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c&pf-2012

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"ry'bmom#Dum

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om0wdrnfaom r[m&mZXmeD aejynfawmfBuD; awmifvuf,mteD; ukyf
vkyfav;wm jyefig;&mjzihf ocsFmrSefvS wpfaumoavmufjzpfaom Xme}}[k
ay;Muonf/
oA+tw/ / "mef#D-200 ]]oAH "earw twDwd om0wd? oA
oma0g? "e0gpaum twoa'g? }}[k qkd\? "mef#D0dN*dK[fonf v[ku
0dN*dK[fwnf;? ]]oaAm+tawm {w twDwd om0wd-tvkH;pkHaom Opm&Sd&m
NrdKU}}[k *ku0dN*dK[fjyK? ok*EdponfuJhokdY ormoftqkH;ukd jyK? (wpfenf;)
ormoftqkH; ypnf;/(l-192? ed'D-266-7) #Dumtqkdukd twd
w'dwf0dN*dK[fjy[k ,l ]]oaAm+tawm om0awm? om0awm+{w twDwd
om0wd}}[kvnf; jyKMuao;\? okdYaomf twd ypnf;om t&Sdrsm;
ypnf;um; r&Sdoavmuf &Sm;aomaMumihf raumif;yg/
ok+tw/ / oraEm+tawm {wmwd om0wd-jynhfpkHaom Opm&Sd
&mNrdKU? 0arm'k'EmeHokwf ]]0H}}[laom a,m*0dbm*jzihf Oukd tm0jyK
ormoftqkH;ukd jyK/ (0daAm-16)
w'dwf om0wD/ / oH0&Ed {awemwd 0wH? 0k+x? 0awe+o[
y0wwDwd o0awm? o0w odaem+ed0gaom om0wD(o0w&aoh
\ ae&ma[mif;NrdKU)? (wpfenf;) o0awe+edAwm om0wD(o0w&aoh jzpf
aptyfaomNrdKU)? o0w+P+? um; tu&pdEu(o'gusrf;q&m)wdkY\
tqkdwnf;/ (r.|-1 62? r#D-1 140? arm*fed-2 57? 0dokwf#D-407)
um&ef2rsdK;/ / um&E(om0wd) um&E(om0wD)}}[k 2rsdK;&Sd
&m ormofyk'ftvkd um&E w'dwfyk'ftvkd um&E[k cJGrSwf&m\/
tjynhftpkH vkdufay;ykH/ / (raemykA*Frm? ay? y'Ed-]]raemykA*Frm ?
ay? y'H}}[laom? t,H "ra'oem-ukd?) om0wd,H-? (bmodwm-NyD? wdwnf;?) (raemykA*Frm ?ay? y'Ed-]]raemykA*Frm ?ay? y'H}}[laom? t,H
"ra'oem-ukd?) uH-ukd? tm&A-? (bmodwm-enf; wd-wnf;?) (raemykA*Frm ?ay? y'Ed-]]raemykA*Frm ?ay? y'H}}[laom? t,H "ra'oem-ukd?)

0*f

"ry'bmom#Dum

ud&-csJUOK;tHh? om0wd,H-om0wdNrdKU? tam-okH;aqmifcHpm;

tyfaom umr*kPf xku
d mr*kP\
f taqmufttkw
H jYdk zihf avmufvHk
<u,f0aom? ]]tam-<u,f0aom}}[k tvG,fay;Ekdifonf? r['aemajr0,fjrKyfxm; rsm;aomOpm&Sdaom? r[mabma*g-aeYpOftNrJ
ok;H pJt
G yfaom rsm;aom tok;H taqmif&adS om? tykwa um-om;orD;
r&Sdaom? r[mok0aPm emr-r[mok0Prnfaom? uk#Krdaum-ol
<u,fonf? ta[mod-&Scd NhJ y/D aom-xkrd [mok0Po<l u,fonf? {u'd0oH-wpfcak omaeY? ESmewdw-H a&csKd ;qdyo
f ?Ydk *Em-oGm;? ESwmG -a&
csKd ;Ny;D ? tm*paEm-jyefvmvaomf? tE&mra*-vrf;c&D;\ tMum;?
orEywomcH-jynhfpkHaom t&Guftcuf&Sdaom? 0g-t&GuftcufESihf
jynhpf aHk om? {uH-wpfyifaom? 0eyw- awmpk;d opfyifu?dk (awm\ tBu;D
qk;H jzpfaomopfyifu)kd ? 'domG -jrif? ]]t,H-awmpd;k opfyifonf? 0gpuKygvaw&H-ukd? tm&A-? (bmodwm-NyD? wd-wnf;?)}}[k t"dum&enf;
t& tjynhftpkH vkdufay;Ekdifonf? txuf tvG,fay;cJhonf/
tam/ / tmbkaom twda&uH A[kvH A[k0g&H ok0P&Zwm'd"eH psm,wDwd tam? tm+aps (pdEmteuf)+t? psukd jyK? !a'Gabmfvm?
tmukd &jyK?-"r#D/ "mef#D-725 ]]tZm,wd "eEd tam}}[kjyKum psukd
jyK\/ tampaom 3yk'fukd 0duwduwm;,l ]]r[mok0aPm emr-r[m
ok0Prnfaom? uk#Krdaum-ol<u,fonf? tam-onf? r['aem-onf?
r[mabma*g-onf? ta[mod-NyD}}[kvnf; ay;Ekdifonf? a&SUenf; if;wkdYukd
0daooe,l ay;onf/ (yg&mbm-2 207? 654)
uk#Krdaum/ / Oyabm*y&dabm*wH C&m0goudporm'ewH 0g
aum#d,wd y0wd,wDwd uk#KrH? uk#+OA? qifjrif;uRJEGm; v,f,m acsmif;
ajrmif; ZeD;r,m; a&TaiGpaom ouf&SdoufrJh OpmwkYdukd,l? xdkaemif ]]uk#KrH
t to 0g 0dZwDwd uk#Krdaum-ypnf;Opm&Sdol}}[kquf/("r#D)
0eywd/ / 0e+ywd 0eywd-awm\t&Sif? awm tBuD;qkH;
opfyifukd qkdvkdonf(0d.|-1 303)? "mef? "mef#D-540um; ryGihfbJoD;aom
anmifMuwfyif a&ozef;yif ydEJyifponfukd 0eywd[k qkd\/

"ry'bmom#Dum

,ru

uk?d ra[oum,-Bu;D aomtpd;k &ol[k qdt

k yfaom? 0g-wefc;kd Bu;D aom?
a'0wm,-ewfonf? y&d*[
ad wm-odr;f ydu
k t
f yfonf? b0dwd-jzpf
vdrrhf nf?}} wd-odaYk wG;? w-xkad wmpk;d opfyif\? a[|mbm*Hatmuftzku
Yd ?dk (atmufyidk ;f uk)d ? aom"maywGm-&Si;f vif;ap? ygum&y&dauyH-wHwkdif;tumt&Hukd? um&maywGm-jyKap? 0gvkuH-oJukd?
Moud&maywGm-usJjzefYap? 0g-cif;ap? "Zy#muH-wHcGefukum;ukd?
OmaywGm-pkdufxlap? 0eyw-awmpkd;opfyifukd? tvuF&dwGmwefqmqif? tv-vuftkyfukd? u&dwGm-jyK? 0g-csD? ]]ykwH 0gom;ukdaomfvnf;aumif;? "Dw&H 0g-orD;ukdaomfvnf;aumif;? oap
vab,sH-tu,f&tHh? ({0H owd-okdY&vaomf?) wkrSmuH-oifwdkY
tm;? 0g-wku
Yd ?dk r[moum&H-Bu;D pGmaom ylaZmf y ojcif;uk?d u&dmrdjyKygrnf? wd-okdY? yweH-qkawmif;rIukd? uwGm-jyK? yumrdzJomG ;Ny/D
ra[oum,/ / owd tbdb0wDwd aom? o (&d,
teuf)+t? r[aEm+aom ra[aom? tum,wDwd tum? tm+cg+t?
ua'Gabmfvm? ra[aom wd+tum ra[oum/ (oD#Dopf-1 427?
oDbm-2 90)
r[moum&H/ / ok|K+u&PH ouma&m(aumif;rGef kdaopGm jyKjcif;ylaZmfy ojcif;)? r[aEm+ouma&m r[mouma&m? q&mwkdYtvkd a&SU
wkrmS uHonf yk'\
f q|Duw
H nf;? a&S;ed, or'gefteufay;\? oDbm3 274 ]]wdPH &wemeH r[moum&H tumod}}teufay;ykH Iyg? ]]oupH+
umwaAm 'gwaAmwd ouma&m(kdaopGm jyKtyf ay;vSLtyfaom ypnf;)}}
[k jyK ]]wkrSmuH-oifwkdYzkdY? 0g-oifwkdYtwGuf? r[moum&H-BuD;pGmaom kd
aopGm (txl;wvnf) jyKtyfaom ypnf;ukd? u&dmrd}}[k wpfenf;ay;/
yumrd/ / y+urk+? uGpd "mwkokwfBuD;jzihf 0dbwfaMumihf u\
t-ukd 'DCjyK ]]yumrd}}[kvnf;aumif; 'DCrjyKbJ ]]yurd}}[k ygXf2rsdK;&Sd\
(ed'D-413)? Am*H-2 244-245 'DCjzihf ]]yumrd}}ukd ygXfrSef[k qkd\? q&mwkdY

0*f

"ry'bmom#Dum

tx-zJomG ;Ny;D &m xkt

d cgrS aemuf? e pd&a0-rMumrDyif?
t-xko
d <l u,f\? b&d,m,-r,m;\? ukp,
d -H 0rf;? *aAm-uk,
d 0f ef
onf? ywd|mod-wnfNy?D om-xkrd ,m;onf? *A-uk,
d 0f ef\? ywd|-d
wbm0H-wnfonf\tjzpfukd? wGm-od? w-xkdol<u,ftm;?
tma&mapod-ajymNyD? aom-xkdol<u,fonf? wm-xkdr,m;tm;?
*A-\? y&d[m&H-tapmiht
f a&Smufu?dk t'god-ay;Ny?D om-xkrd ,m;
onf? 'ormopa,e-q,fvvGe&f mtcg? ykw-H om;uk?d 0dZm,d-zGm;
jrifNy?D wH-xko
d m;uk?d emr*[P'd0ao-emrnf,&l maeY? (emrnfay;
uifyeG ;f wyf&maeY)? ao|d-olaX;onf? twem-rdro
d nf? ygvdw-H apmifh
a&Smuftyfaom? 0eyw-awmpkd;opfyifukd? edm,-rDS? v'wm&tyfonf\tjzpfaMumih?f w-xko
d m;\? emrH-trnfu?dk ygavmwd-ygv[l? tumod-jyKNy?D (rSnNfh y)D ? om-xkrd ,m;onf? ty&bma*-aemuftzkYd ? tnrd- tjcm;wpfa,mufvnf;jzpfaom? ykw-H om;uk?d
vbd-&NyD? w-xkdom;i,f\? emrH-ukd? plVygavmwd-plVygv[l?
(ygvi,f[
l )? uwGm-jyK? w&-tjcm;aom om;Bu;D \? emrHuk?d r[mygavmwd-r[mygv[l? (ygvBu;D [l)? tumod-Ny?D (rmwmydwa&m-rdbwko
Yd nf?) 0,yaw-t&G,o
f Ydk a&mufuek af om? awxko
d m;wdu
Yk ?dk C&AEaee-tdr[
f al om taESmiftzGUJ jzih?f 0g-tdraf xmif
um; 'DCjyK&ef ckdifvkHaomtaMumif;rjrifaomaMumihf &jzihf ]]yurd}}ukd
ESpfoufawmfrl\/
twem ?ay? tumod/ / pum;t& ewfuay; om;&ovkd jzpf
ae\? okdYaomf ewfaMumihf om;&onfr[kwfyg? om;&apaom twdwfuH
aMumihfom om;&jcif;jzpfonf? olaX;\ t,ltqrSm;ukd rSDonfESihfpyfom
]]twem? ay? tumod}}[k qkdonf? ewfu om;ukday; qkdjcif;r[kwfyg/
]]w-tm;? ygavmwd-[laom? emrH-ukd? tumod-NyD}}[kvnf; ay;Mu\?
tumodonf or'gefiJhaomyk'f r[kwfojzihf o'genf; rusyg/
0,yaw / / 0,H+ywm 0,ywm? ]]wH 0,ywH rmwmydwa&m

10

"ry'bmom#Dum

,ru

csay;jcif;jzih?f AEo
-k aESmifzUGJ ukeNf y/D ty&bma*-aemuftzkYd ? (aemuf
ykdif;)? rmwmydwa&m-rdbwkdYonf? umvH-aojcif;ukd? 0g-aocsdefukd?
tuHo-k jyKuek Nf y?D oAr-d tvk;H pkv
H nf;jzpfaom? 0db0H-pnf;pdrOf pmuk?d
wa&a,0-rdbrSwpfyg; tjcm;aom om;wkdYonfom? 0dpm&okvnfywfapukeNf y?D 0g-pDrcH chH u
GJ ek Nf y/D
wo ora,-xkdtcg? owm-jrwfpGmbk&m;onf? y0wdw0&"rpaum-jzpfapawmfrt
l yfNy;D aom jrwfaom "rpMum&So
d nf? 0gjrwfaom "rpMumukd jzpfapawmfrNl y;D (a[mawmfrNl y;D )onf? ([kwmG C&AEaee AEdwkumrm Zmwm(ax&.|-1 136? ty.|-1 341)}}wkdY
]]wH 0,ywH}}[k &SdykHukd axmufvQif vnf; ]]aw}}onf AEok\ uHyk'f
]]0,yaw}}um; aw\ 0daooewnf;? uwm;rSm ]]rmwmydwa&m}}wnf;?
xkdaMumihf ]]aw-wdkYonf? 0,yaw-t&G,fa&mufvaomf? 0g-t&G,fa&muf&m
tcg}}[k ay;jcif;rSm vkH;0roifhyg/
y0wdw0&"rpaum / / o'da`Epaom Akdvfw&m;[laom "rpufukd
a0ae,swdkYoEmef jzpfapjcif; (jzpfatmifa[mjcif;)ukd ]]y0wdw0&"rpaum}}[k qkv
d o
dk nf? ]]y0wD,
w
d m wd y0ww
d ?H p&wd y0www
D d pu?H p&+u?
"arm p+aom+pumwd "rpuH (tqufqufjzpfwwfaom o'da`Epom;
Akdvfw&m;)? 0&H+"rpuH 0&"rpuH? y0wdwH+0&"rpuH a,emwd y0wdw0&"rpaum-a0ae,swdkYoEmef jzpfapawmfrltyfaom jrwfaom tquf
qufjzpfwwfaom o'da`Epom; Akdvfw&m;&Sdonf? 0g-jrwfaom tqufquf
jzpfwwfaom o'ad `Ep om; Akv
d w
f &m;ukd jzpfapawmfrNl y;D onf}}[kjyK? txuf
tvG,fay;xm;onf/
wpfenf;/ / "arm+, twDwd "rH? p&wd ty#d[wH y0wwDwd
puH(rydwfyiftyfbJ ow0gwkdYoEmef jzpfwwfaom tmPmpuf)? "r+
wH+pumwd "rpuH(w&m;&Sdaom tmPmpuf)}}[kjyK a&SUenf;twkdif; quf
um ]]y0wdw0&"rpaum-a0ae,swdkYtay: jzpfapawmfrltyfaom jrwf
aom w&m;&SdaomtmPmpuf&Sdonf}}[kay;? xkdw&m;tmPmpufukd ]]a'Gar
bdua0 tEm yAZdawe e ao0dwAm}}ponfjzihf a0ae,swdkYtay: jzpfap

0*f

"ry'bmom#Dum

11

jzpf?) tEkyak Ae-tpOftm;jzif?h tm*Em-<uvmawmfr

l ? temxyd@-d
aue-temxydPfrnfaom? r[mao|dem-olaX;BuD;onf? pwkyPmoaum#d"eH-54 uka#aom Opmukd? 0daZwGm-pGefYvSL?
um&daw-aqmufvkyfaptyfaom? aZw0er[m0d[ma&-aZw0ef
ausmif;wkdufBuD;? r[mZeH-rsm;pGmaom vltaygif;ukd? o*ra* pewfjynfa&mufaMumif;vrf;vnf;aumif;? armura* p-edAm efa&muf
aMumif;vrf;vnf;aumif;? ywd|my,rmaem-wnfapawmfrv
l su?f
0d[&wd-aeawmfr\
l / [d-csUJ OK;th?H wxm*awm-jrwfpmG bk&m;onf?
jcif; trdefYay;jcif;udk qkdvkdonf/
wpfenf;/ / "are+puH "rpuH(toihftm;jzihfjzpfaom tmPm
puf)}}[k jyK a&SUenf;twkdif;qufum ]]y0wdw0&"rpaum-a0ae,swdkY
tay: jzpfapawmfrltyfaom jrwfaom toifhtm;jzifhjzpfaom tmPm
puf&Sdonf}}[kay;/
temxyd@daue/ / eDwdokw-237 ]]temxmeH yd@r'god(r.|1 61)}}tzGihfukd 0dN*dK[fjy[k ,l ]]temxmeH yd@H ''gwDwd temxyd@d
aum(tm;ukd;&mrJholwkdYtm; tpmtm[m&ukd ay;wwfaomolaX;)}}[k qkd\?
okwed.|-2 5? r#D-1 141ponfwkdYum; jycJhaom r.|-1 61tzGihfukd
t"dym,fzGihf[k ,l ]]temxmeH+yda@m temxyda@m? temxyda@m+
{w {wo 0g twDwd temxyd@daum(tm;ukd;&mrJholwdkYtwGuf tNrJ
wnfxm;tyfaom tpmtm[m&&SdaomolaX;)}}[k 0dN*dK[fppf jyK\? trnf
onf trsm;aumif;usdK;aqmifrIaMumihf trsm;u *kPfwifac:qkdtyfaom
(urmaMuaomfvnf; O'gef;rausaom) trnfjzpfonf? olaX;BuD;\ emrnf
&if;rSm ok'w jzpfonf/
armura*/ / ]]oEdr*H("r.|-2 268)}}ukd rSD; ]]armuH *pEd
{awemwd armu*grD? armu*grD p+aom+ra*g pmwd armu*grdra*g}}
[kjyK? *grdudkacs/

12

"ry'bmom#Dum

,ru

rmwdyuawm-r,fawmfbufr?S toDw,
d m-&Spaf omif;vnf;aumif;?
ydwyd uawm-crnf;awmfbufr?S toDw,
d m-&Spaf omif;vnf;aumif;?
wd-ok?Yd a'GtoDw
d wduv
k o[a[d-wpfoed ;f ajcmufaomif;
aom aqGawmfrsdK;awmfwkdYonf? um&daw-aqmufvkyfaptyfaom?
toDwd,m/ / ]]toDwd,m o[a[d}}[k qkdvkdvsuf o[a[d
yk'af usonf? (wpfenf;) aemuf ]]a'GtoDw
d wduv
k o[a[d}}rS ]]wdukvo[a[d}}ukd ,l ]]toDwd,m-&Spfq,faom? (wdukvo[a[d-aqGawmfrsdK;awmftaxmifwkdYvnf;aumif;?) 0g-toDwd,m wdukv
o[a[d-aqGawmfrsdK;awmf&Spfaomif;wkdYvnf;aumif;}}[kay;/("r#D-13)
a'GtoDwdwdukvo[med/ / wD {0+ukvmed wdukvmed?
wduv
k meH+o[med wduv
k o[med-aqGrsKd ;awmfw\
Ydk taxmifw?Ydk
(wpfenf;) o[H+wdukvmed wdukvo[med-taxmifaom aqG
rsdK;awmfwkdY? aemufenf; o[ESihf wdukvudk a&SUaemufjyef? toDwd+
wdukvo[med toDwd,m 0g+*kPdwmed+wdukvo[med toDwdwdukvo[med-&Spfq,faom (&Spfq,fjzihf ajrmuftyfaom) aqGrsdK;
awmftaxmifwkdY? 0g-&Spfaomif;aom aqGrsdK;awmfwkdY? a'G+toDwdwdukvo[med 'DG[d 0g *kPdwmed+wdukvo[med a'GtoDwdwdukvo[med-ESpfck (ESpfvD)aom (ESpfckjzihf ajrmuftyfaom) aqGrsdK;awmf&Spf
aomif;wkdY? 0g-wpfodef;ajcmufaomif;aom aqGrsdK;awmfwkdY/("r#D)
wpfenf;/ / ]]'DG[d *kPdaw[d toDwdo[yrmP0aE[d wdblwukav[d("r#D)}} tzGifhtvkd ]]toDwd+o[H toDwd,m 0g *kPdwH
+o[H toDwdo[H-&Spfq,faom (&Spfq,fjzihf ajrmuftyfaom)
taxmif? (&Spfaomif;)? 'DG[d+*kPdwH+toDwdo[H a'GtoDwdo[HESpfckwkdYjzihf ajrmuftyfaom &Spfaomif;? (wpfodef;ajcmufaomif;)? a'GtoDwdo[H+y&drmPH a,oEd a'GtoDwdo[med? a'GtoDwdo[+P?ed'D-319? 320/ a'GtoDwdo[med p+wmed+wdukvmed pmwd a'GtoDwdwdukvo[med-wpfodef;ajcmufaomif; twkdif;t&Snf&Sdaom
aqGawmfrsdK;awmfwkdY}}[kjyK? o[ESihf wdukvudk a&SUaemufjyef/

0*f

"ry'bmom#Dum

13

edaj*m"r[m0d[ma&-edaj*m"mkaH usmif;wku
d Bf u;D ? {uar0-wpf0gywf
vk;H om? 0m0goH-rk;d vywfv;Hk aeawmfrjl cif;jzih?f 0g-0gqkad wmfrjl cif;
jzihf? 0od-aeawmfrlNyD? temxyd@daue-temxydPfolaX;onf?
um&daw-aqmufvkyfaptyfaom? aZw0er[m0d[ma&-aZw0ef
ausmif;wku
d Bf u;D ? {ule0Dowd0med-wpfcjk zifh ,kwaf vsmah om ESpf
q,faom 0gwkyYd wfv;Hk vnf;aumif;? 0g-190gwkyYd wfv;Hk vnf;aumif;?
0domcg,-0domcgonf? ow0o
D wdaum#d"ey&dpm a*e-27uka#aom
Opmukd pGev
Yf LS jcif;jzih?f um&daw-aom? ykAm &mar-ykAm kaH usmif;wku
d f ?
qAmed-ajcmuf0gwdkYywfvkH;vnf;aumif;? wd-okdY? 'dGEH-ESpfck
ukefaom? ukvmeH-trsdK;wdkY\? *kPr[wwH-tusdK;aus;Zl;rsm;ukef
onf\tjzpfu?dk y#dp- pJ
G ? om0w- om0wNd rKd Uuk?d edm,-rS
D ? y0Dowd0med-250gwkyYd wfv;Hk ? 0m0goH-jzih?f 0od-Ny/D
0m0goH/ / 0H+tm0gaom 0m0gaom-rdk;vywfvkH; aejcif;
(yg&mbm-2 81)? (wpfenf;) 0a+tm0gaom 0m0gaom-rdk;tcg
aejcif;(rtlyged-2 408)? yk'f\pyf&m 0odonf turu"mwfjzpfojzihf
uHr[kwfEkdif? Bud,m0daooewnf;? xkdaMumihf ]]0m0goH-rkd;vywfvkH;
aejcif;ukd}}[k ray;oifh/
*kPr[ww/H / tjcm;ae&mrsm; *kPo'g oDvpaom*kPfteuf
a[m ,l ]]*kPftm;jzihf jrwfonf\tjzpf}}[k ay;Mu\? xkdteufrjzpf
oifh? trsdK;2rsdK;wkdY\ omoemawmftm; tusdK;aus;Zl;rsm;ykHukd jyaomt&m
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rsm;onftjzpfu}dk }[kvnf; ay;Mu\? q&mwku
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14

"ry'bmom#Dum

,ru

temxyd@daumyd-temxydPfolaX;onfvnf;aumif;? 0domcg-0domcgrnfaom? r[mOygodumyd-OygodumrBuD;onfvnf;

aumif;? edA'H-rjywf? 'd0o-wpfaeY\? 0g-wpfaeY? (wpfaeYvQif)?
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vaomf? '[&omraP&m-&[ef;i,f ukd&ifwkdYonf? aem-igwkdY\?
[aw-vufwkdYukd? MoavmauEd-Munfhukefvdrfhrnf? wd-odkY
awG;? wkp[wm-tcsD;ESD;aom vuf&Sdukefonf? (vufcsnf;ouf
ouf)? ([kwGm-?) e *wykAm-roGm;zl;ukef? yka&bwH-qGrf;pm;&m
umv\ a&SUtzkYd ? 0g-rGe;f rwnfrh t
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ygaxbm-1 385)/ aemufenf;tvkd ]]Oy*Em wd|wd {wmwd Oy|meH}}[kjyK?
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0*f

"ry'bmom#Dum

15

0g-twGuf? (wpfenf;) 'dGEH 'dGEH bduKo[meH-ESpfaxmifESpfaxmif

ukeaf om &[ef;wkzYd ?Ydk 0g-twGu?f edp-H tNr?J ynwmoemae0-cif;xm;
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oavmufomvQif)? orZwd-jynfhpkH\? 0g-a&mufvm\? (wpfenf;)
w-\? 0g-onf? ,xdpdwar0-tMuiftMuiftvkd&Sdtyfonfom
vQifjzpfaom? wH-t&monf? orZwd-\/ awok-xkdtemxydPf
olaX;ESihf 0domcgwkdUwGif? temxyd@daue-temxydPfolaX;onf?
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f aJ om twkid ;f t&Sn&f adS om cspjf cif;aMumih?f 0g-vGeu
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16

"ry'bmom#Dum

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aom? toacsF,smed-toacsFwkdYywfvkH;? tvuFwy#d,wH-wefqm

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0*f

"ry'bmom#Dum

17

0waboZygeum'De-d t0wf aq; azsm&f nftp&So

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18

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,ru

wom-xkad Mumih?f wH 'd0oH-xkad eY? owm-onf? w-xkrd [mygv

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0*f

"ry'bmom#Dum

19

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20

"ry'bmom#Dum

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jzpfonfaomfvnf;jzpfaom? 0g-ouf&adS omfvnf;jzpfaom? t0dnmPurd-pdwfr&Sdonfaomfvnf;jzpfaom? 0g-oufrJhaomfvnf;jzpfaom?
ud-d wpfpw
kH pfcak om? ,H "eH-tMuifOpmonf? tw-d &S\
d ? oA-H tvH;k pHk

0*f

"ry'bmom#Dum

21

aom? wH-xdOk pmonf? w0-oif\? bma&m-wm0efwnf;? eH-wm0efu?kd

y#dyZm[d-,lavm? "eH y#dyZ *PS?-Zm.|-7 164/ wd-odkYajymNyD?
wkarS ye-oifwdkYonfum;? u-bmudk? u&dx-jyKukefrnfenf;
wd-od?Yk tm[-ar;Ny?D t[H-igonf? owK-jrwfpmG bk&m;\? oE-d
au-txH? yAZdmrd-&Sif&[ef;jyKawmhrnf? wd-odkYajymNyD?
bmwdu-tpfukd u-bmud?k uaxod-ajymvdu
k o
f enf; wG-H oifu
h ?kd
ar-uRefawmfonf? va'g-pyf? 0g-\? rmw&d ydw&d-pyf? rmw&dtaronf? rwm,-aovaomf? rmwm 0d,-tarudkuJhodkYvnf;
aumif;? ydw&d-tazonf? raw-aovaomf? ydwm 0d,-tazudu
k o
hJ Ykd
vnf;aumif;? va'g-&tyfygNyD? aw-oif\? a*a[-tdrf? r[m0dba0g-rsm;pGmaompnf;pdrOf pmonf? (tw-d &Syd g\?) a*[H-tdrf ? tZm0oaEa[0-aeukefaomfom? 0g-vsufom? yknmed-aumif;rIwdkYudk?
umwH-k jyKjcif;iSm? oum-pGr;f Edik yf g\? {0H-od?Yk rm u&dw- rjyKygukeEf iS ?hf
wd-odaYk jymNy/D
a*[H tZm0oaEa[0/ / txuf vuPteufay;cJhonf? tE
ypnf;qkH;aom yk'frsm;aemif wwd,m0dbwf&SdvQif ukdPf;(uwm;)teuf
vuPteuf [dwfteuftm;jzihf 3rsdK;ay;Ekdifonf? xkdaMumihf uwm;MuH
]]tZm0oaEa[0-aeukefonfomjzpfukefaom? (wkarS[d-wkdYonf?) yknmed
umwkH oum}}[kvnf;aumif; [dwfMuH ]]wkarS[d t*g&H-? tZm0oaEa[0-aeukefonf\tjzpfaMumihfom? yknmed umwkH oum}}[kvnf;aumif;
ay;Ekdifonf? ukdPf; vuP [dwfeuf& rmetE wwd,m/-upfbm-2
489/
a*[H teuf/ / tZm0oaE[d t"d tbd tmOyom&wkdYukd
teufrJh,l a*[Hukd txuf owrDteufay;cJhonf? t"dukd tbdb0e
teuf tmudk r&d,m'teuf,lvQif a*[H uHteufwnf;? ]]a*[H-ukd?
tZm0oaEa[0-pkd;tkyf tykdif;tjcm;tm;jzihf aeukefvsufom}}[k ay;
(arm*f-2 2? arm*fed-1 152)/ t|uxmtvkdum; Oyom&teuf&Sdonf

22

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wmw-ighnD t[H-onf? owK-jrwfpmG bk&m;\? "ra'oeH-ud?k okwmG ? C&m0gao-tdrf[laomae&m? 0odwHk-aejcif;iSm? e oaumrdrpGrf;Edkif? owm&m-jrwfpGmbk&m;onf? twdoPSokckrH-tvGefodrf
arGUEl;nHhaom? wdvuPH-oHk;yg;aomvuPmodkY? 0g-vuPm,mOf
oH;k yg;od?Yk tma&maywGm-a&S;Iwufa&mufap? 0g-wif? tm'drZy&da,momeuvsmaPm-tptv,ftqH;k wdYk aumif;aom? "armw&m;ud?k a'odawm-a[mawmfrt
l yfNy/D aom-xdw
k &m;ud?k t*g&raZtdrf\tv,f? 0oaEe-aeolonf? yla&wHk-jynfhapjcif;iSm? 0gjznfhusifhjcif;iSm? e oum-rpGrf;Edkif/ wmw-ighnD yAZdmrd-&[ef;
jyKawmhrnf? wd-odkY ajymNyD? bmwdu-tpfudk wm0-a&S;OK;pGm?
wkPma,0-EkysdKukefao;onfom? tw-jzpfygukef\? r[vuumav-BuD;ol\tcg? 0g-BuD;&ifh&mtcg? yAZdx-&Sif&[ef;jyK
&ukefvwHU? wd-odkYajymNyD? wmw-ighnD [d (,om)-tMuif
aMumihf? r[vu-BuD;&ifhol\? ([wyg'g-pyf)? 0g-tm;? (te0g-pyf)? twaem-rdr\
d ? [wyg'gyd-vufajcwdo
Yk nfaomfvnf;?
te0g-em;raxmifukefonf? a[mEd-jzpfukef\? twaem-rdrd\?
0ao-tvdk? e 0wEd-rjzpfukef? wum ye-aqGrsdK;wdkYonfum;?
udr*-tb,ftaMumif;aMumif?h (twaem-rdr\
d ? 0ao-tvdk ? 0wE-d
jzpfukeftHhenf;?) ]]ye-tEG,um;}}[k ay:atmifay;Ekdifonf? ]]udr*FEd
ya*0...aum ye 0ga'g udar0 0wAH("r#D)}}[laom tzGifhtvkd ]]wum
ye-um;? udr*-tb,frmS ajymqkzd ,
G &f adS wmhtehH nf;}}[k tvG,af y;/ (wom-

xkad Mumih?f ) oGm[H (aom+t[H)-xdik gonf? w0-oif\? uxH-pum;ud?k

e ua&mrd-rjyKEdkif? 0g-rvdkufemEdkif? orPy#dywa,0-&[ef;wdkY\
jzpfap r&Sdonfjzpfap owrDteufomwnf;('D.|-1 218? oDbm-3 302)/
oD#Dopf-2 210um; ]]ury0peD,,kawjzihf owrDteuf 'kwd,mouf}}
[k qkd\? odkYaomf ae&m t"donf ury0peD,r[kwfaomaMumihf pOf;pm;
yg[k q&mwkdY rdefYawmfrl\(oDbm-3 301)/

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tusifhudkom? yla&mrd-jznfhusifhawmhrnf/
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, aom 0d[wwmarm uxH "rH p&dwd/
,- tMuifo\
l ? [wyg'g- vufajcwko
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d mZ&maMumihf tkrd if;ukeo
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f nf? ([kwmG ) tZ&Dwd ZZa&m? Z&"mwf Z&ypnf;(arm*f-7 152)? ZZa&m+a,oH
twDwd ZZ&dwm? (wpfenf;) ZZ&H +wm *wm ZZ&dwm?-"r#D/ te0gem;raxmifuek o
f nf? 0g-tvkt
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\? aom-xkdolonf? 0d[wwmarm-ysufpD;aom tm;tifSdonf?
([kwmG -) uxH- tb,fov
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awmhthHenf;/
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0d&0Ea0/ / tem'&teuf q|Douf? tem'&d,Bud,mukd ]]pOf}}
[k ay;jcif;rSm ay;kd;teufwnf;? ]]0d&0Ea0-ajymqkdjrnfwrf;aeonfom
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uwGm?-"r#D/
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24

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bk&m; ro omoae-omoemawmf? "k&med-wm0efwdkYonf?
uwd-tb,frQ&u
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f enf;? wd-odYk ar;avQmufNy?D bduK -&[ef;
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0efvnf;aumif;? 0dyem"k&H-0dyem"k&vnf;aumif;? 0g-tedp p
aomtm;jzihf xl;jcm;pGm Irw
S yf mG ;rsm;jcif;[laom wm0efvnf;aumif;?
wd-od?Yk a'Ga,0-2rsKd ;omvQijf zpfuek af om? "k&med-wdo
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&Su
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onf? uwrH ye-tb,fygenf; 0dyem"k&-H onf? uwrH ye-enf;
wd-odkYar;avQmufNyD? twaem-rdrd\? ynmEklaye-ynmtm;
avsmfaomtm;jzifh? 0g-ynmPftavsmuf? {uH-wpfrsdK;aom?
(edum,H) 0g-edum,fudkaomfvnf;aumif;? a'G-2rsdK;ukefaom? eduma, 0g-edum,fwdkYudkaomfvnf;aumif;? ouvH-tvHk;pHkaom?
awyd#uH-3ykHaom yd#uwkdY\ taygif;[laom? 0g-yd#u3yHk[laom?
Ak'0 peH 0g ye-bk&m;&Si\
f pum;awmfuakd omfvnf;aumif;? yeedygwf
0k|ukd a&SUaemufjyef? (wpfenf;) 0ka|m+0am tmwd 0k|0am-aetyf
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jzihf) wdukd awjyK(l-248? 0daAm-64)?? (wpfenf;) wDPd+yd#umed wdyd#uH?

