W*w Proficiency

Workbook
NICK KENNY

hssKEY

A MACMILLN

Macmillan Education

P.iy:9" Towns Road, oxford A division

OX4 3pp of Macmillan publishers iimited Companies and represenrariu.s

Acknowledgements
the world

rh.;;;;;;

;::#i"ffi

i#?.:',::'j#::l#5: j:,,iitgTxxf

ISBN 0 j3j 97432 8 (with kev) -^^._ 9 3)j 974jj e twirhoui[ey) ISBN 0 333-9^7438 7 (Greek editi6n wirh keyt
0 333 e7437 e (Greek

:ffi?.Edi,hBoreham,

edirion;i;h;;iev)

Text @ Nick Kenny 2002 Design and illustraiion @ Macmillan publishers Limited 2002 First published 2002

3;::; :?; # :;,Jffi ,t::r Y c i oitvi' av ffil ag... u. .,, rvn r.e8 ; k t s r ap h Mccarrney^;r;;;i"i"#,ilir3 jL,l'S1TB,r:1l$n::;*t**3;_
na
(

wourd rike to thank the foilowing for permission to The Independent for an exftact ,The from world is just a great big tortellone, Keith Botsford, The Independen.t s."f""], by

HTJi::lfl,l #::T,:ii'

ii.ptJmber

r_sse; octopus publisiring

e
)

(t996);

The Independent

ior

rrr.*t.io i."rlr:o". ir _y
u;

per nates, by David

oi trre pfirisrri;.

i:l:d^1.:9,srored ir, rorm/ or by any means. .l:::r:r.,., _..hu"i;;i.;;;;ocopying, "rry recording, or otherwise. w ,-""'' vvrtnout the prior written permission

All rights reserved; no part of this publication may be in iretrievat sysrem, trr.rr_iti.d

Reader' by Laurie Lee r:-r stay 9an,t 1975; Douglas Friedli fr

i"ilii,$l;"TiKr;xft:,"f #:#:|;n,H[ii;:#\:";*ii,i;"y;: l0/01; penguin Books,(UK) f".

;,xtp

jr#':#f #::i{!tr!,it":riT*i*:li*,r*i"*
:#f::ar^
g-

;";;;l;;;';;" Adventures of the Bbv l;;;,";;;;;rooks te77,@ Laurie Lee.

Lover design by Xen Media Ltd

Designed The Designers Collect ive .b.y uruslrared. by I(ingsley Wiggin

r":^T,#":::!:i#[{,:x!;q6*it."1..,.f;ri**.T*1f;

tr^t#'!;::?T'il|:i1?999-g;".1!t?'''"*'-l-'*rzoooi,''.'il",i"""i woodham n ciii iiii#rff,lT# S,.,i%TJ#$ $t..*"i{jJ.ffi; Magazine @ The Na tional y1s;"" i"*n!#irr.' a".ae Nasr pubricarions-Lrd ,Surn,r.t ,Candid for an exftao from counsel, by in
Samuer
@

for an exrrao from

Tatler The cond6 Nast

ro.rao., Issue 5 of rhe A 3 List, rhe Mirror,22_28 May,.te9e, rimirca for an extracr from 'Bland ambition cl, of ,fr. w".f"^n".r;iy ilr;ady Costa in The Guardian Friday Review 8 June 20C

ii4.ij:!#,*,_r:,i;}n;;;5*h,tr jxijB"rffi*#,x,rt#:tlr from ,Mash not such fiIi, i" rir6 aiirrit.il.*,
is

Tatler,July "r,ifU pub]rL"ti"*"iffia; curris Brorvn1998, Julia and company rhe eyivennp^rreii;;/"";;;"n, (sphere Books. teer i

c""iil;"r.;;silp.r,

Financial Times weekend

exracrrrom"",,r*,"'.1'r?.sfi:f lillx'J,"sffi

nr* ,r.spriii, u"i"i"r,"io7u,-*.p.oauced

ffi :',flkD.?t jJ,ic."l#;

to

Rose, Banram press (ree2).@

Ltd for an exracr from rh,

il.';;ffi }i'H2:.:w,n;nni!:i+fiT::,T"#f
M"ki";;i;;;riir*"iar*bs
st""." n"i.

Lff j*.*:*::,
Mindby

by kind per_

iiTf

b""U.JI996 @ Times Newspapers .,tntertr..;, Limited, l6 october 1996; Josh sm, fo.*."irli?om ,past Masrers Secondhand but nor Second Best: vintag-e-de"r ; ii
ia

Inremadonal Newspaoers.Ltd ro. u" by Anjana Alruja in The Tim,es

iitffi g,JtK#'(.rfr 3;^,:*r:;#r;*iiig,;';;;;;;;;!";";\;"""

.*,iu&L"ori'to- g-.y matrer
can be red hot.

Steven id;;a:;;bn:i;r-d;;#;;;;1".

of the worrdbv stewart (Allen Lane The penguins ?r.rr, r iss-it;;vngrrt o Ian Stewan, 1998; ran, David Higham Associares on "behalf i-t..rrf,"ii5i Nisht by Dorothy r. s"v..r-u".perCouins;"f rhe Economist ror:"":11?Lti:n"audy 'Monumental, in The Econ

ff '#::i';i;,;:y;"wiii;w:i::it*:,,;ffi I"#d###,,ffi for an exrracr from otier iniiiilii#tics Living

Life s
Secret:

iili'iliii*i

weekend How to Spend

rt

p*:t"u*"*###:ii*{,i[x[[.'}i]inE*;:"li*r";;iffi
Tetley Group Lrd for an
The Guardian,23 June ,00,1, ;?

suit' by Tom parfirt in The Eip Magaztn;-rtJdy;il, from 'on four legs you can take fJr

1i,",p.i"i*.;:#;il;qiifr.,3l::ilf ffffi'trff ,?ayr-ri,H:::r{i": September 20oo; Eastern D11!_p_ras tor;";;,iilHi'".Crimbing

;;;;, i"
rh; ;;;;;rdent weekend,e March "ob

:::ff,lJjl:'#ff

.rTT frgT .ffri.riy *oit,?.uourr" Ttainee Tea Taster, . ,{" N"rt"""f ljr#"#e"co. Ltd for an exracr from in
a

_Xr#j

ry

ob in so

"

Cfri

i o,i,

r,,, p i n s.

Ju n

ree

5.

cou

nesy

au.,., for an exftacr

our of a business

l::x,#:;:;"wi::#i;l,txi:ti:n;.::ri/ix'i:;'d;?iii{i#^",
Illustrators magazine for an exfiact from ,offner"r Gascoigne tn Artists and lltut Attists e rilu s tr atoo uos oa,)K'ffi

it

whilst every effort

"?1h1t
in future

;:il'ff:::Tti#H,,?J"t:i'"

e,fo

book, there may have beet to co nr a ct th e o wn e rs. *;"J"fr: ;X' :lJ*ffi Jffi recognizes copyright material and wh"o i, to -"uk. ,rr" ""r.t""_i. r-".,d-..,ts

has been made to trace owners of copyright materiar

:jT:T:ffi';Ti:

";;il
pleased

in this

'i.'*3r".v

Prinred and bound in Thailand 2009 2008 2007 2006 2005 lr 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3

"otrt";;X11t.Yilf'ot

Contents
Introduction
IV

Unit 1

unit 2
Unit 3 Unit 4 Unit 5 Unit 6 Unit 7 Unit 8 Unit 9
Unit

Times 5 call of the wild 15 A Word in your Ear 24 A Fine Romance 33 All Right on the Night 43 Tip of my Tongue 52 A Matter of Taste 62 Go your own Way 71
Sign of the
Nose to the

Grindstone 80
89 97

1O The Road Ahead Answer Key

Introduction
Ihis Workbook is designed to be used alongside the Student's Book and the exercises in each unit are generally based on the themes and topics found in the Student's Book.
Each unit in the Wo.tUoot lncludes a wide variety of tasks and exercises, all designed to help you develop your vocabulary and practise the reading, writing and Use of English skills you need to pass the revised Cambridge Certificate of Proficiency in English examination (CPE). Even if you are not following a course based on the Student's Book, you will find the exercises useful.

well as giving you practice in the exam-style tasks and exercises, this Workbook also has a number of other important features:
As

. r
o

explanations of the main grammatical points with practice exercises

interesting texts with either multiple-choice or comprehension questions

practice of both composition and summary writing help with the correct use of punctuation in English help with pronunciation help with spelling

. . . . .

vocabularydevelopment
practice in the use of idiomatic expressions and phrasal verbs

tv

Sign of the Times

VOCABULARY Wordsearch

Find as many words as possible connected with the topic of hamburgers in the grid. Words may run horizontally or vertically. One has been done for you as an example.

TA K E AWA Y L YO MN I P R E S HB H AMB U R G AJ CUPRHVRXE RF ROZENRITL DA STRAWPLUI RS AEICONLNS OT HOLWILLBH CF GROUNDJUR KO AAKMCDONA CO HELENBEEF AD SEASONING FR I E S C C HA EH C O K E AMB
Ingredients
Accessories

A E E

c ow
TKL WHM MA E GMA LBT OUL BRS AGE LDS ILA Z NM ERE ND E
Methods/Processes

N
R

I L

Divide the words you have found into groups under these five headings:

Opinions/ldeas Places/Companies

READING: Comprehension 1 Now think about another type of food - pasta. Think of as many words
Ingredients
Accessories

as

pasta and put them under the five headings. Do you need any other headings?

you can which you associate with

Processes/Methods

Opinions/ldeas Places/Companies

5W

UNIT

2 3

Read the first part of this article about pasta quickly. How many of the words on your lists can you find in the

article?
Read the text more carefully and answer the questions which follow.

Plonet Posto
Pasta,

of many cuisines around the world.

where

in one form or another, is a component

Even

the almost unique characteristic of pasta is that

it is not part of the local cooking tradition, it is still generally available. All the more
extraordinary, therefore, that sales of pasta in Britain should have increased 48% between 1991 and 1995, and continue to do so. A similar trend has been registered in France and the USA. Only the Italians, it seems, are consuming less of the stuff. So, what lies behind this trend?

it is no more than a savoury depository for other flavours: those of its innumerable
sauces.

At *re very least, we add butter and the

Chinese cook it in stock or add pungent spices.

No one you or I know

eats pasta plain.

10

This combinatory capacity, of course, is one of the reasons for the ubiquity of pasta. rJThatever your most prized and available
flavours (fish, meat, fungi or vegetables), they can be combined with pasta, and this factor allowed it to migrate from its original Asian

15

First, let us consider pasta itself. Apart from putting a slab of meat on a fire, boiling an egg or eating vegetables ra% no dish in the world is much simpler than pasta. It consists of flour, egg and water. It is dropped into boiling water and requires no more skill in cooking than boiling an egg. Like an egg, it is appetizing or unappetizing according to the amount of time it is cooked, and like an egg there is some variation in the cooking time, depending on whether you like it soft or prefer it to retain its
resilience. However, where other staples like rice or bread have survived and are eaten more or less as is.

home to Italy, whose main foodstuff it has long been. It also permitted chefs around the world to experiment and invent means by which its flavour could be enhanced.

is also cheap, democratic, filling and nutritious. Its carbohydmtes provide quickly convertible energy and whatever you add to it simply adds to its nutritional value. Finally, though there are some people who don't eat some of those additional ingredients, you would be hard put to find anyone who doesn't
Pasta like it.

Extracts from an article by I(eith Botsford, first published

in

The Independent 5 September 1996.

I 2 I 4 5

What is it about pasta that the writer finds so surprising in paragraph one? What essential quality of pasta is the focus of paragraph two? Which word in paragraph three describes the group of foods to which pasta belongs? In your own words, explain what the writer means by'this combinatory capacity'. (line 32)

In your own words, explain what the writer means by the phrase 'you would be hard put to find...'? (lines 47-48)

UNIT1

Now read a continuation of the article and answer the questions which follow.

of the most ubiquitous food items in \Testern culture in recent years. The food's obvious qualities of taste and texture don't fully explain this, however, and I would like to suggest that a number of economic and social factors have played a part. The first and most important of these is the new democracy of the kitchen; the fact that neither meal-times nor the symbolic importance of the dinner table retain their former formality. Pasta is a rough-and-ready, quicklyprepared food fix. As it meets with universal favour and takes no great effort, it is available to all, and at any time. One cannot underestimate what this new ease of eating, at any time, under any circumstances means. It means freedom from planning because the ingredients are always available; it means quick and pungent satisfaction of appetite allied with facility; it is uncomplicated.
Pasta has become one

was a known quantity, it seldom went wrong and wasn't pretentious, not requiring manners or formality of any kind. Pasta is user-friendly in much the same way as it is cook-friendly.

But if pasta has made great strides in the past few years, it has to be due to the emphasis placed on the 'healthy' Mediterranean diet. I can remember, many years ago, that when I reported in the British press that the Italian football team trained on pasta before a big match, I was thought scarcely believable. Pasta was considered a 'heavy' indigestible dish in Britain at that time. It was not long, however, before the sceptics realized that, in fact, we have few such excellent, short-term energyproviders as pasta. It is quickly absorbed, easily digested and gives instant results. In a world increasingly devoted to health and exercise, pasta was a natural.

As the old habits of eating - as a family, with the usual cast of characters, with manners, table settings, etc. have died out under the exigencies of modern working hours and the absence of a woman stuck at home preparing food for husband and children, so pasta has advanced alongside, I might add, other quick fixes from the take-away to the stir fry, the pizza to the pre-washed salad. The influence here is American. It is Americans who invented the whole idea of the meal-on-the-move,

I like to think,
argument

why

food marketing, is its accessibility.

it is the fastest expanding food

however, that the clinching in favour of pasta, and the reason

area in
Pasta

105

breaks down the distinction between cooking and eating: it brings out the inventive in even the rankest amateur, since almost anything can be thrown into a pasta saucel it makes no demands on anyone. Even the most modest cook can produce miraculously good pasta -

as

it

were, by accident. The democracy of

the drive-in, the fast-food outlet, the franchised, standardized meal.

The next major influence is economic. When I was much younger, pasta was what one ate in restaurants: it was what one could afford, it

pasta is based on the enjoyment factor. It is in fact a convivial dish, an always welcome dish, a leveller. If you combine that with the health factor, its accessibility to vegetarians and its low cost, the phenomenon becomes perfectly understandable.

120

I 2 3

Which word in the first paragraph is used to describe the fact that pasta is found everywhere?

In your own words, explain what the writer means by the phrase 'the new democracy of the kitchen
urnes

)o-)

What two social changes are described as contributing to changes in eating habits in Western culture in
recent years?

7W

WW

UNIT

4 5 6

In your own words, explain why the writer chose to eat pasta in restaurants when he was younger.

why were British people initially surprised that Italian football players 'trained on pasta,? (line
What does the writer mean by the phrase 'the clinching argument'? (lines 105-r06)

95)

Vocabulary
can you add any more words from the second part of the article to the lists you wrote before reading the text?

Summary

I 2 3

use information from both parts of the article to list the main reasons why pasta has become so popular. Put the list of points in order, from the least to the most important, u..o.ding to what the writer has told us. In a paragraph of between 50 and 70 words, explain these reasons in your own words as far as possible. Begin with the sentence below and use some of the words and phrases in the box to help you.

firstly secondly thirdly finally furthermore

lastly
what's

more moreover in addition

therefore likewise

There are a number of reasons why parta has become such a popular food in western countries like Britain in recent years.

..

Reference skills
Look back at these words which are in has been done for you as an example.

bold in the texts. In each

case say what the word is referring to.

one

0 I 2 3 4

it (line 4) It (line 16)

those (line

Pasta

) their
6 7 8

(line

59)

28)

whose (line 38) = these lline 56; =

65) = here (line 79) = it (line 9l ) =

It (line

Dependent prepositions
Put one of the prepositions from the box into each of these phrases from the article without looking at the text. When you have finished the exercise, look back to cheik your answers.

to from of into

with

I Apart putting a slab of meat on a fire... (lines I2_I3\ 2 It consists _ flour, eggs and water. (linesl5_16) 3 Whatever your most prized and available flavours... can be combined pasta... (lines 34-36) 4 As it meets universal favour... (lines 6l_62) 5 It means freedom planning... (lines 65_66) 6 In a world increasingly devoted health and exercise... (lines lo2-lo4) 7 Almostanythingcanbethrown apasrasauce... (lineslll_li2) 8 Its accessibility vegetarians... (line I 19) W8

UNITl

sewite

N.B. This form exists in a variery of tenses and in each case it is the verb to have or to getwhich indicates the tense.

Use:mainlytotalkaboutprofessionaIservicestoacustomer: t'rii naving mi car ripaired. (This means that someone is repairing my car for me.)
''r compare wlrn:

|m

repairing my car. (This means that I'm doing it myself .)

l-7, complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first sentence, using the Do not change the word given. You must use between three and eight words, including the word given. Each of the new sentences uses a causative form. Here is an example (0).
For questions
-.r'ord given.

Example: My car needs servicing badly.

got

Answer:

It's high time I got m)t car serviced.

They

will shorten trousers for you at the cleaners.

at the cleaners.

have
You can

Your central heating boiler should have an annual service.

get
You

annually.
ask a professional photographer to take my passport photo.
a professional photographer.

I shall get I shall

We

will be employing a catering company to prepare the food for the party. having
We'll by a catering company. It's not necessary to find an engineer; you can repair the fault yourself. have
You don't have , you can do

it yourself.

Someone is making a new pair of dining room curtains for us.

rnade
We

for the dining room.

It was a mistake to let a gardener paint the outside of our house.

have We shouldn't
by a gardener.

9WW

UNIT

HELP WITH PUNCTUATION 1: Full stops

.I'IICIC
IS

and capital

for the pronoun

In this passage there are no full stops, commas or capital letters. First read the text to get an idea of its content, then decide where the sentences should begin and end, and add the required punctuation.

to make it does however require patience and time which is why i tend to make it on sunday mornings people who have a gift for making pastry or bread will have very little problem in making pasta as many of the skills applied to allthree are the same the most important thing to remember is that you need plenty of uncluttered work surface a very large chopping board or marble slab is ideal but modern laminate worktops are quite adequate an extra large rolling pin will make the rolling of the pasta dough much easier if you plan to go into pasta making in a big way then it may be worth your while to buy a pasta machine at the turn of a handle this will give you many different shapes and thicknesses of pasta these machines manufactured in northern italy are now widely available in specialist kitchenware shops all over the world
as any italian housewife will tell you homemade pasta is not difficult

PHRASAL VERBS:

With out

Choose one verb from the box to complete the phrasal verb in each of the sentences 1-10, and write the correct form of the verb in the space provided. One has been done for you as an example.

bring call come draw get g hold fall pull sell

o

watch

I
2
3

Darren said that certain types of trainer lnad gone completely out of fashion. out in favour of banning cigarette sales. One supermarket has out a book on healthy eating in December. Another supermarket is
Tony's very shy. Get chatting to him and see if you can

him out a bit.

out with each other. have - a lot out of that course in media studies. ) Tracy said she'd out for a better deal. 6 No agreement was reached. The strikers decided to out of cheap washing powder. 7 The supermarket has completely -the flea market out fol pickpockets as well as bargains. 8 As you go round out on an emergency. 9 The doctor can't see you at the moment; he's been
Justin and Rachel are not talking; they Tim

l0

was

out of a parking place when the accident happened.

w10

UNITl

'

READING: Lexical cloze

Read this article

For questions

l-12,

written by an anti-smoking campaigner. The linking words and phrases have been taken out. decide which answer (A, B, C or D) best fits each gap. One has been done for you as an

example (O). Smoking is known to be one of the greatest single causes of death in our society. Too little seems to be done,

(0) C

, to stop young people taking up the habit in the first place.

(f ) _, cigarettes are openly on sale in many public places and laws governing the minimum age at which cigarette advertising continues to figure largely in some they can be bought often seem to be ignored. (2) _,
parts of the media,

(l)

recent moves to outlaw this, and is, (a)

_,

often targeted at young people.

anti-smoking campaigns have been organized in recent years, these seem not to have been particularly effective, (6)_ the rise in the numbers of young people, especially girls, who take up smoking each year. (7) _supporting such campaigns in principle, I would like to propose an alternative approach.
(5)

the sale of cigarettes should be more tightly controlled to ensure that the law regarding underage smokers is respected. And, (lO) , cigarettes should not be sold in places such as caf6s and supermarkets frequented by young people and families. Their sale should ( f f ) be restricted to licensed tobacconists

_, (9) _,
(8)

I think that the advertising of cigarettes should be completely banned from all aspects of the media.

and sharp penalties should be imposed on those breaking the law, particularly those selling cigarettes on the (f2)

black market.

_,

I would like to add that, of course, it is the duty of parents, teachers and other responsible adults

to set a good example; by not smoking!

0 I 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 tO ll 12

Aalthough A Likewise AHowever A otherwise A what's more ADespite Aresulting AHowever AAlthough

Bdespite Chowever B To begin with C Whilst BMoreover CNonetheless B thanks to C despite B likewise C therefore BHowever CFurthermore Bespecially Cinstead BWhilst CFinally BWhilst CFirstly AFurthermore BTherefore Clnstead A to sum up B secondly C in addition Ahowever Bnonetheless Cinstead A In addition B Consequently C Therefore

Dmoreover D Therefore DThough D however D even though DAlthough Dgiven DTherefore DEspecially DOtherwise D in spite of this Dlikewise D Finally

Speliing in English is sometimes difficult as there is no dir".t relationship between the sounds and the letters used to represent them. Also, the 'rules' of spelling are complicated and it is not useful to try and learn them. You have to do what English speakers learn to do - remember the spelling of each new word ur yo, come across it. There are, howevel some tips which might help you io improve your spelling in Engfish and these can be useful to remembei, sut don't forget, there will always be some exceptions to even the simplest general rules.

11M

UNIT

The silent e
Many words end in Lhe letter e, but in a number of words this e is silent, or unpronounced: care /kea/ believe lbili:v/ achieve /etJi:v/ de[inite /defrnrt/ nice /nars/

."1?,i;.)n"::#flu.'hich
e

end with a sounded letter

e:

When adding a suffix beginning wirh a vowel ( -ing, - able, -est) ro a wolrd ending in a silent e' then the lett' is usually dropped: care + caring* believe * believable nice nicest

illll,XX}iifJ,::|il,::i,T;;it
achieve

with a consonant

(e

- rv, -menr. -rur) ro a word ending in a sirenr e, rhen

- achievement

detinire

* delinitely

care

careful

The main exceptions are words ending in c and g sounds. So, rry to remember:

notice+noticing+noticeable change+changing+changeable manage+managing+manageable

l-l l, add a suffix to the word given in capitals at the end of each line to form a word that fits space in the same line. The word you write should make sense in the context of the passage.
For questions John got up, looked our of the window and
(2)

in th

saw to his (3)

started TMMEDTATE . After five days of pouring rain and wet clothes, he SMILE that the sun had come out. He had AMAZE
CHANGE
SEE

(r)

always known the weather in Scotland would be (4) but he wasn't prepared for the pleasant surprise of (5) the sun (6)

could (7)

---

down on him this particular morning. believe his luck.

He

sHrNE BARE
AGREE

For, according to the (8) (9)

_--

he had come to with rhe of the hotel, this was the day when he would go

sailing round the (f 0) had told him was (11)

MANAGE Isle of Skye, which all his friends LOVE worth doing. DEFINITE

GRAMMAR: Review of past tenses

Remember the form and use o[ the past tenses:

Present Perfect:
Form:

have

the past participle of the verb n vo u r'l i'| e :

happened

l"

i:,::h ::? id;;: :,:y:i;;i:"'i

I've learnl how to use a PC.

' ';,':';;o,xi:Yi:;:i;;i,I:;'
o

in unrinished pcriods or time:

the present perfect continuous to talk about things which staned in the past and are still happening now: I've been painting my rlom since this morning. I shiuld be finished by tonighi.

"f r)?,'j,li};,;X';f ,:,i::X,Tehappenedrecenr,v:

w12

uNfTl W

into the correct tense according to the context. The verbs may be either simple or continuous forms of the past, the present perfect or the past perfect tenses. One has been done for rou as an example.
Put the verbs in brackets in this text

Many children start going for dental checkups at an early age, but l(elly Smithers was fourteen years old

whenshe(0)went(go)forthefirsttime'It(r)-(be)notahappyexperience' (be) lucky. She (3) (always have) good teeth and (4) Until then Kelly (2)
(neverhave)sufferedfromtoothache.ButfortwooIthreemonthsI(elly(5)-(get)pain,onand

off,inoneofherteeth'So,hermother(6)-(decide)thatatriptothedentist(7)-(be)
necessary.

(turn) out to be a terrible experience for I(elly. She (9) (be) in great pain. Since then, Kelly (f f ) one sitting and (fO) phobia and (f 2) (never have) the courage to go to the dentist's again.

It (8) _

(have) twelve fillings in (suffer) from dental

But then, three months ago, Kelly (f

(sign) up for a session at Feelgood Dentistry. She 3) (r4)-(start)tohavetoothacheagainand(r5)-(realize)thatshe(l6)-(need)

todosomethingaboutit.AtFeelgoodshe(r7)-(have)regularcounsellingsessionsand

(l8)-(be)giventhechancetotalkthroughherproblemsthoroughly.,It(l9)-(be) wonderful so far,' she says, 'I (20) (begin) to understand what lies behind my phobia and so I
should be able to overcome it soon.'

13w"

UNIT

USE OF ENGLISH: Cloze passage

For questions l-15, read the text below and from the words in the box, choose the one which best fits each snace. One has been done for you as an example.

with against during in jrlsf came take been way who

out to whal t5

up

which

The Grisly Things

that Land on your Plate

Imagine finding a sheep's tooth in a packet of peanuts, a dead spider in your frozen pizza or broken glass in a bread roll. These are (O) just a few of the items that lound their (l) on to consumers' tables last year, according (2) a report on consumer complaints by Alan Richards.

job (3) to try and identify when and how the objects got into the product. About ten percent of claims turn (4) to be unfounded. Tests on wasps and flies in pots of jam, for example, often show they were not cooked along (5) the product in a factory, but fell (6) much later - the outraged consumer, (7) unnoticed by blamed the producer.
His

But, products often end (8) back at the factory for investigations into (9) went wrong. In the past, screws and metal rivets have fallen from machines (10) processing, or lightbulbs have -instantly shattered, sending shards of glass into the product. But these days, most factories ( f f ) _ great care to
ensure that their quality systems are very thorough indeed.

known to sabotage food because they had a grudge (f3) _ the management. This is the only explanation for how one consumer (f4) to buy a carton of milk (f 5) contained the entire contents of a fly-trap - over one hundred insects.
Factory workers have

(12)

Vocabulary
Find these words in the passage. One has been done for you as an example.

0 I 2 3 4 5 6

noun meaning people who buy an adjective meaning not based on fact
a

clnsumers

an adjeclive meaning very angry

a verb meaning broken into small pieces a

noun meaning small, sharp

pieces

a verb meaning deliberately damage/spoil something a

noun meaning a feeling of anger or dislike towards someone

Summary
a paragraph of between 5O and 70 words, summarize in your own words as far as possible, the reasons given in the text why strange objects sometimes turn up in food.

