
.
, .
,
. . ,
, ,

.

, RegisterWaitFor
SingleObject System.Threading.ThreadPool.
, .
:
public static RegisterWaitHandle RegisterWaitForSingleObject(

WaitHandle waitObject, WaitOrTimerCallback callback, Object state,
Int32 millisecondsTimeoutInterval, Boolean executeOnlyOnce);
waitObject ,
.
WaitHandle,
. , Semaphore, Mutex, AutoReset
Event ManualResetEvent. , callback, ,
.
System.Threading.WaitOrTimerCallback,
:
public delegate void WaitOrTimerCallback(Object state, Boolean timedOut);

RegisterWaitForSingleObject, state,
,
, . , null.
, millisecondsTimeoutInterval, ,
.
, Timeout.Infinite 1. , execute
OnlyOnce, true, .
24
635
executeOnlyOnce false,
.
AutoResetEvent.

timedOut. timedOut false, ,
. timedOut true, ,
, .
,
, timedOut.
RegisterWaitForSingleObject RegisteredWait
Handle. ,
. ,
,
Unregister RegisteredWaitHandle:
public Boolean Unregister(WaitHandle waitObject);

waitObject ,

. , null.
, WaitHandle,
.
,
, AutoResetEvent:
using System;
// AutoResetEvent ( ).
AutoResetEvent are = new AutoResetEvent(false);
// , AutoResetEvent.
RegisteredWaitHandle rwh = ThreadPool.RegisterWaitForSingleObject(
are,
// AutoResetEvent.
EventOperation,
// .
null,
// null EventOperation.
5000,
// 5 .
false);
// EventOperation .
// .
Char operation;
do {
Console.WriteLine("S=Signal, Q=Quit?");
operation = Char.ToUpper(Console.ReadKey(true).KeyChar);
if (operation == 'S') {
// ; .
are.Set();
636
CLR
}
} while (operation != 'Q');
// , .
rwh.Unregister(null);
}
//
// 5 /.
private static void EventOperation(Object state, Boolean timedOut) {
if (timedOut) {
Console.WriteLine("Timedout while waiting for the AutoResetEvent.");
} else {
Console.WriteLine("The AutoResetEvent became signaled.");
}
}
}

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CLR Via C

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.

.NET FRAMEWORK 2.0

CLR via C#. Microsoft .NET Frame

ISBN 0735621632 (.)

, Microsoft Corporation, 2006

: .NET Framework . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XIV

Web, , , Visual Basic 

: Microsoft Visual Studio

Microsoft .NET Framework , .

. 13. Visual Studio

public sealed class SomeLibraryType

. 17. ILDasm Test

Test, , .class, .custom,

.method assembly static int32

public sealed class Program {

csc.exe /out:Program.exe /t:exe /r:MSCorLib.dll Program.cs

csc.exe /out:Program.exe /t:exe Program.cs

csc.exe /out:Program.exe /t:exe /nostdlib Program.cs

csc.exe @MyProject.rsp CodeFile1.cs CodeFile2.cs

TypDefName: Program (02000002)

: [Public] [AutoLayout] [Class] [Sealed] [AnsiClass]

MethodName: Main (06000001)

MethodName: .ctor (06000002)

Member: (0a000004) .ctor:

Member: (0a000001) .ctor:

Member: (0a000002) .ctor:

Member: (0a000003) WriteLine:

CustomAttribute Type: 0a000001

CustomAttribute Type: 0a000002

CLR method headers : 2

csc /t:module RUT.cs

csc /out:JeffTypes.dll /t:library /addmodule:RUT.netmodule FUT.cs

. 22. Add Reference Visual Studio

AL.exe EXE DLL PE, 

csc /t:module RUT.cs

csc /t:module App.cs

.method privatescope static void __EntryPoint$PST06000001() cil managed

. 24. Version JeffTypes.dll

. 2-4. Version AL.exe

! C# Visual Studio Assem

"MyTypes, Version=1.0.8123.0, Culture=neutral, PublicKeyToken=b77a5c561934e089"

Microsoft (R) .NET Framework Strong Name Utility Version 2.0.50727.42

csc /keyfile:MyCompany.keys app.cs

. 31. Visual Studio

PE) (. 3"2). "

"MSCorLib, Version=2.0.0.0, Culture=neutral, PublicKeyToken=b77a5c561934e089"

Revision Number: 0x00000000

"JeffTypes, Version=3.0.0.0, Culture=neutral, PublicKeyToken=null"

Microsoft (R) .NET Global Assembly Cache Utility. Version 2.0.50727.42

Volume in drive C has no label.

Volume in drive C has no label.

"System, Version=2.0.0.0, Culture=neutral, PublicKeyToken=b77a5c561934e089"

csc /keyfile:MyCompany.PublicKey /delaysign MyAssembly.cs

SN.exe R MyAssembly.dll MyCompany.PrivateKey

public sealed class Program {

.method public hidebysig static voidMain() cil managed

. CLR GAC URL"

/linkresource AL.exe XML" "

Employee e = new Employee("ConstructorParam1");

internal class Employee {

Object o = new Object();

System.Object o = new Object(); // Object.

Object o1 = new Object();

CLR via C#. Microsoft .NET Frame

ISBN 0735621632 (.)

Web, , , Visual Basic

. 13. Visual Studio

. 17. ILDasm Test

. 22. Add Reference Visual Studio

AL.exe EXE DLL PE,

. 24. Version JeffTypes.dll

! C# Visual Studio Assem

. 31. Visual Studio

. 47. M3 Employee Manager

. 410. Lookup Employee

. 413. Manager Employee

16 Unicode (char

32 float IEEE

64 float IEEE

UInt32 invalid = unchecked((UInt32) 1);

. 71. ILDasm.exe IL

AppDomain (. 21), JIT

. 81. IL SomeType