0*f

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teufrJh? O*PSdwGm-oif,l? w-xdkedum,fyd#uwfudk? "m&PH-

aqmifjcif;vnf;aumif;? uxeH-a[mjcif;vnf;aumif;? 0gpeH-qdkap

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onf? *E"&k H emr-*E"&k rnf\? ye-tzdw
Yk pfyg;um;? ov[u
k 0kwad emayghyg;aom toufarG;rI&adS om? yEaoemoembd&w-tpGet
f zsm;
usaom ausmif; vGefpGmarGUavsmfaom &[ef;\? twbma0-tw
abm? 0g-cEmud,
k f ? c,0,H-ukejf cif;ysujf cif;tmH&k adS om 0dyem
bm0emudk? y|aywGm-jzpfap? omwpud&d,0aoe-tjrJjyKjcif;\
tpGr;f jzif?h 0dyeH-0dyemud?k 0awGm-wd;k yGm;ap? t&[w*[
PHwdyd#uar0 awyd#uH? wdyd#u+P? wd ukd {0k'djyK/ ('D#D-2 151?oH#D2 516? tH#D-3 255? l-248? 0daAm-64)
c,0,H y|aywGm/ / txuf eDbm-2 126twkdif; ay;cJhonf?
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[laom tzGihfESihf nD\? xkd tm&bdwGmjzihf y|aywGm yo'g tm&r(p
wiftm;xkwfjcif;)teufa[maMumif;ukd jyonf? pwiftm;xkwfjcif;[lonf
vnf; jzpfapjcif;yifjzpf&um; ]]y|aywGm-jzpfap}}[k ay;&onf? ]]c,0,H+
tm&rPH {wdmwd c,0,H}}[kjyK? tm&rPtausMuH/ (tbd.|-2 204?
rlv#D-2 145)
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\ xGe;f jyeufudk ]]tvGet
f uJ ajy;0ifjcif;(ouf0ifjcif;)teuf}}[k qk\
d (tbd.
|-2 204? rlv#Dum-2 145)? xkdteufukd,l ]]c,0,H-ukefjcif;ysuf
jcif;oabmodkY? y|aywGm-Pfjzihf ouf0ifwnfaeap}}[kay;? (wpfenf;)
Oy|me(pJGNrJpGmwnfjcif;-xifjcif;)teufa[m,l ]]c,0,H-ukefjcif; ysuf
jcif;oabmukd? y|aywGm-Pf pJGNrJpGm wnfap? 0g-Pf xifap}}[k
ay;/ ]]c,0,H-ukefjcif; ysufjcif;ukd? y|aywGm-jzpfap}}[kvnf; ay;Mu\?
ukejf cif;ysujf cif;oabmrSm jzpfaptyfaomt&m r[kw?f olb
Y momjzpfaeaom
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26

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t&[wzv
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tcg? yAZad wm-&Si&f [ef;jyKco
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0dyem"k&H ye-0dyem"k&udkum;? yla&mrd-jynfhapygrnf? 0gjznfu
h siyhf grnf? ar-wynfah wmftm;? ur|meH-ur|mef;ud?k uaxxa[mawmfryl guke?f wd-odaYk vQmufNy?D tx-xdo
k aYkd vQmuf&mtcg?
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wdkifatmif? uaxod-a[mawmfrlNyD/
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aom? bduL -wdu
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ynmaywGm-cif;ap? edo'D gaywGm-xdik af p? yPDawe-rGejf rwfaom?
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oGm;ukeftHh?)}} wd-odkY? 0kaw-ajymqdktyfaomf? y@dwm-ynm&Sd

ukeaf om? rEkm-vlwo
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&mae&mud?k y&da,oE-d &Smaeuke\
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Yk nf? rH awrmoH-0gwGi;f oH;k vywfv;kH ?
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f ek &f m\?}} wdodkY? tm[Hok-avQmufukefNyD? awyd-xdk&[ef;wdkYonfvnf;? ]]r,H-wdkY
onf? rmed ukvmed-trsdK;wdkYudk? edm,-rSD? b0ed&PHb0rS xGuaf jrmufaMumif;tusiu
hf ?kd 0g-b0rS vGwaf jrmufatmif? u&dmr-jyKusiu
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28

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"&rmeuoufawmfxif&Sm;&Sdawmfrlaom? Ak'\? oEdum
txHawmfr?S ur|meHud?k *a[wGm? tm*wmvmcJu
h ek Nf y?D Ak'g p
emrbk&m;&SifwdkYrnfonfudkvnf;? yrma'earhavsmhjcif;jzifh? tm&ma"wkH ESpo
f ufapjcif;iSm? e oumrpGr;f Edik ?f a0goifwo
dYk nf? aw
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tm&ma"wAmESpo
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f / p-qufOK;tH?h yrw emr
arhavsmhaomyk*dKvfrnfolzdkY? 0g-arhavsmholtwGuf? pwma&m4yg;
ukeaf om? tyg,mtyg,fwo
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d tdrEf iS hf
wluek \
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h w
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Ykd nf? a[mx
jzpfMuukeaf vm? wdodY kajymNy/D baE&m; wkarS yet&Sib
f &k m;
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d jf zpfaom kyt
f pOftwef;ukd aumuf,&l onf/ (om&w1 203)

0*f

"ry'bmom#Dum

29

wkdYonfum;? utb,fodkY? (0Dwdemarx-ukefvGefapukefrnf

enf;) wdodYkavQmufuek Nf y/D tm0kaomwd?Yk t[Honf? wD[d
(oGm;-&yf-xkid t
f m;jzih)f ok;H rsKd ;ukeaf om? &d,myax[dwdjYk zif?h 0Dw-d
emarmrdukev
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qefaY wmhrnfr[kw?f wdodaYk jymNy/D baE&m; om"kaumif;yg\?
tyrwmrarhravsmu
h ek o
f nf? a[mxjzpfygukeaf vm? wdodYk
avQmufuek Nf y/D
txxdrk aS emuf? ax&r[mygvax&fonf? ed'H tdyjf cif;od?Yk
taemurEroufa&mufvaomf? yXrrmaoyXrvonf? 0g0gqkdvonf? twduaEvGefvaomf? rZdrrmaorZdrvonf? 0g0gacgifvonf? orawa&mufvaomf? tuda&ma*grsufpda&m*g
onf? OyZd jzpfNy/D qd'C
#awmaygufaom a&td;k rS? O'u"m&m 0d,
a&tvsOfwkdYuJhodkY? tuD[drsufvHk;wdkYrS? tk"m&mrsuf&nftvsOf
wdo
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tvkH;pkHaom nOfhywfvkH;? 0g-wpfnvkH;? orP"rH&[ef;w&m;ukd?
ed'H taemurE/ / taemurEukd owrD(vuP)teuf,l
ay;cJhonf? ]]yXrrmaoonf? twduaEaomf? rZdrrmaoonf? oraw
aomf? ed'H-tdyfjcif;odkY? taemurE-aom? ax&-\? tuda&ma*gonf? OyZd}}[kvnf; wpfenf;ay;yg? qufOK;tHh-r[mygvax&fonf "kwif\
tpGrf;jzifh avsmif;jcif;&d,mykxfukdom y,fonf? b0ifusvsuf yuwd
tdyfpufjcif;ukd y,fonfr[kwf? xkdaMumihf ed'Ht& avsmif;jcif;&d,mykxfukd
,l&onf? b0ifusvsuf yuwdtdyfpufjcif;ukd r,l&[k "r#D qkd\? okdYaomf
rsufpda&m*g jzpf&onfrSm wu,fukd rtdyfpufjcif;aMumihfom jzpf&um;
b0ifusvsuf yuwdtdyfpufjcif;ukdyg ,loihfonf/
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a,m-42)? aum {o baE orP"arm emrmwd? 'Gwomuma& oZm,H

30

"ry'bmom#Dum

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uwGmjyKusi
hf ? tkP*k r aetkPw
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y0dow
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tusdK;iSm vnfv
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d H
okdY? *EmoGm;? ]]baE&m; bdumpm&a0vmqGrf;tusdK;iSm vSnfh
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avQmufuek Nf y/D tm0kaomwkYd awe [dxdo
k jYdk zpfvQi?f ywp0D &Hoydwf
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Yd nf? w
xdkr[mygvax&f\? tuD[dwkdYrS? tledrsuf&nfwkdYukd? y*&aE
,kpd ;D aeonfwu
Ydk ?dk 'domG ? ]]baE&m; {wHrsu&f nf,pdk ;D jcif;onf?
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f ? wdokYd
ua&mr? twbma0 p c,0,H y|ayr r[mOygodauwd("r.|-1 185)/
tzGihfrsm;ukd Munhf orP"r[lonf ]]oDv orm"d ynm psmef r*f
zkdvf aum|mour|mef;ukd GwfqkdESvkH;oGif;jcif; cEmukd,f tjzpftysufukd
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aum|mour|mef;ukd &GwfqkdESvkH;oGif;jcif; cEmukd,f tjzpftysufIjcif;udk
orP"rt& ,loifhonf? ]]orPmeH+"arm orP"arm(rtlyged-2 365)}}
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&[ef;(om&w-3 247)/ bdum pm&+a0vm bdum pm&a0vm-qGr;f tusKd ;
iSm vnfhvnfjcif;&Sdaom(vnfhvnfaom) &[ef;\ tcsdef? (wpfenf;) bdum
p&d,wd (p&Ed) {wmwd bdumpma&m(tEk#D-2 181? ygpda,m-525)? p&wd
{wmwd pma&m? bdum,+pma&m bdumpma&m? bdumpma&ma,0+a0vm
bdumpm&a0vm-qGrf;tusdK;iSm vnfhvnf&mtcsdef(oDbm-1 290)/

0*f

"ry'bmom#Dum

31

ajymNy/D baE&m; a0aZeaq;q&monf? y0g&dwm-zdwx

f m;tyfNy;D
ukefonf? trSm eEk-jzpfuek o
f nf r[kwyf gavm? wxkad q;q&m
tm;? uaxrajymqkyd guket
f ?hH wdokY ad vQmufuek Nf y/D tm0kaom
wkYd om"kaumif;Ny?D wdokaYd jymNy/D awxk&d [ef;wko
Yd nf? a0Z
tm;? ux,ok ajymMuukeNf y/D aomxkad q;q&monf? awvHqDu?dk
ypdwmG csu
f ? ayaoodykaYd pNy?D axa&monf? emom,ESmacgif;?
awvHqDu?dk tmoda Emavmif;xnfv
h aomf? (cyfvaomf)? edoEd -
f nfom? ([kwmG aum0xkid v
f suo
f m? (xkid &f if;om)? ]]edoEd a um0-xkid o
)}}[k o'wa y;/ tmodw
d mG avmif;xnfNh y;D ? (cyfNy;D )? taEm*grH
&GmwGi;f ok?Yd yg0dod 0ifNy/D a0aZmonf? wHxkrd [mygvax&fu?dk 'domG
? tm[avQmufNyD? (utb,fokdY avQmufoenf;) ]]baE&m;
t,st&Si\
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Yd ?dk 0gawmonf? 0dZwd ud&xk;d owJq
h ?kd }}
wdokdYar;avQmufNyD/ OygouOygoum tmrtdrf;? wd
okaYd jymNy/D baE&m; r,mwynfah wmfonf? awvHuk?d ypdwmG
? ayodwH ykaYd ptyfygNy?D a0gt&Sib
f &k m;wko
Yd nf? emom,? awvH
ukd? tmodwHoGef;avmif;tyfNyDavm? wdokdY ar;NyD/ Oygou
um tmrtdrf;? wdokdY ajymNyD/ 'ged,cktcg? uD'doH
tb,fuo
hJ Ydk Ityfoenf; 0g-b,fvakd eoenf; wdokY d ar;Ny/D
Oygouum kZaw0emusifonfomwnf;? wdokdY ajymNyD/
a0aZmonf? ]]r,migonf? {u0ga&ae0wpfBurd w
f nf;jzifo
Y mvQi?f
0lyoreorwH Nird ;f apjcif; pGr;f Edik af om? awvHuk?d y[dwH ykaYd ptyfNy?D
utb,faMumif?Y a&ma*gonf? e 0lyoaEm Ek acgrNird ;f oenf;?}}
wdokdY? pdaEwGmawG;? ]]baE&m; a0gt&Sifbk&m;wkdYonf?
edo'D w
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h yfygoavm?
trSm/ / to+r? rukrd jS yK? "mwGeo
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d ifah omfvnf;
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32

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edyZw
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ar;Ny/D axa&monf? wkPDS qdwq
f w
d ?f ta[modjzpfNy?D ykeyKeH xyf?
ykp,
d rmaemydar;tyfygaomfvnf;? e uaxodrajym/ aomxkad q;
q&monf? ]]0d[m&Hok?Yd *Em? ax&\? 0oe|meHae&mt&yfu?dk
MoavmaumrdMunfhthH}} wdokdY? pdaEwGmMuH? ]]baE&m;
awe [dxkdokdYjzpfvQif? *px<uawmfrlygukef?}} wdokdYajym?
ax&Huk?d 0daZwmG jyefvw
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h aomf? puFreedo'D e|mear0
pBuoGm;&mt&yf xkdif&mt&yfukdom? 'doGm? o,e|meHtdyf&m
t&yfukd? t'doGmrjrifrl? ]]baE&m; a0gwkdYonf? edodaE[d
xkid u
f ek v
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wkPDS qdw?f ta[modNy/D ]]baE&m;? {0Hok?Yd rm u&dw rjyKygukeEf iS ?hf
orP"arm emr&[ef;w&m;rnfonfu?dk o&D&H uk,
d u
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&SnfaomumvodkY a&mufapolonf? (rQwapolonf)? 0g-apvsuf?
umwkHjyKusifhjcif;iSm? oumpGrf;Ekdifyg\? edyZdwGmavsmif;? tmodx
avmif;xnfyh guke?f }} wdok?Yd ykeyKe-H xyf? ,mpdawmif;yefNy/D
]]tm0kaom'g,um wGHoifonf? wm0a&S;OK;pGm? *poGm;avm?
(wpfenf;) wm0 *p-oGm;OK;avm? raEwmG wkid yf ifNy;D vaomf? Zmedmrdod&vdrfhrnf?}} wdokdYajym? a0ZHukd? Oa,smaZod
jyefvw
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onf? ae0 (twd)r&Sdukef? omavm[dwmaoG;om;awmfpyfolwkdY
onf? e twd r&Su
d ek ?f auetb,foEl iS ?hf o' twl? raE,swkid yf if
&mtHeh nf;? yetajzum;? u&Zuma,eokwaf oG;aMumifh jzpfaom
cEmudk,fESifh? o'twl? raEaEmwkdifyifonf? (a[mwd-jzpf\? utb,fodkY wdkifyifoenf;) ]]tm0kaom ygvdwigh&Sif ygvtrnf&Sd

0*f

"ry'bmom#Dum

33

aom cEmudk,f wm0a&S;OK;pGm? 0a'[dajymprf;avm? wGHonf?

tueD d rsuv
f ;kH wku
Yd ?dk Moavmauod uMunfrh nfavm O'g[k
okdYr[kwf? Ak'omoeHbk&m;&Sif\ omoemawmfukd? (Moavmauod uavm) [dtajzum;? 0g-tMuifaMumihf? terw*ood
tyfaom tptydik ;f tjcm;r&Sad om? 0g-rodtyfaom tptydik ;f tjcm;
&Sad om? oHom&0aoHo&m0#f? w0oif\? tuu
d mPrsupf d
uef;ol\tjzpf\? 0g-rsufpduef;jcif;\? *Pem emrta&twGuf
rnfonf? ewd r&S?d yeonfomruao;? taeumedwpfyg;ru rsm;
pGmukefaom? Ak'owmedbk&m;t&mwkdYonfvnf;aumif;? Ak'o[medbk&m;taxmifwo
Ydk nfvnf;aumif;? twDwmedvGeo
f mG ;ukeNf y/D
awoifonf? awokxkdbk&m;&SifwkdYwGif? {uAka'gydwpfqlaom
bk&m;&Siu
f v
dk nf;? e y&dpad PmrjyKpk rvkyaf uR;tyf? 'ged? rH
taEm0Hrd;k wGi;f ? taEm0H emarwEd bkra w Oya,m0peH(ygpd
Yd wfv;Hk ? e edyZ
d mrdrtdyaf wmh
a,m-485)}} wa,m rmaook;H vwky
terw*o/ / terw*udk ]]tnmw*}}[kzGihfaom rlv#Dum-18
twkdif;ay;cJhonf? ]]e+trw+t*}}[k yk'fcJG? ]]rnawwd rawm? rawma,0
trawm? (to'g waAm)? trawm+ta*g trwa*g? ewd+trwa*g
,mwd terwa*g-odtyfaomtptykdif;tjcm;r&Sdaom? (wpfenf;) e+
trawm? terawm+ta*g ,mwd terwa*g-rodtyfaom tptykdif;
tjcm;&Sdaom}}[kjyK/
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rjyef {uefodtyfaom tptydkif;tjcm;r&Sdaom? 0g-ESpf&maxmifavSmuf
PfjzifhavQmufvnf; razmufrjyef {uefrodtyfaom tptydkif;tjcm;
&Sdaom}}[k ay;/ (oH.|-2 145? oH.#D-2 150? om&w-1 218? eDbm. 163? yg&m.bm 1-401)

34

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tH?h wdokt
Yd "d|mef? awrmoHok;H vywfv;Hk ? edA'0&D ,
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eEK 0gysufpD;rlvnf; ysufpD;ygapukef? bdZEK 0gaygufuGJrlvnf;
aygufuGJygapukef? Ak'omoear0jrwfpGmbk&m;\ omoemawmf
uko
d m? "ma&[daqmifavm? puLedwdu
Yk ?dk rm "ma&[draqmifEiS ?hf }}
wdokw
Yd idk yf ifNy?D blwum,Hr[mbkwf4yg;rDaS om cEmuk,
d u
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blwum,Ed pwkr[mblweddwH cEyuH?-"r#D/ Mo0'aEmqHk;r
vko
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Yd ?dk tbmod&Gwf
qkNd y/D (u-tb,fo&Ykd w
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kd enf;) puLed ?ay? yrZow
D -d puLed ?ay?
yrZod[l? tbmod-NyD/
puLed [m,EK rrm,dwmed aomwmed [m,EK wax0 uma,m?
oAr'd H [m,wk a'[edw
d H uu
m&Pm ygvw
d wGH yrZo/d
rrm,dwmed- ighOpm[k jyKtyfukefaom? 0g- jrwfEkd;tyfukefaom?
]]rm puLeD}}wd / / wdwpfv;kH tausBu?H okrYd [kwf odavoenf;
tm0kwdenf;paom enf;t& wdukd 2cgay;? ]]u&Zuma,e ye o'
raEaEm}}onf ]]aue o' raE,s}}[laom tar;ykpm 0gus\ tajzjy 0doZem0gus? ]]0a'[d ?ay? rm puLed}}onf ]]u&Zuma,e ye o' raEaEm}}\
wkid yf ifyu
Hk jdk yaom tmum&0gus-[k ,l ay;onf/
Mo0'aEm/ / t0+0'+tE? tEypnf;onf tem*wfumv umrwukd xGef;jy\? xkdaMumihf ]]Mo0'aEm-qkH;rvkdonfjzpf? (Bud,maooe
teuf)? 0g-qkH;rvkdonf\ tjzpfaMumihf? ([dwfteuf)? 0g-qkH;rvkdaom?
(axa&m-onf?) (wkvsm"du&P0daooeteuf)? 0g-Mo0'aEm-qkH;rvkdv
aomf? (vuPteuf)}}[k teuf4rsdK; ay;Ekdifonf? txuf ]]uwm;vGefwkdY
pyfapzkdY&m yk'fryg [kwGmxnfhavrif;}}ESihftnD uwm;vGef,l ay;cJhonf/
em*wfumv rmeE xGe;f jyumrwm/ umrwrmS Bu,
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f w
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0dao vuaP xGef;av av;twm?-a&T-534-5/

0*f

"ry'bmom#Dum

35

puLed- rsupf w
d o
Ydk nf? [m,EK- ,kwaf vsmrh v
l nf; ,kwaf vsmyh gapuke?f
aomwmed-em;wkdYonf? [m,EK- ukef? uma,m- wpfukd,fvkH;onf?
wax0- xkdYtwlyif? ([m,wk-,kwfavsmhrlvnf; ,kwfavsmhygap?)
a'[eddwH- ukd,frSDaom? 'H oArd- tvkH;pkHonfaomfvnf;?
[m,wk-ap? ygvdw-ygvtrnfSdaom cEmukd,f u um&Pmtb,ftaMumif;aMumif?h wG-H oifonf? yrZo-d arhavsmb
h o
d enf;/
ygavm+t twDwd ygvdawm? ygv+w? emrnfu ygvwnf;?
ygvdwr[kwf? xkdaMumihf ]]ygvdw-ygvdw}}[k ray;&/

puLed ZD&EK rrm,dwmed aomwmed ZD&EK wax0 uma,m?

oArd'H ZD&wk a'[eddwH u um&Pm ygvdw wGH yrZod/
rrm,dwmed- ukefaom? puLed-wdkYonf? ZD&EK- aqG;ajrhrlvnf;
aqG;ajrhygapukef? aomwmed- wkdYonf? ZD&EK- ukef? uma,m- onf?
wax0- yif? (ZD&wk- aqG;ajrhrlvnf; aqG;ajrhygap?) a'[eddwHaom? 'H oAr-d aomfvnf;? ZD&wk- ap? ygvdw- uk,
d f u um&PmaMumifh? wGH- onf? yrZod- enf;/ |-3/
puLed bdZEK rrm,dwmed aomwmed bdZEK wax0 uma,m?
oArd'H bdZwk a'[eddwH u um&Pm ygvdw wGH yrZod/
rrm,dwmed-ukefaom? puLed-wdkYonf? bdZEK- ysufpD;rlvnf;
ysufpD;ygapukef? aomwmed-wkdYonf? bdZEK-ukef? uma,m-onf?
wax0- yif? (bdZw
-k ysupf ;D rlvnf; ysupf ;D ygap?) a'[edw
d -H aom?
'H oAr-d aomfvnf;? bdZw
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yg0dod Ny/D a0aZmonf? wHr[mygvax&fu?dk 'domG ? ]]baE&m;

36

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,ru

ewKurHukd? uwH ujyKtyfNyDavm}} wdokdY? ykpdNyD/ Oygou

um tmrtdr;f ? wdokaYd jymNy/D baE&m; uD'o
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onf? 0gukd? a0aZemydonfvnf;? ypumawmy,fpGefYtyfonf?
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0*f

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udavomwko
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38

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wdokYd rdeNYf y/D baE&m; wkarS yewko

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40

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ynm,wd uxif&Sm;ygoavm? 0g-ay:vmygoavm?}} wdokY d

ar;avQmufuek Nf y/D OygoumwkYd tmrtdr;f ? owm&Huk?d '|Kumrm
zl;jrifjcif;iSm tvd&k u
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tm;jzifY? aZw0eHaZw0efausmif;okdY? *Ema&muf? owm&ukd
vnf;aumif;? toDwdr[maxa& pwkdYukdvnf;aumif;? ax&
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awexko
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arGUavsmfonf? ([kwGm) edodaEm-aeNyD/

txxdt
k cg? txdo
k Md um;\? {wHtMuo
H nf? ta[modNyD? (u-enf;) ]]t[Higonf? {0lyokdY oabm&Sdaom?
ygy*&[daem,kwrf molukd uJ&h UJ wwfaom? "r*kuavmukw& m
w&m;[laom tav;jyKzG,f&Sdaom? 0g-w&m;ukd av;pm;jrwfEkd;aom?
t,st&Si\
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d H txHo?Ykd oap e *rdmrdtu,f roGm;
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ukd aqmifaom? a'0daEm-onf? wcFaPe-xkdcPjzifh? 0g-wpfcP
csif;jzifh? wm'daom+caPm wcFaPm? ]]wcaPm}}[k qkdvkdvsuf ed*[dwf

52

"ry'bmom#Dum

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vm?-ucFgr[m#D-2 216/ tm*Eme-vm? puKygvH-puKygvax&fo?Ydk

(uG,af omrsupf &d adS om ygvtrnf&adS omax&fo)Ydk ? Oyg*rd- csO;f uyfNy/D

p yequfOK;tHh? Oy*EmcsOf;uyfNyD;? ax&\? t0d'la&
teD;? y'o'H ajcoHu?kd tumodjyKNy/D txxkt
d cg? eHxdo
k Md um;
udk? axa&monf? ykpd? (u)? ]]{aomolonf? aumtb,fol
enf;}} wd-NyD/ baE t[Honf? t'daumc&D;oGm;ygwnf;? 0gc&D;onfygwnf;? wdodaYk vQmufNy/D Oygouum uk[ tb,f
t&yfodkY? ,modoGm;rnfenf; wd-ar;NyD/ baE om0wd,HodkY?
,mrdoGm;ygrnf? wdodaYk vQmufNy/D tm0kaom'g,um ,m[d
oGm;avm? wdodkYajymNyD/ baE ta,sm yet&Sifbk&m;onf
um;? uk[odkY? *rdwd<urnfenf; wdodkY ar;avQmufNyD/
t[rd onfvnf;? waw0xdo
k m0wNd rKd Uodo
Yk m? *rdmrdoGm;rnf?
puKygvH/ / e|puKbEd p uKy&d[eD puKtEpuK t to 0g 0dZw
w
D d
puK? ygvH ygvemrH emrurH ocFg ornm a0g[ma&m yPwd t to
0g 0dZwDwd ygavm? puK p+aom+ygavm pmwd puKygavm?-"r#D/ q&mwkdY
um; ]]puKem+Oyvuda wm+ygavm puKygavm-uG,af omrsupf jd zihf rSwt
f yf
aom ygvax&f}}[k MuHawmfrl\/
p ye/ / ed,Hrsm;tvkd p\teufukd 0gusm&r ye\teufukd 0daoo
,l ]]p ye-quftxl; jyqkdOK;tHh}}[k ay;(*rD&w-1 203)? q&mwkdYum;
p ye2yk'v
f ;Hk 0gusm&r,l txuftwkid ;f ay;awmfro
l nf/ p ye[k wuGwuf
&m p-eufrSmquf ye-euf xl;csuf"dym,fpJG(a&T-41)/
t'daum/ / t'geH+*pwDwd t'daum(oDbm-4 24? ygpdwfbm-2
12)? aemuf ]]'ook yknud&d,0wLok {uH vbdmrd}}[laom pum;ukd
axmuf odMum;rif;onf ukd,fjzifh jyKtyfaom a0,sm0pukokdvfudk vkdvm;
jcif;aMumihf ]]wynfhawmf odMum;rif;ygbk&m;}}[k ravQmufbJ ]]wynfhawmf
c&D;oGm;ygbk&m;}}[k avQmufonf? xkad Mumihf odMum;rif;rSm rkom;rjzpf? tzk;d tkd
a,mifzefqif; t&Sifr[muytm; qGrf;vSL&muJhokdY rSwf&rnf("r#D)/

0*f

"ry'bmom#Dum

53

wdodkYrdefYNyD/ baE awe [dvQif? {uawm0wpfaygif;wnf;

om? 0g-twlwlom? *pmroGm;MuygpdkY? wdodkYavQmufNyD/ tm0kaomum t[Honf? 'kAa vmtm;r&S?d r,mESi?hf o'? *pE

oGm;aom? w0oif\? wpfenf;- w0-onf? r,m o' *pE-aomf?
yyamMumjrifhjcif;onf? b0dwdjzpfvdrfhrnf? wdodkYrdefYNyD/
r,SH\? tpm,duH taqmwvsif jzpfaptyfaom udponf? 0gtvsifpvdk jyKzG,fonf? ewd? t[rdonfvnf;? ta,seESifh? o'?
*paEmvaomf? 'ook10yg;ukeaf om? yknBu,
d 0wLokyknBu,
d
0wKww
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olonf? oyK&daomolawmfaumif;onf? b0dwdvdrfhrnf?}}
wdod?Yk pdaEwmG awG;? ]]awe [dvQi?f o' *rdmrd-rnf? Oygou-um ,|daum#-ukd? *PSqGJukdifavm?}} wdodkY? tm[NyD/
oaumonf? wxmxkdajymonfhtwdkif;? uwGm? yx0ajrudk?
ocyaEmcsKH;vsuf? 0gIHUvsuf? om,ESora,naecsrf;tcg?
aZw0eHaZw0efausmif;odkY? ormayodaumif;pGm a&mufapNyD/
axa&monf? ocFyP0g'do'Hckoif; xufpnftp&SdonfwdkY\
toHudk? okwGm- ]]{aomtoHonf? uwtb,ft&yf? 0gb,fu? oa'gtoHenf;}} wd ykpd/ baE om0wd,H? 0g-u?
tpm,du/H / tm,dwAH y0awwAEd tm,du?H +Ps? um&dwaf us?
udk {jyK {ukd tm,jyK vm ,ukd ujyK? oDCH+tm,duH tpm,duH?
twd+tm,du?twdo'g oDCteufa[m(oDbm-3 147? oD#o
D pf-2130)/
yknBud,0wLok/ / uwAmwd ud&d,m? yknH p+wH+ud&d,m pmwd
yknud&d,m-jyKxkdufaom aumif;rI? yknud&d,m pm+om+0wK pmwd yknud&,
d 0wK-xkx
d t
dk usKd ;wk\
Yd wnf&mtaMumif;jzpfaom jyKxu
dk af omaumif;rI/
-tbd.|-1 201? eDbm-2 433/

54

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(oa'gtoHygwnf;?) wdodaYk vQmufNy/D r,Hwdo