In

w14

Call of the Wild

VOCABULARY Animals

Find the names of twenty animals in the word 'snake'.

aki ngr:
a.

s*

v q
%
9)

9^

e -'a/n

'9atorh

in

.nt*

"-'"*t'%\,

s.
""0"nd*'\ooo^
.&*-

Match each adjective on the left with an animal on the right to make a common simile. One has been done for you as an example. Are these animals associated with the same adjectives or qualities in your language?

---___ blind \
dead

parrot
dodo
peacock
OX

As dead as a dodo.

busy
free sick

proud quiet
sly strong

owl mule
mouse

fox

bird
bee

stubborn
wlse
Use

bat

one of the animal names in the box as a verb to complete each of the sentences. One has been done for you as an example.

dog worm badger fox fish

rvelf

0 The way David wolfed down the sandwich, you'd think he hadn't eaten for a week. I Derek has been by misfortune all his life. 2 Amy her mother to buy her some sweets. by the mystery of the missing manuscript. 3 The police were completely for compliments. 4 When Sally said her dress was nothing special, she was really information out of him. 5 Tievor is very secretive, it's difficult trying to 15W

s uNtT 2

READING: Comprehension

Read the article quickly and underline the names in the box as they occur in the text. What are the relationships between these people and animals?

Brad

Carter Mary-Ann Selena

Joshua

Ashley

Ron

Hawkins Ann Webb

One of my
When

pet ba,tes
Apparently, Brad had purchased Selena from a :s 'street trader' for g100. She was a happy snake, who liked to lick his face afrer her guinea pig. .Like a slippery puppy dog', he said ruefully. But today he is a wiser man, for he knows that it is very rare for a chap to go on holiday and find his wife being ao throtded to death by the family puppy dog.
Obvious, you might think. But don,t be too smug; Brad has his counterparts in Britain, and plenty of them. Every year) more and more exotic pets are sold. One company, pet City, has made a for_ as tune selling (among other things) giant boas and p1'thons (500 last year), chipmunks (350), scor_ pions (300), and, ofcourse) tarantulas (600). And, like the many other exotic species you can buy, all these pets are ,harmless,, ,friendly' even. s0 Thke this statement, for example: .Thrantulas are not particularly aggressiver' says the honorary secretary of the Thrantula Society, Ann $Zebb (yes, that is her name). Of course they aren't, Ann; they don't have to be. They only need to ss rurn up on your pillow and the instant heart attack will do the rest. There is only one point to owning such an animal, and that is to siare the life out of family and friends. Yet Pet City will do a ,Tarantula Starter Kit'eo complete with baby spider, warming pad (for those freezing winters) and ,tunnelling material, for just d33. Let's face it. The resr of us will just have to live in fear, simply so that the Brad Carters of this world will be able to boasr about os the exotic pets they keep in their houses, and take away on holiday with them.

s cut costs by hurrying chambermaids through their duties. But even allowing for such careless_ ness, it would take a very casual cleaner to over_ look a two-stone (metric) serpent; for constrict_ ing snakes will not blend in with shower curtains, ro bidets, pile carpet and trouser_presses.
So,

attacked by a nine-foot python in a hotel room in San Diego, California, my initial reaction was to blame the hotel management _ who increasingly

heard the terrible srory of the family

with them; Brad Carter and his p..gnun, -*if., Mary-Ann, and their toddlers, Joshua and r s Ashleg were sharing one room with their oet python, Selena. Early in the morning, the usual_ ly docile serpent, obviously tired of its usual diet of live guinea pigs, plunged its fangs into the ample backside of the sleeping mother. One can zo only speculate what species of animal it thousht it was eating, and how it thought it was goinfto
swallow its prey.

nate victims of the reptile had actually broueht

was relieved to discover that the unfortu_

it

snake') and started belabouring Selena with a :o penknife. Eventually, a passing paramedic, Ron Hawkins, decapitated the reptile with a Swiss army knife that had been bought for his birthday only a fortnight earlier - a happy accident
indeed.

Unsurprisinglg the bite woke Mary_Ann, who describes how she was simultaneously ,frozen zs with horror' and 'screaming hysterically,. So, the python decided it had better constrict her quick_ ly. Brad then woke up, sized up the situation preffy quickly ('my wife is being eaten by a

Extract from an afiicle by David Aaronovitch, first published in

The Independenr 24

Augusl

UNIT 2

we

' 2 3

The article can be divided into two main sections. Look back and decide where the division between these two sections comes. What is the main focus of each of the sections?

Now read more carefully and decide if each of the statements

l-8

matches the writer's opinion or not.

I 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 4 f 2 3 4 5 6 7 5

The problem with the snake was the fault of the hotel management. The hotel staff should have noticed the snake.

The snake probably attacked Mrs. Carter because it was hungry. Brad Carter was totally incapable of dealing with the situation. Brad now realizes that buying the snake was a mistake.
The Pet City company has been successful at selling exotic pets. The information given by the Tarantula Society is inaccurate. People are buying exotic pets for the wrong reasons.

Now read the article again and answer the following questions.

Why does the writer use the pronoun 'one' in line l9? What is the writer referring to when he uses the words 'its prey' inline 22? What is the meaning of the phrasal verb 'sized up'? (line 27) What is the 'happy accident' referred to in line 33? Who is 'you' in line 42?
What does 'these' in line 50 refer to? Why does the writer add the phrase in brackets in line 54?

The writer uses different words and expressions each time he talks about Brad Carter's pet. Look back at the article and underline each of these. Whv does the writer use all these different forms?

5ummary

1 . . . 2 3

What do you think about the style of writing used in the piece? How does the writer use this to get his point across? Think about:
the intended audience the effect the writer wants to have on that audience

the use of irony

Look at the words and phrases in inverted commas in the article and for each one decide why these have been
used.

What is the main point that the writer is trying to make in this article? In a paragraph of between 50 and 7O words, summarize in your own words as far as possible, the writer's attitude to the trade in exotic pets, giving his reasons.

17

ww

ffi

uNtT2

GRAMMAR: Relative pronouns

Remember:
the personwho...

the thing/animal which...

the place where (something happened)... the person whose.. . (possession) the place which (I

like)...

Join each pair of sentences using an appropriate relative pronoun.

I 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 lO

Ron Hawkins used the penknife. It had been bought for his birthday.

Ann Webb was talking about tarantulas. She says they are not particularly aggressive.
Selena is the snake's name. It bit Mary-Ann. Joshua is a toddler. His father owned the snake.
Pet City is a shop.

It sells tarantula starter kits.

Selena was a snake. She was used to eating guinea pigs. The story takes place in a hotel. It is in San Diego, California.

Anewpet shop hasjust opened. You canbuy snakes there.

I met a woman. Her child had been bitten by a tarantula.

Britain is a place. There are many exotic pet fans there.

Complete each sentence with a suitable relative pronoun.

I 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

The hotel

the story takes place is in California.

It was the Carter family brought the snake into the hotel. It was Mary-Ann first raised the alarm. It was Ron _ knife was used to kill Selena. It is Pet City sells 500 tarantulas per year. It is tarantulas _ sell in the largest numbers. It is the Tarantula Society secretary is called Ann Webb. It was Selena was feeling hungry. But, it's in Britain _ Pet City have been selling lots of exotic pets.

;nm

18

UNIT2

\vhole project from being (7)

DROP

'It really hadn't (8) to people that there could be a rnarket for the materials,' Suzv remembers, 'and (9) .' resources from other projects was not really (10) But Suzy's determination paid off: at a recent sales (ll) dog-hair products were hailed as the company's largest growth area.

ocCUR TRANSFER PERMIT

CONFER

19W

uNtT2

PHRASAL VERBS: With up and down write one word in each of the spaces to complete the phrasal verb.

I The botanist's theory has been up by newly-discovered evidence. 2 After his accidenr, Jed didn,r _ up to going to the party. 3 After three weeks' holiday, I had a lot of work to _ up with. 4 I'm sorry to this up, but I've found a misprint in this contract. 5 I can't ger this zip to _ up, it must be broken. 6 The contract for the new project will be up next week. 7 The completion of the new by-pass will be up due to a strike by construction workers. 8 I'm afraid there's no truth in the story; Geoff it up as a joke. 9 He up a lot of debts in the town and then disappeared without a trace. l0 A new organization is being up for those concerned about the welfare of dolphins. WORD FAMILIES AND WORD STRESS

stress. The first word family has been completed for you as an example.

Complete the grid with the missing words from these families and mark each of the words to show the word

verb

0
I
2

noun
surptbg globe

adjective
surpti;ing

surprise
depress

t
4

invading/invasive prevention What is the difference betwe en invadinq and invasive?

5 6 2

which other word in the table has two adiectives? what

does each mean?

Mark the word stress on these nouns. 3 What is the adjective formed from each of the nouns? Is the word stress in the same place in the adjective?

Mark the word stress on these verbs. What is the noun formed from each of the verbs? Is the word stress in the same place in the noun?

noun

adjective

verb I 2 J 4 5 6 7 8
homogenize

noun

I 2 3 4 5

ecology catastrophe

populate
devastate

continent photograph biology

isolate

naturalize

infiltrate punctuate pronounce

w20

uNrT2

GRAMMAR: Cause and result

dange the word given.
trl:rrplete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first sentence, using the word given. Do not You must use between three and eight words, including the word given.

Whale strandings are often caused by illness or injury.

lead
Illness

strandings.

When African grasses were introduced, this led to more frequent fires.

resulted It was the

more frequent fires.

The result of isolation has often been the creation of new species.

leads
Frequently,
created.

Pollution may be responsible for the dolphins' loss of immunity to the virus. blame Pollution may the dolphins' loss of immunity to the virus.
Human activity is not always the culprit in environmental disasters.

blamed The activity

in environmental disasters.

A TV programme is to blame for the latest fashion for exotic pets.

result
The latest
a television programme.

Hunting is thought to have resulted in the extinction of the dodo.

brought
The extinction of the dodo

by hunting.

GRAMMAR: Uses of the article

.:-

:his text from the Student's Book, the articles have been taken out. In each space write one of the following: - the definite article the - the indefinite article a/an

- no article ( -

l'*

hen you have completed the exercise, look back at page 34 of the Student's Book to check.

If somebody finds, say, (f ) _ rabbit that's been run over and has (2) _broken leg, (l) last thing one should do is take it to (4) vet and waste (5) _ money on trying to pin it together and then put it in (6) _ cage. (7) kindest thing to do is knock it on (8) head. Now that would horrify (9) genuine rural habitats. average town dweller, but what we're trying to do is preserve (lO) _ I'm afraid the trouble is, and it may seem unkind to say it in this way, but (f l) _ certain people are merely (12) animals, and it really tells you more about (f3) _people concerned over-sentimental about than it does about (f4) _ well-being of wildlife.

21w

UNIT 2

::ttcomma is used: The

o . o . . .
D.ear Sir,
Yours snrcrelv.

wlrH PuNcruArloN

2: commas

after the salutation and close in letters:

in lists:
Choose the best answer

The comma,is used with words, phrases and clawses. A, B, C or D.

to mark out adverbs and clauses:

Recently, there has been a change of anitude. As I had already seen the film, I found the visit to the cinema rather boring.

when two clauses are joined by a conjunction: I hoped to catch up with Mary at the station. but she was tlo quick for is in parenthesis: P rho.*.that an ideawas, l'm slrry t0 say, a complete waste of time. The whole expedition
to prevent misreading:
The The

me.

girl ran around the room ten minutes after she fell asleep. (ambiguous) girt ran around the room, ten minutes after she felt asleep. (clear)

In this letter there are no commas. Put commas in where thev are needed.

27 Acacia Auenue
Harnborough
Surceg

The Manager

Pel Cilg
Manchesler

Dear Sir
Recentlg

read an arlicle which said lhal Pel Cilg was lhe besl place

wr:uld like to bug Un{ortunalelg

lo bug laranlulas. As I one 6s a pel I an wtilin7 to ask i{ gou haue 6nA ih slock al lhe nonenl.

have never had a pet spidet be{ore so

was wonderlng

i{

gou could send ue

sone in{otaalion aboul lhe besl wag lo look aftet lhen. Fot exanple ale Aoul laranlulas sold wilh cages and bedding or do I haue kt pag {or lhese separalelg? I alreadg haue a pel dog and a snall pgthon bul no olher spiders. Do gou think rng {aranlula will be lonelg? Should I bug lwo
ot/ ti/ill

lhal lead lo olhet ptoblens?

to lhese queslions logether wilh gour pricelisl a brochute ang other rn{ornalion Aou n6A haue aboul latanlulas and delails o{ how {o gel lo shop {ron lhe cilg cendre.
would be gtale{ul
recerue lhe answer

lo

gour"

Yours {aith{ullg / Slrangelore

w22

UNIT 2

WW

FORMAL AND INFORMAL LANGUAGE ;rr:opriate style.

-:,,ose the best word or phrase from the alternatives in italics to complete this semi-formal letter in an

24 Oaklands Avenue

London
Cycling Holidays Ltd.

NE5 RE4

YorkYOl3 AR2
23 February

Dear Sir,

I am (1) writingldropping you a line to ask for (2) morelfurther information about the cycling holidays 1'ou (3) put onlorganize inthe Yorkshire Dales.

I (4) noticedlspottedyour (5) aduertladaertisementin the Yorkshire Tourist magazine and I was
pleasantly (6) surprisedltaken aback to see (7) the wide range/all the dffirent types of}l'oliday you have

offer.I (9) feel surelwouldn't mind betting that one of your holidays will (10) exactly what I am lookingforlsuit me down n the ground.
i8) for the takinglon

be

I would be (11) gratefullchuffed, therefore , (12) to getlto receiae a copy of your (13) latestlnewest brochure, (14) together withland don'tforget a booking form and price list. Looking forward to (15) haaing your replylhearingfrom you.
;l 6)
Re gard s I Yo ur s faithful$t,

^\. Reader

trriting:

formal letter

"L::'_line you work at Cycling Holidays Ltd. Write a reply of about 150 words to the letter above. You should: - use an appropriate formal letter layout

- thank the customer for their letter and enquiry - give information about availability, special offers, latest booking date, etc.

23w

AWord in your Ear

READING: Lexical cloze
For questions

l-18, read the three texts below and decide which answer (A, B, C or D) best fits

each gap.

Pleasure Zone
Reading is my ultimate pleasure, as it is very good for the soul and a great way

to (1)

I have a real

penchant for collecting vintage books. (2)

I scour

markets and vintage bookshops, particularly

those little tucked-away ones nobody ever seems to notice. Here you can browse and find something very sweet and inexpensive. My favourite books -possible, are those which (3) _ how people lived in the past such as and Peace, and old books about fashion. They are a

of inspiration to me because of my work as clothes designer, and I am fascinated by the time and effort which people used to put into dressing.

(4)

by the fireplace, in the hallway, next to my bed. They add to the character of any room and are always accessible to (6) into. Old books with plenty of character and good content appeal most to me - browsing through the musty-smelling pages transports me back in time. -

(5)

books all around the house

I A respite 2 AWhenever 3 A pretend 4 Abase 5 Apepper 6 Adip

B unwind B Whichever B project
C restore C However C propose C source

B spring
B litter
B pop

C scatter C slip

D unburden D Whoever D portray D root D clutter D drop

The Boy Reader

One of my earliest memories is that of a small boy sitting in our village street surrounded by a group of grey-whiskered old men. Bored and fidgety, his mind clearly (7) he is reading aloud in fluent sing-song voice, the news from a (8) newspaper. This boy and I were of one generation and we (9) _ the
same trick of enlightenment: we were both the inheritors, after centuries of darkness, of our country's first -, literate peasantry. My mother and father, the children of a coachman and a sailor, read well and were (10) self-taught. But their parents could do little more than spell out their names - which they were not (11) often to do - and if given a book were likely to turn it over in their hands, cough loudly, and (12) _ it aside.

n24
rffi$iw-@il

uNrT3

ffi

7 Asomewhat 8 Ahaggard 9 Ashared lO Agreatly ll A cut out 12 Alet

Bmeanwhile Btattered Bjoined Blargely B sent up Btake

Cotherwise Csplintered Csplit Cwidely C filled in Clay

Delsewhere

Dbuckled Dhalved Ddeeply D called on

Dhold

Thing of the Past?

The decline of the tlpewriter from ubiquitous business tool to museum (13)
certain advantages the

has been rapid. But despite

having been all but superseded by the computer, the old manual typewriter still has a few loyal fans. They point to

(14)

obsolete machine has over its speedy and versatile electronic rival. The first is

cost: why spend large sums on the latest hardware, software and printer, they (15)

if all you need to do is

Epe

a few letters or invoices? (16)

typewriters are immune to computer viruses, rarely crash and can be

used to print single labels and envelopes, which can be a fiddly job on some computer printers. But before you -, dash off in (17) of one, there is one small (18) -, to the typewriter; finding a shop that still sells them.

13 Aentry 14 Aapparently 15 Acounter 16 A On the other hand 17 Atrack l8 Adeadlock

Bpiece Bactually Bdispute B For instance B search Bdetriment

cpart Ceventually Cdisagree

C Be that as C

Dscrap

it

may

hunt Cdrawback

Deffectively Dargue D In addition D chase Ddisabililtv

bcabulary
nftm

each of the three texts, find words

which match the following meanings.

I 2 3 4 Boy Reader: 5 6 7 8 Thing of the Past?: 9 l0 ll L2 13 14

Pleasure

Zone:

liking look thoroughly for something not easy to find look around casually
a special

with a beard
unable to sit still
age

group

able to read and write

found everywhere replaced out of date and useless

able to do many different things

not affected by difficult to do practically

25@'

ilM

UNIT 3

For questions l-8, complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first sentence, using the word given. Do not change the word given. You must use between three and eight words including the wo given. Each new sentence should make use of the passive.

People say that ICrsty is friendly with a number of well-known celebrities.

said Ifirsty

with
think that Paul did a good job.

a number of well-known celebrities.

People generally

thought
Paul done a good job.

Most people consider Mr. Jarvis to be the best dentist in town.

widelv
Mr Jarvis
town's best dentist.

An unnamed source alleges that the President is about to get married. is the point of marriage. The
They ought to have informed us that the flight's departure would be delayed.

about
late departure of the flight.

nK

25

A rarge wasp orsllacteo t{re stuoents lrom tne leclure.

by
The

during the lecture.

Everyone believes that the wrong man was accused ol the murder.

widely
The

been accused of the murder.

Nobody had publicized the date of the meeting, so few people came.

been As the

few people bothered to come.

kvid

ffie*
*tlith

Se

his

tbatm
apostrophes to the following sentences where needed.

I 2 f 1 5 6 7 t I lO

well as ours. I havent bought anything for the twins birthday yet. It isnt the sort of thing that suits Bill and Fionas taste. The citys full of shops selling tomorrows fashions today.
Some childrens clothes are sold upstairs, others are to be found in teenage fashions.

Please dont waste everybody elses time as

Lindas appointment is at four oclock and Roberts follows hers, but youre not on todays list, Im afraid. well have to make sure that Mr. Peters watch says the same time as ours.
Its high time the sports club did something about its members changing facilities. Toms mothers house isnt as old as its appearance suggests; her neighbours houses are older. Theirs is the villages most beautiful garden, and theres no doubt its larger than anybody elses' too.
27

UNIT 3

HELP WITH SPELLING 3: Words

ending in y
earlier daily

You usually change a linal y to i when adding a suffix:

marry +
beauty
,o

marriage

beautiful
sn

earlYday +
aaaing ins,

;::':",;,j;:;*:
marry
marrying
tries

copy
bea

You usually change y to i when forming plurals or adding the third person

tly +

uty +

j:

beauties

N.B. Do not change y il it is preceded by a single vowel: boy' .*, , bcys ,' ,.., pay --+ pays Add a suffix to make nouns from these words.

valley ;

valleys

I 2 3 4 5 2

rely
deny apply nasty imply

6 7 8

LqL y

defy

l0

bully dry lovely

Make the following singular nouns plural. I toy 6 2 trolley 7 3 quarry 8 4 puppy 9 5 highway l0

holiday penny display

spy

fairy

VOCABULARY Similes
Choose one word from the box to complete the simile in each of the idiomatic phrases. One has been done for
rs an example.

black peas bright quick dad light pretty fresh fit srubborn right
0

There's no life left in that plant; it's

as dead as a dodo.
as a

I
2
3

Look at that old house; it's

as

picture.
as a daisy. as a

After a good long sleep, Edward felt as _ You have to be patient with Hilary, she's as

mule.
as

)
6 7 8 9

If you keep taking the medicine, you'll soon feel as _ After she'd taken out all the books, Muriel's bag felt as _

rain.
as a feather. as a

I'm not surprised that Sharon's doing well at school, she's

After all that exercise I feel as The brothers are as alike as two
as a

as

button.

DavidthrewopenthedoorandaS-asaflash,madeagrabforthejewelbox.
fiddle.

in a pod.
as

l0
l8

I think it's going to rain; the sky to the west is as _

ink.

UNIT 3

OF ENGLISH: Cloze passage ::is passage, a recently successful novelist talks about her careet. Fill each of the numbered gaps with one ble word from the box. The first one has been done for you as an example.

way indeed likely one as in between should do not since were

about rvhen who

My chequered career
Asachild,Idreamedofbeingawriter(0)whenIgrewup.ThewayIwent(1)-rea|iztngthiswas gettingajobinpublishingaSateenager.Andtoanyone(2)-thinksit'srrnfairthataliteraryagent
3)
.-an

have written a novel that's attracted quite a lot of attention, I would say'You can do it too. You too

go (4)

_publishing
but

at eighteen and type your

(5)

through contracts and things for

;;ears,learningaSyougo'.Butintruth,onlynow(6)-IfeelI,vegotan1thingtowriteabout. 7)-,Ithinksomethingwould-beyoungwriterstendtooverlookisthefactthatyourfirst1oveaffairas a student is fascinating to you,

(8)

necessarily to *re world outside.

\I1'great battle for the twenty years I've been running my own literary agency has been to fight the distinction

9)-so-calledliteraryandso-cal1edcommercia1fiction'Inmyview,anynovelnowregarded

10)-aclassiconlyhasthatstatusbecauseithassoldwellandcontinuously(11)-itwas
she writing today, Jane Austen 3ublished. I was screamed down on television once for saying that, (12) ;r-ould be writing just the sort of thing you pick up at airports. But I stick to my guns. A good story is

13)-whichgets(14)touchwithawideraudience.Themoreitdoesso,themore
15)-itistosurvive.So,whynotbeagoodwriterforpeoplewhopassthroughairports?

-Conrprehension
llfnr:je if each of the statements

l-lo reflects what the writer feels by writing Yes or No.

I 2 I 4 5 6 7 8 9

It was always my ambition to become a writer. I entered publishing at a secretarial level.

My first book was written when I was a student. Writers need to have some experience of life. It takes more than large sales to make a classic. I have been criticized for writing 'commercial' fiction.
Some people disagreed

with my comments about Jane Austen.

My writing was influenced by my knowledge of the publishing business. It worries me that I may have an unfair advantage over other writers.

29w

UNIT 3

l,URlTlNG: An

article

write an article for a student magazine on the topic of translating into English. Write a short article of about 300-150 words in which you talk about:
You have been asked to

- common problems encountered when translating from your - suggestions on how to avoid the most common mistakes - suggestions of books, materials, etc. that might be useful
Before writing,

language into English

think about your readers:

as

What information will be useful for them? How can you make the article interesting, as well What style should the article be written in?
Write your article.

informative?

GRAMMAR: Comparison and contrast

l-lo, write one sentence that contains all the information in the two sentences printed above it and tses the word or expression given to form a comparison or contrast. Do not change the word or expression
!-or questions

given.

I 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 lO

English makes great use of the passive. Some other European languages do not.

unlike

Computers save a lot of time. Learning to use a computer is very time consuming.

although
The demand for cookery books is rising. The demand for quiz books remains stable.

whilst

Our local bus service is very regular. Other areas are not so lucky.

comparison
It rained heavily for a short time. The garden party was a great success.

despite
Many people think eating out in Glasgow is expensive. Prices are actually quite reasonable. far from
James had a slight head cold. He sang beautifully at Jessica's wedding.

in spite of
The coach takes five hours to get to London. The train does it in two and a half hours.

whereas
You may dislike folk music very much.

I'm sure you'lllike this particular band.

however
Hill walking is tiring. Mountain climbing requires more concentration.
as

much

t0

uNtT3

NGr

Multiple choice

are going to read

two extracts which are both concerned in some way with the written word. For questions ;hoose the answer (A, B, C or D) which you think fits according to the text.

MIND 5{\-}LryT*reX
than retyping a document but, rather amazingly, it's one which offers an important insight into the untapped
potential that lies locked within our brains.

There can be few more mundane

tasks

The simple answer, of course, is practice

but what does this mean? In his recent

20

Ever since the first typewriters were introduced in the late 19th century,
10

psychologists have been intrigued by how typing speeds are far in excess of what would be expected. The reaction times of

il

the human brain are very fast - with a mere 250 milliseconds elapsing between the initial stimulus and the response - but this allows a typing speed of just 48 words per minute. How then do experienced typists readily achieve speeds two or three
times greater than this?

Robertson clarifies what is going on with the following simple example. Hold your left palm up towards you. Mentally number the fingers: forefinger 1, middle finger 2,ringfinger 3, little finger 4. Now look away from your hand and touch your fingers in the sequence 4-l-3-2-4. This will take you about two seconds; but repeat the sequence for 20 minutes a day, and within three weeks it will be down to a mere three-quarters of a second, because the amount of brain tissue involved expands as you get good at the finger dance. It's rather like the way that muscle bulk increases with exercise.

book Mind Sculpture, Ian

25

Which phrase does the writer use to underline the wider significance of typing speeds? A mundane task (line I ) B untapped potential (lines 4-5) C far in excess (line 78) D initial stimulus (line l3)
The example of the 'finger dance' shows that typing is

A B C D

a skill

with unlimited proficiency.

an unexplained anomaly for psychologists. an example of the brain's adaptability.

a

particularly mindless activity.

31w'
{

UNIT3

Book Review:

Pobby

ond Dingon by Ben Rice

Ben Rice's first novel is quirky, moving and completely unexpected. It will charm all but the most determined cynic, and at just 90 pages, is slim enough to fit into even the snuggest pocket.

The synopsis is unlikely to convince. Pobby and Dingan, loyal friends of Kellyanne, a lonely eight-year-old holed up in an isolated Australian opal-mining town, have disappeared. They will not be easy to find. They are imaginary. But they are real enough to Kellyanne, whose grief is so profound that she is wasting away. In desperation, her brother, the teenage Ashmol, who had previously jumped on the thin air supposedly
inhabited by Pobby and Dingan and called his sister names, realizes he must do something.
10

So, he cycles round the tiny town of Lightning Ridge, frantically organizing a search party. The resulting fable, narrated by Ashmol, effortlessly combines whimsy with surprising realism. Just when the story looks set to descend into farce, it clicks back into the real world of family

tragedy and small-town politics. It is strangely affecting.