Yk nf? ykaAa&S;
? *reumavoGm;&mtcg? pda&eMumjrifrh ?S *rdrmS a&mufcu
hJ ek Nf y?D
wdodkYrdefYNyD/ baE t[Honf? OZkr*Hajzmifhaom vrf;udk?
Zmemrdodyg\? wdodaYk vQmufNy/D wo caPxdck P? axa&m
onf? ]]t,Holonf? rEkamonf? e-r[kw?f a'0wmewfonf?
b0dwdjzpfvrd rhf nf?}} wdod?Yk ovauod aumif;pGmowfrw
S f
Ny?D 0g-rSwcf sucf sNy/D
o[aeawm a'0daEm a'0&Zo&d Ed a &m?
ocydwGme wH r*H cdyH om0wdrm*rd/
o[aeawm-aom? a'0&Zo&d Ed a &m-aom? a'0daEm- onf?
wH r*-H xkv
d rf;uk?d ocyw
d mG e-csK;H ? 0g- IUH ? cdy-H vsijf refpmG ? om0w-
om0wNd rKd Uok?Yd tm*rd-a&mufNy/D
wdodkY? aomxdkodMum;onf? ax&Hudk? aewGmyifhaqmif?
ax&a0\omvQi?f twm, tusKd ;iSm? ued|uk#Krad uenDjzpf
aom ol<u,fonf? um&dwHaqmufvkyfaptyfaom? yPomvH
opf&u
G rf ;dk ausmif;od?Yk aewGmydaYk qmif? zvautif;ysOf ? 0gxdik cf kH
? edo'D gaywGmxdik af p? yd,o[m,u0aPecspt
f yfaom oli,f
csi;f \ toGijf zif?h wxdo
k <l u,f\? oEu
d -H txHo?Ydk *Em-? ]]or
plVygvrdwaf qG plVygv}} wdod?Yk yaumodac:Ny/D ]]orrdwaf qG
ubmvJ}} wdodYk ar;Ny/D ]]ax&\? tm*wbm0Ha&muf
vmonf\ tjzpfudk? Zmemododoavm}} wdodkY ar;NyD/ e
Zmemrdrodyg? axa&monf? tm*awm u ye-a&mufvmNyaD vm
yPomvH/ / yPmed+q'emed a,oEd yPp'em? yPp'em+omvm
yPomvm-opf&Gufrkd;&Sdaomausmif;? ]]yPp'eomvm}}[k qkdvkdvsuf q'e
ukd acs(tbd.|-1 37? ty.|-1 9)/ (wpfenf;) yaP[d+qm'dwm+omvm
yPomvm-opf&GufwkdYjzihf rkd;tyfaomausmif;(ty.|-2 36? Ak'0H.|-97)/

0*f

"ry'bmom#Dum

55

wdodaYk r;Ny/D ]]orrdwaf qG tmrtdr;f ? 'ged-,cktcg? t[Honf? 0d[m&H-ausmif;okdY? *Em-? ax&Hudk? w,monf? um&dwyPomvm,aqmufvyk af ptyfaom opf&u
G rf ;dk ausmif;? edoEd u
H
xdkifaeonfudk? 'doGm? tm*awmvmcJhonf? trSd\?}} wdodkY?
0wGmajym? yumrdzJoGm;NyD/ uk#Krdaumydonfvnf;? 0d[m&H-okdY?
*Em-? ax&H -uk?d 'domG -? yg'rlavajc&if;? y&d0waEmvl;vSrd hf
vsu?f a&m'dwmG ? ]]baE t[H-onf? 'HtaMumif;ud?k 'domG ?
wkrmS uHwdt
Yk m;? yAZw
d kH &Si&f [ef;jyKjcif;iSm? 0g&Si&f [ef;jyKciG u
hf ?kd em'go (e+t'go)ray;cJh?}} wdtm'DedodkYtp&Sdaom pum;wdkYudk?
0wGm-? a'GESpaf ,mufuek af om? 'go'g&auuRejf zpfaom uav;wdYk
ud?k bkZad uRerf [kwo
f w
l u
Ykd ?kd uwGm-? ax&-\? oEad u-?
yAmaZwGm&Sijf zpfap? ]]taEm*grawm&GmwGi;f rS? ,m*kbwm'Ded
,m*k qGrf;tp&SdonfwdkYudk? tm[&dwGmaqmif,l? ax&Hudk? Oy|[xjyKpv
k yk af uR;Muavm?}} wdodaYk jym? y#d,ma'odpDpOfNy/D
omraP&mudk&ifwdkYonf? 0wy#d0wH0wfBuD; 0wfi,fudk? uwGm?
ax&Hud?k Oy|[ok jyKpv
k yk af uR;ukeNf y/D
txxdt
k cg? {u'd0oHwpfaeY? 'dom0godaemxdx
k kd t&yfwYkd
aeukefaom? 'domok 0oEd oDavemwd 'dom0godaem?-"r.|*H-44/
bkZda/ / {odwAmwd m? o+Ps? bkZm 0d,+m bkZdm-rdrdvufwkdYuJhokdY apckdif;tyf apckdif;EkdifolwkdY('D#D-1 259)? wpfenf;pdwaAmwd am? ok+Ps? bkaZm+am {wmwd bkZdmtvkd&Sdxkdufaom (rdrdtvkd&Sdovkd okH;Ekdifaom) vuf&SdolwkdY(r#D-2 235)/
bkaZm+{awoH twDwd bkZdm-udk,hfukd,fukd apmifha&SmufEkdif pm;EkdifzkdY&ef
vuf&SdolwkdY? bkZ+udef?-ygpda,m-242? axmr/ "mef#D-516um; bkZ
"mwf ygveteuf taZm[m&teuf oypnf;? oa'Gabmfvm[k qkd\?
]]bkEd ygavEd taZm[&Ed 0gwd bkZdm-udk,hfukd,fukd apmifha&SmufEkdif
udk,fhbmom pm;EkdifolwkdY}}[kMuH/

56

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,ru

bduLwdkYonf? ]]owm&Hudk? ydmrzl;Murnf?}} wdodkYMuH

? aZw0eHod?Yk tm*Em-? wxm*wHud?k 0Ew
d mG -aumif;? toDw-d
r[maxa&wdu
Yk ?kd 0Ew
d mG pvnf;aumif;? 0d[m&pm&duH ausmif;
wdkY vSnfhvnfjcif;ukd? (ausmif;pOfvSnfhvnfjcif;udk)? 0g-jzihf? p&Em
vSnfhvnfukefvaomf? puKygvaw&\? 0oe|meHae&mt&yf
od?Yk ywGma&muf? ]]'rd ae&mudv
k nf;? ydmrMunfMh upd?Yk }}
wdodaYk jym? om,Hnaecsr;f tcg? wHxdak e&mod?Yk tbdrck g
a&S;Iukefonf? ta[oHkjzpfukefNyD/ wo caPxdktcsdef? r[maraCmBu;D pGmaomrd;k onf? O|[dwufvmNy/D awxd&k [ef;wdo
Yk nf?
]]'ged-? twdom,aESmtvGen
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omvQi?f *Em-oGm;? ydmr-Mupk?Yd wdodaYk jym? ed0wo
-k
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oGe;f ? rZrd ,marrZrd ,mrf? 0d*awmuif;Ny?D 0g-wdwNf y/D axa&m
onf? tm&'0&D ad ,mtm;xkwt
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hf yfNy;D aom pBuo
mG ; jcif;&S\
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avh&Sd\? womaMumifh? ypdr,maraemufqHk;,mrf? 0g-rdk;aomuf
,mrf? puFreHpBuavQmuf&m t&yfodkY? Mow&doufa&mufNyD/ pqufOK;thH? w'gxdktcg? e00k|m,&GmNyD;aomrkd;\ tpom&Sdao;
aom? 0g-rd;k &GmNy;D cgpjzpfaom? t0Dwd 0ka|m? ea0g+0k| {wdmwd
e00k|m? (wpfenf;) 0eH 0k|H? e0H+0k|H {wdmwd e00k|m-rMumjrifhao;
0d[m&pm&du/H / p&PH pm&dum? p&+Ps? vm ,ukd ujyK? (wpf
enf;) p&PH pma&m? pma&m {0 pm&dum? pm&+u? 0d[ma&ok+pm&dum
0d[m&pm&dum? 0d[m&pm&duHESihf p&Emukd tab'ab'lypm& (uHESihf Bud,m
t&ruJGbJ cJGqkdaom) pum;[k ,l a&SUenf; uHteufay;onf? aemuf
enf;um; Bud,m0daooeteufwnf;(oD#Dopf-2 202? oDbm-3 280)?
]]0d[m&pm&duH-iSm}}[k or'gefteufvnf; ay;Mu\/(rtlyg&med-3 182)

0*f

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57

aom &GmoGef;jcif;&Sdaomajr/ blr,

d majr? A[lrsm;pGmukeaf om? E-

a*gyumewforD;uGr;f aoG;aumifwo
Ykd nf? 0g-yk;d uwyD gaumifwo
Ydk nf?
aEm a*gayg &uaum a,oH 0m b0wmwd Ea*gyum?-axmr?
0d"mef/ O|[ok ay:xGuv
f mukeNf y/D awxdek wforD;uGr;f aoG;aumif

wko
dY nf? axa&onf? puFraEpBua vQmufvaomf? a,bka,sersm;
aomtm;jzif?h 0dyZo
k aoaMuysupf ;D ukeNf y?D taE0godumteD;aewynfh
wdo
Yk nf? ax&\? puFre|meHpBua vQmuf&mt&yfu?dk umva0apmapmyif? e orZo
k wHjrufrvSn;f rdMuuke/f wa&tjcm;
ukeaf om? bduL wdo
Yk nf? ]]ax&\? 0oe|meH-ok?Yd yd-mrMunhfMupkdY?}} wdodkYajym? tm*Emvmvaomf? puFrae?
rwygPauaoaeaom yd;k aumifi,fwu
Ykd ?kd 'domG ? ]]aumtb,f
olonf? ro t&yf? puFrwdpBua vQmufoenf;}} wdod?Yk
ykpo
-k ar;ukeNf y/D baEwkYd trSmuHwd\
Yk ? OyZma,monf? (puFrwd\?) wdodYk avQmufuek Nf y/D awxd&k [ef;wdo
Yk nf? OZm,ok uJh
&JUukeNf y?D (u-enf;) ]]tm0kaomwd?Yk orP&[ef;\? urH trIu?dk
(vkyyf u
Hk )kd ? yxMunfMh uavm? opuKuumavrsupf t
d jrif&o
dS \
l
tcg? 0g-rsufpdjrif&mtcg? oH0dZwd+puK {wmwd opuKaum?
opuKu+umavm opuKuumavm?-rtlyged-4 677/ edyZdwGm
avsmif;? ed'g ,aEmtdyv
f su?f udd bmudrk Q? tuwGmrl? 'ged
? puK0u
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l tcg? 0g-rsupf t
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ysupf ;D csKd UwJ&h m tcg? ]puFrmrdpBua vQmuf\? 0g-tH?h } wdodYk Mu
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(taMumif;jy)? {waurQtwkid ;f t&Sn&f u
dS ek af om? ygPauyd;k
aumifi,fwu
Ykd ?kd rma&odaoapNy?D (aoatmif vkyrf Nd y)D ? ]twH tusK;d
pD;yGm;ud?k u&dmrdjyKt?hH } wdodMYk u
H ? (MuaH omfvnf;)? tewH
tusK;d pD;yGm;rJu
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tx acgxdt
k cg? awxd&k [ef;wdo
Yk nf? *Em-? wxm*w

58

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tm;? tma&mapoHkavQmufukefNyD? (u)? ]]baE puKygvawa&m

onf? ]puFrmrd\? 0g-tHh} wdodkY MuH? (taMumif;jy)? A[lukefaom? ygPau-wkdYukd? rma&od-NyD?}} wd-odkYavQmufukefNyD/
wkarS[d wdo
Yk nf? aomxdpk uKygvud?k rma&aEmaoaponfu?kd 'da|m
u yejriftyfygoavm wdodaYk r;awmfrNl y/D baE e 'da|m
rjriftyfyg? wdodaYk vQmufuek Nf y/D wkarSwdo
Yk nf? wHxdpk uKygv
ax&fudk? e yx ,ax0rjrifukefouJhodkY? wax0xdkYtwlyif?
aomydxdpk uKygvax&fonfvnf;? aw ygaPxdyk ;kd aumifwu
Ykd ?kd e
ywdrjrif&/ bdua 0wdYk cDPmo0geHukeNf y;D aomtmoa0g&Sad om
&[EmwdkY\? 0g-rSm? r&Papwem emraojcif; apwemrnfonf?
0gaoapvdkaom apwemrnfonf? ewd? wdodkY rdefYawmfrlNyD/
baE t&[wt&[wzv
kd \
f ? Oyeda,tm;Bu;D aom rS&D m
taMumif;onf? owd&Syd gvsu?f uomaMumif?h taEmrsupf u
d ef;ol
onf? Zmawmjzpf&ygoenf; wdodYk ar;avQmufuek Nf y/D bdua 0
wdkY twaemrdrd\? 0gonf? uwur0aoejyKtyfcJhaom uH\
tpGrf;aMumifh? (taEm-onf? ZmawmNyD?) wdodkY rdefYawmfrlNyD/
baE awexdpk uKygvax&fonf? utb,ftukov
dk u
f u
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jyKtyfcyhJ goenf; wdodYk ar;avQmufuek Nf y/D bdua 0wdYk awe
[dvQif? okPmxem;axmifMuavm/
twDawvGeaf vNy;D aomtcg? Am&mPod,-H Am&mPoDNrKd U?
r&Papwem / / {ua'olypm& OyvuPenf;tm;jzihf &[EmrSm
aoapvkdaom apwem r&Sd[k rdefYawmfrlonf? aomwmyefpaom atmufzv
|mefyk*dKvfrsm;rSmvnf; aoapvkdaomapwem r&Sdyg/("r#D)
Am&mPod,/H / Am&mPom,+t0d'la& b0g Am&mPoD-Am&Pm
jrpf\ teD; &SdaomNrdKU? Am&mPom+P+? um; y#doH.|-2 214tvkd
wnf;/

0*f

"ry'bmom#Dum

59

ty.|-2 242/ / xkd [dr0EmrS &aohyapuAk'wkdYonf 12yg; tkyfpk

zJGUum *Erm'eawmifrS aumif;uifc&D;jzifh <ua&mufoufqif;&m jzpfaom
aMumihf ]]Am&mPoD}}ac:onf[k qkd\? xkdtvkd ]]Am&o+oa,m {w
*pEd Mow&Ed y0doEDwd Am&mPoD-12yg;aom od(&aohyapuAk')wkdY
<ua&mufoufqif;&mNrdKU}}[kjyK? Am&o+od+? & 'DCjyK oukd PjyK
ukd acs/ okdYr[kwf ]]Am&o+oa,m Am&mPoD? Am&mPoD {w *pEd
Mow&Ed y0doEDwd Am&mPoD? Am&mPod+P+?}}[k ormo*Aw'dwf
0dN*dK[fjyK/
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jyonf? ]]taeuowo[meH}}jzihf A[kv\y&d,m,fukd jyonf[k ,l
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]]A[kvm+oa,m Am&mPoD? Am&mPoD {w *pEd Mow&Ed y0doEd
Am&mPoDeH 0g Mow&|meEd Am&mPoD? Am&mPod+P+?}}[k ormo
*Aw'dwf0dN*dK[fjyK/
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Am&mPoD-arsmufacgif;&Sd&mNrdKU? 0g-arsmufOK;acgif;oPmefausmuf&Sd&mNrdKU?
0ge&oDo+P+? 0udk AjyK eESihf& a&SUaemufjyef & 'DCjyK eukd PjyK
o-ukd acs/
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&mNrdKU? 'Gd+&P+o+? 'Gdukd AmjyK & 'DCjyK/
axmr/ / xkd 0&Pmjrpf toDjrpf\ teD; &SdaomaMumihf Am&mPoD
rnfaMumif;ukd qkd\? ]]0&Pm p+toD p 0&PoD? 0&Pod,m+t0d'la&
b0g Am&mPoD-0&Pmjrpf toDjrpfteD; wnf&SdaomNrdKU}}[kjyK 0&PoD+
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umod&anumodrif;onf? &ZH rif;\tjzpfu?kd (rif;\jzpfaMumif;jzpf

&m bk&ifajrm ufrpI onfu)dk ? (r[mZaee-rsm;pGmaom vltaygif;ud?k )
uma&aEjyKapvaomf? {aumaom? a0aZmonf? *gred*arok&Gm
ed*;Hk wdYk ? p&dwmG vSnv
hf nf? a0Zur-H aq;q&m\tvkyu
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wdodaYk jymNy/D artm;? ubmud?k 'oday;rnfenf; wd
odaYk r;Ny/D aruRerf \? tueD d wdu
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&ZH? &mZ+Ps?-oD#Dopf-2 233}}[kjyK? uma&aEum; u&"mwf um&dwfaP
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acs/ (arm*fed-2 172? upfbm-2 405)
arm*fyH#D-237 / / xkdtvkd ]]&ZH-rif;\Opmjzpfaom t*Fg7vD pHknDcHh
cdkif EdkifiHawmfudk? uma&aE-jzpfapvaomf}}[kay;? ]]&anm+'H &ZH(0drwd1 35? ygpda,m-61)}}[kjyK? u&"mwf y0we (jzpfjcif;)teufukd a[m\/

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d odtu,f pGr;f Edik t
f ?hH

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wdodaYk jymNy/D aomxdak q;q&monf? ]]om"kaumif;Ny?D }} wd
odYk ajym? aboZH aq;ud?k oH0'd [dpDraH zmfpyfNy?D {uaboaZae0wpfrsKd ;wnf;aom aq;jzifo
h mvQi?f 0g-aq;wpfzw
kH nf;jzifo
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Yk nf? yguwdumedukeo
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xdrk ed ;f ronf? pdaEod BuNH y?D (u)? ]]t[Higonf? oykw" w
D mom; orD;
wdEYk iS hf wuGjzpfonf? ([kwmG )? {waq;q&mtm;? 0g-\? a&SUenf;
y#dZmepyf? aemufenf; 'goDpyf? 'goDuRerf onf? b0dmrdtH?h wd
ok?Yd y#dZme0efccH NhJ y?D yeodaYk omfvnf;? rHighu?kd oaPSeodraf rGUaom?
ormpma&eaumif;pGmjyKusijhf cif;jzif?h e acg ork'gp&dwd-jyKusihf
vdrrhf nfr[kw?f 0g-ajymqkq
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artm;? {wm,rde;f ronf? 'dEm ,ay;tyfaom? bwd,mtzd;k
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62

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ta[mod/ aomxdak q;q&monf? {uHwpfrsdK;aom? aboZHudk?

a,maZwGm,SOfap? 0gazmfpyf? wmxdkrdef;r\? oEduHodkY?
*Em? ]]ba't&Sirf rH aboZH aq;ud?k ta[d vdr;f avm?}}
wdodkYajym? tmayodvdrf;apNyD/ txxdktcg? tm
xdkrdef;r\? a'G2vHk;ukefaom? tuDedrsufvHk;wdkYonf? 'Dyodcg 0d,
rD;awmufwdkYuJhodkY? 'Dy 'Day 0g odcg 'Dyodcg?-"r*H-9/ 0dZm,ok
Nidrf;ukefNyD/ puKygavmonf? aom a0aZmxdkaq;q&monf?
ta[modjzpfNy/D
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kd Nf y/D
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rnfonf? "k&H 0efu?kd 0[awmxrf;aqmifaom? AvdA'EGm;vm;\?
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0*f

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y'Hajcod?Yk puH vSn;f bD;onf? (tEk*pw)d 0d,tpOfvu

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dS nf\tjzpfaMumif)h Avdya'g
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k ? ]]Avdaem+ y'H(y'geH) Avdy'H? Avdy'H+oDvH tmwd Avdya'g
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(oD#Dopf-1 455)/
ywd|mydwrwdu/H / a&S;u ay;kd;teuftwkdif; rwdumukd ajrnuf
a[m,l ay;cJhonf? ]]rwdumveEd 0g vmcgveEd 0g(0d.|-3 153)}}
[laom pum;t& xkdacwfu ypnf;wpfckckukd xkwfykd;NyD;aemuf ajrnufESihf
csdwf2rsdK;wGif wpfrsdK;rsdK;jzifh ydwf xkdajrnuf csdyfay: wHqdyfkdufESdyfMu[ef
wl\? ]]ywd|mydwm+rwdum , a,e 0gwd ywd|mydwrwduH}}[kjyK/
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ukd Munhf ]]ywd|mydw+tw+u}}[kcJGum twukdum; orwuJhokdY NyD;
qkH;jcif; teufa[m[kMuH? rSef\-twESifh orwrSm oHa&S;&Sdjcif; r&Sdjcif;om
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tmy(y&dykPteuf)+w? yukd wjyK tmukd &jyK NyD;\/ (ed'D-484)

64

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Ny;D qk;H Ny;D aom? omoeH-o0PfvmT ud?k (taMumif;Mum;pmud)k ? &mZrk'g ,rif;\
wHqdyfjzifh? v aEm 0d,cwfESdyfouJhodkY? ywd|mydwrwduH-(twKywd0wK
"ra'oem\ tpGrf;jzihf a0ae,swkdY\oEmef) wnfapjcif;(a[majymjcif;)
[laom tqkH;udp&Sdaom? 0g-wnfapjcif; (a[majymjcif;)udp NyD;qkH;NyD;aom?
omoeH-(pkPd,tzJGUy&d,wdw&m;[k qkdtyfaom) tqkH;trtmPmpufukd?
vaEm-(raemykA*Frmpaom *gxmtzJGU[kqkdtyfaom bk&m;&Sif\ wHqdyf
awmfjzifh) cyfESdyfvkdaom? "r&mZm-onf? raemykA*Frm ?ay? y'Ed-raemykA*Frm
?ay? y'H[laom? rH *gxH-ukd? tm[-NyD/
qufOK;tHh-teufay;ykH OyrmebufrS ]]ywd|mydwrwduH omoeH
vaEm}}wkdYukd Oyar,sbufvnf; ,lay;onf? xkdYjyif Oyrmebuf ]]&mZrk'g,}}[k vaEm\ ukdPf;&SdouJhokdY Oyar,sbuf vaEm\ ukdPf;ukd
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y&da,momae

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v aEm 0d,cwfESdyfouJhodkY? "r&mZm-w&m;rif;jzpfawmfrlaom
jrwfpmG bk&m;onf? raemykA* rF m ?ay? y'Ed- raemykA* rF m ?ay? y'H [laom?
rH *gxH-*gxmukd? tm[-a[mawmfrlNyD/
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reom ap y'ka|e bmowd 0g ua&mwd 0g?
wawm eH 'kuraEGwd puH0 0[awm y'H/
XwGm('D#D-2 147)}} rwauukd ]]y&da,momae}}[k zGihfjcif;ESihf "r#D ]]ywd|mydwy&da,momeH}}[k zGifhjcif;rSm xyfwlusojzihf a&S;u ]]ywd|mydwrwuH}}[k &Sdava&mhovm;[k pOf;pm;rd\/
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ykA*Frm ?ay? y'Ed-raemykA*Frm ?ay? y'H[l? rH *gxH-ukd? tm[-NyD}}[k
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66

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d yYdk ifjzpfygaomfvnf;? ro ya'- raemykA* rF m "rm[laom
yk'f? w'g-aq;q&mjzpf&m xkdtcg? w 0Z-xkdaq;q&m\
(oEmef)? OyEpdw0aoe- jzpfaompdwf\ tpGrf;jzihf? 0g-jzpfaom
pdwEf iS hf pyfojzih?f ed,rD,rmeH-rSwo
f m;tyfaomf? 00wy,
D rmeH-toD;
toD; ykdif;jcm; xm;tyfaomf? y&d pZrmeH (y&d pZd,rmeH)-ykdif;jcm;
tyfaomf? a'greo[*wH-a'greo[*kwfjzpfaom? y#dCor,kwpdwar0-y#dCor,kwfpdwfukdom? vAwd-&tyf &Ekdif\/
y&d pdZd,rmeH/ / 'd0g'dqd'd"mwfonf turu"mwf jzpfaomaMumifh
]]jzwf}}[laom teufukd ra[mEkdif? ]]jywf}}[laom teufudkom a[mEkdif\?

0*f

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ykA* rF mwd-ykA* rF m[lonfum;? awe-xkpd w

d Ef iS ?hf yXr*grdem-yxrjzpf
avh&o
dS nf? 0g-y"mejzpfavh&o
dS nf? [kwmG ? orEm*wm-jynhpf u
kH ek \
f /
"rmwd({w)-"rm[laom ygXf? (twK'g&bma0e-twK'g&\
tjzpfjzih?f vArmem-&xku
d u
f ek af om?) "rm emr-"rwrYdk nfonf? *kPa'oemy&d,wde
d weZd 0D 0aoe-*kP"r a'oem"r y&d,wd" r
edweZd 0D "rw\
Ydk tjym;tm;jzih?f pwma&m-4yg;wkw
Yd nf;/ ]]"rmwd"rm[lonfum;? *kP ?ay? 0aoe-jzihf? pwma&m-wkdYonf? "rm emr-\}}
[kvnf; tvG,fay;Ekdif\/ awok-xkd4yg;aom "rwkdYwGif? e [d "arm

?ay? ok*wwd({w)-]]e [d "arm ?ay? ok*w }}[laom ygVd&yf?

t,H-"ronf? *kP"arm emr-*kP"rrnf\/
ae&m ]]jzwf}}[k ay;&aomaMumifh k"m'dqd'd"mwfom jzpfoihf\? "mwGef'f
ESihf wuG uHa[m,ypnf;ukd ZjyK Za'Gabmfvm NyD;&um; ]]y&d pdZrmeH}}
[kom ygXf&Sdoifh\(|jyK)/ y&d pdZd,rmeHonf wpfae&mwnf;om &Sd\?
tjcm;aom ygVdt|uxm#DumwkdY y&d pdZrmeHom &Sd\/
um&dwfurky/f / y&d pdZd,rmeHukd twnf,lvkdrl 'd0g'dqd'd"mwfonf
tur"mwfjzpfojzihf ok'u
ryk f r&SEd idk &f um; um&dwu
f ryk [
f Mk u
H ]]y&d pdZd,rmeH-xuf0ef;usif jywfom;aptyfaomf}}[kay;? y&d+qd'd+rme? uw&d
tvkdufukd Munfaom ]]'d0g'dawm a,m}}[laom 0dem"dum&a,m*0dbm*jzihf
'd0g'd,ouf? um&dwfypnf;oufacs uHa[m,ouf? wxm uw&d pjzifh
"mwGef'fESihf wuG 'd0g'd,ukd ZjyK Za'Gabmfvm? uHa[m,aMumihf vm
NyD;ap&m\? ]]y&d pdZrmeH}}[k &Sdoavmufum; r&Sif;yg/
awe ?ay? orEm*wm/ / tzGihfonf ykA*Frwpfyk'fukdom zGifhaom
oH0Pemr[kwf? raem+ykA*Frm ESpfyk'fukd zGifhaom oH0Pemwnf;? tzGihf
jzihf ]]ykAH *pwd y0wwDwd ykA*Farm? (ykA*FrH)? ykAH ykaA y"mebma0 (ykaAe
y"mebma0e 0g) *pwd y0wwDwd ykA*Farm(ykA*FrH)-a&S;OK;pGm jzpfonfy"metjzpfjzpfonf? 0g-y"metjzpfjzihf jzpfonf}}[laom 0pewukd jyonf?
xkd [kwGmjzihf bm0y"mejzpfaMumif;ukd jyonf[k "r#Dqkd\? xkdaemuf
orEm*wmjzihf zGihfaomaMumifh ]]raem+ykA*FrH a,oHwd raemykA*Frm}}[k

68

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e [d "arm t"arm p Oabm or0dygudaem?

t"arm ed&,H aewd "arm ygaywd okk*w/
[d-rSe\
f ? "arm-*kPw
f &m;onfvnf;aumif;? 0g-ukov
dk w
f &m;
onfvnf;aumif;? t"arm-*kPf\qefYusifbuf w&m;onfvnf;
aumif;? 0g-tukokdvfw&m;onfvnf;aumif;? Oabm-w&m;ESpfyg;
wkdYonf? or0dygudaem-wlrQaomtusdK; &Sdukefonf? oarm+0dygaum
or0dygaum? or0dygaum+{awoHwd or0dyguD? e (a[mEd)-rjzpfukef?
t"arm-*kP\
f qefu
Y sib
f ufw&m;onf? (t"rpm&-t"rudk usiahf vh
&Sdolukd?) ed&,H-i&JokdY? aewd-aqmif\? eD"mwfonf 'Gduru"mwfjzpf
]]t"rpm&}}[k uHwpfrsdK;xnfhonf? "arm-*kPfw&m;onf? 0g-ukokdvf
A[kAD[dormof wJGyg/ "r#Dtvkd ]]raemykA*Frm-pdwfomvQif y"mejzpfonf\
tjzpf&Sdukef\}}[kay;? raemonf yHkvdef eyHkvdef[k tbd"mef qkdaomfvnf;
eyHv
k ed rf sm;aomaMumihv
f nf;aumif; ouw eyHv
k ed [
f k qkad omaMumifv
h nf;
aumif; ]]ykA*FrH}}[k eyHkvdefxm;onf/
yXr*grdem/ /txuf |jyKtwkdif; ay;xm;onf? "r#Dtvkd ]]yXr*grdemonf? [kwGm-? 0g-jzpfaom? awe-xkdpdwfjzihf? (ukdPf;) 0g-aMumihf? ([dwf)
orEm*wm-aumif;pGm oifhavsmfaomtm;jzihf jzpfonf? (wpfenf;) awexkpd w
d Ef iS ?fh (o[w)? orEm*wm-aumif;pGm oifah vsmaf omtm;jzihf ,SOo
f nf}}
[kay;/ ]]awe-aMumihf}}[kay;&m wwd,m0dbwf yrD0dbwf[k 2rsdK;,l
Ekid o
f nf? yr,
D v
l Qif um&Pteuf om0dbwfouf? trSwrk pS aom okwjf zihf
omukd emjyK/(oH.|-1 249? oH#D-1 249? "r#D? 0daAm-93)
ykA*Frteuf/ / ykA*Fro'gonf ]]a&SUuoGm;}}[k teuf,l&aom yka&
pm&duykA*Fr ]]y"me}}[k teuf,l&aom y"meykA*Fr ESpfrsdK;ukd a[m\?
ae&m y"meykA*Frwnf;?? xkdaMumifh ]]yXr*grdem}}[k zGifh&m yXro'gukd
]]a&S;OK;pGm}}[kvnf;aumif; ]]y"me}}[kvnf;aumif; ay;Ekdifonf/ ]]*pwd oDavemwd *grd? (oDC,m,d+pdwu
H o
hJ Ydk ukd &jyK)? yXrH+*grd yXr*grd}}[kjyK/
tma'g y"mae yXrH?-tbd"mef-933/

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w&m;onf? ("rpm&-"rukd usihfavh&Sdolukd?) ok*w-ok*wdokdY? ok*wum; "mwfuH? "rpm&um; um&dwfuH? ygaywd-a&mufapEkdif\/

"rH a0g bdua 0 a'aomrd tm'duvsmPEd {w-"rH a0g ?ay?
tm'duvsmPH [laom ygXf? t,H-"ronf? a'oem"arm emra'oem"r rnf\? 0g-a[mtyfaom"rrnf\? bdua0-wkdY a0goifwkdYtm;? tm'duvsmPH-tpvnf; aumif;aom? "rH-w&m;ukd?
a'aomrd-a[mawmfrltHh/ " ye bdua0 ?ay? a*,sEd {w" ye bdua 0 ?ay? a*,s[
H al om ygXf? 0g-a*,st
H p&Sad om
ygXf? t,H-"ronf? y&d,wd"arm emr-y&d,wd"rrnf\? 0gok*w/ /ok*w rlvyk'f&if;rSm ]]okE&m+*wd ok*wd}}[k a'Gabmfr&Sd
aomfvnf; qef;usrf; Oya'otm;jzihf Z*kdPf;&Sd&rnfjzpfaomaMumifh *a'G
abmf&Sd&onf? teufay;aomtcg xdka'Gabmf rvkdawmhyg? rSef\-qef;aMumifh
ausysufaom tu&mukd teufay;aomtcg aqmif,l ay;&ouJhokdY qef;
aMumifh ydkaeaom tu&mukdvnf; csef teufay;&onf/qef;aMumifh ysuf
aus ,Gif;uGufauG aqmifaveufay;cg? qef;aMumifh ykdvQH ,if;y'H csef
eufay;yg/
okwH a*,sEd/ / a*,sEd wdo'gonf y'w0dyvmoedygwfwnf;?
ygVdawmf&if; ]]*gxH a0,smu&PH}}ponfjzihf ]]a0'vH}}wkdifatmif t*Fg 9
yg;ukd jyaomaMumifh xkduseforQukd ,lzkdY&m tm'dteufa[m wdo'gwpfck
tausMuH wpfenf;ay;onf/ a&SU0gusvnf; enf;twkdif; ay;Ekdifonf/
y&d,wd"arm / /y&d,mykPdwAm-oif,lxkduf\? wd y&d,wd? y&d+
tmy+wd? (,f)vm tmukd &jyK? edom#D-370 ]]y&d+t, ygykPae+wd?
(wpfenf;) y&d+,m+wd/ (wpfenf;) y&dAsw ygu#H ,Ed {wm,mwd y&d,wd?
(wpfenf;) y&d ykeyKeH ,Ed {wm, a'0wEd y&d,wd? y&d edAmeH ,Ed ygykPEd {wm,mwd y&d,wd? y&d orEawm ykeyKeH 0g tZm,dwAm odudwAm
y0awwAmwd y&d,wd? y&d+,m+wd?-edom#D-370/ y&d,wd p +om+"arm
pmwd y&d,wd"arm-oif,lxkdufaomw&m;/