According to the reviewer, the novel is

A B C D

surprisinglytouching. completelyridiculous. wholly unconvincing. unexpectedlyexciting.

Which phrase does the reviewer use to praise the author's writing style? A the most determined cynic (line 2) B the snuggest pocket (lines 1-2) c rhe resulting fable (lines I I ) D effortlessly combines (line I I ) Which word or phrase used later in the text re-enforces the idea that the book is 'quirky'? (line f ) A holed up (line 5) B whimsy (line li) C farce (line 12) D clicks back (line 12)

ww32

AFine Romance
IfiDING: Multiple choice
Auqu

;:: going to read an article

&ryLu

::s best according to the text.

about agony aunts. For questions

l-5,

choose the answer (A, B, C or D) which you

Tk

Summer, traditional time of moonlight and romance) is in the air and bookshops are bursting out all over with advice for those whose path is

d4^l t/,t u"I/^.r./

too, have been there in my time, and, more than once, believe me) made a mess of things,' she

strewn with briars. Agony aunts) marriage

counsellors and psychologists have rushed into

writes in her book, Tbn-point Plan for

an Llntroubled l:ife. 'I've sent letters I wished I hadn't

paroxysm

of print: how to

have

good

relationship, stay together, solve your problems, how to understand the opposite sex. They are the

relationship experts, dispensing understanding and advice to anyone who has hit a bad patch. To write about the pursuit of happiness is brave; to offer guidance is braver still. It betokens a confidence in their own opinion that some might call foolhardy. One cannot but ask who are these self-styled authorities? Do agony aunts

manage their lives and loves

with

equal

perception and professionalism, or is a fair share of strife essential to sympathy? Irma Kurtz makes no bones about calling herself an agony aunt. Hers is the common-sense counsel of an outspoken friend, freely dished out to thousands of readers in one of Britain's top

women's magazines. She claims no formal training, no favourite philosophy, no know-it-all dogma. As Irma says, 'Endless curiosity and an irrepressible compulsion to communicate what I'm thinking are probably the two highest qualifications for *ris job. Nosy and bossy in
other words.'

in my timer' she confides, 'I have been out with men I did not really love and loved men I did not really like much.' She is 59, and now relishes the richness of life in a tiny flat in London's $7est End; theatres and restaurants only a heartbeat away. The Tbn-Point Plan is a self-help book, she says. 'It's very important to have the confidence to solve your own problems and not immediately cry "help", because no one is more expert in your own experience than you, and I really think we are forgetting that.' 'I didn't expect to be on my own at 60. I never cared about marriage, but I always believed I d find this great love.' Twice she was deeply in Iove; 'The first time and the last time, like bookends. With the last one, ten years ago, I remember thinking, "Dear God, just get me out

of this in one piece and I'll never do it again,

never."'

That and empathy. Irma - wise, warm, funny, tolerant - is the first to admit how many of the problems which arrive in her postbag strike a chord, the last to take *re moral high ground. 'I

But this, as she is keen to point out, is only her experience, 'You can't assume that it will be everyone's; all it teaches you is the variety and possibility of life'. If there is one vital lesson to pass on, she says, it would be the importance of the essential. 'Keep in view what matters to you be it friendships, love or whatever - and don't let silly things get in the way. Listen to the music and
ignore the static.'

33w

UNIT4

A B C D 2

In the introduction, what point is the writer making about the type of book she mentions?
Sales are booming at the moment. They are attracting a lot of publicity. Some new titles have just appeared. Some surprising people are writing them.

The writer expresses a doubt about whether the people who write these books A have sufficient experience. B are suitably qualified. C lead happy lives themselves. D really understand the problems of others.

Irma I(urtz's approach can be described as based on A certain guiding principles. B interest in other people. C research into human behaviour. D a keen sense of humour.

A B C D 5 A B C D

Irma I(urtz admits that she has made mistakes in her life. she often turns to others for help. she is dissatisfied with her present life. she regrets not getting married.

What is Irma's principal piece of advice to people? Be open to life's possibilities. Don't look to others for help. Don't let love pass you by. I(now your own priorities.

Vocabulary
Find these words and expressions in the text. Paragraph numbers are given in brackets and one has been done for you as an example.

o an idiomatic phrase meaning full of (l) I a verb meaning to give out (l) 2 a verb meaning to suggest (21 3 an adjective meaning unwise (2) 4 a noun meaning dfficulty (Z) 5 an idiomatic phrase which means doesn't hesitate to admit (31 6 an adjective meanill:g frank and honest (3) 7 a phrasal verb meaning given (3) 8 a noun meaning a set of fixed ideas ()) 9 an adjective meaning unstoppable (3) lO an idiomatic phrase meaning remind (one) of something e) tl a verb meaning to enjoy very much (5\ L2 two adjectives both meaning very important (7)

bursting out aII over

m34

uNlT4

h of between 5O and 70 words, summarize in your own words as far as possible Irma Kurtz's towards problems in relationships, saying whether you agree with it or not.

l-8, complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first sentence, using given. Do not change the word given. You must use between three and eight words, including the
It's not often that one's lucky enough to meet such a famous writer. chance

Seldom
count
Hardly

meet such a famous writer.

Aknost nobody keeps a record of how many cups of coffee they drink a year. the number of cups of coffee they drink a year.

We had only just taken our coats off when the film began.

tJran Hardly
You scarcely ever see owls during the daytime.

the film began.

rarely
ff-I*t

during the daytime.

I have never had such an uncomfortable journey in my whole life. have

Never such an uncomfortable journey.

You don't often get offered an opportunity Iike that.

GDInE

Rarely t
no
Under

your way.

This envelope shouldn't be opened under any circumstances.

opened.

I only realized what I'd said when I happened to see her face. caugh t Only I realize what I'd

said.

35n

UN|T4

HEIP WITH SPELLING 4: Common errors

Some pairs of words which sound the same, or very similar, are often confused: principle
+ +

principal
a brake a break
advice advise

a general law or truth most important thing or person stops your car or bicycle an interval, or something's broken

+ anoun + a verb

Choose the correct spelling from the alternatives in brackets in each of these sentences.

I 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 l0 ll L2

I think we have to go back to first (principles/principak) to understand this problem. There's been a (brake/break)-in at the shop; lots of money has been stolen. Let me give you some (advice/advise).

For (dessert/desert\ there is either ice-cream or fruit salad. Be careful not to (loose/lose) your button, it looks abit (loose/lose) to me. Tanya has put in hours of (practise/practice) since getting her own piano. The traffic was completely (stationery/stationary) during the hold-up on the motorway. I can't decide (weather/whether) to take an umbrella today. It was (quiet/quite) a nice skirt, but not really what Sarah was looking for.
We (past/passed) John3 old school on the way to the bank. The building}:.ad (formally/formerly) been used as a barn before being turned into a house. I thought I recognized the man who came and sat (beside/besides) me on the bus.

Do you know what the other words mean? Use your dictionarv to check.

USE OF ENGLISH:

Word-building cloze

For questions l-lo, read the text below. Use the word given in capitals at the end of some of the lines to form word that fits into the space in the same line. There is an example at the beginning (0).

Anger
Anger is one of the most commonly-felt emotions, and it can get us into hot water - whilst (O) bottling things up only makes matters
worse. So should you do more than simply gnash your teeth?

BOTTLE

Shouting,swearing,andhitting(r)-objectsliketablesand
doors are common responses to accumulated

ANIMATE
FRUSTRATE

(2)

Losing

your temper is, however, likely to be little more than a temporary

(3)-foryourfeelingsandu]timatelymayleadtohumiliationLET
rather than vindication.

in check. The (4) of our reaction to any event, however, will often depend on our (5) For if parents scream or fall into awkward silences when they are cross, their offspring will probably do the same. (6) a child may be wary of anger precisely because one of its parents had an (7) _temper.
So, we learn to hold our emotions

EXTEND BRING
CONVERSE

CONTROL

s[

36

UNIT4 there are no hard and fast rules for how best to deal with 'ager, burying it inside is probably the least (8) _ method. lhysical release through exercise can be (9) _, however, and :my a tense situation in a (fO) has evaporated thanks to epillow or water fight. On the other hand, you could get it out dyour system by just writing it all down in your diary.

PRODUCT WORTH RELATE

a narrative
article will

for young people has asked readers to send in articles with the title 'The day I really lost my temper'. win aprize - a free Caribbean holiday! The article should explain what made you angry, how and how you feel about it now.

article (350 words).

*nfrat made you angry in the first place -how your anger grew
how you expressed your anger how people responded how you felt afterwards
these expressions:

37-

_l
I I I

UNIT4
given. I

For questions l-8, complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first sentence, using the I word given. Do not change the word given. You must use between three and eight words, including the wol
I

Tom and Carly had their wedding on a Friday

sot

evening. evening.

I I I I
I I

Tom and

Carly
for the

Jane was blamed

sot
The person

mistake.

_ upset

Jane.
upset. yesterday
from his teacher

I
I
I
I I I
I

3
4

Rosy is very easily

set
It

doesn't

Terry's teacher told him off seriously

Terry 5
6
After ten minutes, waiting began to depress

sot

yesterday.
minutes.

fed

I(athy.
after she'd been waiting ten

IGthy

nerves It
7

When Liz talks about herself like thar it really irritates

me.

ralks abour herself like

that.

I find all this talk of mariral disharmony very

down. 8 We'll have to hurry up if we're going to catch that bus.

All this

sets

depressing.

talk

I
I

move

I
I

If we're going

to

0n.

Although my neighbours are rather reserved, I'd like us to be friendlier. get Although they're rather reserved, I'd like
better.

my neighbours

lO Simon should let a dentist fix that broken rooth.

seen Simon should to by a dentist.

m38

UNIT4

d,:ADING: Gapped text

i.ead this extract from a story. Seven paragraphs have been removed from the extract. Choose from the :aragraphs A-H on page 40 the one which fits each gap (f-7). There is one extra paragraph which you do not

:eed to use.

Mrq'::: Kett was hanging about a little way down the nm'n,al :.rm our house, pretending to be doing something ml Ir: rike. If I had not recognized him, I would have fiitr: rr::zed his bike anywhere, a birthday present from lilh# r-i:dnts whose perception of their son clearly differed l&mq'r :rl own. It was blue and white with turned-down llhrLi-iDirrS and the lines of a cheetah poised to spring ilnm{ri ::} unsuspecting gazelle.

He patted Bagshaw, for that was the donkey's name, on the muzzle like an old friend, shooed the flies away from

his eyes, and even snagged his new pullover on the barbed wire and didn't seem to care. If I was, to be honest, a little put out by this level of vivacity, never triggered by my presence, it was as nothing to my annoyance at the donkey's response.
5

Wrrr .,"-d

hello to each other and were. as

usual,

ummt::ately at a loss for words. I think I said something - - iking his pullover, which was a dazzling new lnlrLr:T: :dnd-knitted one in cable-stitch, Going bright red * ri:::r lt came to blushing there was not much to whr ,.'i. b,etween us - he told me his Aunt Mabel had iliilhrrrr::i it for him. To break the painful silence which ]ifurlr,:,,:r",;l this information I mentioned that I was on the ,wi$r ., :eed a donkey.

Bagshaw purred, Bagshaw simpered, Bagshaw fluttered his long eyelashes at Robert Kett in away that was quite disgusting. I might as well have not been there at all. 'It

,ml

takes one donkey to recognize another', I thought ferociously, but I remained uncomforted. My faithless lover then turned to me and demanded'Is that all there is?'Though the answer must have been plain to see where, for heaven's sake, did he think I kept extra bread? I burst into tears.
6

'" .*:'ed in a depressive quiet down to the cross-roads. ll :*: ,, rg ago resigned myself to the sad recognition that - :n -:-: circles I frequented at any rate - people did not {iffiilfffl] ::ie rvith either the wit or the high seriousness they ilnfr,,ir-,.rir- exhibited in books. Even so, with nothing but 4[,L-tr \iabel's pullover between us and silence, I could
'lW,',r

It was masterly done. The shock of it dried my tears instantly. The destruction so utter as to preclude
pettifogging worries about whether or not the damage could be repaired. Even as the boy stood staring down unbelievingly at his front, the nothingness enlarged itself. It seemed that breathing was enough to send more stitches into oblivion, more wool unravelling, more cables untwisting themselves.
7

1 r:-t feeling that we had touched rock bottom. ffi1r,4il 1", .r. once we got into the back path things got even im(' -i: For Robert I(ett grew fussy and I could never
tmrLr,

,.flilmrrrltr

-:

sSineSS.

l.i:-

--: .s

I hated fuss, I felt sufficient sympathy for my

{il{rirrnt:":it,on
llMru

in his obvious distress to suggest that he and change their minds about accompanying me -;le lMilvITr-- :ld retreat to the safety of made-up roads. Robert
.'
lffioc'1

, :cfusal to withdraw may have demonstrated

,glr:l:r' -:q desire for my company despite all danger, il{fir]r-i -: irad not said: 'It's ages since I saw a donkey.'

if

Red with the effort of stifling my laughter, I helped Robert I(ett divest himself of the mangled remains of his pullover - not easy because some of the loose strands of wool had wound themselves around the buttons of the shirt he wore underneath. 'Hang on a moment,' I said as I pressed close against his chest, working at getting the buttons free. I hadn't heard footsteps or the gate opening, but suddenly I heard a voice inquiring icily: 'What on earth is going on?'

39w

UNIT4

A $7hen Robert Kett demanded in a high-pitched voice, '\ilfhat am I going to tell Auntie?'I took charge, the way, it seemed to me, girls often had to when
She'll knit you another. Women always buy more wool than they need, she'll be glad of a reason to use it up.'
faced with boys' inability to cope. .Tell her you lost it.

much as a hoof on the gleaming object of Robert Kett's affections. However, my relief when Robert Kett had the good sense ro lay his bicycle on the ground rather than prop it against the wire fence was
short-lived.

I silently implored my four-legged friend not to lay so

It seemed *rat none of the householders cared. a deal about the state of the hedges which flanked path, for with spring passing into summer, the roses had grown prodigiously, the brambles over the pathway or snaking thornily along ground with the express aim, surely, of trippi the unsuspecting passer-by. As a place for picki scratches on the beautiful blue and white enamel new bike, it took a lot of beating.
Here was I who had been feeding the wretched day after day without receiving as much as a in return) and here was a complete stranger mov

effortlessly

to take over the heart which

I had seen - nor ever expected to see Robert Kett riding his machine with the panache it deserved. He seemed happiest quietly pushing it along, himself padding alongside in a submissive way that did not make it entirely clear which of the two was in charge.
Not that
embarrassed me, Robert Kett or the donkey, but only the latter had

there were any justice in the world, belong to me.

I was not conscious of framing ttris comment in form of an invitation, but he took it as one. and I not contradict him. It was such a relief to di purpose for our being together.
Robert Kett and the donkey liked each other i It was love at first sight. My titular boyfriend took donkey in a way I had never seen him take to Undaunted by the large yellow tee*r that made prefer to throw bread down in the ground rather risk my fingers, Robert fearlessly held out lumps bread for the animal to snuffle up with its slobbery

D I don't know which of us was the most

the sense to do something about it. pushing his head even further than usual through the strands of barbed wire, he first rubbed his nose affectionately against Robert's new pullover, then, opening his mouth wide, champed his teeth with an audible .clack' down on Aunt Mabel's handiwork and bit a large piece out of it.

Some words which you may not know can be guessed from their context. Look at the following phrase the text:
He. . . even snagged his new pullover on the barbed wire..

(fifth paragraph of the main text In this phrase, 'on the barbed wire'makes the meaning of 'snagged, clear.
For extracts

l-9,

decide which phrase (A, B or C) best describes the meaning of the word or phrase in

From the main part of the text on page 39:

First paragraph 'Robert Kett was hanging about a little way down the road..., (clue - read ahead to the end of the sentence)
hanging

aboutmeans

A B C

spending a lot of time in a place or with a person waiting near a place with no particular purpose

giving careful attention to something

n40

uNlT4

rc

Second paragraph 'when it came to blushing there was not much to chose between us...' ldue - read back a few words)
blushing

means

A B C

not quite telling the whole truth not being able to think of anything to say
becoming red in the face because of embarrassment

Third paragraph 'I could never abide fussiness.' (clue - read ahead to the beginning of the next section)
abide

means A B C A B C

bear

comprehend
refuse

Fifth paragraph 'He... shooed the flies away from his eyes...' (clue

- 'from his eyes')

shooedmeans

made

powerful pushing movement with his hands aimed a violent kick at an animal/person made a sound or movement to an animal to send it away
a

Fifth paragraph 'If I was, to be honest, a little put out...' (clue - read ahead to the end of the sentence)
put out

means A

upset impressed puzzled

B C a

eom the paragraph options A-H:

Paragraph C '...riding his machine

with

t}:.e panache

it deserved.' (clue - read ahead to the next sentence)

panachemeans

A B C

contempt
respect

style

Paragraph C '...himself padding alongside in a submissive way...' (clue sentence)

submissive means

read ahead to the end of the

A B C

forgetting one's purpose or reason yielding to the authority of others giving away no outward sign of emotion

Paragraph E '...the hedges w}ric}r flanked t}:'e

pathway') lanked

path...' (clue - read ahead to 'the brambles arching over the

means A

completely covered

B C ,

ranparallelto
were on either side of

Paragraph E' ...sratcheson the beautiful blue and white enamel...' (due - read back to 'wild roses... brambles... snaking thornily...')
scratches

means

A B C

dirty marks that don't easily come off bits of vegetation left on a surface damage to a surface made by something sharp

41xr

UNIT4

HELP WITH PUNCTUATION 4:

lnverted commas

ffi:: ;#i:T:::::,
'Hang an o

words which somebody said

i *#r'f: :*tiru#;f*u,,...,-,
^o*tl'o r'qt,f,rrh

.,.,

ff,i#,,{i#ltr:nT!;,;:t;nirlxy;r

everybody. whar,s been going o n?

N.B. other punctuation marks usually come inside the inverted commas. Add all the necessary punctuation to this short piece of narrative.

Robert looked down at the hole in his pullover what ayn I going to tell auntie he said tell her you lost it I suggested shell knit you another Robert didnt look conztinced and was trying to take off remains of his pulloaer hang on a molnent I said itl help you I hadnt heardfootsteps or the gate opening but suddenly I heard miss Lockes aoice enquiring icily what on earth is going on here

the

USE OF ENGLISH: Gapped sentences

For questions

l-5, think

of one word only which can be used appropriately in all three sentences.

The couple walked along in silence, each at a complete for words. The company made a on the retail side of its business last year. The of Joe Trent through injury affected the team's performance greatly.

Richard and Diana, who've been going out for years, have just decided to up. _ The three charities involved decided to the proceeds of the concert equally. As she crossed the road, Barbara's plastic bag and the potatoes rolled off in all directions. --

Shouting is one way to vent to your emotions. we will not print any announcements which may -

offence to third parties.

Inanargument,it,simportantto-asgoodaSyouget.

At the end of a long day, we decided to _ the road and head for home. claire has not really it off with her new- manager at work. Dan has been very hard by Sally's decision to call off their engagement.
to you which of the four alternative ways of paying you choose. I'm getting rather fed _ with so many rows in the office.

5 It's

I'm not

really

to dealing with the problem at the moment. Can we discuss it later?

1wffi42

AllRight on the Night

llmMAR: Clauses with whatever, however etc.
rr'

n,i':s:ions

mffi
llUT'"

r-,'en. Do

l-8, complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first sentence, using the not change the word given. You must use between three and eight words, including the word

\\-hatever it may cost, I'm determined to complete the project.

much
i{owever
,

I'm determined to complete the project.

It may make him unpopular, but John never abandons his principles.

sticks
However to his principles.

Gloria has been in many types of films, but always seems to play the same character.

appears 'r\hatever

, she always seems to play the same character.

I: doesn't matter which road you take, they all end up at the same place. lead 'r{hichever you to the same place.

i: doesn't matter where you go in the city, you're sure to see examples of modern architecture. rhere
"r\-herever

examples of modern architecture to be seen.

n reminded of Marilyn it
*

Monroe every time I see Sally in that dress.

of Marilyn Monroe.
set the alarm.

,\-henever

lhe last person to leave the building should rvhoever

^he alarm

building last.

he composer who writes the best song

will conduct the orchestra.

the best song.

rvhichever lhe orchestra

43w

UNIT5

SPETLING AND PRONUNCIATION 1 Complete each of the sentences with one word from the box.

though through thought throughout thorough tough troughs distraught

I
2

He was always a very

person, no stone was ever left unturned.

t
4
5

that counts. It doesn't matter how much you spend on a present, it's the to his secretarv? I'm sorry, Mr. Jones is not in the office today, could I put you on Marion, having to walk all that way with such a heavy bag. It's rather The history of the business has really been a long series of peaks and the match. Ttacv tried not to think about what she would do with the prize money if won. The young couple lookedvery
Tired

7 8 2

when they learned that their new car had been stolen. he was, Mike was determined to cycle to the next village before nightfall.

Put the words in the box into one of three lists, according to how the final sound is pronounced. The each list should rhyme with one of the words below the box.

taught draught sought trough enough ought fraught tough laughed nought rough coughed caught distraught
port /pc:ti craft /kro:ftl stuff /st^f/

Some words sound the same, but have different spellings depending on the meaning. For each sentence, choose the correct form from the alternatives given. One has been done for you as an example. 0

I
2
3

He sighted/cilgdan old textbook as his main source of reference. What sortlsought ol car will you buy next? The tennis players walked on to the caught/courtjust after two o'clock. They arrived at the race course/coarse just in time to see the first race. The weather was really fowl/foul, so they turned back after a while. Jason is hoping to become the next teenage pop idle/idol. I(nowing that the burglar alarm was fitted to the house gave the family great piece/peace of mind

4
5

6
7

8 9

r0

they were away on holiday. Her son's appealance on TV was a great sauce/source of pride for Mrs. Berkeley. Sharon has been to choose the bridal/bridle gown for her wedding next spring' The cinema was so full that people were sitting in the kle/aisle. I can't bear/bare to see scenes of violence on TV. I have to switch it off.

Do you know what the other words mean? Use a dictionary to check.

lJ44

UNIT5;
Lexical cloze
at the first paraglaph of this text. Read it quickly. One phrasal verb is used four times in this paragraph. you find it? what does it mean? at the first paragraph more closely and put an article, either a, an or the done for you as an example.

in

each of the gaps

l-16.

One has

Who's a Pretty Plant Then?

are named after the great and
. Sometimes (4)

(O) the

good, the worthy and (f

greatest honours that can be bestowed upon anyone is to have (3)

person is famous and

(5)

naming of (6)

wealthy. Indeed, one of plant named after plant is

natural succession to popularity and public acclaim. Actors, singers, dancers, royalty, and latterly plant named after (S) _ television news-reader, have all been honoured by having (9) -_ plant has become individual has had no public profile, but (f f ) On occasion, (10) that we feel we know them. Few people are likely to recognize (f2) apple named after her, (fa) but most will have heard of (I3) person famous. case of the plant making (16)
so

C or

name of Maria Ann famous Granny Smith;

read the rest of the article and for questions gap.

1745, choose the answer (A, B,

D) which best fits

!rciils gone by, it was not always easy to determine that a plant had been named in honour of a person, surely considered to be very chic, (f8) the name became Latinized. This was, (17)
a socialite or an academic

would have known that the Liliummackliniae immortalized Jean Macklin, the

rrile of a famous botanist.

-,

hrecent times, this practice has died out and now when a plant is named after a person it is clear for is a fitting tribute to the broadcaster, frrryone to see. The beautiful patio rose Anna Ford, (l9l former Nottingham Forest football manager, Brian Clough, is fted with a luminous, P) _
-orange exhibition sweet pea.

illl) _

who decides upon those who should be honoured in such away? There are no hard and fast (22) _for the most part, plants are named by their breeders or originators, either as an honour to near and dear, or as a mark of respect for the famous. But there are commercial undertones. If you launch a new rose named after a really popular celebrity at a flower show and get that peison to attend,
the press coverage received is enormous.

ten
mB)

_,

mpany, hnour for the person concerned

if you decide to name your sweet pea after Barry Dare, the former Managing Director of your as Unwins Seeds of Cambridge did recently, then the commercial value is little. (24t , the
is great, recognizing as

it does the affection of the staff.

is always possible to buy a new variety and

nobody is interested in naming a plant after you, (25)

bve it named

yourself. This is common practice amongst commercial companies, especially with roses,

lilere

-it names hke TJtphoo Tea, Benson andHedges Gold andYorkhire Bankserve as good advertisements. If you
45

cm come up with the cash, then you can buy the name rights to a new unnamed variety and name it after or a member of your family.

uNtT5

17 A however 18 Aotherwise 19 A for example 20 Aindeed 2l ASo 22 A Wherein 2, A Therefore 24 A owing to 25 Atherefore
Reference skills

albeit Bbut B nonetheless Bwhen BAlrhough B For instance B on the other hand B providing Bhowever
B

therefore Cdespite
c
C on the other

D for example

Dor

hand D however Cwhile Dthereby cLikewise DSrilr C If D But C Otherwise D By all means c Despite D However Cyet Dthen

Look back at these words and phrases which are in bold in the text. In each case say what each word or phrase referring to. One has been done for you as an example.

O them (line 3) = I This (line I I 2 this practice (line 14) = ] such a way (line 18) = 4 that person (line 2I ) = 5 the person concerned (line 25) = 6 This (line 27) 7 where (line 28) 8 yourself (line 30)
)

anyone

Vocabulary
Look back at the extract and find words that mean the following. Paragraph numbers are given in brackets and o has been done for you as an example.

0 I 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

a verb meaning to give slmeone an honour

(l)

bestow

noun meaning approval (I\ an adverb meaning recently (Il

a a phrase meaning sometimes a phrase

(I)

meaning in the past (2) an adjective meaning stylish (2\ an adjective meaning appropriate (3\ a verb meaning honoured (31 a phrase meaning fixed (4)
a phrase

meaningfind the money (6)

Summary
In
a paragraph of between 50 and 7o words, summarize by which a new plant might get its name.

in your own words

as

far as possible, the various wa

w46

UNIT5

questions l-6, complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first sentence, using word given. Do not change the word given. You must use between three and eight words, including word given.

a)o you know Mrs. Tfout's phone number, Liz?' asked Darren.

whether
Darren

Mrs. Ttout's phone number.

'Could you pass me the newspaper please, Patty?' asked her father.

him
Patty's

the newspaper.

think it's going to be a day to remember,' said the sports commentator. was
The sports commentator said he

memorable dav.

I'll

have to ring you back later, Tom, there's somebody knocking at the door,' said WiIIiam. Iater, as there was somebody knocking at the

would
William said
door. The receptionist said to me,

'I'm

sorry, but would you mind repeating your surname please?'

asked The receptionist

repeatrng my surname.

'\Mould you be able to phone Fiona for me please, Terry?' asked Zoe.

if
Zoe asked

phone Fiona for her.

47n

READING: Lexical cloze For questions l-12, read the following extracts from two reviews
answer (A, B, C or D) best fits each gap.

of the same new restaurant and decide which

Eating in Sleaze
The trouble with many London restaurants is that more planning seems to go into what's on the walls than
goes

into what goes on the plates. And, sadly, that is what (f )

a

one about the new restaurant called

Sleaze.

It

lot, which is what you'd expect from the owner, Johnny Price who, after all, has created a number of fabulously fashionable eating places around the city. He's certainly been clever in designing Sle As you walk into the two-storey building, you feel as if you're back in the 1970s. (l) _ on the walls
(2)

advertising (4)

that decade, the floors are covered in hexagonal tiles, and the seating is mostl
sofas.

built-in circular

But strangest of-from back of the restaurant, behind a glass wall, are the gleaming tanks of a working all, at the (5) brewery. Four of the beer are on sale, and it's not bad! It's certainly a fun environment that makes a good talking (6) _ throughout the meal.

I 2 3 4 5 6

Ablows Apromises APlastered Ascenes Abranches Amatter

Bknocks Bwarns

Cthumps Canticipates BSplattered CPeppered Bimages Csnaps Bvarieties Cstrains Bfocus Cpiece

Dstrikes Dthreatens DSmothered Dicons Dsorts

Dpoint

Sleaze by name...
My dinner (7) off to an excellent start, with an appetizer of wood-roasted vegetables. But for the main course, I made the (8) of ordering a salmon dish. It was more than an hour before it arrived. My dining partner, himself a chef, took one (9) _ and told me it was off. I sliced into it and sure - undercooked. I sent it back and when it (fO) enough , it seemed to reappear after another l0 minutes, settled tor apizza topped withmozzarella, pesto and rocket. It was delicious.

Surprisingly pleasant also was my dessert of basil and mascarpone ice-cream with stewed rhubarb. In the end (f l) _, the dinner had taken three times longer than it should have done. The only taste in my moud when I saw the bill was a bitter one. Our meal for two (12) to the princely sum of f,62 without
service.

7 8 9 lO Il 12

A A A A A A

took slip stink

missed despite

arrived

B B B B B B

got mistake
sneeze

C went C choice

failed

moreover
came

C C C C

sniff happened therefore reached

D D D D D D

made
fuss

snout waited however got

rc44

UNIT5

these statements are TFue or False, according to either writer's opinion.

f,ftought the restaurant was going to be very good.

appearance of the restaurant is very impressive.

&brewery

is an unnecessary distraction.

,kt

of the food I ordered was disappointing.

that the service could have been better. restaurant offers good value for money.
read the reviews, what rating out of ten do you think the restaurant deserves under these headings? 2 service
3 food

4 drink

5 value

irthe topic of each paragraph in the reviews?

3
5

4 paragraph of the two reviews, what is the balance between:

of the restaurant or food?

writer's opinion of the restaurant or food?

t
4 would you expect to find pieces of writing like this?

&

you think is likely to read them?

rould you

describe the style in which they are written?

A rcview

asked by a local English-language magazine which is read by English-speaking visitors and your home area, to write a review of two different restaurants; one which you would recommend, you would not. Write your review (300-350 words).

farget readers they want to know style you should adopt !o make the review interesting

fwo separate reviews, or one longer piece which compares the two places?

kind of language could you use to make comparisons? would the paragraphs be organized?

49r

UNIT 5

READING:

Multiple choice

You are going to read three extracts which are all concerned in some way with entertainment. For questions choose the answer (A, B, c or D) which you think fits best according to the text.

CD of the Week
If
music weren't important, none of this would
matter. A Clovis album wouldn't be something to tie yourself up in knots over, pondering such vital

Those who loved the sorrow-tinged yet breezy tunes on their first album will be just as satisfied

by this latest offering, their third

album.

10

regular boys, just like the friends you call at 6.00 pm on Friday night in the almost certain knowledge that they'll have nothing better to do than join you for a couple of drinks or a film. No, that doesn't satisfy either. The advantage of the band's plainness, however,

questions as: what do we want from our pop stars? Attitude, glamour, volatile behaviour which we watch from afar, fascinated, appalled, enraptured? No thanks. Or the Clovis model -

is that you know what to expect from them.

Listening to this CD is like coming home from travelling the world to find your slippers by the bed, and your favourite mug waiting for you in the cupboard. Everything in its place, and as you remember. They'll never disappoint you because they never make claims for themselves. '\7e're a band for ordinary people,' says their lead singer, and there's nothing defensive in this claim. But I know what I want from an album and Clovis, for all their unquestionable proficiency, don't have as much as a teaspoon of it!

I In the writer's view, the new CD by the band

Clovis

A B C D

has been unfairly criticized.

contains rather uninspiring music.

will not live up to the fans' expectations.

is disappointing compared to their other albums.

Which phrase from the text best reveals the writer's opinion of the band members? A volatile behaviour (line 5) B regular boys (line 8) C sorrow tinged (Iine 15) D nothing defensive (line 25)

Sound of the Seventles

In the 1970s the keyboard instrument known as the Moog synthesizer seemed like the epitome of futurism. Readers of a certain age will recall that these wieldy, multi-switched devices not s only looked like they belonged in a NASA mission control centre, but they emitted impressive-sounding drones and bleeps into the bargain. Playing one seemed to require a degree in engineering, and unconventional musicians 10 sucn as brran bno and Kraftwerk used;;" -For thts was rock music's cutting edge.
Now, over 30 years after its invention, the instrument's digital successor continues to underpin the score in seminal pop anthems. But playing an original Moog is a different experience from scrawling through the computerized menus of the modern digital keyboard. Like old guitars, each Moog had its own personality that came from having been individually-designed on a workbench. This meant they had to be warmed up before you could go beserk on the buttons.
l
2r

n ,- the Despite -1 cost (about d3'000 second-hand' plus a further d300 for retuning)' the pleasure of owning a working classic will far outweigh any derived from the flat, bland-sounding result of playing the latest digital models.

2:

ffi50

UNIT5 ''\-:t

{ B C D .{ B tr D

rh phrase from the text best summarizes the status of the Moog synthesizer in its early years? epitome of futurism (lines 2-3) impressive-sounding drones and bleeps (line 7) seminal pop anthems (line 14) go beserk on the buttons (line 22)
purpose is to compare two different t}pes of musical instrument. argue in favour of certain techniques in instrument making. encourage readers to invest in an antique instrument. take a nostalgic look at a period of musical history.

-- ::lis extract, the writer's main

Notes to accompany the CD boxed set

This is probably the most starry Verdi recording so far this century. There have been more important releases of the composer's works in recent years in terms of rarity value, but it looks unlikely that there will be an opera set to match this one for sheer musicianshio for some time to
come.

less than wholly successful stage production lres behind the recording. This Faktaff started

life at a spring music festival in

Germany,

conducted by Colin Baldacci, but without singer Griff Berwyn, who was unable to appear at the

last minute. Then the production showed up again at a summer festival in Salzburg, with Berwyn singing, but Baldacci no longer scheduled to conduct. So these CDs, recorded in Berlin a year later, present a souvenir of a cast that never quite managed to get it together in the theatre. Never mind: it is the standard of the end result, rather than any sense of live occasion, that matters here. I'm sure that if Verdi were alive to hear what one of today's top orchestras can achieve with this miraculous score) it would probably leave him open-mouthed. They have indeed done him proud.

l:re writer praises this recording for A its imaginative interpretation of Verdi's music. B the inclusion of less well-known works by Verdi. C its faithful recreation of a memorable live production. D the exceptionally fine performances it brings together.

lhe writer

suggests

that if Verdi could hear this CD, he would be

A B C D

disappointed with aspects of it.

full of admiration for it. unable to recognize his own work. unsure of how to react to it.

51W"

Tip of my Tongue
READING:

Multiple choice
l-7,

You are going to read an extract from a book about memory. For questions which you think fits best according to the text.

choose the answer (A, B, C or D

THE MAKING OF MEMORY

Memories are our most enduring characteristic. In old age we can remember our childhood g0 or more years ago; a chance remark can conjure up a face, a nameJ a vision of sea or mountains once s seen and apparently long forgotten. Memory defines who we are and shapes how we act more closely than any other aspect of our personhood. All of life is a trajectory from experienced past to

human memories are not embedded in a computer, they are encoded in the brain, in the ten:s billion nerve cells that comprise the human cerebrum - and the connections and pathways between these cells. Memories are living processes, which become transformed, imbued with new meanings each time we recall them. 40 Most of us worry that we have a poor memory, that we forget faces, vital appointments. yet *re scale and extent of what any one of us can remember are prodigious. Imagine sitting down and looking at a photograph for a few seconds. as Then another, then another. Suppose that a week later I show you the photographs again, each accompanied by a new, different one, and ask you to say which you had seen before. How many photographs do you think you could iden_ so tify correctly before your memory ran out or you
became confused? \7hen I asked my colleagues in the lab, their guesses ranged from 20 to 50. yet when the experiment is done in reality most people can identify accurately at least 10,000 differ-

unknown future, illuminated only during the ro always receding instant we call the present, the moment of our actual, conscious experience. yet our present appears continuous with our past, grows out of it, is shaped by it, because of our capacity for memory. It is this which prevents rs t}le past from being lost, as unknowabie as the future. It is memory which thus provides time with its arrow. For each of us, our memories are unique. you can lose a limb, have plastic surgery, tid.,.y

ening. Advocates of cryonics, that Californian fantasy of quick-freezing the dead until future advances in medical technology can bring thern :o back to life, recognize this; they propose a com_ puter backup store for the frozencorpse's mem_

" zo transplant or a sex-change operation, yet you are still in an important sense recognizably yourself as long as your memories persist. We know who we are) and who other people are, in terms of memory. Lose your memory and you as you) 2s cease to exist, which is why clinical cases of amnesia are so endlessly fascinating and fright_

ss

ent photographs without showing any signs of 'running out'of memory capacity.

ories which may somehow be read into the revived body at a future time. But our own

those tlrings which we have reason to believe are important for our future survival? If that were so, then to have a perfect memory would not be a

Do we then really forget at all? Are all our past experiences, as some schools of psychoanalysis maintain, encoded in some way within our 60 brains, so that, if only we could find the key to accessing them, every detail of our past would become as transparent to us as is the present moment of our consciousness? Or is forgettine functional, so that we record and rememblr orl! os

r'e&e

52

UNIT6

':

help but

hindrance in our day-to-day existence, and the long search for techniques or drugs to improve our memory - a search which goes back far into antiquity - would be at best a chimera.
a

rate of one every second, it would take you anything from three to thirty million years to complete your tally. Enough here perhaps to store the memories of a lifetime...

-:

i:

.:

.\bove all, how do we remember? How can the subtleties of our day-to-day experiences, the joys and humiliations of childhood, the trivia of last night's supper or the random digits of a passing car's numberplate become represented within the mix of molecules, of ions, proteins and lipids that make up the ten billion nerve cells of our brain? It is hard enough to envisage such a great number of cells, it is enough to note that each human brain contains getting on for ttree times as many nerve cells as there are people alive on the earth today, and that if you were to begin counting the connections bet'rveen them at the

And yet there is a problem. During

human life-

time every molecule of our body is replaced

many times over, cells die and are replaced, the connections between thern are made and broken thousands, perhaps millions of times. Yet despite this great flux which constitutes our biological existence, memories remain. No memory within

a computer could survive such a complete turnover of all the machine's constituent parts. Somehow just as the shapes of our bodies persist despite the ceaseless ebb and flow of their molecular components, so do our memories, embedded in the structure and processes of the brain.

100

it

h-v is memory described as our most enduring :haracteristic? A Old people can remember details of their

B C D
t

own childhood. It provides a link between our past and our

future. All our actions and behaviour are products of our memory. It is an individual characteristic, unknowable to other people.

How might having a perfect memory be a problem? A We would confuse present and past. B We would remember a lot of irrelevant things. C We would need to take drugs to maintain it. D We would exhaust the amount of memory available. According to the author, the human brain differs from a computer because of A the amount it can store. B the speed at which it operates. C the range of material it can process. D its ability to renew itself.
The expressions flux, turnover, and ebb and flow are all used in the final paragraph to describe

iet'rple are fascinated by cases of amnesia

lecause

-{ B C D
'.1

it is a highly unusual condition. it represents a loss of individual identity. it can be brought on by routine medical
treatment. they are afraid that others will not recognize them.

hat doubts does the author have about :r-onics? A It oversimplifies the problem. B It originated in California. C It is completely unscientific. D It is too reliant on computers.

A B C D

a rate of change. the consequences of change. a state of change. problems associated with change.

d i{hat is shown by the experiment using

thotographs? A Memory can easily be improved. B We worry unnecessarily about our memory. C We underestimate our memory. D The human memory is very powerful.

53m

UNIT 6

Vocabulary
Look back at the extract and find words that mean the following. Paragraph numbers are given in br has been done for you as an example.

O an adjective meaning lasts a long time (l) I a phrasal verb meaning to bring to mind (l\ 2 a noun meaning a type of line (l) 3 a noun meaning loss of memory (2) 4 a noun meaning people in favour of something (2) 5 an adjective meaning wonderfully large (3) 6 a noun meaning something which gets in the way (4) 7 a noun meaning a fanciful idea (4) 8 a noun meaning events leading to feelings of low-erteem (5) 9 a noun meaning unimportant detaik (5\ 10 a verb meaning imagine (51 ll a noun meaning a record of a count (5) 12 an adjective meaning deeply buried (6\
Reference skills

enduring

Look at these words which are in bold in the extract. In each case say what the word is referring to. done for you as an example.

"""*rt.l

0 it (line 13) = I this (line la) = 2 them (line 29) = 3 they (line 30) = 4 they (line 35) = 5 them (line 40) = 6 one (line 48) = 7 them (line 62; = I that (line 67) = 9 them (line 85) = l0 here (line 88) = ll them (line 93\ = 12 so do (line 01 )=
1

ju.r oast

I
l I I l

Word stress
Underline the stressed syllable on each of these words from the text:

I 2 f w54

characteristic

4 accompanied

7 connection

l0 constituent

illuminated unknowable

humiliation 6 appointment
5

8 embedded
9 recognizably

Il

subtleties

12 components

UNIT6

ffiffixes and suffixes

) I i
-ook at these two words from the extract. Draw lines to show where there are any prefixes and suffixes.

:'::oded

embedded

-ook back at the context in which the words were used. Why has this suffix been used?

lhe prefix

em is sometimes used instead of en. Can

you think of more examples?

II|MAR: Gerund and infinitive

5:c.e r.erbs are followed always by a gerund and some always by an infinitive:
-

- i-:

a$w playing

games that involve using my memlry. Jmt I am unable lo remember numbers iery accurately.

5,-r-c verbs can be followed by either a gerund or an infinitive, but the meaning may change: .:. .

fut

kt
I

ro remember the phone number. remembering the phone number. ranembered to postthe letter. I
the

I rtmember posting

letter. =

= =

Please do it; it's important. Il would be a good idea.

..

..

didn't lorget. I'm sure f did it.

: I i 4 i t ! a -I
.
l

'se

the correct form from the alternatives in brackets in each of these sentences.

-\re you able (to memorize/memorizing) people's phone numbers? Do you remember (to go/going) to the post office last Wednesday?
Some people find images easier (remembering/to remember) than words.

I must remember (trying/to try) andphone Phil this evening. I've got a message for him. You can't remember complicated instructions
To

without

(to make/making) notes.

memorize/Memorizing) data is a learned skill that requires a lot of work.

The professor recommends (using/to zse) nmonics as an aid to memory.

-\ctors say there is no easy way (to learn/for learning) their lines. Piease don't hesitaLe (calling/to call\ me if you need any help.

i'm looking forward (to hear/to hearing) from you in due course. i haven't managed (to find/finding) a jacket to match my new pair of trousers. Do you dare (/o ask/asking) the visiting expert such a leading question?

-ie the verbs in the box into two categories: -hose generally followed by an infinitive and B - those generally followed by a gerund. Some verbs may , : : -ar in both categories, depending on their use.
q.

avoid resist face offer miss intend regret finish want risk mention decide postpone expect consider refuse hope learn plan t - infinitive)
B

(+ gerund)

55W

ffi

uNtTS

USE OF ENGIISH:

Word-building cloze

For questions t-10, read the text below. Use the word given in capitals at the end of some of the lines to form word that fits in the space in the same line. There is an example at the beginning (0).

Why do we forget?
Despite the remarkable

(0)

efficienqt of the human brain, we still suffer

to remember something from lapses of memory when we are (f ) that we thought was well established in our mind. Why does this happen? One theory suggests that information stored in the memory falls into (2) unless it is activated fairly regularly. In other words, we need to practise and revise what we have learnt, otherwise the new input will gradually
fade in the memory and

EFFICIENT ABLE
USE

(3)

disappear. This is called 'decay theory'.

ULTIMATE
OPPOSE

In(4)-tothistheoryistheideaof,cue-dependentforgetting,,which
asserts that

information does in fact persist in the memory, but we may be

.

incapableofrecallingit.Inotherwords,thefailureisoneof(5)-rather
than

(6)

Evidence for this theory derives from a number of experiments.

Inoneofthese,subjectsweregivenlistsofwordsto(7)-andwerethentested
on their powers of recall. Then they were tested again, only this time they were recall. For example, if a list contained given relevant information to (8) the words 'sofa' ,'armchair' and 'wardrobe', the subjects would be given the superordinate word'furniture'as a cue to help them. These experiments showed

RETRIEVE STORE MEMORY

FACILITY

that recall was considerably

thattheinformationwaSnotpermanentlylostbutonly(ro)-.
PUNCTUATION: Commas and clauses

(9) -

by appropriate cues, suggesting

STRENGTH

LAY

We often use a comma to separate a clause or an adverb from the main part of the sentence. For sentences l-10, put a comma in the correct place and decide which is the clause and which is the subject of the main sentence.

Example: If you press that button the machine will work.

If :tou press that button (clause.\. the machine (subiect.\ will workAnswer: I Before beginning work for the day Tom turned on his computer.

2 3 4 5 6
ffi56

First of all I'd like to talk about my own experience. Surprising as it may seem memories are our most enduring characteristics.

Apart from Dr. Brown nobody knew how to programme the computer.
You can borrow my BMW as long as you drive carefully.
Far from being cold in the room it turned out to be rather warm.

uNlTS it not been for Barbara's help the project would never have been completed.

fre

party will be held in the open air providingthat it doesn't rain.

lhless you have any objections the meeting will take place on March 4th.
Despite the limited time available for rehearsals the band seemed very well prepared.

Comprehension
these three sentences:
Tlre reporter attacked the senator and admitted the error. Tla reporter who attacked the senator admitted the ercor.

Thc reporter who the senator attacked admitted the error.

three have the same meaning? Can you explain any differences in meaning?

of the sentences is the most difficult to understand? Why?

at the headline of the article. What do you think the article is going to be about? C) best summarizes the article. *ictttists prove that the harder the question, the longer the brain takes to answer it. dentists show that the harder a brain works, the more it achieves. firientistsfind that the more complexthe problem, the quicker the brain responds to it.

tre article quickly to decide which of the sentences (A, B.or

ion did the researchers ask the volunteers? What was the purpose of the question? What other do you think they asked?

more carefully and answer the following questions.

hwhat way do you think'teasers' (line 2) are 'irritatingly compulsive'?

Explain in your own words the phrase 'springs into action'. (lines l4-15) What does the writer mean bv the term 'common sense'? (line 19) What are 'high levels of cognition'? (lines 24-25) What did the researchers set out to prove?
In your own words, explain what other theory has been supported by the research.

57:

UNIT 6

How

ffiwwry

matter can be
7s

iJf

Those irritatingly compulsive experiment was understandteasers which crop up in the +o ing written sentences. The back of weekend magazines researchers chose this need never defeat you again. because a wide variety of For, according to a fascinatknowledge is required to

ing study published recently in Science, thinking harder really does make your brain work harder. Researchers in

+s

the meaning of words, phrases, how they fit together, and to develop a visual picture of the meaning.
process

Pittsburg, USA, have concludFifteen participants of college ed that they can measure how age were shown the following hard people are thinking simso sentences which increase in ply by measuring how much complexity:

brain tissue springs into

action. The observations were made using a method that is called'magnetic resonance imaging'.

The reporter attacked the senator and admitted the

er1('L

researchers monitored the brain activity in four areas of the brain known to be associated with language. All areas became more active as the sentences got more compliso cated, the areas in the left hemisphere of the brain being activated more dramatically. Around three times more brain tissue was used in the as left-hand-side areas than in the right hemisphere. The exact amount of brain matter involved varied from person to person and with each set of
9o sentences.

35

552 The reporter who attacked Although common sense sugthe senator admitted the gests that the more complex et1()L the problem, the harder the 3 The reporter who the brain works, there has always been speculation about 60 senator attacked admitted the error, whether high levels of cognition can actually be detected in terms of brain activity. The ascending order of complexity is confirmed by the Simply by asking volunteers fact that the third sentence to look at wdtten sentences, the researchers seemed to 6s took the participants longer to read, caused their pupils to have proved that loftier dilate more, and was more thoughts really are linked to likely to be misunderstood. higher brain activity. Their After reading each sentence, technique may also help scientists to tell exactly which they were asked questions parts of the brain are used to 70 such as, 'Did the reporter carry out particular mental attack the senator?' They tasks. answered by pressing buttons. As this was done. the The task chosen for this

The scientists postulate that the different areas of the brain may have a specific role in deciphering the sentences. ss Wernicke's area in the left
hemisphere may be responsible for processing the meaning of each word, and Broca's area, also on the left, may roo help to associate the sound of the word with its meaning.
The researchers conclude that

it is now possible to map how difficult a cognitive task is by ros looking at how much of the
brain is needed to tackle it.

7 8 9 lO
@58

In your own words, explain why the researchers chose to use written sentences in their research.
Explain the phrase 'ascending order of complexity'. (lines 6l-62) What three pieces of evidence suppofi the idea that one of the sentences was more difficult to understand? Which side of the brain proved to be the most active? Why?

Relative pronouns
at the three sentences the volunteers were shown. One of them would be much easier to had the wordwhombeen used instead of.who. Which sentence is this? When is it possible to use

mher thanwho?
of; the sentences l-IO, decide which is true, either; Lr.ho can be replaced by whom

.dn must be replaced by whom Crto cannot be replaced by whom .bn is the man who I go to watch football matches with. tto is that knocking at the door?
who wrote the article about brains. llr is the woman with who I had a conversation about the Internet. tr are talking about the woman who I love,' he said. t[.a you indicate the man to who you sent the letter? ]was the only one of the actors without who the play couldn't go on. k- wondering who to ask to the party. t*y is the little girl who we bought the birthday present for. fto is going to help me do the washing-up this evening?
is the woman

Sc

lrrposition to these sentences.

This is the

person for

whom I've been waiting.

h Hl

whom I bought my old car. whom I communicate on the Internet. Ibat's the name of the person whom you sent that fax? whom we gave our old desktop computer. l'UzJrc is the girl whom do I have the pleasure of speaking?
is the each of the sentences above tsingwho + preposition, as in the example.
She's the person (who) l've beenwaiting for.

man is a student

ffiffi

UNIT 5

Put either who, whom, where or which into the space in each of these sentences' Example: James is a man who likes his food'

L 2 f 4 5 6 7 8 9 lO

I've never read' I've never met' Frances is the name of the girl I've never visited' York is a Place we ought to employ' person Sally is the type of - you can always rely on' Dr. Smith is someone
This is the

Tanamara is a book

the accident happened' sells this type of product' The company is rhe only one you can send a fax cheaply' This is the onlv place -is willing to do this sort of work. Our problem is finding someone the video components? Are they made by the company

place

GRAMMAR: Conditional sentences -makes

Remember: There are four main types of conditional sentence:

'zero'

I/ + present simple +

present simple

If I wake up early, I go for a walk before breakfast' = usuallY

lst

f + present simple + will + infinitive

I/ + subjunctive
i1

without

ro

If I wake up early tom,rr|w, I witt go for a walk before breakfast' = I really

will, if I have time

2nd

(past simple) + would + infinitive

go

without

/o

If I had time, I would

t

*rrc

a walk tomorrow before,b-reakfast': b"t i:'-:^1ttJ^t^1"""^',::lect yornger, I wouid go for a walk before breakfast. = but I'm not younger. so I won't

for

to have time

3rd

+ past perfect + would + have + past participle

I didn't wake up early, so I didn't If I had woken up earlier, I would have gone for a walk before breakfasl. = but

to the first sentence' using the For questions l-9, complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning and eight words, including the wc word given. Do not change the word given. You must use between three given.

If you'd planned your journey in advance, this problem wouldn't have arisen'

UNIT6

everyone agrees, next week's meeting will be cancelled. next week. more driving practice you get, the more likely you are to pass the test.

lmg

, you're quite likely to pass the test.

re

know if vou are ever in need of assistance.

assistance, let me know.

will be served at 8 pm, irrespective of the children's state of readiness.

dinner will be served at 8 pm.
prices rise dramatically, we'll be able to afford a new car next year. , we'll be able to afford a new car next year.

or not there's a strong wind, we'll go sailing tomorrow.

we'll go sailing tomorrow.

Gapped sentences
l-5, think of one word only which can be used appropriately in all three sentences.
1ur can't remember a wotd, it up in your dictionary.

aroidunexpectedbottlenecksinyourwork,youneedto-aheadandseewhat,scoming. fedupyoumaybefeeling,it,simportantto-onthebrightsideandadoptapositive
language of text messaging seems to

this report I have prepared will

week's colour supplement includes a-long

for brevity and universal comprehensibility. with your approval.

a need

grrrethisisaproblemwe,ll-againinthecourseofourresearch.
on the Internet jargon.

musualandcompIicated-ofthislanguageliesinitsverbSystem.
ape's bulbous nose is his most prominent facial

for remembering aII his friends' and colleagues' telephone numbers is phenomenal. f,nk my freezer is filled to - I just can't fit any more stuff in it. as President of the bank. ir speaking to the club members tonight in his

hadn,tunderstoodtheaimoftheexperimentandhadno-ideaoftheprocedure.
qder to avoid misunderstandings, I always make it ptfer to study early in the morning when my mind is
when I'm joking and when I'm not.

51

A Matter of Taste
GRAMMAR: Gerund and

infinitive

Put the correct form of the verb in brackets, either the gerund or infinitive, in each of the spaces in these sente

I Icouldn,tresist-(go)toseethatnewexhibitionattheNationalGallery. 2 Pleaseforgivemy-(mention)it,butIthinkyou,Iesittingonmyhat. (accept) the idea of selling that painting - it's been in my family for generations. 3 I refuse (invest) in 1980s furniture, which is becoming very collect 4 I've heard that Tom intends (learn) that my old vase was quite valuable. ) I was completely taken aback (travel) all the way to Paris to see the Cezanne exhibition? 6 Do you think it's worth (mention) was the price she wants for the commission. 7 What the designer omitted (borrow) that art book rather than have the expense of buVinS it. 8 I have arranged for you (tidy) up your room a bit before you go out, please? 9 Would you mind
l0
I can't face (listen) to another hour of this concert, I'm going home!