70

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oif,x
l u
dk af om w&m;rnf\/ bdua 0-wkYd "-omoemawmf?
{uap-tcsKd Uukeaf om? ukvykwm -trsKd ;aumif;om;wko
Yd nf? "r-H ygVd
awmf"rukd? y&d,mykPEd-oif,lukef\? okwH-okwfukdvnf;aumif;?
a*,sH-a*,sukdvnf;aumif;? y&d,mykPEd-ukef\/ wo acg ye
ora, ?ay? cEm a[mEDw
d {w-wo acg ye ora, ?ay? cEm a[mEd
[laom ygXf? t,H-"ronf? edw"arm emr-edw"rrnf
\? 0g-ow0gr[kwaf om oabmw&m;rnf\? woacg ye ora,pdwfjzpf&m xkt
d cg? "rm-oabmw&m;wkdYonf? a[mEd-ukef\? cEmcEmwko
Yd nf? a[mEd- uke\
f / edZ0D "armwdy-d edZ0D "r[al omtrnfonf
vnf;? 0g-toufr[kwaf om oabmw&m;[laom trnfonfvnf;?
{aom {0-edw"ryifwnf;/ awok-xkad v;yg;aom "rww
Ydk iG ?f
ro Xmae-t&m? (raemykA*Frm "rm[laom ygXft&m?)
edweZd 0D "arm-edweZd 0D "ru?dk t"dayawm-tvk&d t
dS yf\? aomxked
d weZd 0D "r[o
l nf? twawm-teuftm;jzih?f (w&m;uk,
d t
f m;
jzih)f ? a0'emuaEm-a0'emuEm vnf;aumif;? onmuaEm-aumif;?
aumif;? ocFg&uaEm-aumif;? wd-ok?Yd wa,m-oH;k yg;ukeaf om? tlyad em-emrfjzpfuek af om? cEm-cEmwkw
Yd nf;/ [d-rSe\
f ? {aw-emrf
cEm3yg;wko
Yd nf? {awoH-emrfcEm 3 yg;wk\
Yd ? raem-pdw[
f al om?
ykA* aF rm-a&SUoGm;onf? 0g-y"mew&m;onf? (twd) ? wd-xkad Mumih?f
(xkdokdY pdwf[laom a&SUoGm;&Sdukefonf\tjzpfaMumifh?) raemykA*Frm
emr-raemykA* rF wkYd rnf\/
a0'emuaEm ?ay? wd/ / wd pyf&aom yk'frsm;onf (rnfonfh 0d
bwfjzifhaeae) ]]ukd jzihf ESihf ?ay? }}[k uHpaom teufrsm; ray;&? uHp
aom teufrsm;onf Bud,mwpfckck orEDwpfckckESifhwJGrS &tyfaom teuf
rsm;wnf;? wdo'gum; xkdteufrsm;ukd rjyEkdif? xkdYaMumifh wdo'gESihf wJG
&m 0dbwf[lorQ vdefteufukdom xGef;jy&aomaMumifh ]]vnf;aumif;}}
[kom teufay;&onf/

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ye-y&d[m&yurw
S pfyg; apm'uyuudk qkOd K;tH?h uxH-tb,fo?Ydk
0g-tb,ftaMumif;aMumifh? {aw[d-emrfcEm 3 yg;wkdYESihf? o'-
wuG? {u0wKaum-wlaom rS&D m&Sad om? {um&raPm-wlaom tm
Hk&Sdaom? tykA-H a&S;vnf;rus? tp&drH-aemufvnf;rus? (wpfenf;)
tykAH tp&dr-H ra&S;raESmif;? {uuaP-wpfNyKd ief ufaomcP? OyZ-
rmaem-jzpfaom? raem-pdwfonf? 0g-pdwfu? ykA*Farm emr-a&SUoGm;
rnfonf? a[mwd-jzpfEidk o
f enf; wd-um; tar;wnf;/ (repdwf\?) Oym'yp,a|e-emrfcEm 3 yg;wkdY\ jzpfjcif;\ taMumif;\
tjzpf[al om teufaMumif?h {aw[d-wkEYd iS ?fh o' - wl? {u0wKaumaom? {um&raPm-aom? tykAH-rus? tp&drH-rus? {uuaP-?
OyZr maem-aom? raem-onf? ykA* aF rm emr-onf? a[mwd-jzpfEidk \
f ?
wd-um; tajzwnf;/ [d-csJUOK;tHh? 0g-Oyrmaqmif xifatmifjy
OK;tH?h A[lo-k rsm;pGmaom vlwo
Ydk nf? {uawm-wpfaygif;wnf;? *grCmwm'De-d &Gmukzd suq
f ;D jcif;tp&Su
d ek af om? urmed-trIwu
Ydk ?dk ua&maEok-jyKukefvaomf? {awoH-olwkdUwGif? aum-tb,folonf?
{awoH-olwkdY\? ykA*Farm-a&SUoGm;enf; 0g-acgif;aqmifenf;
wd-okdY? 0kaw-ajymqkdtyfaomf? 0g-ar;tyfaomf? aeoH-xkdolwkdY
wGi?f a,m-tMuifoo
l nf? aeoH-xko
d w
l \
Ydk ? ypa,m-taMumif;onf?
a[mwd? ,H-tMuifolukd? edm,-rSD? aw-xkdolwkdYonf? wH urHxk&d mG ukd zsuq
f ;D jcif;trIu?dk ua&mEd- jyKMuuke\
f ? awoH-xko
d w
l w
Ydk iG ?f
'awm 0g-'waomfvnf;jzpfaom? rdawm 0g-rdwa omfvnf;jzpfaom?
aom-xko
d Ul uk?d awoH-xko
d w
l \
Ydk ? ykA* aF rmwd-a&SUoGm;[l? 0g-acgif;
aqmif[l? 0kpwd ,xm-qkdtyfouJhokdY? 0g-ajztyfouJho/kdY
tykAH tp&drH/ / e+ykaAm tykaAm-a&S;r[kwfaompdwf? e+p&darm tp&darm? ykvdif eykvdif2rsdK;jzpfaom]]raem}}ESihf t&wlojzihf ]]e+ykAH tykAH}}[k
vnf; qkdEkdifonf? xkdaemuf Bud,m0daooeteuf tH0dbwfouf/

72

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{0Hor'-H Oyrmetwkid ;f Ny;D pD;jcif;&Sad om? 0g-ykt

H vm; Ipm;tyf
aom? 'H-Oyar,sukd? a0'dwAH-odxkduf\/ umaumavmue
enf;ponft& {awoH awoHwkdYukd aum 'awm pyf ed'g&Pork'g,
ykA*Farmpyf omrDteufay;onf/ wd-okdYvQif? Oym'yp,a|e-

jzpfjcif;\ taMumif;\ tjzpf[al om teufaMumif?h {awoH-emrf

cEm 3yg;wkdY\? raem-pdwf[laom? ykA*Farm-a&SUoGm;onf? (twd)?
wd-xkdokdY pdwf[laom a&SUoGm;&Sdukefonf\tjzpfaMumifh? (aw-xkd
emrfcEm 3yg;wko
Yd nf?) raemykA* rF m-raemykA* rF wkYd rnf\/ [d-rSe\
f ?
(Oym'yp,a|e[laom pum;onf rSe\
f ?) aw-xkad pwoducf Em 3
yg;wko
Yd nf? rae-pdwo
f nf? tEkyZ a E-rjzpfvaomf? OyZw
d -kH jzpfjcif;iSm?
e oaumEd- rpGr;f Ekid u
f ek ?f raem ye-pdwo
f nfum;? (wpfenf;) ye-tzkYd
wpfyg;um;? raem-pdwo
f nf? {uapo-k tcsKd Uukeaf om? apwodauok-apwoduw
f o
Ydk nf? tEkyZ a Eoyk -d rjzpfygukeaf omfvnf;? OyZw
-d
a,0-jzpfEidk o
f nfom/
{0H or'rd'/H / ]]orwd or'g vuD("mef (385)}}ESihftnD or'gyk'fonf
wdvdefwnf;? ]]or'H}}[k &SdaomaMumifh {0HESihf A[kAD[dormofpyf
xm;aomyk'[
f k od&\? 'Hvnf; Oyar,su
H dk iJah om eyHv
k id yf 'k w
f nf;? ]]orZe H
or'g edywd? {0H t0d&ZeuedywduHwd tawm(om&w-1 405)? {0Hor'Ed
{0HorZeuH {0H ydwAH 'H rr taZoeH(r#D-261)}}ukd axmuf
]]{0H-twl? 'H or'H-OyrmeESihf jynfhpHkaom Oyar,sukd? a0'dwAH\}}[k a&S;u ay;Muaom teufukd pOf;pm;yg/
e [d/ / [dukd 'VDu&P,l ay;cJhonf? yua[wk[k ,l ]](uomaMumifh? re-\? Oym'yp,bma0g-apwodufcEmwkdY jzpfjcif;\ taMumif;
\ tjzpfukd? 0dnm,wd-odtyfoenf;?) [d (,om)-aMumifh? aw-wkdYonf?
rae-onf? tEkyZaE-aomf? OyZdwHk-iSm? e oaumEd-rpGrf;Ekdifukef? (womaMumifh? re-\? Oym'yp,bma0g-ukd? 0dnm,wd-\)}}[kvnf; ay;Ekdif
onf/ e [d wuf&m [deufrSm [dwfyg 'VDpJG(a&T-43)/

0*f

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ye-tzkdYwpfyg;um;? t"dywd0aoe-t"dywd\tpGrf;jzihf? 0g-rdrdESihf

pyfaomw&m;wk\
Yd t&Sio
f cif\tjzpfjzih?f {awoH-apwoducf Em
3yg;wk\
Yd ? raem-pdw[
f al om? aoa|m-tjrwfq;Hk onf? (twd) ? wdxkdaMumifh? (xkdokdY pdwf[laom tjrwfqkH;&Sdukefonf\ tjzpfaMumifh)?
(aw-xkad pwoducf Em 3yg;wko
Yd nf?) raemao|m-raemao|wkrYd nf
\/ [d-csUJ OK;tH?h 0g-Oyrmaqmif xifatmifjyOK;tH?h apm&m'De-H "m;jytp
&So
d w
l \
Ydk ? apm&aZ|um'a,m-"m;jyBu;D tp&So
d w
l o
Ydk nf? t"dywdaemtBuD;tuJwkdYonf? 0g-rdrdESihfpyfolwdkY\ t&SifocifwkdYonf? ([kwGm?) ao|m-jrwfukefonf? (a[mEd) ,xm-jzpfukefouJhokdY? wxmxkt
Yd wl? aword- xkad pwoducf Em 3 yg;wk\
Yd vnf;? 0g-wkx
Yd ufvnf;?
raem0-pdwfonfom? t"dywd-tBuD;tuJonf? 0g-rdrdESifhpyfaom
w&m;wkdY\ t&Sifocifonf? raem0-om? aoa|m-tjrwfqHk;onf?
(a[mwd)/
ye-tzkdYwpfyg;um;? 0g-raem ao|m[laom oH0aPwAyk'f\
twoH0PemrSwpfyg; raem r,m[laom oH0aPwAyk'f\ tw
oH0Pemukd qkOd K;tH?h 'gktm'D[-d opfom;tp&Su
d ek af om taqmuf
tOK;wkaYd Mumif?h edyE m ed-jzpf&ukeaf om? 0g-Ny;D pD;&ukeaf om? wmed wmed
b@med-xkdxdkb@mwkdYonf? 'gkr,m'Ded emr-'gkr,tp&SdonfwkdY
rnfonf? a[mEd ,xm-jzpfukefouJhokdY? wxm-xkdY twl? awyd-xkd
apwoducf EmoH;k yg;wko
Yd nfvnf;? reawm-pdwaf Mumif?h edyE w
m -jzpf&
ukeo
f nf\ tjzpfaMumif?h 0g-Ny;D pD;&ukeo
f nf\ tjzpfaMumif?h raemr,m emr-raemr,wkdY rnf\/
y'ka|emwd-[lonfum;? tm*EKau[d-tm*EKujzpfukeaf om?
wmed wmed/ / wmed w wnf a,mouf edjyK 'DCjyK ]]wmed}}[k
wpfyk'fwnf; NyD;aomtcg 0dpmbduanok a'G(arm*f-1 54)okwfjzihf ]]wmed
wmed}}[k 'Gdkyf (ESpfkyf)jyK/

74

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tbdZm'D[-d tbdZmtp&Su
d ek af om? a'gao[d-tjypfwo
Ydk nf? y'ka|ezsuq
f ;D tyfaom? (wpfenf;) a'gao[d-tjypfwaYdk Mumif?h y'ka|e-ysuf
pD;aom? ]]reom-pdwfjzihf}}[k ygVdawmfpyf? [d-csJUOK;tHh? yuwdraemyuwdpw
d o
f nf? b0*Fpw
d -H b0ifpw
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f nf;? wH-xkb
d 0ifpw
d u
f ?dk ty'|k -H
tbdZmtp&Sdaom tjypfwkdYonf rzsufqD;tyf? (wpfenf;) wH-xkd
b0ifpw
d o
f nf? ty'|k -H tbdZmtp&Sad om tjypfwaYdk Mumifh rysupf ;D /
[d-Oyrmaqmif xifatmifjyOK;tHh? yoEH-Munfvifaom? O'uH-a&
onf? a[mwdpyf? 0g-a&ukd? Oyudvd|Hpyf? tm*EKau[d-tm*EK
ujzpfuek af om? eDvm'D[-d tkt
d p&Sad om0wKwo
Ydk nf? Oyudv
|d -H zsuf
qD;tyfonf? (ormeH-jzpfvaomf?) (wpfenf;) eDvm'D[d-wkdYaMumifh?
Oyudv
|d -H npfErG ;f onf? (ormeH-aomf?) eDavm'um'dab'H-kad oma&
tp&Sdaom tjym;&Sdonf? a[mwd ,xm-jzpfouJhokdY? p-xkdokdYyif kd
aoma&tp&Sad om tjym;&Syd gaomfvnf;? e0H-topfjzpfaom? O'uHa&onf? e (a[mwd ,xm)-r[kwo
f uJo
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d 0ifpw
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d ek af om? a'gao[d-tjypfwo
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y'k|-H zsuq
f ;D tyfonf? (wpfenf;) a'gao[d-wkaYd Mumif?h y'k|-H ysupf ;D
onf? a[mwd-\? p-okaYd omfvnf;? e0H-topfjzpfaom? pdw-H pdwo
f nf?
e (a[mwd)-r[kw?f yk&rd -H a&S;jzpfaom? b0*Fpw
d a r0gyd-b0ifpw
d o
f nf
yifvnf;? e (a[mwd)- r[kwf/ (a,e um&aPe-tMuiftaMumif;
aMumifh? wH-xkdb0ifpdwfonf? 0g-xkdb0ifpdwfukd? tm*EKau[d-ukef
aom? tbdZm'D[-d ukeaf om? a'gao[d-tjypfwo
Ydk nf? y'k|-H zsuq
f ;D
tyfonf? a[mwd-\?) awe (um&aPe)-xkt
d aMumif;aMumif?h b*0gjrwfpmG bk&m;onf? tm[-a[mawmfrNl y?D (u-tb,foYdk a[mawmfrl
oenf;) ]]yb&rd'H ?ay? Oyudv
|d }}Ed- yb&rd'H ?ay? Oyudv
|d H

0*f

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75

[l? (tm[-NyD/) bdua0-wkdY 'H pdwH-pdwfonf? yb&HxGufaomta&mif&Sd\? (NydK;NydK;jyufjyuf ta&mifxGuf\)? w-xkd

pdwu
f v
dk nf;? tm*EKau[d-ukeaf om? Oyuda vao[d-uyf zsuq
f ;D
wwfaom tjypfwkdYonf? Oyudvd|H-uyf zsufqD;tyfNyD/
{0H-okdY? 0g-qkdtyfNyD;aomenf;jzihf? y'ka|e-tbdZmpaom
tjypfwkdYonf zsufqD;tyfaom? reom-pdwfjzihf? ap bmowd 0gtu,frlvnf; ajymqkdtHh? ap ua&mwd 0g-tu,frlvnf; jyK
vkyt
f ?hH aom-xkyd *k Kd vo
f nf? bmormaem-ajymqkv
d aomf? pwkA"d -H 4
yg;tjym;&Sad om? 0pD'pk & w
d ar0-0pD'pk ku
d u
f o
dk m? bmowd-ajymqk\
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ua&maEm-jyKvaomf? um,'kp& w
d ar0-um,'kpku
d u
f o
dk m? ua&mwd-jyKvyk \
f / tbmoaEm-rajymvaomf? tua&maEm-rjyKvaomf?
tbdZm'D[-d tbdZmpaomtjypfwo
Ydk nf? wm, y'k|rmeowm,w acg/ / ]]poa'g twLye,ae-po'gonf pdwf[laom teufukd
aqmifjcif;teuf jzpf\? acgoa'g ye 0pemvuFma&-pum;wefqmteuf
jzpf\? (tzGifhtvkd teufray;&)? t0"m&aP 0g-wpfenf; t0"m&P
teuf jzpf\}}[k zGihfjy\(tH#D-1 100)? xkdaMumifh ]]w-xkd pdwfukdvnf;?
acg-pifppf}}[k ay;&onf? 0gustm;jzihf emrnfwyfvQif ]]w ?ay? Oyudvd|H}}
onf OyEsmo0guswnf;/
bmowd 0g ua&mwd 0g/ / wpf&Hwpfcg ajymHkom ajym\ jyKHkom
jyK\? 2rsdK;vHk; wpfqufwnf; rjzpf? wpfcgwpf&Hum; ajymvnf; ajym jyK
vnf; jyK\? okYd 0duyfteufvnf; rjrJ orkpn
;f teufvnf; rjraJ omaMumifh
0go'grsdK;ukd ]]ted,rw-rjrJaomteufukd a[maomedygwf}}yk'f[k ac:qkd
&onf/ okdY ted,rwt&m ypKyefajymqJ jyKqJ[kom owfrSwfcsufr&Sd?
twdwfajymNyD; jyKNyD; tem*wfajymvwHU jyKvwHUwkdYESihfvnf; oufqkdif\?
okdY umvowfrSwfcsufr&Sdaom (umv3rsdK;vkH;ESihfqkdifaom) ted,rw
0wrmem ypKyaEokwf ]]0wrmem}}[laom a,m*0dbm*jzifh 0wrmefouf&
onf/ oD;oD;&Hcg NydKif&Hcg ted,rwm xGef;ownf;/

76

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,ru

xkdzsufqD;tyfaom pdwf&Sdonf\ tjzpfaMumifh? wd0d"H-3yg;tjym;&Sd

aom? raem'kp&dwH-raem'kpkdufukd? yla&wd-jynfhap\? {0H-okdY?
0g-qkt
d yfNy;D aomenf;jzih?f t-xkyd *k Kd v\
f ? 0g-rSm? 'o-q,fyg;ukef
aom? tukovuryxm-tukokdvfuryxwkdYonf? yg&dy&l -xuf
d y&dy&l m?
0ef;usif jynfu
h ek o
f nf\ tjzpfo?Ydk 0g-jynhpf jHk cif;ok?Yd y&dy&l EDw
y&dyl&meH+bma0g yg&dyl&D? *pEd-a&mufukef\/
wawm eH 'kur aEGww
D -d um;? wawm wd0"d 'kp& w
d awm-xkd3 yg;
tjym;&Sdaom 'kpkdufaMumifh? wH yk*vH-xkdyk*dKvfokdY? 'kuH-qif;&Jonf?
taEGwd-tpOfvkduf\/ 'kp&dwmEkbma0e-'kpkduf\ tmEkabmf
aMumifh? pwlo-k 4yg;ukeaf om? tyga,ok-tyg,fwo
Ykd v
Ydk nf;aumif;?
rEkaok-vlwYdk ? wrwbm0H 0g-,kwef rd ahf om uk,
d cf Em&So
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l tjzpf
okv
Yd nf;aumif;? *p EH- a&mufaom? (wH yk*v
-H xkyd *k Kd vo
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d [
f al om rS&D m&Sad om 0dygu'kuv
nf;aumif;? w&rd- uk,
d rf S
wpfyg; pdwf[laom rSD&m0wK&Sdaom 0dygu'kuvnf;aumif;? wdok?Yd rdem y&d,ma,e-y&d,m,ftm;jzih?f um,duapwodu-H
pwlok tyga,ok/ / *p EH pyf&aomaMumifh uHteuf owrDouf?
okdYr[kwf aemuf0wK*gxmtzGifh ]]ok*wdba0 edAwH}}rS edAwHukd Munfh
*pEH *rk"mwfukd y0weteufMuHNyD; tyga,ok Moumoteuf,lum
]]pwlok-ukefaom? tyga,ok-wkdY? *pEH-jzpfaom? rEkak 0g-wkdYrlvnf;?
wrwbm0H-okdY? *pEH-a&mufaom}}[kvnf; ay;yg? q&mwkdYum; ]]pwma&m
tyga,}}[k &Sdapvkd\/
wrwbm0H/ / ]]wr+twbm0}}[k cJG ]]warm+twbma0g ,mwd
wrwbma0g}}[kjyK? xkdaemif bm0y"me bm0avmyMuH? (wpfenf;) ]]wr+
tw+bm0}}[k cJG ]]warm+twm ,mwd wrawm-,kwfedrfhaom
ukd,fcEm&Sdol? wrw+bma0g wrwbma0g}}[kjyK? ]]wrbm0H}}[kvnf;
ygXf&Sd\? xkdokdY&SdvQif ]]ware+,kawm warm(oH.|-1 149? tH|-2 321)?
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0*f

"ry'bmom#Dum

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ukd,fvnf;jzpf pdwfvnf;jzpfaom? 0dygu'kuH-tusdK;jzpfaom'ku

onf? tEk*pw-d tpOfvkduf\/ ,xm u-Oyrmtb,fuJhokdYenf;
(wpfenf;) u-tb,fonf? (tEk*pwd) ,xm-tpOfvkdufouJhokdY
enf; puH0 0[awm y'Ed-puH0 0[awm y'H [lonfum;? "ka&xrf;ykd;? ,kw-uyf,SOftyfaom? "k&H-xrf;ykd;ukd? 0[awm-xrf;
aqmifaom? AvDA'-EGm;vm;\? y'H-ajcokdY? puH-vSnf;bD;onf?
(tEk*pw)d 0d,-tpOfvu
dk o
f uJo
h w
Ydk nf;/ [d-csUJ OK;tH?h aom-xkEd mG ;vm;
onf? "k&H-xrf;ykd;ukd? {urd 'd0oH-wpf&ufywfvHk;aomfvnf;aumif;?
a'Gyd ('d0ao)-2&ufwyYdk wfv;kH aomfvnf;aumif;? yyd ('d0ao)-5&uf
wkyYd wfv;kH aomfvnf;aumif;? 'oyd ('d0ao)-q,f&ufwyYdk wfv;kH aomf
vnf;aumif;? tkrmord-wpfvxuf0uf 15&ufywfvHk;aomfvnf;
aumif;? rmord- wpfvywfv;kH aomfvnf;aumif;? 0[aEm-xrf;aqmif
vaomf? puH-vSnf;bD;ukd? ed0awwHk-qkwfepfapjcif;iSm? Z[mwHk-pGefY
ypfjcif;iSm? e oaumwd ,xm-rpGr;f Ekid o
f uJo
h ?Ydk tx acg-pifppfum;?
t-xkdEGm;vm;\? 0g-onf? yk&awm-a&SUokdY? tbdurE-oGm;
vaomf? ,k*-H xrf;yk;d onf? *D0-H vnfyif;uk?d Am"wd-ESdyfpuf\? ypawm-aemufokdY? y#durE-qkwfvaomf? puH-vSnf;bD;onf?
&Sdol\ tjzpfokdYvnf;aumif;}}[kyif ay;yg/ q&mwkdYum; ]]wrbm0H}}ukd ygXf
rSef,l ]]wrwbm0H}}ukd ygXfysuf[k qkdawmfrl\/
tEk*pw/d / tzGihft& taEGwdukd ]]tEk+wd}}[k jzwfapvkd\? ]]tEk
+{wd}}[k jzwfjcif;ukd rESpfouf/ qufOK;tHh-]]wawm eH 'ku raEGwd}} ygVdawmf
jzihf tusdK;0dygufvkdufaMumif;ukd jyonf? ]]bdua0 w'g rr ykawe uwurH
ypawm ypawm}}[laom t|uxmpum;jzihf tukokdvfuHvkdufaMumif;ukd
jy\? xkdokdYjzpfvQif ygVdawmfu tusdK;vkduf t|uxmu uHvkduf jzpfae&um;
ygVdawmfESihf t|uxm rqefYusifbl;vm;[k ar;zG,f&Sd\? uHESihftusdK;0dyguf
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78

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OKrk o
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nf? tEkAEw-d tpOf
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aom? jAm[aPmykPm ;onf? ta[mod&Scd NhJ y/D awexdyk P
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updwpfpw
kH pfa,muftm;? udd bmudrk Q? e 'dEy Ak H a&S;ray;tyf?
0gray;tyfpzl;? awexdaYk Mumif?h wHxdyk P
k m ;ud?k ]]t'dEy Ak a um}}awG0t'dEykAu[lomvQif? (OD;uyfap;ESJ[lomvQif)? omeok
aumif;pGm odukefNyD? 0g-emrnfrSnfhukefNyD/ wxdkykPm;\? 0g-rSm?
yda,mcspftyfaom? remaygpdwfESvHk;udk wdk;yGm;apwwfaom? 0g
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wnf;aomom;onf? ta[mod&SdNyD/ tx? txdkom;zkdY? 0gtwGu?f ydvEeH wefqmud?k uma&wkumarmjyKapjcif;iSm tvd&k o
dS nf?
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80

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tm;enf;a&m*gonf? 0g-tom;0ga&m*gonf? O'yg'djzpfNy/D w
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opfqdrfhoD;wdkYESifh uRJaxmywfwdkYudk a&SUenf;twkdif; csufaomufvQifvnf;
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0*f

"ry'bmom#Dum

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onf? tokua&m*xdo
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aq;ukd rDS0JvQif aysmufuif;onf/ (0d-3 299? r-1 391) ylwdrkwESihfpyf
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tawudpbm0H/ / wdudpdwaAmwd awudapm? e+awudapm tawudapm(r#D-3 47)? wdupeH wdudpm? ewd+wdudpm ,mwd tawudapmukoEkdifjcif;r&Sdol? tawudp+bma0g tawudpbma0g/

82

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a&mufNyD/ jAm[aPmonf? wxdkom;\? 'kAvbm0Htm;r&Sd

onf\tjzpfu?kd wGmod? {uHwpfa,mufaom? a0ZH ud?k yaumodac:Ny/D aomxdak q;q&monf? wHxdo
k m;ud?k MoavmauwGm0
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om;\? r&Por,Haocsed u
f ?kd 0g-aocgeD;tcsed u
f ?kd wGm? ]]rom;ud?k 'ewm,Munfjh cif;tusK;d iSm? tm*wmvmolwYkd
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aom taqmifukd qif0if[k ac:onf(jref"mef)/

wH 'd0oHxdak eY? b*0gonf? Av0ypLoora,tm;&Sad om

rd;k aomuftcg? 0g-vif;tm;Bu;D tcsed f ? r[mukPmormywad wm
r[mukPmormywfrS? (ow0grsm;tay: BuD;rm;aom oem;rI
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l ? ykAA ak 'ok a&S;bk&m;&Sif
r&Pumav/ /r&Pumavwd r&P tmoEumav(oH.|-181)/
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0g r&PmoEumv r&Pumvbm0H(rPd#D-2 85)/ or,ESihf umv
onf y&d,m,fjzpf&um; tzGihfukd Munfhay;onf/
r[mukPmormywdawm/ / bk&m;&Sifonf eHeuftcsdef uka# 1oef;
2odef;? ncsrf;tcsdef uka# 1oef; 2odef;tm;jzifh wpfaeYvQif r[mukPm
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"ry'bmom#Dum

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wdYk ? uwm"dum&meHjyKtyfNy;D aom tvGet

f uJjyKtyfaom aumif;rI
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&Su
d ek af om? u&D,w
t"duma&m a,[Dwd uwm"dum&m(okwrf [mbm-1 215? eDbm-3 14)?

OEuo
k vrlvmeHrsm;aom ukov
kd t
f ajccH&u
dS ek af om? a0ae,sAE0geHopm4yg;udk odxu
kd af om ow0g[laom aqGawmfrsKd ;awmfwYkd
ud?k 0g-uRwx
f u
kd af omow0g[laom aqGawmfrsKd ;awmfwu
Ykd ?dk 'ewH Munfah wmfrjl cif;tusK;d iSm? Ak'p uKembk&m;&Siw
f \
Ykd rsupf ad wmfjzif?h
0ifpm;awmfrltyfaom ukPmpsmefaZmukd ]]r[mukPmormywd}}[k ac:
onf/ (y#doH|-1 54? plVed.|-50)
0pew/ /y&'kau owd om"leH [',ureH ua&mwDwd ukPm?
u&+,k+tm? ,kudk tejyK eukd PjyK &\ t-ukd OjyK? udemwd 0g y&'kuH
[owd 0demaowDwd ukPm? ud+,k+tm? ,kudk te &-vm ud\ ukd
t-jyK &\ t-ukd OjyK? ud&wd 0g y&'kuH 0dudywd tyaewDwd ukPm?
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D wd 0g 'kuad wok z&P0aoe yom&D,wDwd ukPm? ud&+,k+tm?
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d Amwd ormywd} }
[kvnf; jyKEkdifonf? r[mukPm p+om+ormywd pmwd r[mukPmormywd-oufa&muftyfaom r[mukPm/
a0ae,sAE0geH/ / 0daewAmwd a0ae,sm? 0d+eD+Ps? AEEDwd AEL
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AZEd oHAZEDwd AEL(r#D-3 372? tH#D-3 25)? AELa,0 AE0g? a0ae,sm
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l nf AE0rnfouJo
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84

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(bk&m;&SifwdkY\ rsufpdjzpfaom tmo,mEko,Pfawmf `Ed,ya&my&d,wPfawmfjzif)h ? avmuHowavmuud?k a0gavmauaEmMunfhawmfrlvsuf? 'oo[pu0gaVokwpfaomif;aom

pMum0VmwkYd ? PZmvHPfwnf;[laom uGe&f ufu?kd (tmo,mEko,Pfawmf `Ed,ya&my&d,wPfawmfwnf;[laom uGef
&ufu)kd ? yw&d jzeft
Y yk af wmfrNl y/D r|uk@vDonf? A[dtmVdaEtdrhf
tjyifbufqif0if? 0g-tdrfa&SU0&efwm? edyEmuma&ae0tdyfae
ol\ tjcif;t&mtm;jzifyh if? 0g-tdyaf eonfh yHpk jH zihyf if? wxk
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aojcif;uk?d 0gaocsed u
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d wdjzpfvrd rhf nf? tp&mo[y&d0ga&mewf
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0*f

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o[y&d0g&HewforD;wpfaxmiftjct
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f a&\ jynfph Hk
jcif;uk?d v'g Ek acg&tyfavoenf;?}} wdokMYd u
H ? MoavmauwGmvaomf? r,d? pdwyoma'epdwfukd Munfkdapjcif;aMumihf?
v'bm0H&tyfonf\tjzpfukd? wGm-? ]]t,H jAm[aPmonf?
"eap'ba,eOpm\ jywfpjJ cif;rS aMumufjcif;aMumif?h rrighz?Ykd 0gtwGuf? aboZHaq;ukd? (aq;ukorIukd)? tuwGmrl? 'ged?
tmVm[eHok?Yd *Em-? a&m'wdidak e\? eHxkyd P
k m ;uk?d 0dyu
m&ywH
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86

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jAm[aPmonf? ]]wkarSokoifwkdY? pdwHukd? yoma'wGmap?

oa*ewfjynf? edAa wm emrjzpforl nfonf? twd &Syd goavm}}
wd-okdY? rHukd? ykpdwd-vdrfhrnf/ tx? txkdykPm;tm;?
t[Honf? ]]{wumedrQtwkid ;f t&Sn&f u
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wdw
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b0dwd-rnf?) wdokv
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? yke'd0aoaemufwpfaeY? uwo&D&y#dZ*aemjyKtyfNyD;aom
ukd,fawmfukd okwfoifjcif;&Sdawmfrlonf? 0g-udk,fvufokwfoifrIukd
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aom &[ef;taygif;onf jc&H t
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0*f

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okdY? *awm<ua&mufawmfrlNyD/
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rsufESmrlvsuf? edyaEmtdyfaeonf? a[mwd/ tx? owmonf?
txdrk |uk@vD\? 0g-onf? twaemrdru
d ?kd tyebm0Hjrif
jcif;r&So
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ta&mifonf? u Mobmaom emrtb,fta&mifrnfoenf;?}}
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k af om
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tvwH)r&cJh? 'ged-? ar\? [wmydvufwdkYonfvnf;? te"dyaw,smtBu;D tuJ\tjzpf r&Sad wmhuek ?f (rpk;d ykid af wmhuek )f ? tnH
tjcm;aom? uwAHjyKtyf jyKEdkifaom aumif;rIonf? ewd?}} wd
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ma'ejzif?h tvHawmfavmufNy?D }} wdodMYk uaH wmfrl
? yumrdzJ<uawmfrNl y/D aomxdrk |uk@vDonf? wxm*awonf?
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88

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puKyxHrsupf \
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tdyNf y;D onfjzpf Ed;k oluo
hJ ?Ykd 0gtdyaf oma,mufsm; Ed;k aomfvm;od?Yk
okawm+[kwGm+yAka'g okwyAka'g(yg&mbm-1 441)? okwawm+yAka'g
okwyAka'g-tdyfaysmfNyD;onfrS (tdyfaysmf&mrS) Ekd;vmol(rtlyg&med-2 117)?

a'0avmauwm0womewfjynf? woa,mZedau,lZemoH;k q,f

&Sad om? ueu0drmaea&TArd mef? ueaue+yuwH+0drmeH ueu0drmeH d jzpfNy/D
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jAm[aPmydonfvnf;? txdrk |uk@vD\? o&D&H ud,
k u
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vrf;?-'D#D-2 206/
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d m0daooeteuf)}}[k teuf 2rsKd ;ay;Mu\(oDbm-4
8)/ ]](1) 'd0ao 'd0ao y&dbkdwAH a'0oduH(oD#Dopf-2 302)? (2) 'd0ao 'd0ao 'gwAH a'0oduH(oD#Dopf-305)? (4) 'd0oH 'd0oH AsmaywGm y0wwDwd a'0oduH(Zm#D-7 398)? (5) 'd0aom p 'd0aom p 'd0omed? 'd0omeda,0 a'0oduH? (6) 'd0aook 0g y&d0wH a'0oduH(Zm#D-21 536)?
(7) 'd0ao 'd0ao a'0oduH? 0dpmteuf Pduypnf;(ygpda,m-9)}}[k 0dN*dK[f
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0*f

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k enf;) ]]u[H {uykwu
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90

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tH?h }} wdodMYk u
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92

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0*f

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94

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0*f

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96

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a'0wmEkod *EaAm t'k oaum yk&Ed a 'g?