HELP WITH SPELLING 5: Words

. There are rhree ways of spelling word,s ending

precede concede
etc.

ending in cede/ceed/sede
with this sound, but most of them are spelled
crde:

There are foui exceptions to this rule which it is worth learning: supersede = the onty word where s is used instead of c exceed,proceed and succeed = the only words which endin ceed

Look at these sentences. Each one contains a spelling mistake. The mistake may or may not involve a word endi in -cede/-ceed or -sede. Underline the misspelled word in each sentence and write a correction in the space on the

right.

I 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

It was a very sucessful concert and all the proceeds went to charity. Terry's new novel is not as exciting as the preceeding ones. The rock star is now over 50 and his hair is beginning to receed.
That modell of word-processor has now been superseded. John conceded that he had made an error of judgment.
The police officer fined him for exceeding the spede

limit.

Tamsin has succeeded in overcoming many personnal difficulties. The lawyer told Ted that legal procedings had been started against him.

w62

UNITT

pnnn

,,Ltr**'

l.-8, read the text below and decide which answer (A, B, C or D) best fits each gap.

Blue jeans
'
1o
sllL]i]] t'

ll
. ;

'
:

:robably in the l6th-century, someone invented a tough cotton fabric in the Italian city of Genoa. '.:rcre we get the word 'jeans' from, or so (l) has it. But the name could have been created 'serge de Nimes', or denim (2) =: -ir the French city of Nimes, where it was called

ll'li,,iir":

r i
--

wrllli ll r
l]ll]l]Liifl]]".

you iron in a crease or sport an elasticated --r. coolest fashion statement there is - (3) - '.', hich is when they instantly become the opposite. (4) _ amongst cheap, everyday -. -ans are the only ones that look better the older they get and actually accrue in value with the
: \'ears.

lLll/ll.lLl

: : ::iitude, they say something

about you, broadcasting loud and (6) _ with iconic wearers, such as James Dean, Bruce Springstein, etc.

that the owner is proud

lll" lL

""
j-

: ,: -:rillions of pairs are bought all over the

,,1,"tiifl
rlil$i,

world, many of them the classic 501 jean - a style which .'::oduced in 1890. In the world of fashion where things go out of date faster than you can blink, it's :nthinkable for a company to be selling an item designed more than 100 years ago.
B rumour
B by sight
C report C at last C providing C

'{q
iilr { m{ lfri {[

B albeit B Unaccompanied
B progress

Individual

C course C true C appreciated C slightly

-:

B clear ::ated B recognized B virtually

,
l$|i
4,

----l-, i, -t1\

D whisper D for short D unless D Solitary D passage D pure D related D hardly

; EiliGLISH: Summary '',,:rg texts about denim jeans. For questions l-4, answer with a word or short phrase. You not * : - npiete sentences. For question 5, write a summary according to the instructions given. do .L

- :::ined as utilitarian work clothes for America's :. -: seekers, denim jeans and jackets have sparked :- . gold rush of their own as collectors dig i *rd for rare examples. And there are some fair.::;ient examples to be found. For old denims -,:','-: seem to fade away completely, do they? . i -:e often than not, they are just consigned to ;.::ening or DIY duties, destined to see out their :.-.'. cor,ered in mud or being splashed with oil or ::rjrt. Some, however, make their way onto ,;:-nd-hand market stalls and rails in charity
:

search of their quarry - and they know exactly what to look for: the cut, the label, even fhe stitching, which can reveal the date and value of an item, from just a few pounds to tens of thousands.

15

There are some wealthy individuals with very large, and surprisingly valuable, private collections. Denim is such a hard-working material that it doesn't require special storage, although fussier collectors insist on an air-conditioned room for

'-,':.i-in' look. Or by denim collectors. These -.::::r' individuals trawl vintage denim hotspots in

j-

rS_.

to be picked up by those searching for that

fear that damp might affect the colour. Most, though, just keep thefu treasures neatly folded, rather than on a hanger which might lead to discoloration along the crease.

25

UNIT 7

Which two words later in the text reinforce the idea that collectors have to 'dis around' (lines 3-4) find rare examples of denim jeans?

In your own words, explain what the writer means by the term 'denim hotspots'. (line

141

In

a world that puts a premium on hand-crafted

couture, it's ironic that vintage samples of what

was once a mass-produced workaday garment are

buy purely for resale, and there are some real nuggets to be found. In 1995, one collector
stumbled across what are believed to be the oldest never-worn-or-washed pair of Levi jeans, which date from 1927.He paid $2,500 in the US, selling
on to aJapanese client for $30,000, who was quick

now in such demand. '\fhen you wear vintage denim, you wear an iconic piece of American history,' says Lynne Downey, archivist for Levi Strauss and herself a collector for ten years. 'Denim has a sense of continuity.' Indeed, what other l9th-century garment has survived intact to
the present time?

to resell them for

belt-tightening $41,000.

Jeans manufacturers haven't been slow to cash in on the trend for the old look, either. \fith originals

Unlike other collectables, though, denim has few dedicated dealers. The market is determined largely by the forces of supply and demand, and is driven by the fascination with Americana in countries such as Japan and Korea. Many people

in ever shorter supply, Levis and Lee have each launched limited edition reproduction ranges:
which may well confuse collectors of the future. Some, with a post-modern touch, have even been aged with the odd patch or fray.

3 4 5

In your own words, explain what is 'ironic' in the situation described at the beginning of the text.
Which phrase from the text suggests that very valuable jeans may be found by chance?

and 70 words, summarize in your own words as far as possible, reasons given in the texts why various people buy old denim jeans. In
a paragraph of between 5O

ffi64

uNlTT

An article
been asked to write a short article of between 300 and 350 words on the subject of blue jeans for an Faking magazine read by young people in your country. Look at this brief you have received from

arlicle should include hislorical in{ornation aboul denin nalerial, the design o{ ieans Leui Slrauss hinse(. You should also include an appraisal of the place o{ jeans in in gour counltg. I'n enclosing sotne biodata oh Leli Slrauss {ot gou lo use.
use

your own words, write in an appropriate style, and include: ion from the box below

the passagb above about the popularity of jeans in your country

S:IRAUSS

Born in Bavaria, Germany (son of a haberdasher) Emigrated to New York (where brother had haberdashery business) Became a US citizen Moved to San Francisco (time of gold rush) Went into business with Jacob Davis (Davis had designed the first jeans, but lacked the money to develop the idea) Died - left fortune of $6 million f7 billion worth of jeans sold per year world wide

erticle.
! Prefixes

with up

lEntence with a word from the box and the prefix up. One has been done for you as an example.

hill trght keep shot right turn take set side

Hvery

dare

upbringing was very artistic; both her parents were painters.

when she heard that her car had been stolen. hautiful old house, but I'm afraid its costs a fortune. &e money to put on such a large exhibition was quite an _ struggle. htly painting, but I'm afraid it seems to be hanging down. the tickets have been on sale for a month, there's been very little so far. very if people keep him waiting. lEts

hrobeenan-inthefortunesoffemaledesignersinrecentyeaIS. rffl visit us tomoffow to give us an on latest developments in software design.

ir frat box lying on its side? I thought it was meant to be kept of the long discussion about packaging was the decision to employ
a new graphic

65n

UNIT 7

GRAMMAR: Wishes and regrets

rhere are three main uses of the verb

/o

wish tnthe present tense. compare:

= the verb followed by an object

B',Y:,f#:,;':J:;,nT,':I',if

I wish you a happy birthday.

c',x';f':;,Y;!/l,ll!,',?f,i!i)1i," ::.,.,, '1.".,::,::::;:^T,':::,",;;;i,;;:;pas"ensecompare:

"0",,,l *'

ffi ffi::

B n''#:#;^,: ::: l;x1i#r,::: ;:,,1r,::,y,:"'

"
o

c',Y#';!;:r ry",i'!; ii:,irr': h',f;,r:r'l"o,l,

o u,

For questions l-8, complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first sentence, using thr word given. Do not change the word given. You must use between three and eight words, including the n'4 given.

Terry was disappointed that he couldn't go to the football match.

wishes
Terry

to the football match.

Sally regrets not sending a birthday card to her boyfriend.

wishes
Sally

bovfriend a birthdav card.

Felix phoned Ramona and said, 'Good luck in your exam tomorrow'

wish
Felix phoned the following day.
Graham disliked the fact that he had to visit his grandmorher.

wished
Graham his grandmother a visit.
Pamela would like to stay out later on Saturday nights, but she can't.

wishes
Pamela

later on Saturday nights.

Ronnie would very much like Samantha to help him with his homework. wishes
Ronnie

with his homework.

I(elly would be pleased if it stopped raining. wishes I(elly

stop.

Benny would very much like to be able to speak Welsh. wishes Benny

to speak Welsh.

ffi66

}|ultiple choice
*.is review of a new series of art books. A number of structure words have been removed. For questions &oose the most appropriate word or phrase from the alternatives in italics.

History of Art
llr,rpjor new series aims to present major chunks of world art history in a way that is popular and enticing wwir.'ur/avoidingbeingbland, unquestioning and patronizing to (2) ones/thosewho can already tell Manet $tanet.

ffim* five ritles are coming

out as a group. (3) Each/All are flawlessly designed and sensitively organized, glossary and index. (41 This/Such realistic approach extends to the price - at f,8.99 reader-friendly notes, 'rfru can afford, or (5) while/at leastbe tempted, to buy in bulk - (6) especially/simply when you compare

rith

similar art history books, costing far more.

GEiEr

ArL-ugh/However attractive its packaging, a series like this risks being over-ambitious; it can't simply rhe whole history of art in one fell swoop, as one over-excited critic, quoted on each jacket, has There is (S) only/hardly so much you can say in 200 pages when there are almost as many images must be interpreted and contextualized to give a bigger picture, especially (91 when/whether dealing fr 'ffi a subject, for example, as vast as 'Art in China'.

't:*lrhilst|ne authors, invariably experts in their fields, manage to juggle their own and other people's
However/Despite the rigid format, mru:ns rvith enviable wit, and without losing less-informed readers. is simply no other art history series as wide-ranging, are books with personality as well as looks - there d-researched and up-to-date. (t^2l But/And it is fair to say that the publishers can hardly be accused of qurmag corners; there are another 55 volumes to come.

(ll\

frr

5s1d rhe text again. For questions l-4, choose the answer (A, B, C or D) which you think fits best mmr$ing to the text.

I h rtre first two paragraphs, the reviewer suggests that the books in the new series are A suitable only for people ignorant of art. i of little use as individual volumes. C relatively good value for money. D aimed at too broad a target audience. I htat aspect of the books is the reviewer less than convinced by? A the elaborate packaging I the accuracy of the information C the historical background provided D the quoted critical reaction I lthat does the reviewer say about the series' authors? A He admires their sense of humour. I He accepts the limitations of their knowledge. C He regrets that they're constrained by the format. D He questions the relevance of their opinions. | lrhich phrase from the text is used to suggest that the series may be attempting to achieve too much? A major chunks (line I t to buy in bulk (line 6) C one fell swoop (line 9) D cutting corners (line f 7)
)

UNITT

Look at these two phrases from the review:

AU are flawlessly designed and sensitively organized, with reader-friendly notes.. However attractive its packaging, a series like this risks being over-ambitious
..
. .

I 2 3 4 5

How many pieces of information or opinion does each include? How are the pieces of information linked together? Where do you expect to find this style of writing? Why is it so effective?
Find some more examples of noun phrases in the review.

GRAMMAR: Inversions
Rewrite each of these sentences so that it has a similar meaning, but begins with the word given.

The car may have been cheap, but it wasn't good value.
Cheap

That hotel is elegant, but it lacks the atmosphere of its neighbour.

Elegant

Although the painting is pretty, it doesn't compare with the great masters. Pretty
So

William didn't realize he had so much stuff until he had to move house. Not until

w68

s.P o a 6
o

Gapped text
Read this newspaper article. Six paragraphs have been removed from the extract. Choose from the paragraphs A-G on page 70 the one which fits each gap (f-6). There is one extra paragraph which you do not need to use.

Shaggy Dog Story

Summer is a sleepy time for the publishing world, but one book, only recently released, has already gone into a second impression. In fact, Knitting with Dog Hairhas become a surprise cult hit. From the title, it sounds like another work of gritty Glasgow realism from the school of Irvine Walsh - until one sees the cover, which features a dachshund wearing a knitted hat. Then the appalling truth dawns. This book is
serious.
1

The whole 'dog-hair thing' as Kendall calls it, began l5 years ago, when she learned how to spin. But why spinning, when one can buy wool from a shop? 'Oh,

it's not that I thought I'd need to make my family

clothes, it's just that it's so fundamental. You can't go through a day without dealing with fibres. And it's very therapeutic. It forces you to wind down, and the great thing about spinning is you can take it out onto

the porch and the kids will come out and we'll tell stories'. A craft for our times? 'Exactlv.'
4

Then at the back of the book, there are patterns for scarves, mittens and jumpers, with the finished results proudly modelled by the dog owners. There's even an exhaustive guide to which dogs provide the best yarn. Readers learn that the Rottweiler, 'calm and intelligent by nature, has a very short, fine undercoat that can be spun when mixed with longer

'I smile every time I wear it. There are people who stuff their dogs - I don't think I could do that -but this is like carrying a lock of hair. It's a lot of hair, sure, but it is that little touchstone that makes you feel
connected and

fibres
2

co-operation before you pick up the brush.'

5

- but do

make sure you have his full

with my

it

looks quite beautiful when worn

camel-hair coat.

It's been quite

conversation piece.'

In the publicity pictures, Kendall Crolius

The book, which was 'written on a laptop on business

rustics, but I still wasn't expecting the perfectly manicured vision of corporate America that greeted me at the front door. Kendall was dressed in an elegant ceam suit - exactly the sort of attire one could not wear anywhere near a dog. Perhaps the whole project was merely a warped marketing ploy to sell more knitting needles.
3

and co-author, Anne Montgomery, give every impression of being apple-pie normal, rather than dog-crazed

trips back and forth to Michigan' has been an immediate success in the States, after being turned
down by countless publishers. One has to face facts. There must be many people out there knitting up their dogs, or at least planning to.
6

Kendall was unrelenting. 'We did want this to be a fun read. But we're not kidding. Look upon it as recycling. This is just a how-to manual.'

'Ine harr, by the way, is gathered after it has been shed, or as a result of grooming with a brush. Until Kendall explained this, I'd been under the false and truly horrible misapprehension that they sheared the dogs like sheep. It was at this point that I suddenly found the surreal quality of this conversation overwhelming. Surely it was all a joke? I(endall says this in an off-hand way, but the only excuse for an advertising executive to resort to spinning is watching Sleeping Beauty too many times. 'Spinning was becoming increasingly popular,' I(endall explained,'and I do like to master new skills.'
Indeed, as one of the writers of this small, but information-packed volume is I(endall Crolius, a senior vice-president of a major American advertising company, it must be. Inside is a complete guide to each stage in creating clothing, from 'a dog you know and love, rather than a sheep you'll never meet,' as the book puts it - from gathedng up the hair itself, to spinning the yarn.
This whole notion, however, was instantly knocked on the head. I(endall was only too happy to tell me the benefits of knitting with dog hair. This isn't just knitting. It's a cause.

I(endall now has a chocolate-brown dog of the same breed. Although she stresses that she reallv didn't want a dog 'just to make sweaters', she du accept that it was fortunate when this latest labrador turned out to have long hair of the sort that covered upholstery in a fine layer.

It was on a spinning course, in Brooklyn, that I(endall first heard about the amazing properties dog fur. 'Our teacher happened to mention that one could spin dog hair. Everyone went "hah, hah", but I thought "hmmmm". We already hadl golden labrador retriever... in fact, this is golden retriever,' said I(endall, brandishing a coppery-brown scarf. Although the dog departed life some years ago, she lingers on in I(endall's wardrobe.

I felt I already knew I(endall, and indeed her whole family, from the smudgy black-and-white photographs which are littered throughout the book, as they pose in the various items of clothinl she has created. But when I read that I(endall wa in London, on a high-powered mission for her company, I couldn't pass up the opportunity of meeting her'
first published in

Extracts tiom an articre by Lucinda Brer The Independent 24 August I r

In your own words, explain what the writer means by each of these expressions

as used

in the article.

From the main part of the text on page 69

From the paragraph options A-G

I 2 3 4 5 6

First paragraph 'the appalling truth dawns' Third paragraph 'apple-pie normal'

Third paragraph 'dog-crazed rustics' Third paragraph 'vision of corporate America' Third paragraph 'a warped marketing ploy' Fifth paragraph 'that little touchstond

7 8 9 l0

A' truly horrible misapprehension' Paragraph A'the surreal quality'

Paragraph

Paragraph G'littered throughout the book' Paragraph G'on a high-poweredmission'

How would you feel about wearing a pullover made from dog's hair? What do you feel about this book? Is it in good taste? Which of the following phrases would you use to describe the tone of the ailicle? A slightly indignant B completely neutral C generally admiring D mildly mocking

Go your
SOCABULARY

own Way

Advertising

frr:d this text about advertising. FilI each of the numbered gaps with one suitable word from the box. The first one :,;,, been done for you as an example.

artwork brands campaigns catalogue circulation consumers leaflets mailing media medium p+ae production rates research revolution
samples
space

traders up-market

Advertising
bewildering choice of goods, all competing for our attention. Manufacturers are advertising to inform us about their products and persuade us to buy them. Throughout history, each new development in communications has led to a new type of advertising. Street (l) have always had special cries to alert people to their presence, and the development of printing made
The modern market

(O) place

contains

newspaper advertisements possible. The industrial

(3)

(2)

of the lgrn century led to mass

_ _

of goods, and the 20th century provided radio and television to sell them.
as

Now that multinational companies do business across the globe, their products are referred to
(4)
.

world

Advertising them is a costly affair and has effects on the lives of people in many countries.

Each different means of advertising is called a (5)

_ choosing the right ones, a business can reach the (6)

a

product. Market (7)

information across. By most likely to want or be able to afford its help a business to decide if these people read a publication or watch

- away of getting

television programme which might carry its advertisements. to people in their homes, letting locals know where to find items can buy a (f

(8) -companies it. Those dealing with expensive, (9)

A small business might wish to send
a

0)

hst of prosperous homes from can be

list broker and post direct mail material to particular addresses. Some companies advertise their goods in a
a

mail order (f f )

booklet showing products available by post. Advertising (r2)

bought in local newspapers and radio channels.

Larger organizations opt for national or international advertising. National newspapers have a very wide
( r

3)

15)

_ -

for advertising. Glossy magazines print elegant colour to show off goods and sometimes give away small packets of products as (f 6)
and charge high (f

-,

The most widely recognized advertisements appear on television. They reach a large audience in a very

receptive situation. Big manufacturers use various (17) called (f 8)

in an organized series of advertisements

which are worked out by advertising agencies.

71Wffi

' rlp.e, l."il! l,l{'ilirrt'il,liiil*l+illi,,::,1;r,,,,t=-itl;=;1;1!:-iiFi*i+++:ii;{+t;#f'*:$1;ggr**

f'ili;-;
d;r; ".t; ,iir, n,ri ttrit ir g.ne*irv'*;t6.a"'unlest ""u dl uh. itu"ri *rtn liit, n"i ttrii isgCni*tiv"r-tri***'""i.rs r". Ai t[.
. "
.

s,lRenorfns verbs N B. Reporting vgr-bs can often Ue toltowiJ tt i otte.t.u. Uv ;

-can

Gloria agreed
Tanyiz apologized for the faa ihwt she hn"d missed tlry n tq.TryqqpotogrzeaJorrneJacrma{snsnuam$:eavrymee.mng.'"'."

For questions l-10, complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first sentence, us the word given. Do not change the word given. You must use between three and eight words, includ the word given. Be careful to use the shortest correct form after the reporting verb.

'I wish I hadn't eaten so much cake,' said Ricky. regretted

Ricky
cake.

2 'I'll send you a postcard as soon as I arrive, Mum,' said Dean.

promised
Dean

minute he arrived.

'You're not to go out on your own after dark, I(ylie,' said her mother.

forbade I(ylie's mother

alone after dark.

'I think you should try a larger size, Madam,' said the shop assistant to the lady. advised
The shop assistant

larger size.

'Why don't we go home and have a cup of coffee?' suggested Delia.

went
Delia suggested
a cup of coffee.

6 w72

'Don't forget to take your handkerchief, Mary,' said her grandmother.

reminded
Mary's grandmother handkerchief.

UNITS

'I'm afraid I've been lying to you, Pauline,' admitted

John

said John.

Pauline.

'Hello Tim,' said Lesley, 'I just phoned to say well done for passing your exam.'

congratulate
Lesley

phoned

exam.

'Would you like me to give you a lift, Linda?' asked Peter.

offered

Peter l0

lift.
said the owner.

'I'm afraid the failure of the company was completely my own fault,' blamed
The owner

oI the company.

OF ENGLISH: Cloze passage

the text below and think of the word which best fits each space. Use only one word in each space. There is an
e at the

beginning (0).

Birds of a feather
There is something awe-inspiring

when they all move together at the same time. We wonder (l) this unity of purpose comes from, and (2) it is that the individuals know what the group is supposed to do, and the part they must play in it.
Once, while I was visiting friends in Monte Carlo, I witnessed one of the most extraordinary sights I have ever seen.

(0) about large groups of animals - especially

(3)

high up in their tower block apartment, I was looking down into the harbour. It was

jam-packed(4)-expensiveyachts,glowinginthelightoftheSettingsun.Waydownbelowme,in
amongst the buildings, was a huge tree

with fruit, but with birds. Lirerally thousands of birds were spiralling in to settle down for the night. They looked like starlings, although I couldn't say (6) _ sure.

a tree

laden (5)

but (7) was more. As the birds dipped and wheeled in the air, the entire flock began to acquire some kind of collective order. At first, it seemed little
The sheer concentration of birds was amazing enough,

|8)-thanarandomSwarmofindependentbirds,aScatteringofblackdots.Butasthesundipped lower,theentireflockbegantoactaS(9)-,likesomegiganticsingleflyingorganism.Thebirds
spiralled (rO)
I

rr)

tf3)
if drawn (14)

the air, swerving and turning with astonishing speed and an impressive unity as each bird knew exactly ( 12 ) to do. Occasionally a large group would break whirling and swirling in its own independent dance - only to quickly rejoin the main group,
an invisible magnet.

as

Then-magically, as suddenly as it

-,

(15)

begun, the flock dispersed. The dance was over.

73m

wffi

uNtTS

Vocabulary

A B C 2

Look back at the text and find: the adjectives that tell us about how the writer felt the words and phrases that tell us about the number and density of thines the nouns and verbs that tell us how things moved

Why has the writer chosen to use these words? Why has he used so many different words?

Writing: a description
A general interest rnagazine has invited readers to submit articles with the title 'something that really made an impression on me.'The best article will be published in the magazine. Write your article. (300-350 words)

- think about the event and exactly what happened, where you were, who you were with, - look back at the cloze passage to see how the writer organized his piece of writing. - write a list of the words and phrases you could use to describe what you saw. - think of as many synonyms for the words as you can.
PROVERBS

etc.

Match the beginning of the common English proverb on the left with the phrase on the right which com it. One has been done for you as an example.

I Birds of a feather 2 Absence makes 3 Familiarity breeds 4 Neverjudge 5 Don't put all your eggs 6 A bird in the hand 7 While the cat's away 8 You can lead a horse to water, 9 Finders keepers, l0 He who laughs last ll Don't count your chickens
2

A B
C D

in one basket.
laughs longest.
a book by its cover.

E F
G

the heart grow fonder. flock together. but you can't make it drink. is worth two in the bush.

H before they are hatched. I the mice willplay. J contempt. K losers weepers.

For each of the proverbs above, write a sentence summarizing the idea that it is explaining.

w74

PELLING
:'rose the correct spelling of each word (A, B, C, or D) to complete each of the sentences

l-lo.

I Harry 2 3 4 5
A

in taking

photograph of the wonderful birds.

C

A succeeded B suceeded

succeded D sucseeded

This drawer is a mess, I really need

to

it out.

D sort Although I spend a lot of time alone, I rarely suffer from A lonliness B lonelyness C loneliness D lonlieness greatly from the work experience scheme he took part in. Tony A benefitted B benafitted C bennefited D benefited After the long race, Trixie was _ tired. A noticably B noticeabally C noticeably D noticabley The general feeling was that further investment in the project was
B
C

sought

saught

sorte

A unecessary B unneccessary

unnecessary D unneccesary
C

, they arrived too late to see the beginning of the play.

A Unfortunately B Unfortuneately
The animal sanctuary is a place of great

Unfortunateley D Unfortunatley
D tranquillity

tranqility

tranqillitty

tranqiulity

The apostrophe is often used to indicate

Apossesion Bpossecion Cpossession Dposession

lo After the formal dinner, the headmaster _ to make Apreceeded Bproceded Cpreseded Dproceeded
EADING:
a long

boring speech.

Multiple choice

You are going to read an extract from a famous detective novel by Dorothy L. Sayers. In the extract, detective Peter Wimsey is having dinner with a group of female academics in an Oxford college in the 1930s. For questions l-6, choose the answer (A, B, C, or D) which you think fits best according to the text.

Gaudy night
he book,' said the Dean, 'is about a young man who starts out to be a scientist and gets on very well until, just as he 's going to be appointed to an important executive post, he finds he 's made a careless error in a scientific papet. He didn't check his assistant's re sults or something. Somebody finds out, and he doesn't get the job. So he decides he doesn't really care about science after all.' 'Obviously not,' said Miss Edwards. 'He only cared about the post,' 'But,' said Miss Chilperic, 'If it was only a mistake. . . ' 'The point about it,' said Peter, 'is what an eldedy scientist says to him. He tells him: "the only ethical principle which has made science possible is that the truth shall be told all the time. If we do not penalize false statements made in error, we open up the way for false statements by intention. And a false statement of fact, made deliberately, is the most serious crime a scientist can commit." Words to that effect. I may not be quoting quite correctly. 'Well, that's true , of course. Nothing could possibly excuse falsification.'

'There's no sense in deliberate falsification, anyhow,' said the Bursar. 'What could anybody gain by it?' 'It has been done,' said Miss Hillyard, 'frequently. To get the better of an argument. Or out of ambition.' 'Ambition to be what?' cried Miss Lydgate. 'What satisfaction could one possibly get out of a reputation one knew one didn't deserve? It would be horible.' Her innocent indignation upset everyone's grayity. 'How about the Forged Decretals... Chatterton... Ossian... Henry Ireland... those nineteenth-century

pamphlets the other day...' 'I know,' said Miss Lydgate, perplexed. 'I know people do it. But why? They must be mad.' 'In the same novel,' said the Dean, 'somebody deliberatelyfalsifies a result - later on, I mean - in order to get a job. And the young scientist who made the original mistake finds it out. But he says nothing, because the other man is very badly off and has a wife and family to keep.' 'Those wives and families!' said Peter. zs 'Does the author approve?' inquired the Warden. 'I$flell,' said the Dean, 'the book ends there, so I suppose he does.' 'But does anybody approve? A false statement is published and the man who could correct it lets it go, out of charitable consideration. Would anybody here do that? There's your test case, Miss Barton, with no personalities attached: 30 'Of course one couldn't do that,' said Miss Barton. 'Not for ten wives and fifty childrenl 'It sounds aflyway,like a manufactured case,' said Miss Allison briskly. 'It could seldom happen and

20

if

it did...' 'Oh it happens,' said Miss de Vine. 'It has happened. It happened to me. I don't mind telling you without names, of course. I{rhen I was at Flamborough College , there was a professor who sent in a very 3s interesting thesis on a historical subject. It was a most persuasive piece of argument; only I happened to know that the whole contention was quite untrue, because a letter that absolutely contradicted it was actually in existence in a certain very obscure library in a foreign town. I'd come across it when I was reading up something else . That wouldn't have mattered, of course . But the internal evidence showed that the man must have had access to that library. So I had to make an enquiry and I found that he really had 40 been there and must have seen the letter and deliberately suppressed it.' 'But how could you be so sure he had seen the letter?' asked Miss Lydgate anxiously. 'He might carelessly have ovedooked it. That would be a very different matter.'
'He had not only seen it,' replied Miss de Vine; 'He stole it. We made him admit as much. He had come upon that letter when his thesis was neady complete , and he had no time to rewrite it. And it was a great +s blow to him apart from that, because he had grown very enamoured of his own theory and couldn't bear to give it up.' 'That's a mark of an unsound scholar, I'maftaidl said Miss Lydgate in a mournful tone. 'But there is one curious thing; went on Miss de Vine. 'He was unscrupulous enough to let the false contention stand; but he was too good a historian to destroy the letter. He kept itJ so 'You'd think,' said Miss Pyke, 'it would be as painful as biting on a sore tooth.' 'Perhaps he had some idea of rediscovering it some day,' said Miss de Vine, 'and setting himself right with his conscience. I don't know, and I don't think he knewverywell himselfl 'What happened to him?' asked Harriet. ''Well, that was the end of him, of course. He lost the professorship, naturally, and they took away his ss MA degree as well. A pify, because he was brilliant in his own way - and very good looking, if that has anlthing to do with it.' 'Poor man!' said Miss Lydgate. 'He must have needed the post very badly. 'It meant a good deal to him financially. He was married and not well off. I don't know what became of him. That was about six years ago. He dropped out completely. One was sorry about it, but there it was.' 60 'You couldn't possibly have done anyttring else ,' said Miss Edwards. 'Of course not. A man as undependable as that is not only usele ss, but dangerous. He might do

anlthing.'
'You'd think it would be a lesson to him,' said Miss Hillyard. 'It didn't pay, did it? Say he sacrificed his professional honour for the women and children that we hear so much about - but in the end it left him es worse off.' 'But that; said Peter, 'was only because he committed the extra sin of being found out.'

UNITS

In the book, the young scientist failed to get the job because of his lack of

A B C D

honesty. thoroughness. interest.

commitment.

In the book, the elderly scientist felt that the young scientist A had been treated unlairly. B was unlucky to have been detected. C deserved to lose the job. D had intended to deceive people.
The Dean suggests that the young scientist's actions at the end of the book show him to be

A B C D

totally unreliable. bitter and disillusioned. completely innocent. very compassionate.

What did Miss de Vine's enquiry to the library show? A The letter had been stolen. B The professor had seen the letter. C The professor had visited the library. D The letter had been damaged.
What interpretation does Miss de Vine put upon the professor's actions regarding the letter? A He hadn't understood its significance. B He knew it would be discovered eventually. C He was inadequate as a historian. D He wanted the truth to be preserved.,

What does Peter suggest about academic life in his final comment? A Falsification is always wrong. B Falsification may be quite common.

C D I 2 3 4 5

The professor was used as a scapegoat. The professor was hypocritical.

Now read the extract againand answer the following questions.

In your own words, explain why the elderly scientist felt that all errors had to be penalized.
What does Peter mean by the phrase 'words to that effect'? (line l0)
What are the 'forged decretals' (tine 18) an example of?

br your olvn words, explain what the phrase 'let it go' (line 27) means.

What condusions does the Dean draw from the way in which the book ends?

77J

UNIT8

6 What does the phrase 'no personalities

attached'mean? (lines 28-29)

Which phrasal verb tells us about the circumstances under which Miss de Vine originally found the letter?

8 9 l0 ll 12

Compare the meaning of the word 'happened, in lines 33 and 35.

Which word in lines 43-46 tells us about the professor's attitude to his theory?

In your own words, explain how and why the professor might have'rediscovered'the letter. (line 5l)

what do you understand by the phrase 'he dropped out completely'? (line 59)
What does Miss Hillyard mean by the phrase ,it didn,t pay,? (line 63)

Word stress
Underline the stressed syllable on each of these words from the text.

I 2 3 4 5

6 7 manufactured 8 obviously 9 satisfaction l0

executive falsification

indignation 16 ethical 12 contradicte d. 17 reputation 13 deliberately lg contention L4 considerations 19 penalize 15 enamoured 20

persuasive ll

correctly
personalities

unscrupulous
charitable professorship

USE OF ENGLISH:
For questions

Gapped sentences
of one word only which can be used appropriately in all three sentences.

l-6, think

At this they'll be lucky to get the results our by next week. I'd like to get some Euros, but i don't know what the of exchange is. We should have foreseen the catastrophe, or at any suspected that something was about to
happen.

a press

If you get all the material ready, I'll in for it on my way to the lab. After Rachel failed to get any support from her colleagues, she threatened to _ conference to expose her superiors' misconduct.
They're going on a Mediterranean cruise, and the ship is going -

to

in at all the main ports.

3GladysSetupanelaborateandexpensiveexperimentjustto-herpoint.
I'm sure the apparatus will I'm very eager to take on this job,
to be most efficient, and well worth the money. as I really want to myself as a serious researcher.

w7a

UNITS

I wasn't expecting the TV company to accept my script, so it got the rejection letter.

didn't

as any surprise

when I

The head technician's conviction for fraud

didn't

well on the company as a whole.

AftersuchtraumaticeVentS,weallneedtimeto-anddecidewhatwereallywanttodonext. TheseoutburstsofTom,sdon,t-whathereallyfeels,they,rejusthiswayoflettingoffsteam.

They made a detailed plan of campaign for the picnic, but unfortunately

it

didn't

off because

of the torrential rain.

The case

didn't

before the Court for two years, by which time the defendant had left the

country.

As she was unwell,

Carole

out on all the fun during the party season.

Thisreportwasbadlywritten,andIthinkthosewhoreaditmaywellhave-thepoint.
By {ailing to win the contract, the company

has

an opportunity.

USE OF ENGLISH:

Transformations

For questions l-7, complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first sentence, using the rvord given. Do not change the word given. You must use between three and eight words, including the word given.

The professor wants to show that he is still in touch with his colleagues.

lost
The professor wants to

with his colleagues.

Maurice was comoletelv unaware that his data was unreliable.

idea
Maurice

unreliability of his data.

After discovering the theft, the only option open to us was calling the police.

but
We

after our discovery of the theft.

The curren t problem has been caused by sloppiness in research procedures.

resulted
Sloppiness

the current problem.

How likely is anyone to find out what we have done? chances What we have done?

The dentist said Sandra needed to have two fillings.

necessary
The dentist said

it

two fillings.

Tim can't go to the shopping centre without meeting old friends from school.

bumps
Whenever Tim old friends from school.
79

we

Nose to the Grindstone

READING:

Multiple choice

You are going to read an article about somebody who has a very specialized job. Look at the first paragraph oI the article and find the person's: - job rirle - special area of interest Read the whole article quickly and decide which heading from the box below best summarizes the topic of each paragraph.

headache symptoms of headaches recent research into headaches causes of headaches cure for headaches headache sufferers remedies for headaches theories about headaches Marcia Wilkinson's background prospects for the future
types of

Now read the article again more carefully. For questions l-6, choose the answer (A, B, C, or D) which you think fits best according to the text.

]'|OTHER OF HEADACHES
The British neurologist, Marcia Wilkinson, known to colleagues as Mother Migraine, has been studying
dismissed

in

1993 after taking

off

175 days in two

years with a cold and headache.

ject than anyone else in the galaxy. Recently Dr: Wilkinson was the star at the European Headache
Federation where she wowed the 783 delegates with her lecture on 'Great Names in Headache History' the great names being people who had investigated headaches rather than sufferers.

headaches since | 953. She recognizes | 49 causes of headaches and probably knows more about the sub-

10

15

One in ten people in Britain sufferfrom migraine, 30% get headaches and98% of everyone in the world gets a headache on occasion. The occasion, says Dr: Wilkinson, may be when you are hit on the head with a hammen As children, boys are more likely to suffen After thc nncot nf n' 'ho -, ,---rty women sufferthree times as often as men. When it comes to migraine, most sufferers are struck by the time they are 20 years old and it is rare to get it for the first time after the age of fifty As pharmaceutical companres nevertire oftelling us, 50 million work days a year are lost in headaches, at some cost to business. This figure was somewhat inflated by Alan Frost, a computer enginee6 who was

There are different kinds of headache - the everyday tension headache, the more selective migraine and, mother of all headaches, the cluster headache. A headache, says Dr: Wilkinson, is really just a pain rn the face; it may occur I 5-20 times a month. Migraine is an episodic headache which lasts from fourto 72hours, comes up to four times a month, is associated with vomiting and nausea and is sometimes preceded by flashing lights. The cluster headache comes in bouts
lasting

4-5 weeks, with up to 20 attacks per

dar.

trip to the back of the head. Patients

The geography of the headache is important to the diagnosis - whether it is in the front of the head, ventures further afreld to the top ofthe head or takes a
variously
40

describe symptoms as being like an iron in the temple, a hot poker behind the eyes, a hammer in the skull or

a tight band around the head. Sufferers descnoe everything from blind spots, zigzag lines and flashing lights to Catherine wheels in front of their eyes

w80

UNIT9

There are, says Dr: Wilkinson, almost as many triggers to headaches as there are people having them. There is the 'salami' headache, triggered by nitrates in meat. The 'cappuccino' headache, courtesy of caffeine. The 'per-fume' headache, sparked offby strong smells. Plus those brought on by coughing, laughing, flashing lights, too many painkillers, loud noise, lack of food, taking holidays, not taking holidays, too much exertion, too much sleep, onions, ice-cream, citrus fruits, chocolate and Chinese takeaways,

But nothing is proven. 'NobodyJ she says, 'adually

knows why a headache comes on'.

Worse still, says Dr: Wilkinson, there's no cure. Yes, you can take the new wonder drug Sumatripan, or pick some feverfew the herb that is traditionally
thought good for headaches, ortake aspirin. Butthese only alleviate the symptoms. Dn Wilkinson break into rhyme; 'They murmured as they took their fees; there is no cure forthis disease'. She says, 'That should be stuck up in every physician's consulting room.'

There are no end

of different

theories about
Whatever the cause, the headache has been bewildering scientists for ages. This is because headaches unlike, say blood pressure, are hard to measure. Patients can come up with horrid descr iptions oftheir aches, but relatively little money and time have been dedicated to research as it is notoriously difficultto do research on sufferers. lf someone tells you he always gets headaches on Tuesdays, it is absolutely certain that once you've got him into hospital on a Tuesday, he won't have a headache. Virtuallv nobodv has a headache in hospital. 'Most of the research,' adds Dr: Wilkinson gloomily, 'has been done on chronic medical misuse (caused by
headaches'.

headaches, The Ancient Egyptians apparently blamed the ache on evil spirits and went in for a bit of trepanning- drilling a hole in the head to letthe spirits out,

'Did that work?' I asked doubtfully. 'l think, if the patient survived, it probably did. You know the greater pain removing the lesser,' replied Dr: Wilkinson with a smile. In the I lth century doclors
stitched a clove of garlic into the temple, in an attempt relieve headache pain (my question answered as above), By the lTth century, the Swiss were shaving heads and covering them with poisonous flies whose
bites were suooosed

to

100

to

alleviate headache. 'Counter

irritation,' explains Dn Wilkinson. Until late Victorian times, Europeans pulled out teeth to make headaches disappear (answer as above). Less extneme sufferers would follow peculiar diets, like not eating anything except stewed lamb and pears. Did that work? 'lf you believe in things,' says Dr: Wilkinson, 'they work.' Scientists become like headless chickens
comes

too many drugs) and tension

105

The question exercising scientists today is whether animals get headaches. There seems not much point in trying headache medicines on them if they don't have headaches in the first place. One dodor took
photographs of monkeys in Australia which looked, with their furrowed brows and forehead-rubbing
paws, as though they were suffering from a headache. But, of course, there's no saying whetherthey do have

when it

to

headaches. Like the common cold, thrs rs a

little-understood area. You can read the works of Wolfl the seminal headache author; dip into the
headache classifications of Dr: Arnold Friedman; investigate the 5-0HT theory of chemical disturbance; or subscribe to the German neurologist Hartwig Heyck's analysis. Unlike me, Dn Wilkinson understands these.

headaches

or not. The

last word goes

to

Dr:

Wilkinson, She's been suffering from headach esforT2 years and if she can't get rid ofthem, probably nobody
Ldt t.

IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII

Statistics show that your chances of becoming a migraine sufferer

A B C D

increase as you get older. are greater when you are young. increase once you have begun work. are higher if you live in Britain.

According to the article, the most severe form of headache occurs A quite regularly each month. B in combination with other symptoms. C as a result of tension in the face. D over fairly lengthy periods of time.

a1w

UNITg

The word 'triggers' is used to refer to A symptoms of headaches

B C D 4 B C D 5 B C D 6

treatments for headaches causes of headaches results of headaches

How does Dr. Wilkinson regard ancient remedies for headaches? A with indifference

with scepticism with disbelief with respect

What does Dr. Wilkinson see as the main problem in studying headaches? A There is insufficient scientific data.
Scientific theories have been disproved. Traditional remedies seem to be best. Doctors do not take the problem seriously.

Why may new headache cures not prove particularly effective? A Animals respond badly to them. B They seem actually to cause headaches. C There is no good way to trial them. D Dr. Wilkinson has tried them without success.

Now read the article again and answer the following questions.

I 2 I 4 5 6 7 8 9 l0

In your own words, explain who the 'Great Names in Headache History' (line 8) were.
In your own words, explain what is meant by the phrase 'this figure was somewhat inflated'. (lines 22-2)t Which two expressions are used to describe movement in paragraph 4? Which words in paragraph 5 echo the verb 'to trigger', as used inline 47? Which phrase in paragraph 6 is used to mean 'without number,? Explain in your own words why the writer describes the scientists as 'headless chickens'. (line 74) Which word, used in paragraph 9, sums up the state of scientific research into headaches? Which phrase in the last paragraph is used to describe a situation where there is inconclusive evidence of something? What idea of the character of Dr. Wilkinson do we get from the article? Underline some words and phrases that give us this idea. What do you think of the style in which the article is written? Find some examples of words and phrases thar illusrrate this.

wWa2

UNIT9

ll

To what extent do you

think the article is: educational? scientific? entertaining? objective? informative?

12 What type of reader do you think the article was intended for?

Writing: an article
entitled'The History of Headaches' at a college in your town. You have been asked to wdte an informal article for a local English-language magazine which is read by students. The aim of the article is to encourage people to come and hear Dr. Wilkinson's talk by: - giving them an idea of the sort of person she is - explaining what she will be talking about
-Marcia Wilkinson is coming to give a talk

\Vrite your article in 300-350 words in an appropriate style.

USE OF ENGLISH:

1 for questions

at the end of some of the lines to form a word that fits in the space in the same line. There is an example at the beginning (0).

Word-building cloze l-l0, read the text below. Use the word given in capitals A Man of Many Parts

Christopher Wren (1632-1723) is

(0) rightl:t famous as the architect

RIGHT

of one of London's finest buildings, St Paul's Cathedral. Yet he

came to architecture and town planning almost by chance, in his

in astronomy. As a boy, Wren Admitted invented unusual sundials and dabbled in (f ) for his to university at the age of 17 , he found plenty of (2 ) _ restless imagination. Amongst other things, he worked on a history of the rings of Saturn, maps of the of the seasons, an (3) -. moon, magnetism, anatomy and the intravenous (4) Curiously, Wren appears to have been little interested in seeing
30s, from a successful career

ENGINEER LET

EXPLAIN INJECT

hisscientificprojectsto(5)-.Thoughhelongedforsuccess,coMPLETE
and worked hard to achieve it, he appears to have enjoyed setting

himself problems and solving them, leaving the developments and (6) to others.
Wren's first architectural commission College, Cambridge

-.

REFINE

- a new chapel for Pembroke

came

in

1663. Though conservative and

(7)

NECESSARY

small-scale, this elegant, thoroughly classical building is a fine

preCurSoIofhis1ater,grander(8)-.London,sgIeatfirein|666AcHIEVE
was the making of Wren's architectural career.

In 1669 he was appointed

for replanning

to the post of surveyor general, with (9) devastated city and supervising the (fO)

the

RESPONSIBLE

work.

BUILD

2 3

Which verb is used in the text to indicate a passing interest in a subject? Which word in the text is used to mean 'a sign of things to come'?

8.3W

ww

uNtTg

"rT#y::;,f
o

onversational devices using auxiliary verbs

These words are used

with auxiliary verbs as a quick way of expressing agreement. Use sb to agree with a poiitive statement: 'I'm really tired.' 'So am L
statement' do is used:

*' ",f;:3;:,Torf,;:'u" ""bo;:

.
Yr" neither or nlr to agree with 'I
ian't
see

a negative statement: that street on the map., 'Nolcan 1., or ,Neither can 1.,

complete the gaps in these responses to statements to produce agreement using so/nor/neither.
L

'

football.' ' Helen.' 'My sister will be disappointed.,, 'I'd rather play tennis than badminton.,
'We are not keen on horror films.,

'Peter likes

my brother.

L'
we.' mine.'

)
6 7

8
9

t0

'My country is warmer than Antarctica., 'I've never seen so many wasps as today., 'I usually have dinner late at night., 'My car doesn't have a sun roof., 'My French is not very good., 'I used to play the guitar at school.,
'We'd better be going now., 'Tim's never been to Las Vegas.,, 'Rita might be late this evening., 'I can't believe it's time to go already.,

L'
my brother.' my father's.' your English.'

ll
L2

L' L' Molly.'

Pete.'

t3
L4

l5 'I mustn't forget to go to the bank., l6 'Sally oughtn'r to walk home alone., , t7 'My car's not cleaned very often., l8 'Julie may not be ready on time., I9 'Saturday's not a good day to go fishing.,
20

L' L'
Liz.'

mine.'
Gracie.' Sunday.'

'I'd had to leave my car at home that day.,,

L'

Predicative so/not
'Do you

a Look at these examp

think it's goir;Tt roinz,

'I don',tthiik sa.'

'I thinknot.'

How many of the words and phrases in the box can be used instead of thinkin each of the example replies above?

believe wonder like understand appreciate I'm afraid hope realize suppose guess decide trust doubr reckon presume report I'm surprised wish rather remember

r84

uNlT9

xffi

READING: Lexical cloze For questions l-12, read the two texts below and decide which answer (A, B, C or D) best fits

each gap.

Monopoly
First invented in the USA in the mid- 1930s, the property-based board game Monopoly still sells around 300,000 (f ) each year. The aim of the game is to acquire land, build properties on it, and then to extract rent from other players until they all (2) So (3) monopolists try to buy

the relatively'cheap' sites, which generate lots of income because opponents frequently land on them. But they may not be (4) best strategy, according to a recent study.

-bankrupt.

Where the players end up on the board is decided by the throw of two dice. On the face of it, this seems (5) random, but it actually ensures that they typically move seven squares on each throw. This is -the because there are more ways of (6) with seven than any other number with two dice. And it is this factor which has allowed mathematicians to spot the best sites for buying property.

I 2 3 4 5 6

Apacks Aface Abudding Aenlisting Aeventually A putting down

B sets B get

Bsprouting Benrolling

Butterly
B playing out

lots C fall C shooting C adopting C uniquely C coming up

C

D kits D go D blooming D ascribing D fortunately D counting in

Job Advertisement
Stand around and drink tea all day? And get paid for it? Sounds like most people's dream role. (7)

us

in this fascinating position and initially that's exactly what you'll do. During your first two years with us, you'll taste up to I,000 types of tea each day, spending some f 0 hours a week on your feet. You'll become a veritable (8) of knowledge on the world's favourite leafy brew.
: it won't be easy. As well as _ honing your tastebuds, you'll examine our international tea-buying function and learn how to monitor market information, check samples and maintain stock. (10) we'll invest heavily in your training, we'll look for a lot in (lf ) You mustbe a graduate with a good degree, fluent in a second language, . numerate, PC-literate and (f 2) enough to analyse statistics and understand the numerous influences on our global business. To register for an application pack, e-mail your contact details to us.

Before the whole nation applies, let's make something absolutely (9)

7 8 9 l0 ll 12

ABngage

B Share
B font

Apply

A sink A sure A Since A reply A agile

C spring
C true C Providing

D Join D pond D straight

D Albeit

B clear
B Whereas B result B

witty

return C crafty
C

D respect D astute

85re

UNIT9

SPELLING: Common errors

Each of the following words has a letter missing. Mark the word like the example to show where the extra letter should go, and write the letter in the space provided.

Example: alcidentally

I 2 3 4 5 2

accomodation

exagerate litrature businesman facinate

6 7 8 9 l0

disapearance goverment disapointed imediately embarrased

ll 12 13 L4 15

nowledge necesity

oportunity
recomend transfered

Each of the following words has an extra letter which is not needed. Cross out the extra letter in each one. Example : dis/appointed

I 2 3 4 5 6

arguement auxilliary begginning develope equippment labouratory

7 8 9 tO ll 12

neccessary occassionally ommitted parallell personnell preceede

t3 14 15 L6 17 18

pronounciation responsiability strenghth

successfull

marketting grammattical

USE OF ENGLISH: Cloze passage

For questions l-15, read the text below and think of the word which best fits each space. Use onlv one word in each space. There is an example at the beginning (O).

Desktop publishing
With just a computer, appropriate software and a printer, anyone can All you need, (l) from the equipment, is a good idea.
Take the example of Janice West, a former teacher from Newcastle,

(O)

become

a home-based publisher.

who saw a gap market for a free newsletter for local parents telling them about children's events in the area. As a mother at home with young children, Janice realized that it wasn't easy getting out (3) about with them and that (4) was a need for a guide to local child-friendly evenrs. (2)
started was fairly straightforward for Janice. She had an Acorn computer, a simple publishing software package and made a deal (6) a local printer who agreed to run (5)

-the

(7)-5,000copiesofhernewpublication,whichsheca]ledI{idsDirect'

in touchwithprivateschoolsandlocalcompaniestoSee(s)-theywantedtoadvertise.Itwasthe income from this advertising that paid for the production of the magazine and (9) Janice with a
source of income. The magazine now

Janice distributed the free magazine through nurseries, libraries, schools and playgroups. She also got

(f0) out once a school term and each issue (f l) 60 hours to produce. Although demand for the magazine was high from (12)

Janice about

outset, Janice had

toworkhardtobuild(l3)heradvertisingrevenue.Nowthemagazine(ra)-her
inaroundfl0,000ayearnetprofit,andshehasrecently(r5)-onadeputy'

w86

UNIT9

USE OF ENGLISH:
R.ead

r-4, answer with a word or short phrase. You do not the folrowing texts about working hours. For questions to the instructions given' reed to write complete sentences. For question 5, write a summary according in 1980, my first job on leaving universiry
stepped out of the office. In short, the nation had y"f to .rr..nmb to what has become known as 'a

Summary

Back

was as an economist at a London merchant bank'

As part of my induction,

I had to visit stockbro- iong-hours culttlre', a phenomena which now people working more than 60 kers to find out 'how the city worked'' The ,.", orr. in seven per week, and one in eight working at answer, I can now see, was 'not too frequently'' hours T]he buzz word over the last By 5.30 many offices were deserted' Everyone weekends as well. which generally
from the senior executive down had caught the train home to some leafy suburb, and wasn't expected back until 9 the following morning'

Although these people thought they worked hard,

they actually enioyed what now seems an enviable balance between work and family life' Jobs were

few years has been'downsizing', involves firms utilizing less staff - and anyone who wants to keep their job ends up having to take on more responsibilities' Employers are giving staff ever-increasing workloads and, conse-

important, but not all-consuming' There were no and without -oUit" phones, laptops or e-mails, people could 'advances', most such technological safelv leave the job behind them once they

quently, there is considerable pressure to work longer hours. Inevitably, such a culture results in stress, fatigue and falling standards of work, but this doesn't seem to prevent the trend continuing'

r why has the writer 2

put the word'advances' (line I5) in inverted commas?

jobs as 'all-consuming'' (line I3) Lnyour own words, explain what the writer means by describing

SThen Robin Marchant, an IT programmer, realized that he was going to have to work the Bank Holiday weekend, it was the last straw' 'I've had enough,' he admits, and he has decided to

look for

tt.* iob. ' There's a real culture of " working weekends in my office - if you don't put
in extra hours, you're
seen as not pulling your

weight. There's a certain amount of group pres-

sure involved, but really it all comes down to my job - he's boss. He's unmarried and lives for the and expects the same of his in every weekend staff.'

Marchant's experience may seem a little extreme) but the fact is that working weekends is becoming increasingly common. Of course, there is always the option of simply refusing to do it, but it can be

hard if you're the only one willing to stick your neck out. But this long-hours culture is something which eventually hurts everyone' People who find themselves shackled to computer screens from dawn till dusk are prone to all manner of stress-related illnesses. $7hat's worse) unable to leave their offices, they fritter away precious hours they should be spending with their families, only realizing too late that such hours can never be recovered. And ironically, as Marchant points out: 'The stupid thing is that very little work actually gets done at the weekend' S7ithout a break, your concentration and motivation really begin to flag. In my office, at least' the main thing seems to be just being seen to be
there.'

'stick your neck out'' (Iines I7-18) In your own words, explain what the writer means by the expression

a7W

www

uNtT 9

Which phrase, used earlier in the text, introduces the idea that 'very little work' (line 27) may actually get done when people work additional hours?

Now choose one of the following summary tasks based on the text.

a b

In a paragraph of between 5O and 70 words, summarize in your own words as far as possible, the reasons given in the texts to explain the rise of 'long-hours culture'. In a paragraph of between 50 and 70 words, summarize in your own words as far as possible, the consequences of the rise of 'long-hours culture' as described in the texts.

Writing: a formal letter

You are interested in setting up a magazine in your home area and decide to write to Janice West to ask for her advice. In your letter, introduce yourself, describe your home area, describe your idea, and ask Janice some questions.

Now write your letter (300-3 50 words).

USE OF ENGLISH: Gapped sentences

For questions

l-3, think of one word only which

can be used appropriately in all three sentences.

lTobehonest,HaileyviewedtheprospectofaneveningwithMalcolmasrather-. ItwaSn,tsomuchapainthatRayfeltinhisleg,morea-aChe. ItwasupliftingtoSeesunshineaftersuchalongperiodof-weather.

In my job

as

personnel manager, good communication skills, rather than technical knowledge, for a lot.

IthinkIcan-myse1fluckynottohavebeenmaderedundantalongwithmanyofmy
colleagues.