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0*f

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oau-rdrOd pmjzpfaom? t*ga&-tdrf ? ''E-ay;vSLqJjzpfaom

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h Hk jynfph aHk om
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odumy'ged-odumyk'fwdkYukd? orm'd,k-aumif;pGm ,lygavm? 0gYdk a&SU,l ]]yoEpad wm
aqmufwnfygavm/ wax0ukd "r oHCw\
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y odumy'ged-wkdYukd? orm'd,k-avm}}[k wpfenf;ay;/

ygPmwdygwm 0d&rk cdyH avmau t'dEH y&d0Z,k?

trZayg rm p rkom bPm[d oaue 'ga&e p a[m[d wka|m/
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l nf?
(a[m[d-ygavm?) rkom p-rkom;ukv
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100

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a*gwr-t&Siaf *gwr tZwem,,aeYjzpfvwUH aom aumif;rIyw

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l ? ]]tnrnH toHo|bma0e {wd *pww
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taEm(oH#-D 2 257)? {aum+taEm {uraEm}}[kjyK? ]]{urE-H a0; eD; avnm
jrihfarmuf&mESihf rsufESma&SUbuf aemufausmbuf[k 6csufravsmf roihf
awmfojzihf oihfavsmfaumif;jrwf wpfckaomt&yftzkdY}}[k tus,fay;/
(ygbm-1 503? oDbm-2 281? okwrf [mbm-1 269)
ygpda,m-213/ / xkd tEo'g orDya'oteuf (wpfenf;) aum#d
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d ? xkt
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tausMuH? aemuf edoD'd&SdvQif {urEH ({uraE)+edodaEm {uraEm}}[k
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[k jzpf\? okdY 0gusjzefYvQif {urEHESihf XmeHonf t&wl\? xkdokdY t&wl
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102

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t"d0gao[dvufcaH wmfryl g?}} wd-ok?Yd tm[-avQmufNy/D owm

onf? t"d0gaoodNy/D aomxdyk P
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uwH+bwudpH a,emwd uwbwudapm?-rtlyg&med-1 109? ygpda,md mG ? eDpmoaeedrahf omae&m? edoad Em

373/ wxm*wHod?Yk OyouFrw

xdik v
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om? oa*? edAw
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Xmwd? pdwH ywd|maywDwd t"dyma,m(y#doH.|-2 167)/ tm0aZwGm
aPe t"d|mwd(y#doH-385? 387)/ tm0aZwGm aPe t"d|mwDwd
{0H y&durH uwGm tbdnmaPe t"d|mwd(y#do|H -2 265)? aPemwd
om0Zaee tbdnmaPe(y#d*H-372)/

0*f

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105

0drmeawmAdrmefr?S Mok,S oufqif;? owm&H-uk?d 0Ew

d mG -&Scd ;dk ?
{urEH ? 0g-pGm? t|mod&yfwnfNy/D tx? eHxdrk |uk@vDewf
om;ud?k owmonf? ]]wGH onf? rH orw pnf;pdru
f ?kd u urH
tb,faumif;rIu?kd uwGmjyKc
hJ ? y#dvbd&cJo
h enf;}} wdod?Yk
ykpaEmar;awmfrlvdkonf? ([kwGm)? ]]tbduaEe ?ay? ykn}}Ed
tbdua Ee ?ay? ykn[
H al om? *gxHud?k tm[Ny/D
tbdua Ee 0aPe ,m wHG wd|od a'0aw?
MobmaoED 'dom oAm Moo"D 0d, wm&um/
ykpm rd wH a'0 r[mEkbm0 rEkblawm udrumod ykn/H
a'0awtk.d ..ewfom; Moo"D wm&um 0d,aomufSL;Mu,fuhJ
okY d? 0gaomMumMu,fuo
hJ Y?dk tbdua EetvGeEf pS o
f uftyfaom? 0aPetqif;ta&mifjzif?h 0g-uk,
d af &mifu,
dk 0f gjzif?h (wpfenf;) tbdua EetvGeEf pS o
f ufz,
G f yk yf o
Hk Pmefjzihv
f nf;aumif;? 0aPe-ta&tqif;
ta&mift0gjzifv
h nf;aumif;? wrL wvuPteuf emouf? oAm
tvk;H pku
H ek af om? 'domt&yfwu
Ykd ?dk MobmaoED xGe;f vif;apvsu?f ,m
wGH tMuifoifonf? wd|od&yfwnf\? r[mEkbm0Bu;D aom wefc;dk &dS
aom? a'0tked wfom; (wH) wHxdo
k ifu
h ?dk ykpm rdar;awmfrt
l ?Hh rEkblawmvlwYkd jzpfonf? 0g-vltjzpfoYdk a&mufonf? (ormaemjzpfv
aomf?) u yknH tb,faumif;rIu?dk tumodjyKco
hJ enf;
a'0ykawmonf? ]]baE aronf? t,H orwd ud?k wkarSok
wdYk ? pdwH ud?k yoma'wGmapcJ
h ? 0g-aMumif?h v'g&tyfygNy?D }} wd
odaYk vQmufNy/D ]]awoifonf? r,d? pdw-H uk?d yaoma'wGm-? v'g
&tyfoavm}} wdodYk ar;awmfrNl y/D baE&m; tmrrSeyf g? wd
rEkblawm/ / rEkblawmwd rEkaok OyaEm rEkbm0H 0g
yawm?-wd.|-244-5? ayw.|-66/

106

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odYk avQmufNy/D r[mZaemonf? a'0ykwH ud?k MoavmauwGm-?

]]abmtd.k ..rdwaf qGwYkd Ak'* P
k mbk&m;&Si\
f *kPaf wmfwo
Ykd nf? tp&-d
,m 0wvufazsmufcwfw;D tHch s;D xdu
k yf gayukepf ?G t'dEy Ak u
jAm[P emrt'dEy Ak u
ykPm ;rnfo\
l ? ykawmonf? tnHtjcm;aom?
udd wpfpw
kH pfcak om? yknH aumif;rIu?kd tuwGm-? ow&d ? pdw-H
uk?d yoma'wGm-? {0ly-H aom? orw ud?k y#dvbd&cJNh y?D }} wdod?Yk
wk| ESpo
f ufjcif;ud?k ya0a'odtjym;tm;jzifh odapNy?D 0g-ajymNy/D
tx? aeoHxdrk sm;pGmaom vlwt
Ykd m;? ]]ukovmukovuru&aPukov
kd u
f H tukov
kd u
f u
H kd jyKjcif;? raem0pdwo
f nfom?
ykA* aF rma&SUoGm;acgif;aqmifwnf;? raem0onfom? aoa|mtjrwf
qH;k wnf;/ [drSe\
f ? yoaEeMunfvifaom? raeepdwjf zif?h uwH
jyKtyfaom? urH aumif;rIonf? a'0avmuHewfjynfov
Ykd nf;aumif;?
rEkavmuHvlUjynfov
Ydk nf;aumif;? *pEH oGm;aom? yk*v
H yk*Kd vo
f ?Ykd
qm,m0t&dyu
f o
hJ ?Ykd e 0dZ[wdrpGe?Yf }} wdod?Yk 'H 0wKH 0wKu?kd
uaxwGmNy;D ? tEkoE tEkoaEu?kd 0g-tquftpyfu?kd Ca#wGm
pyfawmfr
l ? 0g-qufo,
G jf yawmfr
l ? ywd|mydwrwdu
-H wnfaptyfNy;D
aom ajrnuf&adS om? (ajrnufjzihf csyd yf w
d t
f yfaom)? omoeH-o0Pf
vTmud?k (taMumif;Mum;pmud)k ? &mZrk'g ,rif;\wHqyd jf zif?h v a Em
0d,cwfEydS o
f uJo
h ?Ykd "r&mZm-w&m;rif;jzpfawmfral om jrwfpmG bk&m;
onf? raemykA* rF m ?ay? y'Ed- raemykA* rF m ?ay? y'H [laom? rH *gxH*gxmuk?d tm[-a[mawmfrNl y/D
raemykA*Frm "rm raemao|m raemr,m?
reom ap yoaEe bmowd 0g ua&mwd 0g?
wawm eH okcraEGwd qm,m0 tEkyg,deD/
"rm-apwoducf Emw&m; oH;k yg;wko
Yd nf? raemykA* rF m-pdwo
f mvQif
a&SUoGm;acgif;aqmif &Sdukef\? raemao|m-pdwfomvQif tjrwfqkH;&Sd

0*f

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107

uke\
f ? raemr,m-pdwaf Mumifh Ny;D pD;&uke\
f ? yoaEe-tebdZmtp&Sd
aom *kPw
f aYdk Mumifh Munfvifaom? reom-pdwjf zih?f ap bmowd 0gtu,frlvnf; ajymqkt
d ?hH ap ua&mwd 0g-tu,frlvnf; jyKvyk f
tH?h wawm-xko
d Ydk ajymqkd jyKvyk jf cif;aMumif?h eH-xkyd *k Kd vo
f ?Ydk okc-H csr;f om
onf? taEGw-d tpOfvu
dk \
f ? (udr0d -enf;) tEkyg,de-D tpOfvu
dk jf cif;
&Sdaom? qm,m0 (qm,m+0)-t&dyfuJhokdYwnf;/
ww-xkrd aemykA* rF m "rmtp&Sad om*gxm?t0daoaoe-txl;rS
uif;ojzif?h 0g-txl;rr omrntm;jzih?f oAr-d tvH;k pHv
k nf;jzpfaom?
pwkbrl u
d pdw-H bHak v;yg; jzpfaom pdwu
f ?dk raemwd-raem[l? udm yd
0kpw
-d tu,fum; qkt
d yfygay\? ye-okaYd omfvnf;? ro ya'raemykA* rF m "rm[laomyk'f ? ed,rD,rmeH-rSwo
f m;tyfaomf? 00wy,
D rmeH-toD;toD; ykid ;f jcm; xm;tyfaomf? y&d pdZ r meH-ykid ;f jzwf
tyfaomf? t|0d"-H &Spyf g;tjym;&Sad om? umrm0p&ukovpdw-H umrm
0p&ukov
dk pf w
d u
f ?dk vAw-d &tyf &Ekid \
f ? ye-qufOK;tH?h 0wK0aoer|uk@vD0wKEiS pfh yfojzih?f tm[&D,rmeH-aqmif,t
l yfaomf? wawmyd-xk&d pS yf g;tjym;&Sad om umrm0p&ukov
dk pf w
d rf v
S nf;? aomreo[*wH-aomreo[*kwfjzpfaom? Por,kwar0-P
or,w
k pf w
d u
f o
dk m? vAw-d &tyf &Ekid \
f ? ykA* rF mwd-um;? awe-xkd
pdwEf iS ?fh yXr*grdem-yxrjzpfavh&o
dS nf? 0g-y"mejzpfavh&o
dS nf? [kwmG jzpf? orEm*wm-jynhpf u
kH ek \
f ? "rmwd-um;? a0'em'a,m-a0'em
tp&So
d nfyif jzpfuek af om? wa,m-3yg;ukeaf om? cEm- cEmwkw
Yd nf;/
[d-rSe\
f ? {aw-apwoducf Em3yg;wko
Yd nf? Oym'yp,a|e-jzpfjcif;
\ taMumif;\tjzpf[al om teufaMumif?h {awoH-apwoducf Em
3yg;wk\
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k r aem-aomreor,w
k pf w
d [
f al om?
ykA* aF rm-a&SUoGm;onf? 0g-y"mew&m;onf? (twd) ? wd-xkad Mumih?f
(xko
d Ydk pdw[
f al om a&SUoGm;&Su
d ek o
f nf\ tjzpfaMumif?h ) raemykA* rF mraemykA* rF mwkYd rnf\/ [d-csUJ OK;tH?h 0g-Oyrmaqmif xifatmifjyOK;tH?h

108

"ry'bmom#Dum

,ru

A[lo-k rsm;pGmukeaf om vlwo

Ydk nf? {uawm-wpfaygif;wnf;? [kwmG jzpf? r[mbduK oC
H -rsm;pGmaom &[ef;taygif;tm;? pD0&'gem'De-d ouFe;f vSLjcif;tp&Su
d ek af om? (yknmed) 0g-aumif;rIwu
Ydk adk omfvnf;
aumif;? OVm&ylZm"r0em'De-d jrwfaomylaZmfjcif; w&m;emjcif;tp&Sd
ukeaf om? (yknmed)0g-wku
Yd adk omfvnf;aumif;? rmvm*Eoum&u&Pm'De-d yef;eHo
Y mwkjYd zihf ylaZmfoum&ukd jyKjcif;tp&Su
d ek af om? (yknmed)
0g-wku
Yd adk omfvnf;aumif;? ua&maEo-k jyKuek v
f aomf? {awoH-
olww
Ydk iG ?f aum-tb,foo
l nf? {awoH-olw\
Ydk ? ykA* aF rm-a&SUoGm;
enf; 0g-acgif;aqmifenf; wd-ok?Yd 0kaw-ajymqkt
d yfaomf? 0gar;tyfaomf? awoH-xko
d w
l w
Ydk iG ?f a,m-tMuifoo
l nf? awoH-xko
d l
wk\
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h nf? a[mwd-\? ,HtMuifoUl uk?d edm,-rS
D ? aw-xko
d w
l o
Ydk nf? wmed yknmed-xkad umif;rI
wku
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f ? awoH-xko
d w
l w
Ydk iG ?f wdam 0g-wdaomf
vnf;jzpfaom? zkam 0g-zkaomfvnf;jzpfaom? aom-xko
d Ul uk?d
awoH-wk\
Yd ? ykA* aF rmwd-a&SUoGm;[l? 0kpw
d ,xm-ajzqkt
d yfouJo
h ?Ydk
{0Hor'-H Oyrmetwkid ;f Ny;D pD;jcif;&Sad om? 'H-Oyar,su?dk a0'dwAH- odxu
dk \
f ? wd-okv
Yd Qi?f Oym'yp,a|e-aMumif?h {awoH-wk\
Yd ?
raem-[laom? ykA* aF rm-onf? (twd) ? wd-aMumif?h raemykA* rF m\/ [d-rSe?f aw-xkad pwoducf Em 3 yg;wko
Yd nf? rae-onf? tEkyZ a Eaomf? OyZw
d -kH iSm? e oaumEd- uke?f raem ye-pdwo
f nfum;? (wpfenf;)
ye-tzkw
Yd pfyg;um;? raem-onf? {uapo-k ukeaf om? apwodauokwko
Yd nf? tEkyZ a Eoyk -d ukeaf omfvnf;? OyZw
ad ,0-jzpfEidk o
f nfom/
ye-tzkw
Yd pfyg;um;? {0H-qkt
d yfNy;D aomenf;jzih?f t"dywd0aoe-t"d
ywd\ tpGr;f jzih?f 0g-rdrEd iS pfh yfaom w&m;wk\
Yd t&Sio
f cif\tjzpfjzih?f
{awoH-wk\
Yd ? raem-aom? aoa|m-onf? (twd) ? wd-aMumif?h (awwko
Yd nf?) raemao|m-wkYd rnf\/ [d-csUJ OK;tH?h 0g-Oyrmaqmif xif
atmifjyOK;tH?h *Pm'De-H *kP
d ;f tp&So
d nfw\
Ydk ? t"dywd-tBu;D tuJjzpf

0*f

"ry'bmom#Dum

109

aom? yk&ad om-a,musmf ;uk?d *Paoa|m(wd)-*kP

d ;f \ tjrwfq;kH [l
vnf;aumif;? aoPdaoa|mwd-toif;tyif;\ tjrwfq;kH [lvnf;
aumif;? 0kpw
d ,xm-qkt
d yfouJo
h ?Ydk wxm-wl? aword- wkx
Yd ufvnf;?
raem0-onfom? aoa|m-wnf;/ ye-um;? 0g-raem ao|m[laom
oH0aPwAy'k \
f two0H PemrSwpfyg; raem r,m[laom oH0aP
wAyk'f\ twoH0Pemukd qkdOK;tHh? ok0Pm'D[d-a&Ttp&Sdaom
taqmuftOK;wkjYd zih?f edym 'dwmed-jzpfaptyfuek af om? b@med-b@m
wdo
Yk nf? ok0Pr,m'Ded emr-ok0Pr,tp&So
d nfwYdk rnfonf? a[mEd
,xm-jzpfuek o
f uJo
h ?Ydk wxm-wl? {awyd-wko
Yd nfvnf;? reawmaMumif?h edyE w
m -jzpf&ukeo
f nf\tjzpfaMumif?h raemr,m emr-wkYd
rnf\/ yoaEemwd-um;? tebdZm'D[-d tebdZmtp&Su
d ek af om? *kaP[d-*kPw
f aYdk Mumif?h yoaEe-Munfvifaom? bmowd 0g ua&mwd
0gwd-um;? {0laye-okdYoabm&Sdaom? (tebdZmtp&SdonfwkdY
aMumifh Munfvifaeaom)? raee-jzih?f bmoaEm-aomf? pwkA"d -H aom?
0pDopk &dwar0-uko
d m? bmowd-\? ua&maEm-aomf? wd0"d -H aom?
um,okp&dwar0-uko
d m? ua&mwd-\? tbmoaEm-aomf? tua&maEm-aomf? tebdZm'D[-d wkaYd Mumif?h wm, yoErmeowm,-xkMd unf
vifaom pdw&f o
dS nf\ tjzpfaMumif?h wd0"d -H aom? raemokp&dw-H uk?d
yla&wd-jynfah p\? {0H-ok?Yd 0g-enf;jzih?f t-xkyd *k Kd v\
f (oEmef)?
'o-ukeaf om? ukovuryxm-wko
Yd nf? yg&dy&l - xuf0ef;usif jynfu
h ek f
onf\ tjzpfo?Ydk *p E-d uke\
f /
wawm eH okcraEGww
D -d um;? wawm wd0"d okp&dwawm-xkd 3
yg;tjym;&Sad om okpku
d af Mumif?h eH yk*v
-H xkyd *k Kd vo
f ?Ydk okc-H okconf?
taEGw-d tpOfvu
dk \
f ? "-]]wawm eH okcraEGw}d }[laom ygXf?
awblru
d rd- bH3k yg; jzpfonfvnf;jzpfaom? ukovH-uk?d t"dayw-H
tvk&d t
dS yf\? wom-xkad Mumif?h (xko
d Ydk bH3k yg;jzpfaom ukov
dk \
f tvkd

110

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,ru

&St
d yfonf\ tjzpfaMumif?h ) awblru
d okp&dwmEkbma0e-bH3k yg; jzpf
aom okpku
d \
f tmEkabmfaMumif?h ok*wdba0-ok*wdbkH ? edAw
-H jzpf
aom? yk*v
H 0g-okv
Yd nf;aumif;? 'k*w
,
d -H 'k*w
b
d kH ? okcgEkb0e|maeokcukd cHpm;&mt&yf? Xdw-H wnfaom? yk*v
H 0g-okv
Yd nf;aumif;? um,0wKurd- uk,
d [
f al omrS&D m&Sad om 0dyguokcvnf;aumif;? w&0wKurd- uk,
d rf w
S pfyg; pdw[
f al omrS&D m&Sad om 0dyguokcvnf;aumif;? tYk vkd ]]t0wK0wKurd-rDS&mr&Sdaom 0dyguokcvnf;aumif;? q&mwdt
d f vnf;jzpf pdwf
urd}}rvkd? |jyKI? wd-ok?Yd um,duapwodu-H uk,
vnf;jzpfaom? 0dyguokc-H tusKd ;jzpfaom okconf? tEk*pw-d tpOf
vku
d \
f ? e 0dZ[wd-rpGe?Yf wd tawm-teufu?dk a0'dwaAm-od
xku
d \
f / ,xm u-Oyrm tb,fuo
hJ eYdk nf; (wpfenf;) u-tb,f
onf? (tEk*pw)d ,xm-tpOfvu
dk o
f uJo
h eYdk nf; (wd-um; tar;
wnf;?) qm,m-t&dyo
f nf? tEkyg,deD 0-tpOfvu
dk o
f uJo
h w
Ydk nf;?
wd-um; tajzwnf;? [d-csUJ OK;tH?h qm,m emr-t&dyrf nfonf?
o&D&y#dA'g-uk,
d f pyfonf? (uk,
d Ef iS fh pyfonf)? ([kwmG -? 0g-aMumif?h )
o&Da&-uk,
d o
f nf? *paE-oGm;vaomf? *pw-d oGm;\? (o&Da&-onf?)
wd|aE-aomf? wd|wd-\? (o&Da&-onf?) edo'D aE-aomf? edo'D wd-\?
oaPSe-odraf rGUaom pum;jzih?f (ed0wm[d-jyefepfavm? wd 0g-
okaYd omfvnf;aumif;?) zkaoe-Murf;wrf;aompum;jzih?f ed0wm[djyefepfavm? wd 0g-aumif;? 0wGm 0g-ajymqk
d aomfvnf;aumif;?
aygaxwGm 0g-ykwcf wfaomfvnf;aumif;? ed0wmaywH-k jyefepfap
jcif;iSm? e oum ,xm-rwwfaumif;ouJo
h ?Ydk uom-enf; (qm,m,-\?) o&D&y#Ad 'wm -uk,
d f pyfaeonf\ tjzpfaMumifw
h nf;? 0guk,
d Ef iS fh pyfaeonf\ tjzpfaMumifw
h nf;? (wpfenf;) uom-aMumif?h
ed0wmaywHk-iSm? e oum-enf; (qm,m, o&D&A'wm ed0wmaywkH e
oum ,xm-ok}Yd }[kvnf;ay;? a&S;ed, ]]e oaumwd}}ukd ygXf&\
dS ? q&mwdYk
ESpfoufawmfrrl?-|jyKI/ {0ar0-omvQif? 'oEH-ukefaom? aroH

0*f

"ry'bmom#Dum

111

ukovuryxmeH-wk\
Yd ? tmpdPo
rmpdPu
o
k vrlvu
d -H avhusit
fh yf
aumif;pGm avhusit
fh yfaom ukov
dk v
f Qif t&if;cH&adS om? umrm0p&m'dab'H-umrm0p&tp&Sad om tjym;&Sad om? um,duapwodu-H uk,
d f
vnf;jzpf pdwf vnf;jzpfaom? okc-H tusKd ;jzpfaom okconf? *w*w|mae-a&muftyf a&muftyfaom t&yf?tEkyg,de-D tpOfvu
dk af om?
qm,m 0d,-t&dyo
f nfuo
hJ ?Ydk [kwmG ? e 0dZ[wd-rpGe?Yf wd-wGif
*gxmtzGit
hf Ny;D wnf;/
*gxmy&da,momae-? pwk&moDw,
d m-84vDaom? ygPo[meH-ow0gtaxmifw\
Ydk ? (wpfenf;) pwk&moDw,
d m ygPo[meH-8aomif; 4axmifaom ow0gwk\
Yd ? "rmbdora,m-opm 4
yg;w&m;wku
Yd dk xk;d xGi;f odjcif;onf? ta[mod-Ny?D r|uk@vD-rnf
aom? a'0ykawm-ewfom;onf? aomwmywdz av-aomwmywdz v
dk f ?
ywd|[d-wnfNy?D t'dEy Ak a um-t'dEy Ak u
rnfaom? jAm[aPm-onf?
wxm-xkt
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d 'dEy Ak u
ykPm ;onf? wm0 r[EH-
xkrd Qavmuf rsm;pGmaom? 0db0H-pnf;pdru
f ?dk Ak'o
moae-jrwfpmG bk&m;\
omoemawmf? 0dyu
&d -d txl;tm;jzihf jzefNY y?D 0g-vSL'gef;Ny?D wd-r|
uk@vD0wKtNy;D wnf;/
r|uk@vD0wKbmom#Dum NyD;\/
tEkyg,deD / / tEky,eH tEkyga,m-tpOfvu
dk jf cif;? tEk+y+ +P?
tEkyga,m+{wdmwd tEkyg,de?D twdt
euf ypn;f ? wDa Zmwu
eDypnf;? yOyom&ukd teufrJh MuHyg/
teyg,de/D / ]]teyg,deD}}[k rluJG&Sd\? ]]ty-zJcGm+t,eH-oGm;jcif;?
tyga,m-jcif;? tyga,m {wdm twDw
d tyg,de?D e+tyg,deD teyg,de-D
zJcGm oGm;jcif;+r&Sd}}[k o'w jzpfEkdifaomaMumifh oifhyg\/

3-wdaw&0wKbmom#Dum
taumpd rEd rHtp&Sad om? rH "ra'oeHud?k owmonf?
aZw0ae? 0d[&aEmaomf? 0grlpOf? wdaw&H ud?k tm&A?
uaxoda[mawmfrNl y/D
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"ry'bmom#Dum

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d uf oma&S;OK;pGm? y0d|
0ifaeaom? a'0dva'0dv&aoh\? ty&bma*aemuftzdkY?
(aemufzuf)? edo'D d xdik af eNy/D Oabmyd2yg;vH;k wdo
Yk nfvnf;? om&PD,uxHtqufrjywf jzpfapxdu
k af om pum;ud?k 0g-rjywfrjywf
trSw&f xku
d af ompum;ud?k uaxwGmajymqdNk y;D ? edyZo
k tdyu
f ek Nf y/D
em&a'gonf? o,eumavtdy&f mtcg? a'0dv\? edyZe|metdy&f mt&yfuv
kd nf;aumif;? 'Gg&wHcg;udv
k nf;aumif;?
ovauwmG rSwo
f m;? edyZd tdyNf y/D ye-okaYd omfvnf;? aom a'0davmxdak '0dv&aohonf? edyZrmaemtdyv
f aomf? twaem\? edyZe|maetdy&f mt&yf? tedyZw
d mG rtdyfrl? 'Gg&raZwHcg;\
tv,f? wd&,
d H uefv
Y ef?Y edyZd tdyNf y/D em&a'gonf? &w nOfh ?
edur aEmxGuv
f aomf? wxdak '0dv&aoh\? Z#mokqHuspw
f Ykd ?
turdeif;rdNyD/ ]]aum-onf? rHudk? turdeif;oenf;?}} wd podkY
vnf;? 0kawar;tyfaomf? ]]tmp&d,q&m t[Hwynfah wmfygwnf;?}}
wd-ok?Yd tm[/ ul#Z#dvaumufuspaf om&aoh t&nawmawmrS?

120

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tm*Em? rr\? Z#mokqHuspw

f Ykd ? turodeif;bd\? wd
odYk ajymNy/D ]]tmp&d, wkrmS uHoifw\
Ykd ? "t&yf? edyEbm0H
tdyu
f ek o
f nf\tjzpfu?kd e Zmemrdrodyg? arwynfah wmftm;? crx
onf;cHyguke?f (cGiv
fh w
T yf guke)f ?}} wd-ok?Yd 0wGm-? wxdak '0dv
&aohonf? uEEa 0jrnfwrf;aepOfyif? A[dtjyifo?Ykd edur d xGuNf y?D
wa&mtjcm;aom a'0dv&aohonf? ]]t,Hem&'&aohonf?
y0doaEmyd0ifaomfvnf;? rHud?k tuar,seif;&m\?}} wdodYk
Mu
H ? y&d0awwmG ajymif;jyefvn
S
hf ? yg'|maeajcxm;&mt&yf? oDoH
OK;acgif;ud?k uwGm? edyZ/d em&a'gydonfvnf;? y0doaEmaomf?
]]t[Honf? yXrHyd a&S;OK;pGmvnf;? tmp&da,q&m? ty&Z jypfrmS ;
cJNh y?D 'ged? txd&k aoh\? yg'yaeajcaxmufab;jzif?h 0gajc&if;bufjzif?h y0do
d mrd0ift?hH }} wd-ok?Yd pdaEwmG ? tm*paEm
vmvaomf? *D0g,vnfyif;? turd eif;rdNy/D ]]{aomeif;olonf?
aumtb,foel nf;}} wd podv
Yk nf;? 0kawtyfaomf? ]]tmp&d, t[Hwnf;?}} wd 0wGm? ]]ul#Z#dv-aoh yXrHpGm? rr\?
Z#mokwdYk ? turw
d mG eif;? 'ged? *D0g,? turodeif;\?
wHoifu
h ?kd tbdoydmrdused q
f t
J ?hH }} wd-ok?Yd 0kawajymtyfaomf?
]]tmp&d, r,SH wynfah wmf\? 0g-rSm? a'gaomtjypfonf? ewd r&Syd g?
t[Honf? wkrmS uHwd\
Yk ? {0Hod?Yk edyEbm0Htdyu
f ek o
f nf\tjzpfu?kd
e Zmemrdrod? ]yXrrd pGmvnf;? aronf? ty&'H jypfrmS ;tyfNy?D 'ged
? yg'yaejzif?h y0do
d mrdtH?h } wdodYk Mu
H ? y0da|m0ifonf?
trSd \? artm;? crxuke?f }} wd tm[/ ul#Z#dv wHoifu
h ?kd
tbdoydmrdtH?h wdodYk ajymNy/D tmp&d, {0Hod?Yk rm u&dw
rjyKygukeEf iS ?hf wd-okYd ajymNy/D aomxdak '0dv&aohonf? w
xdek m&'&aoh\? 0peHpum;ud?k tem'd,w
d mG rem,lr
l ? ]]o[&HoD
?ay? ow"m}}wd[l? wHxdkem&'&aohudk? tbdoyd {0usdefqJ
onfom/

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o[&HoD owawaZm ol&ad ,m wr0daem'aem?

ygawm',aE ol&ad , rk'g aw zvwk ow"m/
ol&ad ,maeonf? o[&HoD axmifaygif;rsm;pGmaom a&mif
jcnf&\
dS ? owawaZm&maygif;rsm;pGmaom wefc;dk &S\
d ? wr0daem'aem
trku
d af rSmifudk y,fazsmufEidk \
f ? ygawmeHeufapmapm? ol&ad ,
aeonf? O',aEtxuf jzpfvaomf? 0gxGuv
f aomf? awoif\?
rk'g OK;xdyo
f nf? ow"mckepfpw
d f ckepfjzm? zvwkuGyJ gapownf;/
em&a'gonf? ]]tmp&d, r,SH \? 0g-rSm? a'gaomtjypfonf?
ewd yg? wdod?Yk rronf? 0'Ea0ajympOfyif? wkarSwko
Yd nf?
tbdoyxused q
f u
J ek \
f ? ,tMuifo\
l ? 0g-rSm? a'gaomonf?
twd \? wxdo
k \
l ? rk'g OK;xdyo
f nf? zvwkuGyJ gapownf;? eda'gotjypfr&So
d \
l ? (rk'g onf?) rm (zvwk)ruGyJ gapESi?fh }} wd
od?Yk 0wGm? ]]o[&HoD ?ay? ow"m}}wd[l? tbdoydused q
f NJ y/D
ye-qufOK;tH?h aomxdek m&'&aohonf? r[mEkbma0gBu;D
aom tmEkabmf&o
dS nf? ([kwmG )? twDaw? pwmvDo av;q,f
vnf;aumif;? tem*awtem*wf? pwmvDo -av;q,fvnf;aumif;?
wdod?Yk toDwu
d ay&Spq
f ,faom urmwdu
Yk ?kd tEk&wdatmuf
arh trSw&f Edik \
f / womaMumif?h ]]utb,fo\
l ? Oy&dtay:?
tbdoaygused pf monf? ywdwd Ek acgusvrd rf nfenf;?}} wdod?Yk
Oy"ma&aEmqifjcifvaomf? tmp&d,\? (Oy&d-? tbdoaygonf? ywdwdvdrrhf nf?)}} wd-ok?Yd wGm? wo xdak '0Dv&aoh?
tEkurH pdw\
f wkev
f yI af Mumif; ukPmuk?d 0g-tpOfoem;jcif;ud?k yg
&mbm-2 498twkid ;f ay;onf? ]]tEkur-H avsmpf mG wkev
f yI w
f wfaomukPm
uk(d r[mbm-1 498? oDbm-3 289?)}}[kvnf; o'wa y;Ekid o
f nf/ y#dp

pG
J ? 'Ad avewefc;kd \tpGr;f jzif?h tkP*k r eHtkPw
f ufjcif;ud?k
(tkPw
f ufciG u
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122

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em*&mNrKd UolNrKd Uom;wdo

Yk nf? tkaPtkPo
f nf? tEk*p a E
rwufvaomf? &mZ'Gg&Hrif;\ eef;awmfwcH g;od?Yk *Em? ]]a'0t&Sif
rif;jrwf w,doifonf? &ZH rif;tjzpfu?kd uma&aEjyKapvaomf?
tkaPmonf? e O|[wdrwuf? aemuReaf wmfrsK;d wdzYk ?Ydk 0g-twGu?f
tkPH ud?k O|may[dwufapygavm?}} wd-ok?Yd uEo
k a<u;aMumf
ukeNf y?D 0g-awmif;qdu
k ek Nf y/D &mZmonf? twaem\? um,urm'Ded
um,uHtp&So
d nfwu
Ykd ?kd MoavmauaEmMunfv
h aomf? udd wpfpkH
wpfcak om? t,kwH roifah vsmaf om tjyKtrlu?kd t'domG rjrifr
l ?
]]um&PHtaMumif;onf? u Ek acgtb,foeYkd nf;?}} wd-ok?Yd pdaEwGmpOf;pm;qifjcifvaomf? ]]yAZw
d meH&aoh&[ef;wd\
Yk ? 0d0ga'ejiif;
cHjk cif;aMumif?h 0g-onf? b0dwAH jzpf&m\?}} wdod?Yk y&douFrmaem
,Hrk mS ;onf? 0g-oHo,jzpfonf? ([kwmG -?) ]]upd todeYk nf; ro
e*a&? yAZw
d m&aoh&[ef;wdo
Yk nf? twd &Su
d ek o
f avm}} wdok?Yd ykp/d ]]a'0jrwf [da,smraeYu? om,Hnaecsr;f tcg? ukru
m&omvm,Htd;k xde;f onf\ tvkyf Hk ? tm*wma&mufvmaom &aoh
wdo
Yk nf? twd uke\
f ?}} wd-ok?Yd 0kawoHawmfOK;wiftyfaomf? wHcPan0xdck Pyif? &mZmonf? "m&d,rmem[daqmifjytyfuek af om?
k ;kd xde;f onf\ tvkyf o
kH ?Ykd *Em? em&'HOum[drD;SL;wdjYk zif?h wwxdt
em&'H-uk?d 0Ew
d mG ? {urEH ? edoad Emxdik v
f su?f tm[ar;avQmufNy?D
Oum[d "m&d,rmem[d/ / wrLwvuPteuf,l txuf
ay;onf? Oum[d uHteuf,l ]]Oum[d-wkdYukd? "m&d,rmem[d-xGef;nd
apukev
f su}f }[kvnf; ay;Mu\? xkt
d vkd "m&d,rmem[donf "&"mwfaemif
ya,mZuAsmyga& Pmydp(arm*f-5 16)okwfjzihf um&dwfPdypnf;ouf?
PftEkAefacs " tm0k'd jyK ,k0Pmerd,ik0if oa&(arm*f-5 136) okwjf zihf
ukd ,if(,jyK) rmeypn;f ouf Ny;D aom a[wkuwKyk w
f nf;/
wpfenf;/ / ]]Oum[d "m&d,rmem[DDwd 'Dydum[d "m&d,rmem[d
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0*f

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(uenf;) ]]urEm ?ay? ykpad wm}}wd[l? (tm[)/

urEm ey0wEd ZrK'yD em&'?
aue avmaum warmblawm wH ar tum[d ykpad wm/
em&'em&' ZrK'yD ZrL'dy\
f ? urEm vkyif ef;wko
Yd nf? ey0wEd
rjzpfawmhuek ?f auetb,faMumif?h avmaumurmavmuonf?
warmblawmtarSmifjzpf jzpf&ygoenf; ar'umawmfonf?
ykpad wmavQmufxm;tyfaom? (wGH t&Sib
f &k m;onf?) ar'umawmf
tm;? tm0kwdenf;ponfjzifh arudk 2cgay;onf? wHxkdtaMumif;ukd?
tum[drdeMYf um;ygavm/
em&a'gonf? oAH aom? wH y0w xdjk zpfyu
kH ?kd tmpduw
d mG
ajymjy? rdem um&aPetaMumif;aMumif?h t[Hud?k rdem
a'0Dv&aohonf? tbdoydawmused q
f t
J yfNy?D tx? t[Honf?
]]r,S-H \? 0g-rSm? a'gaom-onf? ew?d ,-\? 0g-rSm? a'gaom-onf?
tw?d wa0xdo
k \
l om? Oy&dtay:? tbdoaygused q
f jJ cif;onf?
(used pf monf)? ywwkusapownf;?}} wd-ok?Yd 0wGm-? tbdoy
used cf NhJ y/D p ye-qufOK;tH?h tbdoydwmG Ny;D ? ]]u\? Oy&d?
tbdoaygonf? ywdwd Ek acgusvrd rhf nfenf;?}} wd-ok?Yd Oy"ma&aEmaomf? ]]ol&,
d *k r ea0vm,aexGucf sed f ? tmp&d,\?
rk'g onf? ow"mckepfpw
d f ckepfjzm? zvdwduGv
J rd rhf nf?}} wd
od?Yk 'domG ? {wo a'0dv&aoh? tEkurH ud?k y#dp ? tkP
tm;? 0g-\? O*reHwufjcif;ud?k (wufciG u
hf )dk ? e a'rdray;? ]]tkP
O*EKH e a'x(r.|-3 61)}}0gus ]]O*EKH}}ukd Munhf O*reH pwkwDteuf
,lum ]]tkP-udk? O*reH-wufjcif;iSm? e a'rd}}[k wpfenf;ay;/ wd

odkY ajymNyD/ baE&m; uxH yetb,fodkYvQif? txdka'0dv

vuP(owrD)teuf wwd,moufum ]]Oum[d-wkdYukd? "m&d,rmem[daqmifjytyfukefvaomf? 0g-aqmifjytyfukefvsuf}}[k ay;/

124

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&aoh\? tE&ma,mtE&m,fonf? e ba0,srjzpf&moenf; wd

odaYk r;Ny/D rHud?k oap crmay,stu,fonf;cHaptH?h 0gtu,f
uefawmhawmif;yeft?hH ({0H owdaomf?) (tE&ma,monf?) e
ba0,srjzpf&m? wdodYk ajymNy/D ]]awe [dxdo
k Ykd jzpfvQi?f crmay[donf;cHapavm? 0guefawmhawmif;yefavm?}} wd-ok?Yd 0kawtyf
aomf? r[m&mZrif;Bu;D {aomem&'&aohonf? rHud?k Z#mok p
wdYk vnf;aumif;? *D0g, pvnf;aumif;? turd eif;Ny?D t[Honf?
{wH ul#Z#dvH aumufuspaf om &aohu?kd e crmayrdonf;rcHap
Edik ?f 0gruefawmh rawmif;yefEikd ?f wdodYk ajymNy/D baE crmay[d-avm? {0H-od?Yk rm u&dw rjyKygukeEf iS ?hf wdodYk avQmufNy/D e
crmayrdEkid ?f wdodjYk yefajymNy/D ]]awt&Sib
f &k m;\? rk'g OK;xdyf
onf? ow"mjzm? zvdwdvdrrhf nf?}} wdok?Yd 0kawyd ajymqkt
d yf
ygaomfvnf;? e crmaywda,0onf;rcHaponfom? 0gruefawmh
rawmif;yefonfom/ tx? eHxkad '0dv&aohu?dk &mZmonf? ]]wGH
onf? twaem\? kp,
d mtvkjd zif?h e crmayodonf;cHapvdrhf
rnf r[kw?f 0guefawmh awmif;yefvrd rhf nfr[kw?f }} wdokYd ajym?
[wyg'ukp*d 0D gokvufajc0rf;Adu
k v
f nfyif;wkYd ? 0gwdu
Yk ?kd *g[maywGmukid af p? em&'\? yg'rlavajc&if;? Moermayodatmuf
okYd Gwaf pNy?D 0g-OK;wdu
k af pNy/D em&a'gydonfvnf;? ]]tmp&d,-q&m
Oa|[dxavm? awt&Sit
fh m;? crmrdonf;cHyg\? 0g-cGiv
hf w
G yf g\?}}
wd-ok?Yd 0wGm-? ]]r[m&mZrif;Bu;D t,Ha'0dv&aohonf?
,xmraeepdwt
f m; avsmaf omtm;jzif?h (pdw&f if;trSet
f m;jzih)f ? e
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0*f

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&mZmonf? wxmxkad jymonft

h wkid ;f ? uma&odjyKapNy/D em&a'g
onf? a'0dvH uk?d tmraEwmG ac:? ]]tmp&d, r,mwynfah wmf
onf? ',
d mwefc;dk uk?d 0d|m,vTwt
f yfaomf? ol&,
d oEmay
aea&mifonf? O|[aEay:xGuv
f mvaomf? O'au? edrZk w
d mG iky
f ?
tanetjcm;aom? Xmaeet&yfjzif?h Ow&w
d mG ul;? *ap,smod
oGm;avm?}} wd-ok?Yd tm[? ol&,
d &Ho[
D d aea&mifjcnfwjYdk zif?h oHz|k rawm0xdtyfumrQonf? (ormaem0-aomfom?) wxkad '0dv
&aoh\? rwu
d myda@majrpkid cf o
J nf? ow"mjzm? zvduGNJ y?D aom
xkad '0dv&aohonf? edrZk w
d mG iky
f ? tanetjcm;aom? Xmaee
t&yfjzif?h yvm,dajy;Ny?D wdtwdw0f wKtNy;D wnf;/
owmonf? rH "ra'oeHuk?d tm[&dwmG aqmifawmfrNl y;D ?
]]bdua0wkYd w'gxkt
d cg? &mZmonf? tmeaEmtmeEmonf?
ta[modcJNh y?D a'0davmonf? wdamwdonf? (ta[mod)?
em&a'gonf? t[ar0igbk&m;onfom? (ta[mod)? wd {0Hod?Yk
w'gydvnf;? {o ({aom)a'0dvonf? 'kAa pma,0cJ,Of;ojzifh
ajymqkt
d yfaom pum;&So
d nfom?}} wd-ok?Yd 0wGm-? wdaw&H uk?d
tmraEwmG ac:awmfr
l ? ]]wdwd ]tokauexdrk nfoo
l nf?
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0g-tEdik ,
f zl ;l Ny?D tokaumonf? ar\? b@HOpmuk?d t[modck;d
aqmifz;l Ny?D } wdok?Yd pdaE E BupH nfaom? bduK aem emr&[ef;
rnfo\
l ? a0&H emr&efrnfonf? e 0lyorwd rNird ;f at;Ekid ?f bduK aem
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126

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taumpd rH t0"d rH tZded rH t[mod ar?

a, p wH Oye,SEd a0&H awoH e orw/d
rHighu?dk taumpd qJa&;zl;Ny?D rHuk?d t0"dnO;f qJyw
k cf wfz;l Ny?D
rHuk?d tZded atmifz;l Ny?D 0gtEkid u
f sizfh ;l Ny?D ar\? (oEuH Opmuk?d )
t[modcd;k aqmifz;l Ny?D (wdokY d awG;?) a,tMuify*k Kd vw
f Ydk
onf? wHxkad um"uk?d 0gxk&d efNiKd ;uk?d Oye,SEd zJUG uke\
f ? awoH
xkyd *k Kd vw
f \
Ydk ? a0&H&efonf? e orwd rNird ;f at;Ekid /f
taumpd rH t0"d rH tZded rH t[mod ar?
a, p wH Ekye,SEd a0&H awolyorw/d
rH-uk?d taumpd- Ny?D rH-ud?k t0"d-Ny?D rH-ud?k tZde-d Ny?D ar-\? (oEu-H
uk)d t[mod-Ny?D (wd?) a,wko
Yd nf? wHuk?d Ekye,SEd (e+Oy
e,SE)d rzJUG uke?f awoHwkYd ? (OyEH jzpfaom?) a0&Honf? Oyorwd Nird ;f
at;Ekid \
f ? (wpfenf;) awokwdYk ? (OyEH aom)? a0&Honf? Oyorwd
\/ a&SUenf; ]]awoH+Oyorwd aemufenf; ]]awok+Oyorwd}}[kjzwf/
ww-xk*d gxmwkYd ? taumpDw
-d um;? taumod-qJa&;Ny?D t0"Dwd-um;? y[&d-ykwcf wfNy?D tZdew
D -d um;? ul#oudM owm&aPe 0gaumufuspaf om oufaoukd oGi;f csjcif;tm;jzihaf omfvnf;aumif;?
0g'y#0d ga'e 0g-rdr0d g'\ qefu
Y sib
f uf0g'tm;jzihaf omfvnf;aumif;?
0g-rdrad jymqkt
d yfaom pum;ukd qefu
Y sib
f ufajymqkjd cif;tm;jzihaf omf
ul#ouMd owm&aPe/ / ula#m+oud ul#oud? Mowm&D,aw Mowm&PH-usa&mufapjcif;?-oGi;f csjcif;? ul#ouda em-aumufuspaf om oufao
ukd+Mowm&PH ul#oudMowm&PH/
0g'y#d0ga'e/ / 0Zawwd 0ga'g-ajymqkdtyfaompum;? y#dyaum+
0ga'g y#d0ga'g? 0g'+y#d0ga'g 0g'y#0d ga'g-rdrad jymqkt
d yfaom pum;\+
qefu
Y sib
f uf pum;wnf;? (qefu
Y sib
f uf ajymqkjd cif;)?

0*f

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vnf;aumif;? u&Pkw& ,
d u&aPe 0g-rdrjd yKtyfaomtrIxuf vGef
uJpmG jyKtyfaomtrItm;jzihaf omfvnf;aumif;? um&Pkw& ,
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d mwdyEwnf;? xkad Mumihf Bu,
d mwdyaEwaD w umvmwdywdo
w
k f ]]umvmwdywd} }[laom a,m*0dbm*jzihf tem*wfBu,
d mwdyE
umvmwdywd0dbwfouf/ (0daAm-218? upm-25? upmbm-39)

142

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Ekid jf cif;[laom oabmonf? oeEaem-a&S; jzpfaom oabmwnf;?

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h /Ydk {0ar0-twlyif? taumoEH-
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l ?dk ywdy[
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l nfvnf;
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e oaumwd-rpGr;f Ekid ?f tx acg-pifppfum;? bda,sm bda,sm-vGepf mG
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e oaumrdrpGr;f Edik yf g? tnwtjcm;t&yf? rHighu?kd ywd|may[d

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148

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0*f

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0*f

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[drSe\
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Y sib
f ufajymqkjd cif;uk?d edm,? taeuowo[mtode;f ru rsm;pGmukeaf om? (odeaf ygif;rsm;pGmukeaf om)?
0umydik;H wko
Yd nfvnf;? ZD0w
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ok?Yd 0uZmwuH0uZmwfawmfu?dk uaxod-Ny/D {0rd okYd a[m
awmfryl gaomfvnf;? awokxk&d [ef;wko
Yd nf? b*0awm\? 0peH
pum;awmfu?dk tem'd,aEok rem,luek v
f aomf? "r0g'demtrSew
f &m;
udk ajymavh&adS om? ("r0g'Djzpfaom)? wxm*w\? 0da[oHyifyef;
awmfrljcif;ukd? tedpaEetvkdr&Sdaom? tnwa&ewpfyg;aom
&[ef;onf? (wpfenf;) ]]tnwa&e-aom? "r0g'dem-onf? wxm*w\? 0da[oH-ud?k tedpa Ee-vaomf? 0g-tvdrk &So
d nf\ tjzpfaMumif}h }[k wpf
enf;ay;? ]]baE&m; "romrdw&m;\ t&Sijf zpfawmfral om? b*0g

jrwfpmG bk&m;onf? tm*arwk(a[majymqk;H rrIu)dk &yfqikd ;f awmfryl g?

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rnf?) Am&mPod,H NrKd U? jA['awm emrjA['wfrnfaom? umod&mZmumodrif;onf? ta[mod&Scd NhJ y/D jA['awejA['wfrif;onf?

158

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0*f

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awmfr
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Yd ?dk ora*nDw
G o
f w
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uk?d (nDw
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xkjd rwfpmG bk&m;onf? wm, tmudP0 [
d m&wm,xko
d Ykd a&m>yrf;aom
ae&jcif;&So
d nf\tjzpfaMumif?h (xko
d Ydk a&ma&maESmaESm ae&jcif;aMumih)f
OuPad wmNi;D aiGUawmfro
l nf? [kwmG -? ]]t[Honf? 'ged? tmudaPma&m>yrf;onf? ([kwmG )? 'kuH qif;&JpmG ? 0d[&mrdae&\? ar
p bduL &[ef;wko
Yd nfvnf;? rr\? 0peHuk?d e ua&mEd rjyKusihf
uke?f 0grvdu
k ef muke/f t[Honf? {uaum0wpfyg;wnf;omvQi?f
*PrSmtaygif;tazmfrS? 0lyua|muif;qdwf&mokdY a&mufonf?
([kwmG )? ,ELe 0d[a&,sH tu,f ae&ygrlum; aumif;avpG?}} wdok?Yd pdaEwmG -? aumor,
d H aumorND rKd U? yd@m,iSm? p&dwmG vSnhf
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160

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uaxwGm? ygpDe0Hord*'ga,om;aumifwu
Ydk kd ab;rJah y;&mjzpfaom
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wkt
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MuH/ (0dok'd#D-2 37)

0*f

"ry'bmom#Dum

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ygvdav,suH ygvdav,su&Gmuk?d Oyedm,rS

D ? &uw
d 0eoa@
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qifonf? Oy|d,rmaemjyKpv
k yk af uR;tyfonf? ([kwmG )? Oy|d,rmaemjyKpv
k yk af uR;tyfaomf? (tjyKpck &H if;)? 0g-jyKpv
k yk af uR;tyfonf\ tjzpfaMumih}f }
[kvnf; ay;? zmokuH csr;f ompGm? 0m0goHrd;k vywfv;kH aeawmfrjl cif;

jzif?h 0g-0gqkad wmfrjl cif;jzih?f 0odaeawmfrNl y/D

aumor0d godaemaumorND rKd U aeukeaf om? Oygoumydwko
Yd nf
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wdYk owmonf? uk[ tb,frmS enf;}} wdok?Yd ykpw
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162

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&Su
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0*f

"ry'bmom#Dum

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o'doma&S;jzpfaom OygoumwdEYk iS hf wluek o

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xk&d [ef;wko
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186

"ry'bmom#Dum

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188

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"ry'bmom#Dum

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"ry'bmom#Dum

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0*f

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194

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196

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aovyAawm 0d,wpfceJ ufaom ausmufawmifuo

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0*f

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198

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onf? 'kAv
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202

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aom avonf? 'kAv

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tokbawm yEH / / 2yk'fukd tm'dtE'Dyuenf; rd*y'0venf;

0*f

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onf;wku
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ukeaf om? `Ead ,ok-a`Ew
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k Ed- um;? edrw
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taygif;jzpfaom yHo
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jzpfaom? 'kAvudavorma&m-tm;r&Sdaom udavorm&fonf?

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206

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ud?k aem (vbwd)r&/ {aumonf? o,rd uk,

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ukeaf pNy;D ? r*Fvaygu&PDwaD &r*Fvma&uef\ urf;pyf? edoad Em

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224

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wdod?Yk udoma*gwrd,m emrudoma*gwrDrnfaom? ydwpk m "Dwm,-t&D;awmf\ orD;awmfonf? bmodwH &Gwq

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226

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0*f

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0*f

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jzpfuek af om)? bduL eH&aohw\
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l ? tmoemae&mrS?
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tE&mra*? uygodu0eoa@0gyif&adS om awmtkyf ? 0g-0gyif

awmtkyf ? wo3usw
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od?Yk *Em? tKmed-tcGEJ iS w
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aomwmywzd av? ywd|maywGm? {ue[kwH wpfaomif;aom

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252

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azsmuf? wxm*awejrwfpmG bk&m;onf? 'dEH ay;awmfrt
l yfaom?
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ay:vmaom 0dZm3yg; tbdnmOf6yg; y#dord'g 4yg;paom Pfukd
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0*f

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256

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k cg? {u'd0oH? plVumaVmonf? omvdauwH od?Yk *Em? {uH
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oav;pyg;ud?k (oav;pyg;zk;H ud)k ? zmavwGmazmuf? (omvdc&D &oHk av;

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260

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oydr"kou&m'D[daxmywf ysm;&nf oMum;tp&SdonfwdkYjzifh?

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0*f

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rkeq
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'geH b@*H(r#D-2 140)/

262

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aum|*H usnt
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f w
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avmukw& mokpku
d w
f &m;uk?d okpad P-aumif;pGm usit
fh yfonf\
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2rsdK;zGifhqkdMu&m teufrJh,ljcif;u ykdaumif;\? ]]a*g {0 a*glyH? uA&H+
a*glyH uA&a*glyH}}[kjyK/ (oD#Dopf-2 86? oH#D-1 315)
0daoom"d*arm/ / 0daooH t"d*pwd {awemwd 0daoom"d*arm-

266

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r*fzv
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f &m;xl;onf? 0g-w&m;xl;&jcif;onf? edAw
d jzpfNy/D {0HodYk
vQi?f aryd,otrSL;&Sad om 55yg;aom &[ef;wdo
Yk nfvnf;?
twemrdro
d nf? yww
d ar0awmifw
h tyfaomqkuo
kd m? vbok
&ukeNf y/D t[Honf? rkcH ud?k MoavmauwGm? e 'rd ay;onfr[kw?f
wdodYk rdeaYf wmfrNl y/D
baE b'0*,
d o[m,um yeb'0*jD zpfuek af omoli,fcsi;f
wdo
Yk nfum;? u urH tb,faumif;rIuu
H ?kd u&ok jyKcyhJ gukeo
f enf;
wdodkYar;avQmufukefNyD/ {awydb'0*Doli,fcsif;wdkYonf
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f \
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awmifw
h ? yknmedaumif;rIwu
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Aka'onf? tEkya Eaomf? wook;H q,faom? "kwm aoaomufMuL;
wdo
Yk nf? [kwmG ? wk@ad vm0g'Hwk@v
d 0uf\ Mo0g'ud?k okwmG Mum;
em&? o|d0o[medtESpaf jcmufaomif;wdyYk wfv;Hk ? y5yg;
ukefaom? oDvmedoDvwdkYudk? &uokapmifhcJhukefNyD/ {0HodkYvQif?
arydb'0*&D [ef;wdo
Yk nfvnf;? twemonf? yww
d ar0udo
k m?
vbok ukeNf y/D t[Honf? rkcH ud?k MoavmauwGm? e 'rd ay;
onfr[kw?f wdodrYk ed aYf wmfrNl y/D
baE Oka0vuyg'a,m yeOka0vuytp&Su
d ek af om
&[ef;wdo
Yk nfum;? u urH ud?k u&ok enf; wdukeNf y/D awyd
xdOk ka0vuytp&Sad om &[ef;wdo
Yk nfvnf;? t&[war0udk
om? yawwmG ? yknmed? u&ok ukeNf y/D [dcsUJ OK;tH?h awmb'
urmrS? a'Ge0kwduay92urmtxuf? wdamwdbk&m;&Sif
vnf;aumif;? zkamzkbk&m;&Siv
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t"d*EaAmwd t"d*arm? 0daoaom {0+t"d*arm 0daoom"d*arm-&oihf
&xkdufaom r*fzkdvfw&m;xl;(0dok'd#D-1 212)/

0*f

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ukeaf om? Ak'g wdo

Yk nf? OyZo
k yGiahf wmfrcl u
hJ ek Nf y/D zkAk'
zk
bk&m;&Si\
f ? r[daEm emrr[dEr nfaom? &mZmrif;onf? ydwmcrnf;
awmfonf? ta[modNy/D yequfOK;tH?h wo xdzk
k bk&m;&Sio
f nf?
oarm"t&[wr*fPf oAnKwPfawmfo?Ykd yowm okE& m aAm"d
oarm"d(Ak'0H.|-75)? orKZwd {wm,mwd oarm"d('D#D-3 59? oH#D-2
474)/ yawa&mufawmfrv
l aomf? &anm-rif;\? ued|ykawmti,f

qk;H jzpfaom om;awmfonf? yXrt*om0aumyXrt*om0uonf?

(ta[mod)? yka&m[dwykawmyka&m[dw\
f om;onf? 'kw,
d t*om0aum'kw,
d t*om0uonf? ta[mod/ &mZmonf? owK
\? oEu
d H od?Yk *Em? ]]ar\? aZ|ykawmtBu;D qH;k om;onf? Aka'g
wnf;? ued|ykawmti,fq;Hk jzpfaom om;awmfonf? yXrt*om0aumwnf;? yka&m[dwykawmonf? 'kw,
d t*om0aumwnf;?}}
wdodkYawG;? awxdkbk&m;&SifESihf yXrt*om0u 'kwd,t*
om0uwdkYudk? MoavmauwGmMunfh? ]]rar0ig\om? Aka'g
bk&m;wnf;? rar0\om? "armwnf;? rar0\om? oHaCmwnf;?
t&[awmtvSLawmfrSef tylaZmfudk cHawmfrlxdkufaom? ormorK'
razmufrjyef rSeu
f efpmG ud,
k af wmfwikd f tvH;k pHak om w&m;
wdkYudk odawmfrlaom? w b*0awmxdkjrwfpGmbk&m;tm;? earm
earm/ / earmedygwfaemif od0b
d wf tH0b
d wf 2rsKd ;ausEidk o
f nf? od0b
d wf
ausvQif ]]earm-&Scd ;dk jcif;onf? (twK-jzpfygapownf;?)}}[kvnf;aumif; tH0d
bwfausvQif ]]earm-&Sdckd;jcif;ukd? (ua&mrd-jyKyg\?)}}[kvnf;aumif; ay;yg/
(eDwdokw-94? eDwd"mwk-133)
udwyf 'k /f / ]]ereH earm? erwd {awemwd 0g earm? ermrDwd earm?
erk+t?}}[k jyK udwyf 'k v
f nf; ,lEidk o
f nf? ok,
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d wf tH
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d wf,v
l Qif ]]earm-&Scd ;dk yg\}}[k ay;? txuf
twkdif; ay;xm;onf/ (*Em#D-524? ucFgr[m#D-1 15-19)

268

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d wGuf av[kew
f uf
&Scd ;kd yg\?}} wdod?Yk wduw
KH 3Burd ?f O'geHyDwt
h ? owK
ay:xGuv
f maom pum;ud?k 0g-O'gef;ud?k O'gaewGmusL;&if
\? yg'rlavajcawmf&if;? edyZdw
mG 0yfpif;? ]]baEjrwfpmG bk&m;
d mG q|Duwm;pyf? 0g-\? ed'ged? arwynfah wmfonf? edo'D w
oD'dwGm orefpyf? e0kwd0o[y&drmPtESpf 9 aomif;
twdik ;f t&Sn&f adS om? tm,kaemtouf\? (oufwrf;\)? aum#d,H
tpGet
f zsm;? edo'D w
d mG ae&jcif;aMumif?h (tm,k-<uif;useaf om touf
onf)? ed'g,eumavm 0d,tdyf&mumvuJhodkY? (a[mwd-jzpfyg\?
tH0dbwfjzihf kyfNyD;yk/H / tH0dbwf[k ,l&m eraemif tH0dbwfukd
tHarm ed*[
w
d H psvay[dow
k f ]]tHarm psvay[d}}[laom a,m*0dbm*jzihf
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awok 0k'dokwfBuD;jzihf r\ t-ukd MojyK? a&SUenf;onf plVedkwdusrf;vm
kyfNyD;ykHwnf;? tH0dbwf,lvQif kyfNyD;ykHIyfaxG;aomaMumihf 'kwd,mt0kwuH
teuf yxrmodouf[v
k nf; qkad o;\/ (ucFgr[m#D-1 15-19? 0daAm48)
O'geH/ / O'g[&D,wd OaA*0aoemwd wxm 0g O'g[&PH O'geHtxufoYdk SLxkwt
f yfaomt&m? 0g-txufoYdk SLxkwjf cif;? (o'w) ? 0g-&ifxJ
rsdKodyfrxm;Ekdifojzihf xkwfazmfajymqkdtyfaompum;? (t"dym,w)?-r#D-2
146? tH#D-3 60/ O' (arm'teuf)+,k? ,kukd tejyK t-ukd 'DCjyK(eDwd
"mwk-93)? (wpfenf;) ]]O+te+P? 'fvm tm0k'djyK(eDbm-1 63? 0dyd"mef?
"mygwkduf-54/ O'gef;pum;onf yDwdtpGrf;aMumihfjzpfaom O'gef;pum; "r
oHa0*tpGrf;aMumihfjzpfaom O'gef;pum;}}[k 2rsdK;&Sd\? yDwdtpGrf;aMumihf
jzpfaom O'gef;pum;ukd ,lyg/ (O'ge.|-2? om&w-1 99)
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wom-xdak Mumif?h ) tanoHtjcm;olw\

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f cH g;od?Yk t*Emr<url? ,m0tMuifrQavmufumvywfv;kH ? t[Honf? ZD0grd
touf&iS v
f wUH ? wm0xdrk Qavmufumvywfv;Hk ? ar\? pwma&m
ukeaf om? ypa,ypn;f wdu
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k af wmft
h xuf 0ifouf
wnfaeapawmfryl guke?f 0gvufcaH wmfryl guke?f }} wdodYk avQmuf?
y#dnH y#dnmOfu?kd 0g0efcu
H wdu?kd *a[wGm,l? edA'H tNrrJ jywf?
Ak'K y|meHbk&m;&Siu
f dk qnf;uyfru
I ?kd ua&mwd\/ yequfOK;tH?h
&anm\? tya&ydtjcm;vnf;jzpfuek af om? wa,mukeaf om? ykwm
om;awmfwdkYonf? ta[oHk&SdukefNyD/ awokxdkom;awmfwdkYwGif?
aZ|om;awmfBu;D \? y a,m"owmedig;&maom ppfom;wdo
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y&d0g&medtjct
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awmfvwf\? wDPd (a,m"owmed)oHk;&maom ppfom;wdkYonf?
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ESpf&maom ppfom;wdkYonf? (y&d0g&med)/ awxdkom;awmfwdkYonf?
]]r,rd uReaf wmfrsKd ;wdo
Yk nfvnf;? bmwduH aemifawmfb&k m;ud?k abmaZmrqGr;f vkyaf uR;yguket
f ?hH }} wdodo
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270

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awxdo
k m;awmfwo
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ygNy?D }} wdodo
Yk aH wmfOK;wif? 0&Hqku?kd *[dwuH,ltyfonfu?kd
uwGm? ykewpfzef? uwdyg[pa,etenf;i,faom&ufukd vGef
&mtcg? 0g-2&uf 3&uf vGe&f mtcg? ydw&monf? ]]wmwmwdYk 0&H
ud?k *PSx,lMuavm?}} wdod?Yk 0kwm ukeo
f nf? (ormemukev
f
aomf)? ]]a'0jrwf trSmuHuReaf wmfrsKd ;wdt
Yk m;? tanetjcm;aom?
auepdwpfpw
Hk pfcak omqkjzif?h tawmtvdo
k nf? ewd r&Syd g? awm
aeYr?S y|m,p? r,HuReaf wmfrsKd ;wdo
Yk nf? bmwduH aemifawmf
bk&m;ud?k abmaZmrqGr;f vkyaf uR;yguket
f ?hH aemuReaf wmfrsKd ;wdYk
tm;? rH 0&Hqku?kd a'[day;awmfryl g?}} wdod?Yk tm[Hok oHawmf
OK;wifuek Nf y/D ]]wmwmwdYk e a'rdray;Edik ?f }} wdodrYk ed NYf y/D ]]a'0
jrwf edpu
mvHNraJ omumvywfv;kH ? ta'aEmray;vaomf? ow
oH0p&med7ESpfwdkYywfvHk;? a'xay;oem;awmfrlygukef?}} wd-NyD/
]]wmwmwdYk e a'rdEdik ?f }} wd-Ny/D ]]a'0jrwf awe [dxdo
k jYkd zpf
vQi?f q (oH0p&med)6ESpw
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5ESpw
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f yYkd wfv;kH
aomfvnf;aumif;? wDPd (oH0p&med)3ESpw
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a'G (oH0p&med)2ESpw
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ywfv;kH aomfvnf;aumif;? a'xuke?f }} wd-odo
Yk aH wmfOK;wifuek Nf y/D
]]wmwmwdYk e a'rdEdik ?f }} wd-Ny/D ]]a'0 awe [dvQi?f ow rmao
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ywfv;kH aomfvnf;aumif;? a'xuke?f }} wd-okYd oHawmfOK;wifuek Nf y/D
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awmfrsdK;wdkYwGif? {auuwpfa,mufwpfa,muftm;? {auuH
rmoHwpfvpDwpfvpDu?dk uwGm? wa,m rmaook;H vwdyYk wfv;Hk ?