Your age may, unfortunately, younger person.

against you because I think the company's looking for

3PettythievinginourofficewasgettingworSe,butwewereunableto-theblameonanyone
in particular.

SmallorganizationSaIehavingto-officestaffoffascomputerizationreducestheneedfor
clerks.

TheGasCompanyisgoingto-awholeseriesofnewpipelinesinthisaIeasothateveryone
will have
access

to natural

gas.

w@88

The Road Ahead

READING: Lexical cloze lor questions l-12, read the two texts below and decide which answer (A, B, C or D) best fits
each gap.

Passion for Peaks

lift to the Welsh mountains with a classmate, and began to climb. He rapidly established a reputation for himself as a climber, and within a few years he was one of the (f ) lights in the British mountaineering fraternity. This was a bunch of
As a teenager, Chris Bonnington bought his first pair of walking boots, thumbed a

lively, eccentric personalities, a (21

cry from the narrowly-focused conformists of today's sporting

world. Their spirit was typified by Bonington's friend Hamish Mclnnes, who once (l) _ to scale a mountain equipped only with a Scout tent and plumber's gloves. Yet, despite this blatant (4) _ for safety, characters like Bonnington and Maclnnes went on to achieve Herculean feats. Early successes on the British crags led rapidly to Alpine conquests, such as the north face of the Eiger, and then on to the Himalayas. Bonnington was always frank about the desire for adventure that (5) him on, towards ever greater heights, regardless of the emotional (6) _ that this took on his family.

I 2 J 4 5 6

Awinning Bleading Along Bdeep A made out B set off Ainattention Bneglect Adrove Bguided Ademand Bcharge

C governing C far C kept on C disregard C motivated C

D ruling D wide

D bore up D indifference D herded

toll

D cost

Caravan holidays
Caravanning must be one of the great inscrutable mysteries of modern British life. There are around 600,000 caravans of various shapes and sizes in the UI( and in the (7) _of 60 million holiday nights each ycar
are spent in one. But what is it that (8) (9)

people want to set up

bonsai version of their home,

with all the trappings of modern life, and trundle it around on wheels? Psychologist Oliver James points to the proverb 'an Englishman's home is his castle' to (10) for the phenomenon oI caravanning. The castle, he says, is the perfect metaphor for the Bdtish personality, a fortress within which
people's innermost thoughts and feelings remain concealed from others. The British do,

(lf )

,share

the basic human instinct to mingle in public places and to socialize. That's why, according to James, by allowing people to take their castle with them when they (12) out into the wider world, the caravan
represents the perfect compromise.

89w

UNIT 1O

A zone 8 A leads 9 A complete to A justify tt A irrespective L2 A embark

7

B area
B makes

C region C lets C entire C explain C therefore C venture

B intact B respond
B nonetheless B hazard

D province D calls D combined D account D wherever D advance

READING: Gapped

text

You are going to read an article about holidays in Ireland. Six paragraphs have been removed from the article. Choose from the paragraphs A-G the one which fits each gap (r-6). There is one extra paragraph which you do not need to use.

On

four legs you can take forever

usually stopping the caravan half a mile down the road to run back and collect all the stuff that's fallen out of the cupboard which you forgot to close. you then travel

There is no doubt about it, there can be few better countries to explore by road than Ireland. Many of the roads are wide, the traffic light, and governed for the most part by a courtesy long forgotten throughout the rest of Europe. But the slower you go, the more you can enjoy Ireland, so the obvious choice is to swap four wheels for four legs. I decided to hire a horse caravan to take me from site to site and the gaily-painted red and yellow vehicle became my home for a week; transport and company provided by a grey called Born.
1

eight to ten miles with horse and caravan, finally

arriving at a campsite, where you feed, water and brush the horse again before putting it in a field until tomorrow.

t4l
Nice as that might be, it's actually all you can do to gei these horses walking away from the campsite. To the known equestrian gaits of walk, trot, canter and gallop, these animals have added the trudge. But that's probably because they are perfectly happy jusr to amble along with a caravan behind them. Well, most of them are.

Several inquisitive drivers also asked to look inside. What they saw may have put them off. These wagons are a long way from the comforts of the modern caravan. They are cosy for one, but can supposedly be occupied by up to five. Bedding, pots and pans, knives and forks, and a bottle-gas cooker are the only concessions to modernity.
2

tst
r

If your horse accepts the fiction that you are in charge, however, you are soon lulled into the delights of travelling at horse pace. Sitting on the caravan in the sun, with the rumble of the wheels beneath and the
lullaby of the horses hooves on tarmac, it's all too easy to let the eyelids droop.

will always try to take the shortest arc round a corner, something a wheeled vehicle will not do. They then sell you some insurance in case you leave half the caravan behind in your hurry to get out of
the campsite. And so to the road.
3

Horses, for example,

rel
On the final leg, I took a wrong turning and we found ourselves slipping and sliding down a I in 8. I had no alternative but to find a turning place and then put m-v own back into helping the horse back up the hill again. But that, as they say, is all part of the fun.

After feeding and brushing the horse, you put on its bridle and all the other strange bits of kit, and set off,

rc90

UNITlO

A When you begin one of these trips, you spend

the first night in the stable yard getting used to the caravan. School starts at 9.30 in the morning. The mysteries of bridles, bits, collars and other paraphernalia are explained to the uninitiated and a few basic rules are outlined.
B One family seemed to have the Irish cousin of a Derby winner pulling them along. I would start out on the road ahead of them each day, only to hear them coming up behind a couple of hours later. I would swerve to the side of the road as they swept past, three faces in a rictus of terror, hands clinging on to the reins in a vain bid to slow down.

D You do not really need any equestrian experience; the horses are, for the most part, quiet and compliant animals, and you soon get into a routine: get up, go to field, run round field hopefully waving a carrot, and then watch while some know-it-all collects your horse with a few quiet words.
E

We progressed in neat formation, a merry charge along the path with no one left behind or suffering with their horses. It was the sort of riding about which any enthusiast dreams, but so rarely finds.

c It was a strange sensation to be a holidaymaker

and yet become part of the tourist landscape, with cameras pointed at me at all times of the day. Coaches full of flashing lenses passed slowly, occasionally frightening the horse to a standstill.

If you asked the campsite staff really nicely, they'd no doubt lend you a saddle so you could take your horse for a gallop along the beach. Imagine it. The sea breeze ruffling your hair, the hooves kicking up wet sand and surf.
G The answer to this, of course, is to walk. And that is really the only way to get the most out of it. Probably the most important lesson is to keep to the route you are given. Take it from me, horse caravans and hills do not a good mix make.

Vocabulary: dealing with topic-specific lexis

Look back at the passage. In paragraph D the writer tells us that 'you do not really need any equestrian experience'. What does he mean by this?

Look at the main text and paragraph options A-G again. Underline the words and phrases which seem to be specific to the topic of horses and riding. Divide the words you have found into the following categories. Some words may appear in both columns.
Nouns
Verbs

Is

it necessary to understand the exact meaning of these words in order to: complete the gapped-text task? understand the passage?

Why does the writer use these words in the passage? Who is the intended audience for this passage?

91

ru

uNtT 10

Vocabulary: group nouns

In the second paragraph of the main text, the writer uses the group noun 'bedding'. Look at the words in the box. How many of the words can we put in the group of things known as 'bedding'?

blanket

cabinet curtain cushion dressing gown duvet headboard pillow pyjamas quilt reading lamp sleeping bag valance pillowcase bedsocks mattress
bedside

Think of some items that belong in the following groups:

crockery

cutlery toiletries stationery

soft furnishings

3 4 5

Can some objects belong to more than one group? Find some examples of such words in the box above.

Look back at the main text and paragraphs A-G. The writer uses two other group nouns. Can you find them?

Match the group noun on the right with its partner on the left. One has been done for you as an example.

I 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 l0 It

a cast

arange
a suite

aset

abunch ateam a group

a school
a

clutch flock

a stand a

A B C D E F G H I J K

of trees

ofbananas
of characters
of furniture

of whales of sheep

ofhens
of surgeons
of mountains

of companies of knives

USE OF ENGLISH:

Transformations

For questions l-12, complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first sentence, using the word given. Do not change the word given. You must use between three and eight words, including the word given.

The organizers were disappointed by the small number of people attending the conference.

only
Much to the
of people attended the conference.

I wouldn't be at all surprised if that company went bankrupt.

AS

It would

comparly went bankrupt.

@,92

UNITlO

Reports say that the invading army left the city early this morning.

have
The invading army

early this morning.

'Don't disobey me, or I'Il stop your pocket money,' said Jane's father.

if
Jane's father threatened

him.

How often do your indoor plants need watering?

necessary How often is

indoor plants?

The boy went down

with chicken pox almost

as soon as

he'd recovered from measles.

had
No sooner

went dorirm with chicken pox.

Provided you remain quiet, you can watch the procession from here.

long
You can watch remarn quret.

The car was parked 400 metres away from the hotel.

distance
The car was parked
400 metres from the hotel.

I inherited this old table from my grandmother.

handed
This by my grandmother.

l0

In conclusion, I'd like to make three points. sufn

To

I'd like to make.

ll

Unless you have a licence, you can't drive a car.

possession Only those drive a car.

L2 That old market town is worthy of a visit, if you have time.

worth
It',s

allows.

93:

rre

uNtT 10

PUNCTUATION
Look at this extract from an informal letter written by a woman to amagazine in response to an afticle about counselling courses. Most of the punctuation has been taken out of the letter.

I 2 3 4

Decide where the sentences start and finish by marking full stops and capital letters on the text. Decide if there are any places where you must put a comma and mark these on the text. Decide if there are any places where you need other marks of punctuation (speech marks, apostrophes, etc.) and mark these on the text. The article was originally divided into three paragraphs. Where do you think these came? Why?

len ot eleuen Aears 6g0 a {riend o{ nine drd a counselltng course and she used lo cone round and me aboul lhe lhings lheg did each week iwas {arrlg uninleresled and used to thihk what on earth

lell

would ah7one wanl lo do a course like that {ot howeuer when ng daughter was in her {inal gear o{ school and lhe plessule Nas oh because il was conrng up lo exam line and she was hautng difficulties ilhoughl well nagbe we need sone help here so i tahg up the r,4)onah who ran the counsellihg course and ng daughlet wenl lo see het what she did in a uerA shorl tine was lo conplelelg turn things atound ng daughler wenl {ton berng sotneone who wanted to dtop oul and giue up lo soneone who was able lo {ace up lo lhrn7s and take responsibrlitg {or her own li{e and ithoughl lhats atnazing i wanl lo know whal lhat wonan did so i srgned up {or the counsellih7 coulse ngsel{

Writing
Now write an introduction and conclusion to the letter. Think about: - whether the woman is in favour of counselling or not - what kind of article she might be writing in response to - what point she is really wanting to make.

SPELIING: Checking your

work

Read this text from a toudst brochure. There is a spelling mistake in each line. Underline the word which has been spelled wrongly and write a correction in the space at the end of the line. One has been done for you as an

example.

City canals have a particular kind of beauty that makes them magicall. Many writers and poets have been enspired by them with their vague

(0)

magical

(l)
(2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7)

which give them a mysteriuos quality. The building of this canal at the beginning of the ninereenth century, created a seenic enclave much loved by poets and artists. The canal district has, more recently, become one of the cities most sought-after residentail areas. And we owe a debt of thanks to the local residents. Thoughout the years, these people have fought against planners and
shapes and muted sounds

developers to keep the atmosfere of the place intact. In the 1950s, (8) there were tremendous wrows about the replacement of the old gas street (9) lamps by ugly concreet one s, and also about the cutting down of trees. In the 1960s, residents fought hard to stop a marina being builded on the
(f 0)

bunker arcitecture. Looking at the plans now, we can see it as one of the greatest comunity victories ever won in the city.
canal, complete with car park and restaraunt in classic 1960s

(f f ) (12\
(f 3)
(f 4)

w94

uNfT 10

USE OF ENGLISH: Gapped sentences

For questions

l-5, think

of one word only which can be used appropriately in all three sentences,

When I ask them about the history of their town, they

just

blank.

Touristsstayinginluxuryhotelsoften-downonthosewhocanonlyaffordacheapguesthouse.
If you don't dress soberly when you go to a smart hotel, the receptionist down and say there aren't any rooms.
The Roman remains in Bath are

will

you up and

Ifyou,regoingonholidayjusttoargue,youmightaS-Stayathome.
worth a visit. The map didn't show the path they were on and it seemed they

were and truly lost. When you receive the cheque, take it to your bank, and they will it to your account. His boss doesn't him with any initiative, and he has never been promoted.
ThenewsofJim,saIreStforfraudwashardforusto-,aswe,dknownhimforyearS.
It's not a good idea to share a holiday villa with close friends, as such proximity can cause you to out. This year, the May Day holiday will _ on a Tiresday. When the holiday money runs out, we shall have

to

back on our savings.

5Ithinkyoushouldgiveswimminga-untilyourshoulder,sbetter.
Takingoutholidayinsuranceoftenputspeople,smindsat-,allowingthemtoenjoytheirholiday.

IthinkweshouldtIytogetSome-beforethelongflight,aSwemaynotbeabIetosleepon
the nlane.

READING:

Multiple choice
l-4,
choose

You are going to read two extracts which are all concerned in some way with products. For questions the answer (A, B, C or D) which you think fits best according to the text.

DaTK
As recently as five years ago, black diamonds were looked upon as the dregs of the industry, a
nuisance found wherever

STARS
a microscope, meaning 60 per cent are wasted. If they are contaminated with a single spot of white, Gruosi deems them unfit to adorn his creations. Various celebrities are said to be among the

monds occurred.

1999, though, jeweller Fawaz Gruosi began working with the jet-black stones) creating rings, necklaces, bracelets and some rather startlingly extravagant watches.
Since then, other jewellers have seen the attraction of black diamonds and the little gems' price has rocketed - from just $50 a carat tvvo years ago, to almost $31000 a carat now.

ln

rich vein of white dia-

famous fans of Gruosi's de Grisogono brand,

happy to pay for a black-diamond-coated mobile

phone, or a watch combining black diamonds, gold and rubies at... $40,000 to you.

The clever part, though, is that Gruosi put his money where his mouth was five years ago and bought himself a truckload of the things before
the price went up. Now, of course, he's sitting on a diamond mine.

Black diamonds are extraordinarily difficult to cut, as the interior condition can't be viewed with

95ffi'

uNtT 10

Which phrase from the text does the writer use to describe the former status of black diamonds? A dregs of the industry (Iine 2) B a rich vein (line 3) C startlingly extravagant (line 7) D unfit to adorn his creations (line 16)
From the tone of the piece, we get the impression that that the writer is A cynical about the jewellery business. B admiring of Gruosi's business acumen. C sceptical about this new fashion. D amused by this new development.

c'ibget King
The word 'gadget' is one of those oddities of the English language. No one knows exactly where it came from, but it arrived around 1900 with a new century of domestic inventions designed to s appeal to a consumer market. It may be no accident that it also coincided with the arrival of a brilliant chronicler of this modern phenomenon - Britain's comic answer to Leonardo da Vinci Heath Robinson: the artist formerly known as to The Gadget King. Manchester City Art Gallery is commemorating his genius with an exhibition of his works, which focuses on the inventions that made him famous - so famous that Art Revieq announcing the show, described him as 'also an ts illustrator'- but includes examples of his illustrations in classics such as Hans Christian Andersen's Fairy Tales, and Shakespeare.
Born in 7872 into a family of commercial artists, Robinson's unique breakthrough came when he

hit upon his comic formula: the description

of

zo

complex devices through an eloquently simple use of fine-lined drawing and flat wash. His cartoon style still looks modern, and in many ways he was ahead of his time. He pioneered installation art with a model of his ideal house in lg34,andsomeof hisdrawingswereprophetic; he foresaw the Channel Tunnel, for example. Few of them would have worked off the page, however. His son Oliver said: 'Despite all that domestic gadgetry, my father was not a handyman about the house.'

zs

30

What is 'this modern phenomenon' (line 7)? A a new style of cartoon B a new way of speaking C a new range of products D a new form of marketing What is the writer's view of the artist Heath Robinson? A He is underestimated as an inventor. B He is not taken seriously enough as an artist. C His work has stood the test of time well. D His cartoons reflected his practical abilities.

ffi'96

Answer Key
UNIT
1
4 ubiquitous 2 less formal eating habits 3 modern working hours/women

GRAMMAR: Causatives

Sign of the Times

VOCABULARY Wordsearch

I
3 4

2 should
by

can have (your) trousers shortened get your central heating boiler

I
Horizontal words from the top:
takeaway, cow, omnipresent, hamburger, cup, frozen, straw icon, ground, age, McDonalds, beef, seasoning, fries, chain, coke, bland Vertical words from left: Hard Rock Cafe, fast food, grill, bun, relish, globaiize, Hamburg, meat.
sesame

working 4 it was cheap and inlormai

serviced
get my passport photo(graph) taken be having the food lor the party

5 they thought it was a heavy dish/hard

to digest

6 the most important

reason/explanation
Qrrmmerrr

prepared

5 to have the fault repaired by an

engineer

are having a new pair of curtains

made

The summary should include these ideas:

Pasta is:

7 have had the outside

painted

of the house

INGREDIENTS: seasoning, meat, beef, cow ACCESSORIES: sesame, bun, coke, relish, straw, cup OPINIONS/IDEAS: omnipresent, icon, globaiize, fast food PLACES/COMPANIES: Hard Rock CaIe, Hamburg, McDonalds METHODS/PROCESSES: takeaway, grill, frozen, ground, chain

. . . . . .

easy

to cook and prepare

HELP

can be combined with other flavours is cheap, filling and nutritious

WITH PUNCTUATION

1:

everyone seems to like it eating habits/customs have changed people are concerned about having a healthy diet

Full stops and capital letters

Suggested answer As any Italian housewife will tell you, homemade pasta is not

difficult

to

make.It

does,

Reference skills

however, require patience and time, which is

pasta

why

tend to make it on Sunday mornings.

2 flavours 3 Italy 4 factors 5 mealtimes/symbolic importance of the

dinner table 6 this new ease of eating 7 quick fixes 8 the fact that pasta has made great
strides

People who have a gift

for making pastry or

bread

will

have very little problem in making

pasta, as many of the skills applied to all three are the same. The most important thing to remember is that you need plenty

of

READING: Comprehension

I
Students' own answers.
2

uncluttered work surface. Avery large chopping board or marble slab is ideal, but
modern laminate worktops are quite adequate.

Dependent prepositions

Students' own answers.

I from 2of
3 with 4 with 5 from

An extra large rolling pin will make the rolling ofthe pasta dough much easier. Ifyou plan to go into pasta making in a big way, then itmay
be

worth your while to buy a pasta machine.

2 3 staples 4 it can easily

things

the increasing sales of pasta its simplicity

be combined with other

At the turn of a handle, this will give you many dffirent shapes and thicknesses of pasta.
These machines, manufactured in northern

6to
7 into

Italy, are now widely available in specialist

kitchenware shops all over the world.

5 it would

be difficult to

lind

8to

97w

NANSWER
I
come

KEY

PHRASAL VERBS:

With out

14 had started

f5

2 bringing

(had) realized 16 needed

UNIT 2

Call of the Wild

VOCABULARY Animals

3 draw 4 fallen 5 got 6 hold 7 sold 8 watch 9 called

17 had/is having 18 was/is (being) given 19 has been 20 have begun/am beginning USE OF ENGLISH: Cloze passage

I I puppy 2 yak

ll

tortoise

l0

pulling/coming

2to
3is
4 out 5 \^rith

way

3 kingfisher l3 toad 4 rat 14 dodo

12 elephant

READING: Lexicalcloze

IB
2B

6in
7 who

6 alligator 7 rhinoceros 8 sheep 9 pig

lO
2
as a bat busy as a bee as free as a bird as as

5 tarantula 15 ostrich 16 hippopotomas

l7 l8

4A
5D 6D 7B 8C

tc

goat

19

seagull lamb badger

2O rabbit

8up
9 what

lO during

blind

ll

take

12 been

toc llc

9A

13 against 14 came 15 which Vocabulary

parrot proud as a peacock as quiet as a mouse

as sick as a
as as sly as a

fox
ox mule

t2D
HELPWITH SPELLING 1: The silent e
immediately 2 smiling

as strong as an
as

as stubborn as a

unfounded

wise as an owl

'

3 amazement

2 outraged 3 shattered 4 shards 5 sabotage 6 grudge

Summary
The summary should include these
reasons:

dogged

2 badgered

4 changeable 5 seeing 6 shining

7 barely

3 foxed 4 fishing 5 worm

READING: Comprehension

8 agreement 9 management/manager/manageress

. .

l0

ll

lovely definitely

GRAMMAR: Review of pasttenses

things can get into food after it leaves the factory broken machinery can cause objects to fall into products factory workers have been known to sabotage food, if they have a grudge against the management

I
Brad Carter - husband, father and owner of the snake Mary-Ann Carter - wife, mother and owner of the snake Joshua - the Carters' small son Ashley - the Carters' small daughter
Selena

was

2 hadbeen 3 had always had 4 hadnever 5 had been getting 6 decided 7 was 8 turned

Ron Hawkins

killer

- the Carters'pet snake - a paramedic and

Selena's

Ann Webb

- honorary

secretary of the

Tarantula Society 2
Paras l--4 the story of the Carters and

t l0 lI

had was

has suffered 12 has neverhad

their python Paras 5-7 a more general discussion on the trade in exotic pets in Britain

13 signed

n98

ANSWER

KEYW

t lNo
2 Yes 3 Yes 4No 5 Yes 6 Yes 7No 8 Yes
4

iines 51-52 'Tarantulas are not particularly aggressive': a direct quote from Ann Webb line 60 'Tarantuia Starter Kit': the name of
a

HELP WITH SPELLING 2:

Double consonants

I
2

marketing

product

Iine 62'tunnelling material': the words

used by the manufacturer/supplier

it's an impersonal form

2 Mary-Ann 3 made an assessment of 4 that Ron had a new knife 5 the reader 6 the animals iisted in the paragraph
7
above because of the coincidence of a spider's web and the name Webb

N.B. Throughout the piece, the use oI inverted commas increases the ironic tone by drawing our attention to the language used by the people and organizations involved. This sometimes makes them
seem ridiculous.

spinning 4 developing ) beginning 6 committed

7 dropped

knitred

8 occurred 9 fiansferring
IO

permitted
conference

tl

t
The summary should include these main points: . exotic pets are dangerous . the trade in exotic pets needs to be more responsible, and possibly more

PHRASAL VERBS:

With up and

down I backed
2 feel 3 catch 4 bring

)
He uses different forms to add variety to his style, and create a slightly ironic note.

strictly controlled

)oo
6 drawn 7 held 8 made 9 ran lO set
WORD FAMILIES AND WORD
STRESS

GRAMMAR: Relative pronouns

Summary

I I
Ron Hawkins used the penknife which/that had been bought lor his

I
It
is written in a colloquial style, as though the author were speaking rather than writing to his readers. He uses the first person, 'I', and addresses the reader

birthday.

2 Ann

Webb was talking about

tarantulas, which she says are not

directly as'you'.
He is addressing a British audience, playing on the common idea that strange and eccentric things happen in the USA more than in the UK.

particularly aggressive. 3 Selena is the snake which/that/who bit Mary Ann. 4 Joshua is the toddler whose father owned the snake.

Pet City is a shop which/that sells

depress deplcssion deprcssing globalize elobe gisbai 3 invade invasion invading/invasive 4 prevent prevcntion preventative
2

There is an ironical tone to the piece throughout. The writer wants to make his readers laugh and find the story rather ridiculous, but at the same time to think seriously about the issues raised.
2

tarantula starter kits.

6
7

Selena was a snake who/which/that was used to eating guinea pigs. The story takes place in a hotel

invading describes an action; invasive describes a oualitv. surprised describes a person's reaction to something; surprising describes a

which/that

is

in

San Diego,

California.

quality of something

8 A new pet shop has just opened where

you can buy snakes.

lines 24-25' frozen with horror' and 'screaming hysterically': this is a direct quote from Mary-Ann Iines 28-29 'my wife is being eaten by a snake': here the writer is imagining the words that Brad might have used Iine 36 'street trader': this is an indirect quote from Brad; the writer wants to show that Brad gave this information, and it may not be reliable lines 37-18 'like a slippery puppy dog': a direct quote from Brad iine 50'harmless', 'friendly': words used

9 I met a woman whose child had been

bitten by
a

tarantula.

lO Britain

is a place where there are many exotic pet fans.

I ecology ecological 2 catastrophe catastrophic 3 eqntinent continental 4pha.tograph photographic 5 biology biological I homogenize homogenization 2 Bepulate popul4tion f devastate devastation 4 isolate isolation
5 uaturalize naturalization

ironically

I where/inwhich 2 who/that/which 3 who/that 4 whose 5 which/that 6 which/that 7 whose 8 who/that

6 infiltrate infiltration 7 punqluate punctuation 8 pronounce pronunciation

99-

reANSWER
I

KEY Should I buy two, or will that lead to other problems? I would be grateful to receive the answer to these questions, together with your pricelist, a brochure, any other information you may have about tarantulas, and details of how to get to your shop {rom the city centre.
Yours faithfully,

GRAMMAR: Cause and result

or injury often lead to whale
of African grasses

UNIT 3

2 introduction

A Word in your Ear

READING: Lexicalcloze

which/thar resulted in 3 isolation leads to new species being 4 be to blame for 5 of humans cannot always be blamed

2A
3D 4C
)L

IB

6 fashion for exotic pets is the result of 7 is thought to have beenbrought about GRAMMAR: Uses of the artile

6A
A. Strangelove

la 2a
3 the

FORMALAND INFORMAL
LANGUAGE

4 althe 56a
7 The 8 the 9 the

I
3

writing
organize

2 further 4 noticed 5 advertisement 6 surprised 7 the wide range 8 on offer 9 feel sure

9A loB lrD t2c

r3B 14A
15D 16D

7D 8B

l0ll t213 the 14 the HELP WITH PUNCTUATION 2:

l7B r8c
Vocabulary

l0 lf l3

be exactly what I am looking for

grateful 12 to receive
latest

penchant

Commas
Suggested answer

14 together with
15 hearing from you 16 Yours faithfully 27, Acacia Avenue Harmborough
Surrey

2 scour 3 tucked-away 4 browse

5 whiskered 6 fidgety 7 generation

8 literate 9 ubiquitous lO superseded

obsolete

The Manager Pet City

Manchester

ll
Dear Sir, Recently, I read an article which said that Pet City was the best place to buy tarantulas. As I would like to buy one as a pet, I am writing to ask if you have any in stock at the moment.

12 versatile 13 immune 14 fiddly

GRAMMAR: The passive

is said to be friendly

Unfortunately, I have never had a pet spider before, so I was wondering if you could send me some information about the best way to look after them. For example, are your tarantulas sold with
cages and bedding, or do I have to pay

2 is generally thought to have 3 is widely considered to be the 4 President is alleged to be on/is

allegedly on

5 ought to have been informed about

the

6 students were distracted by a large

wasp

for

these separately? I already have a pet dog and a small python, but no other spiders. Do you think my tarantula will be lonely?

7 wrong man is widely believed to have 8 date of the meeting had not been
publicized

rc

100

ANSWER

KEYffi

WITH PUNCTUATION 3: Genitives and apostrophes

HELP

VOCABULARY Similes

pretty

don't waste everybody else's time as well as ours. 2 I haven't bought anything for the
Please

twins'birthday yet.

3 It isn't the sort

of thing that suits

Bill

and Fiona's taste. 4 The city's full of shops selling tomorrow's fashions today. 5 Some children's clothes are sold upstairs, others are to be lound in teenage fashions. 6 Linda's appointment is at lour o'clock and Robert's follows hers, but you're not on today's list, I'm afraid. 7 We'il have to make sure that Mr.

2 fresh 3 stubborn 4 right 5 light 6 bright 7 quick 8 fit 9 peas lO black

USE OF ENGLISH: Cloze passage

rained heavily for a short time, the garden party was a grear success. 6 Far from being expensive, the price of eating out in Glasgow is actually quite reasonable. 7 In spite of having/the fact that he had a slight head cold, James sang

beautiiully at Jessica's wedding.

8 Whereas the coach

and a half hours.

takes five hours to get to London, the train does it in two

9 However much you may dislike folk

music, I'm sure you'll like this particular band. lO Although hill walking is tiring. it doesn't require as much concentration as mountain climbing.

about

Peters'watch says the same time

ours.

as

8 It's high time the sports club did

something about its members' changing facilities. 9 Tom's mother's house isn't as old as its appearance suggests; her neighbours' houses are older. lO Theirs is the village's most beautiful garden, and there's no doubt it's larger than anybody else's, too.

2 who 3 should 4 into 5 way 6do 7 Indeed 8 not 9 between

READING:

Multiple choice

IB
2C

l0 ll

as

since

3A 4D
)t3

12 were

13 one
14 in 15 likely

HELP WITH SPELLING 3: Words

Comprehension

ending in y

I
2

Yes Yes

I I
reliance/reliability

lNo
4 Yes 5No 6No 7 Yes 8 Yes 9No
GRAM MAR: Comparison and

2 denial 3 application/appliance 4 nastiness 5 impiication 6 laziness 7 defiance 8 bullying 9 dryness lO loveliness

2

contrast
Suggested answers I Unlike some other European languages, English makes great use of the passive.

toys

2 trolleys 3 quarries 4 puppies 5 highways 6 holidays

7 pennies

2 Although computers
^^--,,-i-^ LUUsUruUrS.

save a lot of time, learning to use one can be very time-

3 Whilst the demand for cookery books

is rising,

8 displays 9 spies lO fairies

that for quiz books remains

stable.

4 In comparison with other areas, our

local bus service is very regular.

5 Despite raining heavily/the fact that it

101

ffiANSWER

KEY HELP WITH SPELLING 4: Common errors

2

UNIT 4

A Fine Romance
READING:

IB
2C

I I

principles
advice

Multiple choice

2 break 4 dessert 5 lose, loose 6 practice 7 stationary 8 whether 9 quite

3A
4C

IC
2C 3B

5A
6C 7B 8C 9C
HELP WITH PUNCTUAf,ION 4:

4A
)t)

Vocabulary

dispensing

2 to offer 3 foolhardy 4 strife 5 makes no bones 6 outspoken 7 dished out 8 dogma 9 irrepressible lO strike a chord
I

l0 ll

passed

lormerly

12 beside USE OF ENGLISH:

Inverted commas
Robert looked down at the hole in his pullover. 'What am I going to tell auntie7, he said.

Word-building

cloze

I f

inanimate

2 frustration(s)
outlet

relishes

4 extent
5 upbringing

'Tell her you lost it,' I suggested.'She'll knit you another,' Robert didn't look convinced and was trying to take off the remains of his pullover. 'Hang on a moment,' I said'I'll help you.' I hadn't heard footsteps or the gate opening,
but suddenly I heard Miss Lockds voice enquiring icily,'What on earth is going on

12 viIal, essential

Summary
The summary should include these ideas: . Irma has no particular philosophy or set of beliefs have the conlidence to solve your own

6 conversely 7 uncontrollable/uncontrolled 8 productive 9 worthwhile

here?'

l0

USE OF ENGLISH: Gapped

relationship

sentences
1 loss

problems
unique

GRAMMAR: Uses of get

Suggested answers

don't always expect others to help you don't assume that your experience is

I
2

. .

don't assume others have had the same experiences as you don't forget to look after the things that are most important to you

f
4
6 7

got married on a Friday who got the blame/who got blamed for the mistake was Jane take much to get Rosy
got a serious telling off gets on my nerves when Liz of marital disharmony gets me catch that bus we'll have to get a move to get to know seen

2 split 3 give 4 hit 5up

5 began to get Ied up

NARRATIVE DEVICES: Inversion

2 3 4 5 (in my whole life) have I had 6 does an opportunity like that come 7 no circumstances should this envelooe
be

does one get the chance to anybody keeps (a) count o{ had we taken our coats off than rarely do you (ever) see owls

8 9 lO getlhave that broken tooth

READING: Gapped

text

IC
2G 3E 4H 5F 6D

8 when I caught sight of her lace did

7A
B not used

re

102

ANSWER

KEYNffi

UNIT 5

All Right on the Night

GRAMMAR: Clauses

I
2

the
tljLe

with

1a 4 althe
5 the

named after a product as a form oI advertising |ou can buy a variety and name it after yourself

whatever, howeven etc.

much it may cost 2 unpopular it (may) make(s) him, John
always sticks

6a
7 the

GRAMMAR: Reported speech

asked Liz whether she knew

3 tlpe of {ilm Gloria appears in 4 road you take will lead 5 you go in the city, there are 6 see Sally in that dress, it reminds me 7 should be set by whoever leaves the 8 will be conducted by whichever
composer writes

8a 9a l0 an l1 the
12 the l3 an 14 the

2 father asked her to pass him 3 thought it was going to be a 4 he would have to ring Tom back 5 asked me if I would mind 6 Terry if he would be able to
READING: Lexicalcloze

15a
16 the

SPELLING AND PRONUNCIATION

I I I
thorough

t7A
18B 19A

2A 3A
4B 5B 6D 7B 8B 9C

ID

2 thought
through

4 tough 5 troughs 6 Throughout 7 distraught 8 though

2

20c 2LA
22D

238
24D 25D
Reference skills

l0B

llD t2B
Comprehension

port craft taught draught sought coughed distraught laughed

nought fraught
caught

stuff
enough trough rough tough

the Latinization of names 2 the Latinization oI names 3 by having a plant named after them

ought
J

4 a popular celebrity 5 Barry Dare 6 naming it after yoursell 7 commercial companies roses 8 your own name
Vocabulary

2T 3F 4F
)I

IT

6F
2 Suggested answers

sort

2 court 3 course 4 foul

) lool

acclaim

peace

7 source 8 bridal 9 aisle lO bear

READING: Lexicalcloze

2 latterly 3 on occasion 4 in years gone by 5 chic 6 fitting 7 feted 8 hard and fast 9 come up with the cash
Summary

I
2

probably 8-10
probably

24

3 probably 4*6

4 probably 6-8 5 probably 2-4

introduction/this restaurant placed in

its context

I
'name after' is used lour times. It means to give something or someone a name which is known to be already associated with somethins or someone else.

The summary should include these ideas: . named after a lamous person to

. .

honour them
named after a famous person to get

2 the d6cor 3 a special feature 4 the meal 5 the conclusion

4
Suggesred answers

publicity for the plant named after a relative of the plant

breeder

mostly opinion (B)

1O3

lffi

ffi4115YYER

KEY

2 mostiy descriprion (A)

3 about 50/50 4 about 50/50 5 mostly opinion (B)

UNIT 5

Prefixes and suffixes

Tip of my Tongue
READING:

enlcodeld

emlbedlded

)
newspaper/magazine
6

Multiple choice

would-be diners
7

fairly informal, e.g. 'the trouble ... is, it's not bad!', slightly ironic in tone, e.g. 'The only taste ... was a bitter one'

IA 2B 3A 4C 5B 6D 7C
Vocabulary
conjure up 2 trajectory

'. . . our own human memories ... are encoded in the brain human memories are nol embedded in a compuler...' 3 before certain consonants, e.g. p/b. More examples include: improve,

2 to construct the passive:

imbalance, embody, embark.

GRAMMAR: Gerund and

infinitive

I I to memorize 2 going
3 to remember

READING:

Multiple choice

IB
2B

3A
4C
)U 6B

3 amnesia 4 advocates 5 prodigious 6 hindrance 7 chimera 8 humiliations 9 trivia lO envisage

4 totry
5 making 6 Memorizing 7 using 8 to learn 9 to call lO to hearing

ll

ll
2

to find

tally

12 to ask

12 embedded Reference skills

(+

infinitive)

our capacity for memory

2 the dead J advocates o[ cryonics 4 our memories 5 memories 6 photograph

7 past experiences

plan offer

B (+ gerund) avoid
resist face miss

intend want
decide

regret

8 forgetting is functionai 9 nerve cells

1O in the human brain ll cells

expect refuse hope

{inish risk

mention
forgive
postpone consider

learn regret

12 persist

admit USE OF ENGLISH:

Word stress

characteristic

Word-building cloze

2 ilfuminated 3 unknowable 4 accompanied 5 humiliation 6 appqinlLment 7 conncction 8 embcrlded 9 recognizably

1O consEluent

unable

ll

subtleties

2 disuse 3 ultimately 4 opposition 5 retrieval/retrieving 6 storage/storing 7 memorize 8 facilitate 9 strengthened lO misiaid

12 compqnents

m104

ANSWER

KEYW

PUNCTUATION:

8 What's the name of the person (who)

Commas and clauses

Belore beginning work lor the daY (clause), Tor;r (subiect) turned on his computer. 2 First ofall \clause),I'd (subject)llkelo talk about my own experience. 3 Surprising as it may seem (clause), memories (subject\ are our most enduring characteristics. 4 Apart from Dr. Brown (clause) , nobody (subject) knew how to programme the computer. 5 You (subjecf) can borrow mY BMW as

They are types of puzzies designed to test your powers of reasoning. People

you sent that lax to?

9 Lizzie is the girl (who) we gave our old

desktop compuler to.
1O Who do I have the pleasure of

are motivated to solve the problems, but are often frustrated by their level of difficulty. 2 quickly starts to work 3 something anyone can understand readily 4 understanding of complex things 5 that the brain works harder to solve difficult problems 6 which part of the brain deals with

speaking to?

which

2 whom/who 3 which

such problems because this involves a wide variety of

long as you drive carelully (clause). Far from being cold in the room (clause\, it (subject) turned out to be rather warm. 7 Had it not been for Barbara's help lclause), the project (subject) would

knowledge

8 getting more complex

the list

as

you go down

4 who/whom 5 whom/who 6 where 7 which 8 where 9 who lO which

GRAMMAR: Conditional sentences

9 It took longer to read, caused their

pupils to dilate more and was more likely to be misunderstood. lO The lett side. There are two areas here which may be responsibie for processing meaning and associated
sounds.

never have been completed. The party (subject) will be held in the open air, providing that it doesn't rain
\clause).

I
2

yourjourney in advance, you

could/would have avoided say anything unless somebody asks to
see

Unless yott (subject) have anY

l0

objections (clause) , the meeting will take place on March 4th. Despite the limited time available for rehearsals (clause), the band (subject) seemed very well prepared.

GRAMMAR: Relative pronouns

3 it should rain, the party will not

4 anyoneisomeone disagrees, no
meeting will be held/the meeting

I
The third sentence would have been easier to understand had the wordwhom been used instead of. who.It is possible to :use whom when it refers to the object of the sentence.
2

will

5 6

READING: Comprehension

I A B C
2

one action followed by another

7 8 9

not be held as you get plenty of driving practice you ever be in need of or not the children are ready there is no dramatic rise in prices of the strength of the wind

defining relative clause identifies the

subject
change of subject means victim and attacker change roles

IA
2C 3C 4B

USE OF ENGLISH: Gapped

sentences

The third sentence is probably the most difficult to understand, because of the grammar.

5A 6B
7B 8C

look

t
It
4
is about the

r0c
power of the human brain.

9A

2 meet 3 feature 4 capacity 5 clear

I
2

from

t
5

with

to 4 to

To

Did the reporter attack the senator? to see if they had understood the grammar/how long they took to work out
fhe me:nino

6 Tom is the man (who) I bought mY old car from. 7 Polly is a student (who) I

communicate with on the Internet.

105

ffiIANSWER

KEY

UNIT 7

VOCABULARY Prefixes

with up

format', 'no other art history series as

A Matter of Taste
GRAMMAR: Gerund and

upset

wide-ranging','invariably experts in
their field'.

infinitive

going

2 mentioning 3 to accept 4 to invest 5 to learn 6 travelling 7 to mention 8 to borrow 9 tidying

2 upkeep 3 uphill 4 upside 5 uptake 6 uptight 7 upturn 8 update 9 upright IO upshot

GRAMMAR: Wishes and regrets

GRAMMAR: Inversions
Suggested answers I as this car may have been to buy,

it

wasn't good value. 2 though/as this hotel is, it lacks the

atmosphere of its neighbour.

3 though/as the painting 4

l0

listening

wishes he could have gone

HELP WITH SPELLING 5: Words ending in cede/ceed/sede

2 wishes she had sent her 3 to wish Ramona good luck in her
exam/Ramona to wish her luck in her exam 4 wished he didn't have to pay 5 wishes she could stay out 6 wishes Samantha would help him 7 wishes the rain would 8 wishes (that) he was able

is, it doesn't compare with the great masters. he had to move house did William realize how much stu{{ he had/that he had so much stuff.

READING: Gapped

text

successful

I IC 2G 3D 4F 5E 6A
2

2 preceding 3 recede

4 model
5 judgement

6 speed 7 personal 8 proceedings

READING: Lexicalcloze

READING:

Multiple choice

I I without
2 those

I
2

I begin to understand the truth of the

IB
2D

3AI
4 This 5 at least 6 especially 7 However 8 only 9 when lO Yet

4A
,L)

]D

matter as ordinary or commonplace as the typical sweet dish in the USA 3 country people who value their dogs
greatly

4 a tlpical image of the high-powered

business person

6B 7A 8B
USE OF ENGLISH:

ll
Summary

Despite

5 a clever scheme to help sell something 6 used to establish a standard or criterion {or being emotionally in
touch

12 And
2

I
2

trawl/quarry
a place

7 a misunderstanding which really gave

where you're likely to find lots o{ jeans 3 it's ironic that clothes that were once everyday items are now highly valued. 4 stumbled across 5 Summaries should include the following points: . old clothes can be Iashionable . some people collect them . they have historical/cultural

IC 2D ]A 4C t |
3,2

the wrong idea

8 a disconnected feeling; losing grip on

reality

scattered at irregular intervals

a special task of

l0

importance to the

company

2 and, with; however clause 3 The style is found in more

f

t
D

ormal/j ournalistic writing.

associations they can be sold on at a profit

4 It is economical through

its use of noun phrases, e.g.'reader-{riendly notes', which express complex ideas in a simple way. It gives variety of style

and structure.

5 'less-informed readers', 'the rigid

re

106

ANSWER

KEYI

UNIT 8

VocabularY

Go your own WaY

VOCABULARY Advertising

I
A
awe-insPiring extraordinary
amazing astonishing impressrve magicallY

8F 9K
10B

llH
2

traders

Birds of

feather flocktogether'

2 revolution 3 production 4 brands 5 medium 6 consumers 7 research 8 leaflets 9 uP-market

IO mailing

= People

with similar ideas and values

tend to mix together sociallY'

Absence makes the heart grow fonder'

= We tend to feei a stronger

B
large grouP jam-packed with laden with literally thousands of
sheer concentration

emotional attachment to PeoPle when we are separated from them'

breeds contemPt'

3 FamiliaritY
= The

more lamiliar we are with

ll
12

catalogue
space

things or PeoPle' the less we maY appreciate them.

l3

circulation

entire flock random swarm

a scattering a gigantic single flYing organism

Never judge

14 rates 15 artwork 16 samPles

17 media

abookbY its coYer' Things may not be what theY seem = at first/first imPressions can be

the flock disPersed

18 camPaigns

c
spiralling
dipped

misleading' Don't put allyour eggs in one basket totally on one = It is risky to depend

thing'

6 A bird in the hand

bush'

is

worth two in tle

GRAMMAR: RePorting verbs

I regretted having eaten/eating so much Z pr"omised to send his Mum a postcard the 3 {orbade her to go out
4 advised the ladY to trY a 5 (that) we went home and had 6 reminded her to take her 7 admitted (that) he had been lying to 8 Tim to congratulate him on passing his 9 ofiered (to give) Linda a 10 blamed himself for the failure
USE OF ENGLISH: Cloze Passage

wheeled swerving

turning
break off/awaY

whirling
swirling drawn
dispersed dance

more valuabie = What You have is what You maY get in the future' than plal ' While the cat's rway the mice will people = In the absence of supervision'
maY misbehave'
make it drink.

8 You can lead a horse to water' but you cart :

to PeoPle' but = You can give advice make them do what the-v you can't

He is painting a picture oI the scene with words, trying to give us a feeling

don't want to do'

Finders keePers, losers weePers'

both oI what he saw and how he lelt

about it.

lO
it more interesting' to add
the

where

To make

2 how 3 From 4 with 5 not 6 for 7 there 8 more 9 one

emphasis to what he is saying' Using lots of different words can sometimes be more effective than repeating same words with modifiers' e'g' gigantic can be more effective than very,very big.

things = We are justified in keeping Iind bY chance. He who laughs last laughs longest' better of = If You try to get the maY end uP getdng the someone. theY

\re

better of You.

ll

Don't countyour
hatched

cLrickens before

tha' are

so it's = The future is unpredictable'

dangerous to rely too much on things You think will haPPen'

PROVERBS

I0 through/into ll il/though
12 what 13 off/awaY 14 bY 15 had

SPELLING

IE
2D

IA
2D 3C 4D
)L

'J 4C
)A

6G
NI

6C

7A

1U

gffiANSWER
8D 9C

KEY

USE OF ENGLISH: Gapped

l0D
READING:

sentences

UNIT 9

Multiple choice

I rate 2 call
3 prove 4 reflect 5 come 6 missed
USE OF ENGLISH:

Nose

to the
Multiple choice

Grindstone
READING:

IB
2C 3D 4C
)l)

I
neurologist
headaches

6B
2

Transformations

If you let people get away with mistakes, then you encourage those who may be dishonest to try and get
away wirh it.
He is paraphrasing what was said, rather than using the exact words.

show that he has not lost touch 2 had no idea about/as to/of the 3 had no option but to call the police 4 in research procedures has resulted in 5 are the chances of anyone finding out

what

6
7

3 academicfalsilication

9 enamoured
lO

sayldo nothing about it 5 He thinks that the writer must approve of the young scientists's actions. 6 Not naming the people who are being referred to. 7 come across 8 line 3l - an event Iine 35 - I knew by chance
He might have pretended to find it at later date, and behave as if he was
a

was necessary for Sandra to have/that Sandra had goes to the shopping centre, he bumps

into

I Marcia Wilkinson's background Pata2 headachesufferers Para 3 types of headache Para 4 symptoms of headaches Para 5 causes of headaches Para 6 remedies {or headaches ParaT theories about headaches Para 8 cure for headaches Para 9 recent research into headaches Para l0 prospects for the {uture
Para
3

IB 2D ]C 4D 5A 6C
4

findins ir for the first time.

They are people who have studied

headaches.
so many days off that he makes the total look larger. 'ventures', 'takes a trip' 'courtesy of', 'sparked off', 'brought

ll

He was not heard of again.

12 It wasn't worth ir.

2 Alan Frost took 3

Word stress

executive

2 falsifig4tion 3 manufactured 4 obviouslv 5 satisfaction 6 persuasive 7 ethical 8 reputation 9 conlention lO pgnalize

on'

5 'no end of' 6 Scientists don't know what to do next. 7 'bewildering' 8 'there's no saying'
Dr. Wilkinson is quite an entertaining person, not too serious in her manner, e.g. 'when you are hit on the head with a hammer', 'the greater pain removing the lesser', 'she breaks into rhyme'. 'that should be stuck up in every physician's consulting room'. lO It gives a light-hearted presentation of serious subject matter, e.g. Dr. Wilkinson is described as 'the star' at the European Headache Federation,

ll

indignation

12 contradicted 13 deliberatelv

14 considel4tions 15 enamoured
16 correctlv

l7

personalities

18 unscrupulous

19 charitable
2O professorship

where she 'wowed'the delegates; there is also the Alan Frost anecdote, and phrases such as 'mother of all headaches','ventures further afield',

ffii108

ANSWER
'headless chickens when it comes to headaches', 'there's no saying whether
2

KEYffi

Nine: believe, understand, I'm afraid, hope, suPPose, guess, trust, reckon, presume. Examples:I (don't) believe so, I (don't) suppose so, I (don't) reckon so, I'm a{raid so, I presume so, I hoPe so. I believe not, I hope not, I'm afraid not, I presume not, I suppose not, I guess not, I trust not, I reckon not.

ll

The article is entertaining and, to some extent, informative. Its main purpose is to entertain rather than educate, however. 12 The target reader is probably a casual reader of a fairly serious newspaper, e.g. a Sunday supplement, or a similar leisure Publication.

12 preceede 13 pronounciation 14 responsiabilitY 15 strenghth

16 successfull 17 marketting 18 grammattical

USE OF ENGLISH: Cloze Passage

READING: Lexicalcloze
USE OF ENGLISH:

I apart 2in
3 and 4 there 5 Getting 6 with 7 off 8 if/whether 9 provided IO comes

Word-building cloze

I
engineering 2 outlet(s) 3 explanation

IB 2D 3A
4Q

'B 6C
IU

4 injection 5 completion 6 refinement(s) 7 necessarilY 8 achievements 9 responsibilitY IO rebuilding

2

ll
12 13 14 15

takes

8B 9B IOA

rhe

up/on
brings

rlc

taken

12D
USE OF ENGLISH: SummarY SPELLING: Common errors

'dabbled in'

To show

that he doesn't reailY Ieel

''precursor'
GRAM MAR: Conversational

devices using auxiliary verbs

I I
So does

2 So will 3 So would 4 Nor/Neither 5 Sois 6 Nor/Neither 7 So does

8 Nor/Neither 9 Nor/Neither

2 exaglerate C e 3 litlrature 4 busineslman s s 5 falcinate 6 disalpearance P 7 goverlment n 8 disaplointed P 9 imlediatelY m

accomlodation m

they were advances. 2 It means that theY take uP all Your time/all Your life.

3 put yoursell at risk/ask for trouble 4 'fritter awaY'

5a . . .

The paragraph should include the

I0 embarralsed s
are

have
does is

Il lnowledge k 12 neceslitY s 11 olportunitY P 14 recomlend m 15 transferled r

2

following reasons: technological change downsizing/fear of redundancY increased workloads/ pressure lrom
employers/bosses

lO So did ll So had 12 Nor/Neither has

13
So

arguement

. peer pressure/doing what others do 5b The ParagraPh should include: . loss of time with familY . stress and reiated illnesses . loss of concentration and motivation . falling qualitY oI work
USE OF ENGLISH: GaPPed

might

14 Nor/Neither can 15 Nor/Neither must l6 Nor/Neither ought/should l7 Nor/Neither is 18 Nor/Neither may 19 Nor/Neither is 2O So had

2 auxilliarY 3 begginning 4 develoPe 5 equippment 6 labouratorY 7 neccessarY 8 occassionallY 9 ommitted

Sentences

dull

2 count 3 lay

I0 l1

parallell personnell

109

@4N5UltER

KEy
CROCKERY cups, saucers, plates, jugs,

UNIT 10 The Road Ahead

READING: Lexicalcloze

PUNCTUATION
Suggested answers
Ten or eleven years ago,
a

bowls, etc.
CUTLERY: knives, forks, spoons, etc. TOILETRIES: soap, toothpaste, toothbrush, shampoo, etc. STATIONERY: pens, paper, envelopes, paper clips, etc. SOFT FURNISHINGS: sofa, carpet, curtains, cushions, etc.
3

friend of mine did a

counselling course, and she used to come round

IB
2C 3B 4C

and tell me about the things they did each

week.

I was fairly uninterested and used to think, 'What on earth would anyone want to for?'

do a course like that

5A
6C 7C 8B
Yes. For example, reading lamp fits
bedroom

into

However, when my daughter was in her final year of school, and the pressure was on because having dfficulties,

furniture, lighting, fixtures and

fittings.
Sleeping bagbelongs camping equipment.

9A loD

with both bedding and

itwas coming up to exam time and she was I thought, 'Well, maybe we

llB t2c

4
vehicle, kit

I rang up the woman who ran the counselling course and my daughter went to see her.
need some help here.' So

What she did, in a very short time, was to

READING: Gapped

text

completely turn things around. My daughter

IC 2A ]D 4F 5B 6G
E

IC 2I 3D 4K 5B 6H
not used n1

went from being someone who wanted to drop out and give up, to someone who was able to face up to things and take responsibility for her

own life, and I thought,'That's amazing! I want to know what that woman did.' So I
signed up for the counselling course myself.

Vocabulary: dealing with topic-specific lexis I The writer means that you needn't have experience of keeping and riding
horses.

l0A llF

8E 9G

SPELLING: Checking

your work

I enspired +
Transformations
2 mysteriuos 3 ninteenth 4 seenic 5 cities 6 residentail 7 thoughout 8 atmosfere 9 wrows

ttttp'..d
mysterious

2 Nouns: bridles, bits, collars, reins,

hooves

USE OF ENGLISH:

Verbs: saddle, gallop, trot, canter

3no

no
These words give the passage colour,

make it more interesting and involve us in the world of horses. The intended audience is people who haven't had this experience.

disappointment of the organizers/ organizers' disappointment, only a small number 2 come as no surprise to me if that 3 is reported to have left the city 4 to stop her pocket money if she
disobeyed

-* * * *

n'neteenth
scenic

c'ty's

5 it necessary to water your

6 had the boy recovered from

than he

measles

7 the procession from here

as

Vocabulary: group nouns

long as

you

I
blanket, duvet, pillow, mattress, quilt,
sleeping bag, valance, pillowcase
2

8 at a distance of 9 old table was handed down to me lO sum up, there are three points

--> res'dent'al + ,n.orrtnorr, --* ur-otpna." * fows l0 concreet + concrete ll builded + built 12 restaraunt * restaurant l3 arcitecture * architecture 14 comunity + commun'ty

I in possession of a licence can/may f2 (well) worth visiting that old market

I

BEDROOM FURNITURE: bedside cabinet, headboard, reading lamp SOFT FURNISHINGS: curtain, cushion MGHTWEAR: dressing gown, pyjamas,
bedsocks

town if time

ffi

110

ANSWER USE OF ENGLISH: GaPPed

KEYffi

sentences

look

2 well

3 credit 4 lall 5 rest

READING: MultiPle choice

IA
2B
3C 4B

111W