0*f

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a'xuke?f }} wd-Ny/D {auuESihf aemukd 0kprf wlaom 0daooe 0dao

osMu
H ]]{auu-aom? aem-wkt
Yd m;}}[kvnf; ay;Ekid o
f nf? ]]wmwm
wdYk om"kaumif;Ny?D awe [dvQi?f wa,m rmaowdyYk wfv;Hk ? abmaZxqGr;f vkyaf uR;Muavm?}} wd tm[/ awxdo
k m;awmfwo
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wk|mESpo
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d mG ? ou|mear0rdrOd pmjzpfaom ae&modo
Yk m? *wmoGm;ukeNf y/D yequf?
wdPr d 3a,mufvnf;jzpfuek af om? awoHxdo
k m;awmfw\
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{aum0wpfa,mufwnf;omvQijf zpfaom? aum|m*g&daumb@m
wdu
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l nf? 0g-b@mpk;d (b@ma&;rSL;)onf? (tw)d ? {aum0
aom? tm,kwa umpm&if;trI txl;,SOo
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pm&if;udik o
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wpfoed ;f ESpaf omif;ukeaf om? yk&o
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pm&if;udkifwdkYudk? ]]aw aw-xdkxdka,mufsm;wdkYudk}}[kvnf; ay;Muonf?
yaumomaywGmac:ap? ]]r,Hwdo
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vH;k ? 'oq,fyg;ukeaf om? oDvmedwdu
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,kwa um/ tm,kw
?-r[med.|-227/

272

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0wf? owm&mESi?hf o[0goHtwlaejcif;jzif?h 0odmraeuket

f ?hH
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G f abmZOf
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l ]](uom-tb,faMumihf
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Yd nf? awm-rS? y|m,-? ud-d
rQ? e 0umr-r[kw?f wd-xkad Mumihw
f nf;? wd-ok?Yd wdwpfv;Hk aus? 0'o}k }
[kvnf; ay;Ekdifonf/

wa,myd3a,mufvnf;jzpfuek af om? aw Zemxdrk if;om;wdo

Yk nf?
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k w
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l ay;cJo
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apmifh xdef;jznhfusihf}}[k wpfenf;ay;Ekdifonf/(tH#D-3 158)

0*f

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jyKtyf(cif;tyf)aom ae&mud?k (yef;ae&muk)d ? ynmayoHk cif;ukeNf y/D

ObdEH2yg;ukefaom? t*om0umeHwdkYzdkY? 0gwdkYtwGuf? wd*g0kwH
vkH tawmif-360(ay-540)&S\
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tawmif-320 &S\
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rDwmtm;jzihf 1609.35rDwm uDvkdrDwmtm;jzihf 1.609 uDvkdrDwm &Sd\/
("mefedopf-79? jref"mef)
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[kvnf;aumif; qk\
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as equal to 4 or 5 English miles, but more correctly=about 9 miles;
according to other calculations=2 English miles, ( 0Dvs.H S-E-D).
Yojana,mesure of distance, equal to 5 miles, or, according to some, to
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H E-S-D). distance of about 7 miles(U-B-E-P-D). mesure
of length, which is about, 7miles.(C-P-E-D) mesure of distance equal
to 12.72 English miles(M-E-D).]

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twGu?f OobrwH wpfOobtwkid ;f t&Sn&f adS om? (ykyg oeH-onf?)
ta[mod/ ]]uxHtb,fov
Ykd Qi?f {uo wpfcak om? trya'
ocFr;f ausmif;t&yf? wm0 r[Emedxdrk Qavmuf us,0f ef;ukeaf om?
tmoemedwdu
Yk ?kd ynwmedcif;tyfuek o
f enf;?}} wd? e pdaEwAH
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ykyg oeH ynmaywGm 'H 0pe rjA0d/
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d nfaumif;? *E- (trsKd ;rsdK;aom)
eHo
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(pkaH tmifmS )? {uawm-wpfaygif;wnf;? ykyg oeH-yef;wkjYd zifh jyKtyfaom
ae&muk?d ynmaywGm-cif;ap? 'H 0peH- pum;uk?d tjA0d-avQmuf
Ny?D (u-tb,fodYk avQmufoenf;)
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rr pdwH yoma'wGm edo'D ykyr moae/
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290

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ar-onf? ynw-H cif;tyfygNy?D rr-wynfah wmf\? pdw-H uk?d yoma'aEmMunfadk pvsu?f ykyr moae- yef;wkjYd zihf jyKtyfaom ae&m? edo'D xkid af wmfryl g? (wd- okYd avQmufNy/D )
ow&wEd 0d H Aka'g edo'D d ykyr moae?
rr pdwH yoma'wGm [mo,dwmG oa'0au/
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kad pawmfr
l vnf;aumif;? oa'0au-ewfEiS w
hf uGaom vlwu
Ydk ?kd
[mo,dwmG - Tiv
f ef;apawmfr
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{0Hod?Yk ow&d onf? edoad Exkid af wmfrv
l aomf? a'Gukeaf om?
t*om0umwdo
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wdo
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H yef;wdjYk zifh zk;H vTr;f tyfaom
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aom? t*om0umydwdo
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&[ef;wdo
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k 0ifpm;awmfru
l ek f
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ormyZw
d mG ? edoad Exdik af eawmfrv
l aomf? taE0godumwdo
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bdum pm&umavqGr;f tusKd ;iSm vnfv
h nf&mtcsed o
f nf? 0gqGr;f cH
<ucsed o
f nf? orawa&mufvaomf? 0erlvzvmzvHawm ayguf
a&mufaom opfjrpf opfo;D i,f opfo;D Bu;D ud?k y&dbk w
d mG oH;k aqmif
? aooumav<uif;aomtcg? Ak'g eHwdt
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cs
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f / o&'wmyaom yeonfum;? bdum pm&rd
qGr;f tusKd ;iSm vSnv
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owmonf? eda&m"awmeda&m"ormywfrS? 0k|m,xawmfrl?
'uP
d yavuf,mbufab;? edoEd H xdik af eaom? yXrt*om0uHyXrt*om0ujzpfaom? edobaw&H edobax&fu?kd tmraEod
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aZmfru
I kd jyKuek af om? wmyomeHwdzYk ?Ykd 0g-wkt
Yd wGu?f ykym oemEkarm'eH
yef;ae&mESipfh yfaom 0rf;ajrmufaMumif; (0rf;ajrmufz,
G )f w&m;pum;uk?d
(yef;ae&mtvSLtEkarm'emw&m;pum;ud)k ? ua&m[djyKavm?}} wd0erlvzvmzvH/ / r[E+H zvH tzvH? eo'g 0k't
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292

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NyD/ axa&medobax&fonf? pu0wd&anmpMum0aw;rif;\?

oEu
d mrS? y#dv'r[mvmabm&tyfaom rsm;aom qkvmbf&adS om?
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ud?k a'ao[da[mavm?}} wd-Ny/D taemrawa&mtaemrax&f
onf? awyd#uHyd#uoH;k yH[
k al om? Ak'0 peHud?k orow
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0*f

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tjym;jym; ypfviG t
hf yfaom pdw&f o
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yGiahf wmfrrl nfh bk&m;&Si\
f ? omoaeomoemawmf? rdem
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294

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omoae? t*om0aumyXrt*om0ujzpfaom? edoabm emr

edobrnfolwnf;?}} wd-odkY rdefYawmfrlNyD/ ]]baE r,monf?
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Yk nf? rdpm ouFya *gp&m-umrAsmyg 0d[o
m[k rdpm
tBuv
H Qif usupf m;&mSMd uonf? 0g-rSm;,Gi;f aom tawG;tac:[l
aom usupf m;&mSMd uonf? ([kwmG - ?) om&H-oDv orm"d edAm efxd

0*f

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303

atmif aumif;bduspv
f pf tESpw
f &m;uk?d em"d*pE-d aumif;pGmykid yf idk f
d jzihf ]]a,}}[k ted,rxnf
h ]](u) toma&
r&Ekid u
f ek /f ]]aw}}[k ted,r&So
om&rwdaem? (c) oma& pmom&'daem? (*) aw? ay? a*gp&m}}[k
30gus,lum ]](a,-tMuifolwdkYonf?) toma&-? om&rwdaem-ukef\?
oma& p-um;? tom&'daem-uke\
f ? aw-wdo
Yk nf? rdpm ouFya *gp&monf? ([kwmG - ?) om&H-uk?d em"d*pE-d uke}f }[kvnf; ay;Ekid o
f nf/

om& om&awm wGm tom& tom&awm?

aw om&H t"d*pEd ormouFya *gp&m/
om&H-oDv orm"d edAm efxad tmif aumif;bduspv
f pf tESpf
w&m;uk?d om&awm-tESp[
f
l ? wGm p-odvnf;aumif;? tom&HtESprf rS;D tcsn;f ES;D aom ypn;f av;jzm rdpm 'd|d xk\
d jzpfaMumif;
raumif;aom tumw&m;ukd? tom&awm-tESpfr[kwf[l? 0gtum[l? wGm p-odvnf;aumif;? aw-trSet
f wkid ;f yif aumif;
pGmjrif tpOfBuKd ;ukwf tm;xkwMf ubd xkyd nmSw
d o
Ykd nf? ormouFy-
a*gp&m-aeurE iS hf tAsyg'g t0d[o
m[k ormtBuv
H Qif usupf m;&m
Su
d ek o
f nf? 0g-rSeaf omtawG;tac:[laom usupf m;&mSMd uonf?
([kwmG ?) om&H-uk?d t"d*pE-d aumif;pGmykid yf idk f &&SEd idk u
f ek \
f /
om&? ay? a*gp&m/ / a&SU*gxmuJhokdY 30gus,l ]](a,-wdkYonf?)
om&H-uk?d om&awm-? (ZmeE-d oduek \
f ?) wGm p-odvnf;aumif;? tom&Huk?d tom&awm-? (ZmeEd- uke\
f ?) wGm p-aumif;? aw-wdo
Yk nf? ormouFya*gp&m-Muonf? ([kwGm?) om&H-ukd? t"d*pEd-ukef\}}[kvnf; ay;
Ekdifonf/
wpfenf;/ / wGmypn;f onf ypKye t
f eufuv
dk nf; a[mEkid &f um; tm0kwd
enf; wEenf;ponft& wGmukd ZmeEt
d euf rl&if;0daooeteuftm;
jzihf 2euf,
l ]](a,-wdo
Yk nf?) om&H-uk?d om&awm-? wGm (ZmeE)d -od
ukef\? wGm p-odvnf;aumif;? tom&H-ukd? tom&awm-? wGm
(ZmeEd) -uke\
f ? wGm p-aumif;? aw-wdo
Yk nf? ormouFya *gp&m-Muonf?

304

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,ru

ww-xkd*gxmwkdY? toma& om&rwdaemwd-um;? pwma&m-4

yg;ukeaf om? yp,m-ypn;f wkv
Yd nf;aumif;? 'o0wKum-10 yg;aom
rS&D mtaMumif;&Sad om? rdpm 'd|-d rSm;aomt,lvnf;aumif;? wm-xkd
rSm;aomt,l\? Oyed,blwm-tm;Bu;D aom rS&D mtaMumif;jzpf
jzpfaom? "ra'oem-w&m;a[mjcif;vnf;aumif;? 0g-a[mtyfaom
w&m;vnf;aumif;? wd t,H-tvH;k pHo
k nf? ]]wd-okaYd om? t,HtvHk;pHkonf}}[kvnf; cJGay;Ekdif\? toma&m emr-tom&rnf\? 0gtESprf [kwaf om tumrnf\? wo- xkt
d ESprf [kwaf om tum?
om&'d|ad em-tESp[
f k t,l&u
dS ek \
f ? wd tawm-um;teuf/
([kwGm) om&H-ukd? t"d*pEd-ukef\}}[k ay;? q&mwkdYum; a&SUenf;twkdif; oD;
jcm; ypKyefBud,mxnfhay;awmfrlonf/ (rPd-1 6-9? oN*K[fbm-4?5)
'o0wKum/ / 'o0wKum; ]](1) ewd 'dEH (2) ewd ,d|H (3) ewd
[kwH (4) ewd okuw'kuwmeH urmeH zvH 0dygaum (5) ewd t,H
avmaum (6) ewd ya&m avmaum (7) ewd rmwm (8)ewd ydwm (9)
ewd owm Moyygwdum (10) ewd avmau orPjAm[Pm or*wm
ormy#dyEm a, r avmuH y& avmuH o,H tbdnm opdu
wGm ya0a'Ed} }[laom 10 yg;wdw
Yk nf;? ]]'o+0wLed ,mwd 'o0wKum}}[kjyK
ormoEuypn;f ? yxr ]]vSLjcif;\ tusKd ;onf &Srd nfrxif}}[k awG;awm\?
xkdawG;awmcsdef 'd|drjzpfao;? 0dpdudpmom jzpfao;\? xkdokdY awG;awm&mrS
p ]]tvSL\ tusdK;onf r&Sd}}[k qHk;jzwfaom rdpm"darmuESihfwuG rdpm'd|d
jzpf\? enf;tm;jzihf tvSL\ tusdK;r&Sdjcif;ukd rdpm'd|d\ wnf&m0wK[k
qk&d avonf/
om&'d|ad em
em/ /om&rwdaemudk ]]om&'d|ad em}}[k zGiahf omaMumifh ]]rwdEiS hf
'd|o
d nf t&wl\}}[k jy\? ]]rnwd-rSwx
f ifwwf\? wd rwd}}[k 0d*[
jyK
tom& om&[k rSwfxifwwfaom rdpmt,lukd t&aumufyg? oma&m
wd+rwd a,oEd om&rwdaem? a,meH aemokwf\ a,m*0dbm*jzihf
tuw& ()aemufvnf; a,mukd aemjyK? ]]oma&m wd+'d|d a,oEd
om&'d|daem}}vnf; enf;wl/

0*f

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305

oma&pm om&'daemwd-um;? 'o0wKum-10 yg;aom wnf&m

taMumif;&Sdaom? orm'd|d-orm'd|dvnf;aumif; 0g-razmufrjyef
rSeu
f efaomtjrifvnf;aumif;? 0g-razmufrjyef rSeu
f efaom t,l
vnf;aumif;? wm-xko
d rm'd|\
d ? Oyed,blwm-tm;Bu;D aom rSD
&mtaMumif;jzpfjzpfaom? "ra'oem-w&m;a[mjcif;vnf;aumif;? 0ga[mtyfaomw&m;vnf;aumif;? wd t,H-tvH;k pHo
k nf? oma&m
emr-om&rnf\? 0g-tESprf nf\? wo- xko
d rm'd|d xk\
d jzpfaMumif;
aumif;aomw&m;[laomtESpf ? t,H-onfum;? e oma&m-tESpf
r[kw?f wd-ok?Yd tom&'daem-tESprf [kw[
f k Iavh&u
dS ek \
f /
aw om& Ed- um;? wH rdpm 'd|*d [
PH-xkrd pd m 'd|t
d ,ludk ,ljcif;uk?d 0gxk,
d t
l yfaom rdpm 'd|t
d ,lu?dk *a[wGm-,l? Xdwm-wnfuek af om?
hf d k axmuf
aw-xkv
d Ul Amvwko
Yd nf? a&SU ]]aw y@dwm}}[laom tzGiu
okYd ay;onf? ]]ye}} teufr&S?d umr0dwum'De-H umr0dwuftp&Sad om
0dwufw\
Ydk ? 0aoe-tpGr;f jzih?f rdpm ouFya *gp&m-rSm;aomtMu[
H al om
usupf m;&m&Su
d ek o
f nf? [kwmG ? oDvom&H-oDvtESpfukdvnf;aumif;?
orm"dom&H-orm"dtESpu
f v
dk nf;aumif;? ynmom&H-0dyemynm
r*fynmtESpu
f v
dk nf;aumif;? 0drw
k o
d m&H-t&[wzv
dk t
f ESpu
f v
dk nf;
aumif;? 0drw
k
d P'eom&H-t&[wzv
dk u
f dk odjrifwwfaom yp
a0uPmPfynmtESpu
f v
dk nf;aumif;? y&rwom&H-y&rwtESpjf zpf
aom? edAm e-edAm efuv
dk nf;aumif;? em"d*pE-d rodEidk u
f ek ?f (r&Ekid u
f ek )f /
om&mwd-um;? war0 oDvom&m'dom&H-xko
d v
D tESpt
f p&Sad om
Yk m; oDvom&m' om&H}}[k 0gus,
l ]]oDvom&m'tESpu
f ydk if? q&mwdu
rdpm ouFya *gp&m/ / rdpm ouFyt
& ]]umr0dwuf Asmyg'0dwuf 0d[o
m
0dwuf}}wku
Yd dk ,lapvk
d ]]umr0dwum'DeH 0aoe}}[k okyu
f dk jyonf? *ga0g+
p& Ed {wmwd a*gpa&m-EGm;wk\
Yd usupf m;&m pm;usu?f a*gpa&m 0d,mwd
a*gpa&m-EGm;pm;usuEf iS w
fh al om rdpm ouFyp onf? rdpm ouFaym+a*gpa&m
a,oEd rdpmouFya*gp&m/

306

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,ru

oDvtESpt
f p&Sad om? war0 om&H-xkt
d ESpu
f ydk if}}[k ay;awmfr\
l / t,H-

oDvpaomw&m;onf? oma&m emr-tESpfrnf\? wd-okdY?

(wGm p-odvnf;aumif;?) 0kwy u
m&H-qkt
d yfNy;D aom tjym;&Sad om?
tom&H-tESprf rS;D ypn;f av;jzm rdpm 'd|d xk\
d jzpfaMumif; raumif;
aom w&m;a'oemuk?d t,H-ypn;f av;jzm rdpm 'd|d xk\
d jzpfaMumif;
raumif;aom w&m;a'oemonf? toma&m emr-tESpf r[kwaf om
w&m;rnf\? wd-ok?Yd wGm p-odvnf;aumif;/ t"d*p Ed pyf?
aw om& Ed- um;? {0H-qkt
d yfNy;D aomenf;jzih?f orm'eH-razmuf
rjyef rSeu
f efaomtjrifu?dk 0g-razmufrjyef rSeu
f efaom t,lu?dk
*a[wGm-,l? Xdwm-wnfuek af om? aw y@dwm-xkyd nm&Sw
d o
Ykd nf?
aeuro
uFym 'De-H aeuro
uFyt
p&Sad om tMuw
H \
Ydk ? 0aoe-tpGr;f
jzih?f ormouFya *gp&m-rSeu
f efaom tMu[
H al om usupf m;&m&Su
d ek f
onf? [kwmG -jzpf? 0kwy um&H-qkt
d yfNy;D aom tjym;&Sad om? wH om&HxkdtESpfukd? t"d*p Ed-odEkdifMuukef\? 0g-&Muukef\? wd-wGif
*gxmzGifh tNyD;wnf;/ *gxmy&da,momae-? A[l-rsm;pGmukefaom
yk*dKvfwkdYonf? aomwmywdzvm'Ded-aomwmywdzkdvftp&Sdaom
tusKd ;xl;wko
Yd ?Ydk ygykPo
-k a&mufuek Nf y?D oEdy wdwmeH-pka0;a&mufvm
ukeaf om &[ef;wk\
Yd ? "ra'oem-w&m;a'oemawmfonf? omwdu
mtusKd ;ESiw
fh uG jzpfonf? 0g-tusKd ;&So
d nf? ta[mod-Ny?D wd-wnf;/
om&dyw
k a w&0wKbmom#DumNy;D \/
9-eEaw&0wKbmom#Dum
,xm t*g&Ed tp&Sad om? rH "ra'oeH owm aZw0ae
0d[&aEm? tm,oEH eEH t&Sief Eu?kd tm&A uaxod/
[dcsUJ ? owmonf? y0ww
d 0&"rpaumjzpfapawmfrt
l yfNy;D aom
jrwfaom"rpMum&Sdonf? 0g-jrwfaom"rpMumukd jzpfapawmfrlNyD;

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307

(a[mawmfrNl y;D )onf ([kwmG )? &mZ*[Hod?Yk *Em? a0VK0aea0VK

0efausmif;wdu
k f ? 0d[&aEmaeawmfrpl Of? ]]arig\? ykwH om;awmf
ud?k tmaewGmyifah qmif? 'axjyMuavm?}} wdodYk rde
Yf ?
oka'g'er[m&maZeoka'g'erif;Bu;D onf? ayodwmeHapvTwt
f yf
ukeaf om? o[o[y&d0g&meHwpfaxmifwpfaxmif tjct
H &H
&Su
d ek af om? 'oEH q,fa,mufuek af om? 'lwmeHwrefww
Ykd iG ?f oAypawmtvHk;pHkaom wrefwdkY\ aemuf? 0gaemufu? *Em-?
t&[wyawet&[wzdkvfodkY a&mufaom? umVK'g,dawa&e
umVK'g,Dax&fonf? *reumvH<uawmfr&l mtcgud?k wGm? r*0PHvrf;c&D;\*kPf om,mykHudk? 0aPwGmcsD;rGrf;avQmufxm;?
0Dowdo[cDPmo0y&d0kawmESpfaomif;aom &[EmwdkYonf
jc&H t
H yfvsu?f uydvyk&H uydvNrKd Uawmfo?Ykd eDawmyifah qmiftyfonf?
([kwmG )? wdorm*araqGawmfrsK;d awmfw\
Ykd pka0;rd&m? aygu&0HHMumzufrdk;udk? 0g-Mumzuf usaom rkd;uJhokdY pGyfapolukdom
aygu&0H/ / aygua&+0am aygu&0am? aygu&0am
0d,mwd aygu&0am? y'krm Mumzuf a&avQmouJo
h Ydk rpGyaf pvko
d w
l \
Ykd
ukd,f a&rpGyfatmif &Gmaomrkd;ukd y'rmMumzufay: usaomrkd;ESihf wl
aomaMumihf ]]aygu&0}}[k ac:onf/ (0drwd-1 34? 2 0drwd-2 112?
r[mbm-1 192)
wpfenf;/ / *Pyd 'k w
f t
Ykd vkd Mumzuftqif;&Sad omrk;d ukd }}aygu&0}}[k
vnf;aumif; 0'Ed(tmp&d,)0g'tvkd MumzufyrmP&Sdvsuf aumif;uif
tv,f tpOftwkid ;f jzpfay:vm &maygif;rsm;pGm axmifaygif;rsm;pGmaom
wdrfawmifwdrfvdyfwdrfvTmrsm;jzpfum &GmoGef;aomrkd;ukd ]]aygu&0}}[k
vnf;aumif; zGiq
hf adk o;\/ *Pyd 'k t
f vkd ]]aygu&0aPm+0am aygu&0am-Mumzuftqif;&Sdaomrkd;? (0Pyk'facs)}}[k jyK? 0'Ed0g'tvkd ]]aygu&yrmaPm+0am aygu&0am-MumzufyrmP&Sad omrk;d ? (yrmPyk'af cs)}}
[kjyK/ (om&w-3 245)

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pGyfaom rkd;ukd? twKywa0E&mZmwfawmfw&m;a[mjcif;\

taMumif;0wKjzpfay:vmjcif;ud?k 0g-a0E&mZmwfawmfukd a[mawmf
rljcif;iSm jzpfay:vmaom taMumif;ud?k uwGm? a0E&ZmwuH
a0E& Zmwfawmfu?kd uaxwGmNy;D ? yke'd0ao? yd@m,iSm?
y0da|m0ifawmfro
l nf? (ormaem)? ]]Owad | eyraZ,sm}}wd[laom?
*gxm,jzif?h ydw&Hud?k aomwmywzd av? ywd|maywGmwnfap
awmfr
l ? ]]"ra &}}wdaom? *gxm,jzif?h r[myZmywrdaxG;awmf
r[myZmywda*gwrDudk? aomwmywdzavvnf;aumif;? &mZmeHoka'g'erif;Bu;D ud?k ou'g*grdzav pvnf;aumif;? ywd|mayod
wnfapawmfrNl y/D ye-qufOK;tH?h bwupd m 0omae? &m[kvrmwk*kPuxH&m[kvmr,fawmf\ *kPfaus;Zl;ESifh pyfaompum;udk?
edm,? pEuEd & ZD mwuHpEuEd & ZD mwfawmfu?kd uaxwGm?
wawmxdak eYr?S wwd,'d0aooH;k &ufajrmufaeY eEurk m&eE
rif;om;\? tbdaoua*[ya0oe0d0g[r*Favoktdrfa&SUrif;
tbdou
d cf aH omr*Fvm tdraf &SUrif;\ eef;opfoYkd 0ifa&mufjcif;r*Fvm
xdrf;jrm;vufxyfjcif;r*FvmwdkYonf? y0wrmaeokjzpfukefvaomf?
tw K y w / / t&D , aw t0*rD , awwd taw m -od t yf a om
taMumif;0wK? tw+Oywd twKyw
-d taMumif;0wK\ jzpfay:vmjcif;?
0g-taMumif;t&mtjzpftysuf('D#D-1 57? oDbm-1 318)/ (wpfenf;)
two'g a[wkteufa[m ,l ]]"ra'oem, tawm a[wk OyZwd
{wmwd twKyw
-d w&m;a[mjcif;\ taMumif;\ jzpf&mypKye 0f wK}}[kvnf;
aumif; ya,mZeteufa[m,l ]]"ra'oem'daum tawm OyZwd
{wm,mwd twKyw
-d w&m;a[mjcif;paom tusKd ;\ jzpfaMumif; ypKye 0f wK}}
[kvnf;aumif; jyKyg/ (0drwd-1 90? yg&mbm-2 106)
tbdaou...r*Favok / / r*Fvm 3rsdK;om qkd\? 0d.|-3
]](1) auo0dZeH-qHxkH;jznfjcif;r*Fvm (2) yAaEm-ezl; oif;uspfjym;ukd
zJGUjcif;r*Fvm (3) C&r*FvH-tdrfa&SUrif;\ eef;opfwufr*Fvm (4) tm0g[-

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yd@m,-iSm? y0dow
d mG 0ifawmfr
l ? eEurk m&\? [aw? ywH
ud?k 'wGm-? r*FvH r*Fvmw&m;awmfu?kd 0wGma[mawmfr
l ? tmoemrS? O|m,? yuaEmzJ<uawmfrv
l aomf? eEurk m&\?
[wawmrS? ywH ud?k e *PSd ,lawmfrrl/ aomydxdek Erif;om;onf
vnf;? wxm*w*g&a0ejrwfpmG bk&m; av;pm;ol\tjzpfaMumif?h 0gjrwfpmG bk&m; av;pm;jcif;aMumih?f ]]baE a0gt&Sib
f &k m;wd\
Yk ? ywH
ud?k *PSx,lawmfryl guke?f }} wdod?Yk 0wKH avQmufjcif;iSm? emoud
Edik ?f {0H yeodu
Yk m;? pdaEo?d (u)? ]]aomygeoDaoapmif;wef;OK;?
(avScg;xdyf )? ywH ud?k *PS
d wd,lawmfrv
l rd rhf nf?}} wd-Ny/D owm
onf? word d Xmaexdak pmif;wef;OK;t&yfvnf;? e *PSd ,lawmfrrl/
wa&mtjcm;aom eErif;om;onf? ]]aomygeyg'rlavapmif;wef;
ajc&if;? (avScg;ajc&if;)? *PS
d wdrnf?}} wd pdaEo/d owm
onf? wwmydxdak pmif;wef;ajc&if;vnf;? e *PS/d wa&monf?
]]&mZ*FaPrif;&ifjyif? *PSdwd?}} wd pdaEod/ owmonf?
wwmydxdrk if;&ifjyifvnf;? e *PS/d ukrma&mrif;om;onf? ed0ww
d -k
umarmjyefvn
S v
hf o
kd nf? ([kwmG )? tkp,
d mtvdrk &So
d jzif?h 0gtvdk
r&Sb
d ?J *paEmvdu
k o
f mG ;&vaomf? owK*g&a0ejrwfpmG bk&m; av;pm;
ol\tjzpfaMumif?h 0g-jrwfpmG bk&m; av;pm;jcif;aMumih?f ]]yw-H uk?d
*PSx-uke?f }} wd 0wKH -iSm? e oaumwdrpGr;f Edik /f ]]"t&yf?
*PS
d wd? {wxdt
k &yf? *PS
d wd?}} wdod?Yk pdaEaEmvsu?f *pwd
vdu
k o
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wo caP? tnmtjcm;ukeaf om? wad ,mwdo
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r*FvH-xdrf;jrm;vufxyfjcif;r*Fvm (5) qwr*FvH-tdrfa&SUxD;jzLaqmif;jcif;
r*Fvm}}[k r*Fvm5rsdK; qkd\? xkdYjyif tH.|-1 244 ]]0d0g[}}tpm; ]]tm0g[}}
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310

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xdek Erif;om;ud?k 'domG ? Zey'uvsmPd,mZey'uvsmPDrif;orD;

tm;? (lyeEmrif;orD;tm;)? tmpduokajymukefNyD? (u)? ]]ta,s
t&Sirf b*0gonf? eEurk m&Hud?k *a[wGmac:? *awm<uawmf
rlNy?D wkarS[d t&Sirf wdEYk iS ?hf wHxdek Erif;om;ud?k 0demuGaJ tmif? u&dwdjyKawmfrv
l rd rhf nf?}} wd-odaYk jymNy/D omxdZk ey'uvsmPDrif;
orD;onf? y*&aEa[0,dkpD;usaeonfomvQifjzpfukefaom? 0gZey'uvsmPd,m/ / Zey'rSd+uvsmPD Zey'uvsmPD-Zeyk'fe,f
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318

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usiahf e&\? jA[p&d,H omoejA[p&d, r*jA[p&d,[laom jrwf

aom tusiu
fh ?kd oEma&wHk (a&S;qk;H pdwrf S aemufq;Hk pdww
f idk af tmif )
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ypum ,pGe
Yf ? 0g-cs? [Dem,,kwef rd afh om vlUtjzpftusK;d iSm? 0gvlt
Y jzpfo?Ykd tm0wd
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rl? {wHpum;uk?d ta0gprdeaYf wmfrNl y?D (u)? ]]eEeE wHG onf?
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f avm?}} wd-okYd ar;awmfrNl y/D wdwpfv;Hk
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tausMu/H ]]H baEt&Sib
avQmufNy/D ]]eE ud yetb,faMumif?h wGH onf? tebd&awm
onf? ([kwmG )? jA[p&d,H ud?k p&odusi&hf oenf; jA[p&d,H uk?d
oEma&wkH iSm? e oaumodrpGr;f Ekid o
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[Dem,iSm? tm0wd
odjyefvnfrnfenf;}} wd-okYd ar;awmfrNl y/D
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r*jA[p&d,myd o*Fa[m a0'dwaAm?-O'ge.|-151/
oEma&wk/H /oEma&wkEd yXrpdwawm ,m0p&drupdwH orm y&dykPH
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0*f

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aom t[Hxkw
d ynfah wmfonf? wHxkZd ey'uvsmPD\ pum;uk?d 0gxkZd ey'uvsmPD\ tjcif;t&mESifh wuGjzpfaom pum;uk?d wrEk&rmaemwd wH wm 0peH wH 0g wm tmum&o[dwH 0peH tEk&aEm?rH baE...rH {w'a0gp/ / ]]rH baE}}rS rH0,f q|Dteuf 'kwd,m
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onf\ tjzpfaMumihf) yke ]]rHrH {wa0gp
{wa0gp}}wd tm[(O'ge.|-153)}}[k rH2yk'f
qkd&jcif;taMumif;ukd zGihf&um; rHonf rl&if;ygXf[k odom\? ]]ar baE}}[k
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O'ge.|-153/ tEk&rmaemtzefzeftrSw&
f vaomf? 0g-vGr;f qGwf

owd&onf\tjzpfaMumif?h tebd&awmonf? ([kwmG )? jA[p&d,H

uk?d p&mrd\? jA[p&d,H uk?d oEma&wkH iSm? e oaumrd? oduH uk?d
ypum ,? [Dem, tm0w
d mrdrnf? }} wdokaYd vQmufNy/D
tx acg? b*0gonf? tm,oEH eEH uk?d Am[m,Hvufarmif;
? *a[wGm (0d,)ukid af wmfro
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tNr;D &Sad om? {uHwpfaumifaom? yvk|ru# (rD;avmifxm;ojzih)f
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*a[wGm 0d,/ / vufarmif;ukd wu,fuidk af wmfro
l nf r[kw?f vuf
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jcif; jzpfonf? xkdaMumihf ]]0d,}}xnfhay;&onf/ (O'ge.|-154)

0*f

"ry'bmom#Dum

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igrdeaYf wmfrt
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f if
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uuk#yg'gedukeaf om? rmed y tp&mowmed 0gwko
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aumif;? (oE-d &Su
d ek \
f ? wmoH-xdZk ey'uvsmPDrif;orD;ESihf ewforD;
ig;&mwdw
Yk iG ?f ) uwrmtb,forl onf? tbdyl w&m 0gtxl;tm;jzihf
vGeu
f aJ om tqif;&So
d nfvnf;aumif;? 0gtvGet
Yf vGef kyaf csmonf
vnf;aumif;? 'eD,w&m 0gtxl;tm;jzihf Munfh o
I ifh Munfh x
I u
dk f
onfvnf;aumif;? 0g-tvGeMf unfah umif;onfvnf;aumif;? ygom'duw&m 0gtxl;tm;jzihf pdwMf unfvifjcif;udk aqmifonfvnf;aumif;?
0g-tvGepf w
d Mf unfvifatmif qGaJ qmifEidk o
f nfvnf;aumif;? ygom'duw&mwd oAm0,0aombm, (uk,
d t
f *Fgtpdwt
f m;vk;H wifw
h ,fjcif;aMumih)f
orEawm yom'g0[m?-O'ge.|-153/ (a[mwd) Ekacg-jzpfoenf;}}

wd-ar;awmfrNl y/D wHxkpd um;awmfu?dk okwmG ? tm[avQmufNy?D

(u)? ]]baE qdEu
Pemoe*k|F maom? om yvk|ru#D xkd yk yf suf
qif;ysujf zpfaeaom arsmufronf? (Zey'uvsmPuk?d Oyed"m,teD; xm;? 0g-EIid ;f ,SOv
f aomf? ocsrF -d rde;f r[k a&wGujf cif;odv
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ocsEF d wDwd *PeH?-O'ge.|-155? e Oaywd ao,sxmyd-ra&muf
ouJo
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ao,sxmyd-uJo
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yEH tp&mowmeH Oyed"m,/ / a&SUenf;tvkd 'kwd,mteuf
q|Douf? aemufenf;tvkd t0,0orefteuf q|Douf? Oyed"m,
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322

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(wpfenf;) yEH tp&mowmeH ewforD;ig;&mwk\

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aumif;? 'eD,w&med ptxl;tm;jzihf Munfh o
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0*f

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ukeaf om? yEH tp&mowmeH-wku

Yd ?dk y#dvmbm,iSm? yg#dabma*g
tmrcHonf? 0g-wm0ef,o
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tx acg? b*0gonf? tm,oEH eEH uk?d *a[wGmac:
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bduL wko
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tamoHk acg-Mum;oduek o
f nfom? acg-t0"m&P (u)? ]]b*0awm
\? bmwmnDawmfjzpfaom? rmwkpm ykawmrdaxG;awmfa*gwrD\ om;
awmfjzpfaom? tm,om eaEmonf? tp&meHewforD;wk\
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taMumif;aMumif?h jA[p&d,H uk?d p&wd ud&usio
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ypm& Oyrmw'dwftm;jzifh yg#dabm*rnfawmfrl\/ (wd|-36)

324

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p&d,ukd usihf&um; pm&if;iSm;ESifh wlonf? ]](bawe) a0waee+uDawm
bawm? bawm {0 bwaum? onm,H 0g aum? bw+u? bw a0weH
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tcjzihf wm0ef,lapmifha&Smuftyfol}}[k qkd&onf? tvkd ]]b&D,awwd
bawm? bawma,0 bwaum}}[kjyK? xkad emif Oyrmw'dw
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enf;&onfom? 0g-{uefrck s 0rf;enf;&\? awae0 um&aPe-xkd
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f o
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aom pkEo
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l &daumyd-xkpd Ek 0 ufowform;onfvnf;? aompwd-0rf;

348

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enf;&\/ 'domG uruv

d |d Ed- um;? twaem-rdr\
d ? udv|d urH- npfay
aom tukov
dk u
f u
H ?dk ydwmG -jrif? emeyum&uH-txl;xl;aom
tjym;&Sad tmif? 0dvyaEm-atmfjrnfwrf;vsu?f 0d[nwd-yifyef;&\?
wd-wGif *gxmtzGihf tNy;D wnf;/ *gxmy&da,momae-? A[lrsm;pGmukeaf om yk*Kd vw
f o
Ydk nf? aomyEm'a,m-aomwmyeftp&So
d nf
wko
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wd-wGif pkEo
u
l &du0wK tNy;D wnf;/
pkEo
u
l &du0wKbmom#Dum Ny;D \/

11-"rduOygou0wKbmom#Dum
" arm'wDwd rH "ra'oeH owm aZw0ae? 0d[&aEmpOf?
"ru
d OygouH"ru
d Oygoumud?k (w&m;&Sad om Oygoumud)k ? tm&A
uaxod/
ud&csUJ OK;tH?h om0w,
d H ? yowmig;&mtwdik ;f t&Sn&f u
dS ek f
aom? "ru
d Oygoum emr"ru
d OygoumwdrYk nfonf? (w&m;&Sad om
OygoumwdYk rnfonf)? ta[oHk &Su
d ek Nf y/D awokxd"k ru
d Oygoum
wdw
Yk iG ?f {auuwpfa,mufwpfa,muf\? 0g-rSm? y y Oygouowmedig;&mig;&mukeaf om Oygoumwdo
Yk nf? 0g-[luek af om? y&d0g&mta>ct&Hwo
Ykd nf? (ta[oH)k / awoHxdt
k vk;H pkaH om Oygoum
aompwd/ / aompwd okp"mwfonf aomuteufudk a[m\? xkd
aomuukd ]]pk;d &drjf cif;}}[k a&S;u teufay;k;d &S\
d ? pk;d &dr[
f o
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ap rdrdESifhpyfoltwGufjzpfap wpfpHkwpfck jzpfrnfhab;ukd (jzpfp&mab;ukd)
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raumif;rIukd awG; ]]jyKcJhwm rSm;aygh}}[k 0rf;enf;jcif;wnf;? aumif;rIukd
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]]pkd;&drf}}[k ray;bJ ]]0rf;enf;}}[k teufay;onf/(XjyK)

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wdw
Yk iG ?f a,mtMuif"ru
d Oygoumonf? aZ|aumtBu;D qH;k onf?
(a[mwd)? wxdt
k Bu;D qH;k Oygoum\? ow7a,mufuek af om?
ykwm om;wdo
Yk nfvnf;aumif;? owukeaf om? "Dwa&morD;wdo
Yk nf
vnf;aumif;? (ta[ok)H ? awokxdo
k m; orD;wdw
Yk iG ?f {auu
wpfa,muf wpfa,muf\? 0g-rSm? {auumwpfrsKd ; wpfrsKd ;aom?
ovmu,m*kpma&;wHrcJ s vSLxdu
k af om ,m*konfvnf;aumif;?
ovmubwH pma&;wHrcJ s vSLxdu
k af om qGr;f onfvnf;aumif;?
]]ovmuH ygawwGm 'gwAH bwH ovmubwH(H 0dv#H -D 36)}}twkid ;f ay;onf?
tjcm;enf;rsm;ukd umV,udeD0wK a&;cJhNyD/ yudubwH vqef;yu

vqkwyf uwYkd vSLxdu

k af om qGr;f onfvnf;aumif;? edrEebwH
yifhzdwf vSLtyfaom qGrf;onfvnf;aumif;? Oaygoxdubw-H
Oykoaf eY vSLtyfaom qGr;f onfvnf;aumif;? tm*EKubwH tm*EK
wdzYk Ykd qGr;f onfvnf;aumif;? 0g-tm*EKwt
Ykd m; ay;vSLxdu
k af om qGr;f
onfvnf;aumif;? oHCbwH oHCmzdYk qGr;f onfvnf;aumif;? 0g-oHCm
yudu
bwpH onf/ / yauo+k 'gwAH yudu
?H yuu
d +wH+bwm wd
yudubwH(tH#D-1 200? plbm-358)/ edraEwGm+'gwAH+bwH edrEebwH
(0dvH#D-1 36)? edraEwGm+v'bduLeH umwAH+bwH edrEebwH(ygpda,m501)? edrEDaw taeemwd edrEeH? edrEe+wH+bwmwd edrEebwH-&[ef;
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tm*EKubw/H / tm*EKumeH+'dE+H bwH tm*EKubw(H 0d.|-4-104)?
tm*EKumeH+bwH tm*EKubwH-tm*EKwkdYzkdYqGrf;? (pwkwDwyK&dof)?
tm*EKumeH+twm,+bwH tm*EKubwH-tm*EKwdkY\ tusdK;iSm qGrf;
(q|DwyK&dof)?-eDwdokw-196-7/
oHCbwH/ / oHC+bwH oHCbwH(0d.|-4-88)? oHC+tmb#H+bwH oCbwH- oHCmzkYd aqmif,t
l yfaomqGr;f ? oHCwm,+y#d,w+H
bwH oHCbw-H oHCm\ tusKd ;iSm pDrt
H yfaomqGr;f (ed'-D 226)? tm*EKu-

350

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ukef vSLtyfaom qGr;f onfvnf;aumif;? 0m0goduH rd;k vywfv;Hk

aejcif;&Sad om &[ef;wdt
Yk m; vSLxdu
k af om ypn;f onfvnf;aumif;? 0g
0gqd&k [ef;wdt
Yk m; vSLzG,yf pn;f onfvnf;aumif;? ta[mod&SNd y/D
oaA0tvH;k pHo
k mvQijf zpfuek af om? awydxdo
k m; orD;wdo
Yk nfvnf;?
tEkZmwykwm emrrdbwdt
Yk m; avsmaf om om;orD;wdYk rnfonf? 0grdbwkEYd iS fh *kP&f nfwal om om; orD;wdYk rnfonf? ta[oHk jzpfuek Nf y/D
wdodv
Yk Qi?f pk'o
EH 14a,mufuek af om? ykwm eHom; orD;wdYk
vnf;aumif;? b&d,m,r,m;vnf;aumif;? Oygou"ru
d Oyg
oumvnf;aumif;? wdod?Yk (aomVoEH ZemeH-16a,mufaom
vlw\
Ydk ?) aomVo16rsKd ;ukeaf om? ovmu,m*ktm'Ded pma&;wH
rJcs vSLxdu
k af om ,m*ktp&So
d nfwo
Ykd nf? y0wEd jzpfuek \
f / wd
odkYvQif? oykw'ga&mom; orD; r,m;ESifh wuGjzpfaom? aom
bwH uJo
h v
Ydk nf; qkEd idk \
f /
0m0goduH/ / 0H+tm0gaom ,mwd 0m0gaom-0gv
ywfvkH; aejcif;&Sdaom&[ef;? 00go+'gwAH ('dEH) 0m0goduH (r[m
bm-2 18?268)? 0H tm0owd oDavemwd 0m0goD? 0m0godaem+
'dEH 0m0goduH-0gvywfvkH;aeavh&Sdaom&[ef;tm; vSLtyfaomypnf;
(rtlyg&m-3 467)/ 0m0godut& ouFef;ESihf qGrf;2rsdK;ukd ,lavh&Sdaomf
vnf; bwpaom yk'frygbJ omrefqkdxm;aomaMumihf vSLzG,fypnf;
rSeforQudk ,lay;onf/
tEkZmwykwm / / (1) twdZmwom;orD; (2) tEkZmwom;orD; (3)
t0Zmwom;orD;[k om;orD;3rsdK; &Sd\? rdbwkdYxuf *kPf&nfjrifhaom
om;orD;onf twdZmwom;orD; rnf\? rdbwkEYd iS fh *kP&f nfwal om om;orD;
onf tEkZmwom;orD; rnf\? rdbwdaYk tmuf *kP&f nferd ahf om om;orD;onf
t0Zmwom;orD; rnf\? "rduOygoum\ om;orD;rsm;um; tEkZmw
om;orD;rsm;wnf;/ tEkZmawmwd rmwmydwleH tEklayg [kwGm Zmawm?
aw[d orme*kaPmwd tawm?-wd-238? wd.|-211/

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xd"k rdu
Oygoumonf? oDv0goDv&So
d nf? uvsmP"armaumif;
aom ud,
k u
f siw
hf &m;&So
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d m*&awmay;vSLjcif; cGjJ crf;
a0zefjcif; arGUavsmo
f nf? 0g-ay;vSLtyfaomypn;f rS cGjJ crf;a0zefjcif;
arGUavsmo
f nf? ta[modNy/D txxdrk ?S ty&bma*aemuftzdYk ?
txd"k ru
d OygoumBu;D \ ? 0g-rSm? a&ma*ga&m*gonf? OyZd jzpf
Ny?D tm,kocFga&mtwljzpfzufw&m;wku
Yd kd jyKprD w
H wfaom ZD0w
d ad `E
[laom toufonf? 0guHonf jyKp&D iftyfaom ZD0w
d ad `E[
k qdt
k yf
d Oygoum
aom toufonf? y&d[m,d-,kwaf vsmNh y/D aomxk"d ru
onf? "rH uk?d aomwkumarmemjcif;iSm tvk&d o
dS nf? ([kwmG )? ]]ar
wynfah wmfz?Ydk 0g-twGu?f t|8yg;ukefaom? bduL 0g-&[ef;wdkYudk
aomfvnf;aumif;? aomVo16ajcmufyg;ukeaf om? bduL 0gwku
Yd dk
aomfvnf;aumif;? ayaoxapvTwaf wmfryl guke?f }} wdokaYd jym?
owK\? oEu
d H ok?Yd y[dPd apvTwNf y/D owmonf? ayaoodap
vTwaf wmfrNl y/D awxk&d [ef;wko
Yd nf? *Em? wxk"d ru
d Oygoum
\? rH anmifapmif;uk?d (ckwifu)kd ? y&d0ga&wGm0dik ;f &H? ynawok
cif;xm;tyfuek af om? tmoaeokwkYd ? edoEd m xkid u
f ek Nf y/D ]]baEwkYd
ar\? t,smeHt&Siw
f u
dYk ?dk 'eHzl;jrif&jcif;onf? 0g-ud?k 'kvb
H
cJ,Of;ojzif&h tyfonf? 0g&Edik cf o
J nf? b0dwdjzpfvrd rhf nf? (t[H
onf?) 'kAa vmtm;r&So
d nf? trSd jzpf\? arwynfah wmfz?Ykd {uHwpf
rsdK;aom? okwHokwfawmfukd? oZm,xo&Zm,fay;awmfrlygukef?
'geoH0b
d m*&awm/ / 'geoH0b
d m*&awmwd 'gae p oH0dbma* p
&awm(oH.|-1 317)/ 'geoH0dbm*&awmwd {awe tyrwurd udd
vbdwmG wawmyd oH0b
d ma* &awm(aew.d |-230)/
tm,kocFga&m/ / o[Zmw"ar ocFa&mwDwd ocFga&m? tm,k
{0+ocFga&m tm,kocFga&m(r#D-2 273)? (wpfenf;) ocF&,
D awwd ocFga&m?
tm,k p+wH+ocFga&m pmwd tm,kocFga&m(eDbm-2 37)/

352

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0g-&Gwzf wfay;awmfryl guke?f }} wdok?Yd 0kawtyfaomf? ]]Oygou

Oygoum uw&H okwH tb,fow
k af wmfu?dk aomwkumarmemjcif;iSm
tvk&d o
dS enf;}} wdodaYk r;ukeNf y/D ]]oAA'k g eHtvk;H pkaH om bk&m;&Sif
wko
Yd nf? t0dZ[dwH pGeaYf wmfrrltyfaom? owdy|meokwH owdy|me
okwaf wmfu?dk (aomwkumarmemjcif;iSm tvd&k ydS g\)?}} wd 0kawaomf? ]]{um,aem ? ay ? 0do'k ,
d m}}wd]]{um,aem ?ay? 0do'k ,
d m}}
tp&Sad om? okwE H okwe u
f ?dk y|ayokH tjym;tm;jzihf Pf wnfap
jzpfapukeNf y?D 0g-&Gwq
f u
dk ek Nf y/D
bdua0-wdkY owmeH-wdkY\? 0dok'd,m-pifMu,fjcif;iSm? t,H ra*gedAm efa&mufaMumif;jzpfaom owdy|mefav;yg; jrwfw&m;onf? 0g-edAm ef
vkv
d m; yk*Kd vrf sm;wkYd &SmrD;S xku
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owmeH-wd\
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d m-&m*a'go arm[jrLarS; tnpftaMu;rS uif;a0;
pifMu,fjcif;iSm? {um,aem-rrSm;rapmif; wpfaMumif;wnf;aom vrf;wnf;/
teufay;ykHtrsdK;rsdK;ukd 'D.|-2 335? okwfr[mbm-3 527ponfI/

wo caPxkcd P? q[dajcmufxyfuek af om? a'0avmau[dewfjynfwrYdk ?S oAmvuFm&y#dr@dwmtvk;H pkaH om wefqmwkjYd zifh

qif,iftyfuek af om? o[odE0 ,kwm odaEmjrif;wpfaxmif uyf
,SOt
f yfuek af om? 'd,a,mZeowdumtcGt
J m;jzifh ,lZemESp&f m&Sd
ukeaf om? 0g,lZem wpf&mhig;q,f&u
dS ek af om? q6pif;ukeaf om?
&xm&xm;wko
Yd nf? tm*rok qdu
k af &mufvmukeNf y?D awokxk&d xm;
wkYd ? Xdwmwnfuek af om? a'0wmewfwo
Ydk nf? ]]trSmuHigwk\
Yd ? a'0avmuHewfjynfo?Ydk aemraqmifuek t
f ?Hh trSmuH-wk\
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f ?hH tarmtk.d ..tarmifa,musmf ; (tk.d ..
olawmfaumif;) rwu
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f ?dk bdEw
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l nfuo
hJ ?Ydk trSmuHwk\
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? tbd&rdwHk arGU avsmjf cif;iSm? "&xm;? edAw
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Yd ? a'0avmau-? tbd&rdw-Hk iSm? "-? edAw
m [d-avm?}}

0*f

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wdod?Yk 0'ok ajymukeNf y/D Oygoaumonf? "r0eE&m,Hw&m;

emjcif;\ tE&m,fu?dk tedpa Emtvkrd &So
d nf? ([kwmG )? ]]tm*arx
qkid ;f iHMh uygOK;? tm*arxOK;?}} wd-ok?Yd tm[ajymNy/D bduL wko
Yd nf?
]]tarSigwku
Yd ?dk 0ga&wdwm;jrpf\?}} wdok?Yd onm,rSwx
f ifjcif;
aMumif?h wkPDS qdwq
f w
d ?f ta[okH ukeNf y/D
tx? txd"k ru
d Oygoum\? ykw" w
D a&mom; orD;wkYd
onf? ]]trSmuHwk\
Yd ? ydwmtzonf? ykaAa&S;? "r0aeew&m;
emjcif;jzif?h twdawmrwif;wdro
f nf? (tm;r&onf)? ta[modNy?D
'ged yeum;? bduL wku
dY ?dk yaumomaywGmyifah c:apNy;D ? oZm,Ho&Zm,fru
I ?dk uma&wGmjyKapNy;D ? o,ar0ud,
k w
f idk o
f mvQi?f
0ga&wdwm;jrpf\? r&Paojcif;rS? tbm,euoawm emr
raMumufaom ow0grnfonf? ew?d }} wdodaYk jym? 0d&0ok
jrnfwrf;idak <u;ukeNf y/D bduL wko
Yd nf? ]]'ged,cktcg? taemumaomqufvufae&ef tcGirhf [kw?f 0g-tcGirhf om?}} wdokYd
awG;? tmoemrS? O|m,? yuro
k zJomG ;MuNy/D Oygoaumonf?
axmuHtenf;i,f? 0Dwed marwGmukev
f eG af pNy;D ? 0g-owdvpfNy;D ?
owowdu?dk y#dvbdwmG &? 0g-&vaomf? ykawom;orD;wdu
kY ?kd
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ukeNf y?D txwm;jrpf&m xdt
k cg? r,HuReaf wmf uRerf wko
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jrnfwrf;ikad <u;cJu
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354

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ta,s[d wkEYd iS ?hf o' wl? e uaxrdajymonfr[kw?f }} wd 0kaw?

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Yk jYdk zpfvQi?f auetb,foEl iS ?hf o'? uaxxajymqdyk g
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tvuF&w
d mG wefqmqif? tm'g,,l? tmumaoaumif;uif?
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avm? trSmuH-wk\
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ua&mEd jyKuek \
f ? wm[dxkeYd wfwEYdk iS ?hf o'? uaxrdajymqk\
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odaYk jymNy/D ]]wmwtaz &xmwko
Yd nf? uk[ tb,frmS ygenf;
r,HuReaf wmf uRerf wko
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ukeNf y/D ]]r,SH ighz?Ykd 0g-twGu?f *Ew
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f \
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d b0eH-ud?k &rPD,-H xdu
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[kwu
f ?hJ ymrjrifyguke\
f ?}} wd 0kaw? ]]{wHyef;uk;H onf? wko-d
wb0eawmrS? tm*w&ax? Movrwd wGv
J sm;usae\? t[H
onf? wkow
d b0eHok?Yd *pmrdoGm;awmhrnf? wkarSwko
Yd nf? rm pdE,
w
d
xkx
d
dk rMupH nfMuESi?hf 0g-0rf;renf;MuESi?hf rr\? oEad u?
edAw
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k mrmjzpfjcif;iSm tvk&d u
dS ek o
f nf? [kwmG ? 0gvaomf? r,m
onf? uwed,marae0jyKtyfNy;D aom enf;jzifo
h mvQi?f yknmedwku
Yd ?dk
ua&mxjyK&pfMuavm?}} wdod?Yk 0wGm? umvHud?k uwGmNy;D ?
&ax? ywd|modwnfNy/D
wm0a'0xkcd Pyif? txked wfom;\? wd*g0kwyrmaPm
3*g0kwt
f wkid ;f t&Sn&f adS om? o|dou#bm&mvuFm&y#dr@dawm
vSn;f tpD;ajcmufq,fwu
dk 0f ef&adS om wefqmwkjYd zifh wefqmqiftyf
aom? twbma0gtwabmonf? edAw
d Ny?D tp&mo[HewforD;
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D wda,mZeduH 25 ,lZem&Sd
aom? ueu0drmeHa&TArd mefonf? ygwk&a[modxif&mS ;jzpfNy/D 0d[m&H
ausmif;wdu
k o
f ?Ydk tEkya wtpOfa&mufuek af om? awyd bduL wku
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vnf;? owmonf? ]]bdua 0wd?Yk Oygoaueonf? "ra'oemuk?d
okwmMum;emtyfoavm}} wd ykpd/ ]]baE tmrrSeyf g? yeodYk
aomfvnf;? tE&ma,0(&Gwrf Ny;D rD) twGi;f omvQi?f ]tm*arx
qdik ;f iHah wmfrMl uygOK;? 0g-&yfawmfrMl uygOK;?} wdod?Yk 0ga&odwm;jrpfyg
Ny/D tx? txk"d ru
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odYk avQmufuek Nf y/D ]]bdua 0 aomxk"d ru
d Oygoumonf? wkarS[d
wkEYd iS ?hf o'? e uaxodajymonfr[kw?f q[dukeaf om? a'0avmau[dwkrYd ?S a'0wmwko
Yd nf? qukeaf om? &axwku
Yd ?dk tvuF&w
d mG

356

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wefqmqifNy;D ? tm[&dwmG aqmif? wH OygouHuk?d yaumook

zdwaf c:ukeNf y/D aomxk"d ru
d Oygoumonf? "ra'oem,w&m;
a'oemawmf\? tE&m,HtE&m,fukd? tedpaEmtvkdr&Sdonf?
([kwmG )? wm[dxked wfwEYdk iS ?hf o'? uaxodajymqdNk y?D }} wdodYk
rdeaYf wmfrNl y/D ]]baE {0HodyYk gavm?}} wdodaYk vQmufuek Nf y/D
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Yk nf;?}} wdodrYk ed aYf wmfrNl y/D ]]'ged? uk[
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Yd tv,f?
arm'rmaem0rf;ajrmufvsu?f 0dp&dwmG vSnv
hf nf? 'gae0yif?
*Em? ykewpfzef? arm'e|maea,00rf;ajrmuf&m t&yfomvsi?f
edAa wmjzpf&Ny?D }} wdodaYk vQmufuek Nf y/D ]]bdua 0 tmrtdr;f ? [d
rSe\
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h ek af om? *[|m 0gtdrf wnfol vl0wf
aMumifwo
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oAw tvk;H pkaH om ypKye f wrvGef ESpw
f efaomb0? arm'Ead ,0
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ur0o
d 'k rd waem}}wd[laom? rH *gxHud?k tm[a[mawmfrNl y/D
" arm'wd ayp arm'wd uwykanm Ob,w arm'wd?
aom arm'wd aom yarm'wd 'domG ur0o
d 'k d rwaem/
uwykanm-jyKtyfNy;D aom aumif;rI&o
dS o
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f efaom
b0? arm'wd-0rf;ajrmuf&\? twaem-rdr\
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d 'k - uH\ pifMu,f
jcif;uk?d 'domG -jrif&? 0g-jrif&jcif;aMumif?h aom-xkad umif;rIudk jyKNy;D
olonf? arm'wd-0rf;ajrmuf&\? aom-xkd aumif;rIudk jyKNy;D olonf?
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0*f

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ww-xkd*gxm? uwykanmwd-um;? emeyum&-aom?

ukov-ukov
dk u
f ?dk um&aum-aom? yk*a vm-onf? arm'wd pyf?
ar-igonf? ygyH-raumif;rIu?dk tuwH 0w-rjyKtyfrad vpGwum;? arigonf? uvsmPH-aumif;aomtrIu?dk uwH (0w)-jyKtyfNy;D aypGwum;?
wd-okYd awG;? "-b0? urarm'aee-uHaMumifh 0rf;ajrmuf
&jcif;tm;jzihv
f nf;aumif;? 0g-uHudk axmuf 0rf;ajrmuf&jcif;tm;jzihf
vnf;aumif;? ayp-? 0dyguarm'aee-tusKd ;aMumifh 0rf;ajrmuf&jcif;
tm;jzihv
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Ob,w-ypKye f wrvGef ESpw
f efaom b0? arm'wd emr-0rf;ajrmuf
&onf rnf\/ ur0o
d 'k Ed -d um;? "rdu
Oygoaumyd-"ru
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onfvnf;? twaem-rdr\
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" avmauyd-avmuvnf;? arm'wd-0rf;ajrmuf&\? umvHaojcif;uk?d 0g-aocsed u
f ?dk uwGm-jyKNy;D ? (wpfenf;) umvH uwGm-aoNy;D
? 'ged-? y&avmauyd-aemufavmuvnf;? twdarm'wda,0tvGef 0rf;ajrmuf&onfom? wd-wGif *gxmtzGit
hf Ny;D wnf;/
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onf? ta[oH-k ukeNf y?D r[mZe "ra'oem omwdu
m ta[mod?
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"rdu
Oygou0wKbmom#Dum Ny;D \/

12-a'0'w0wKbmom#Dum
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358

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a'0'wa'0'wf\? 0wK0wKu?dk yAZw

d umvawm&[ef;jyK
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0g-ajrrsKcd sed w
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l yfuek af om? oAmedtvk;H pku
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Zmwfawmfwu
Ydk ?dk 0dwm a&wGmcsUJ ? uxdwH a[mawmfrt
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d mrnfaom? rvmeHrvmrif;wk\
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twd \? wHxdt
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d med*;Hk ukd? edm,rSD? tEkyd,r0aetEkyd
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onfaomfvnf;? (a[mwkap?) cw,
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&Sif &[ef;jyKuek v
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tEkyd,H/ / ]]tEkyd,m}}[k qkdvkdvsuf tmudk &jyK ed*[dwfvm/
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0*f

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6a,mufuek af om? ar oausomuD0ifrif;om;wku

Yd ?dk tyAZaE
&Sif &[ef;rjyKonfwu
Ydk ?dk 'domG ? ]]r,Hwko
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om;wdu
kY ?kd yAmaZr&Sif &[ef;jyKapuke\
f ? qukeaf om? ar ousm
wko
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awG r[kwMf uovdb
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oenf;?}} wdod?Yk uxHpum;uk?d ork|mayokH jzpfapukeNf y/D tx
acgxdt
k cg? r[memarmr[memrfrnfaom? oausmomuD0ifrif;
om;onf? tEk'k H tEk'k g rif;om;ok?Yd OyouFrw
d mG ? ]]wmwnDawmf
trSmuHwk\
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l nf? ewd
r&S?d wHG 0goifonfaomfvnf;? yAZ&Sif &[ef;jyKygavm? t[H 0g
igonfaomfvnf;? yAZ
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ye-qufOK;tH?h aomxkt
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360

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ykewpfzef? uDVo
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xkt
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pyf/ rmwmonf? t-xdt
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apvTwt
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rmwkr,fawmf\? yda,mcspt
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l nf? e-r[kw?f (wpfenf;) t[Huk?d rmwk-onf? e yda,m-rcspt
f yf? {wuH rQtwkid ;f t&Sn&f adS om?
umvHtcgywfv;Hk ? arighz?Ykd rH ewyd 0l H emrewrd ek rYf nfonfu?dk
(r&Srd ek rYf nfonfu)dk ? e ypdraMumfay;cJzh ;l ? awmtcgrS? y|m,
p? tnHr&Srd ek rYf S tjcm;aom? yl0H emrrkerYf nfonfu?dk e cg'dmrd
rcJpm;awmht?Hh }} wd-Ny/D aomxkt
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Ydk nf?
t[HuRefawmfhukd? yda,mcspftyfoavm tyda,mrcspftyf
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tcgrS? y|m,? t[HuReaf wmfonf? tnHtjcm;aom? yl0H emr
rkerYf nfonfu?kd e cg'dmrdrcJpm;awmht?hH ewyd 0l ar0udo
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pum;onf? O'yg'dxif&mS ;jzpfNy?D (utb,foY kd jzpfoenf;) ]]bwH

emrxrif;rnfonf? uk[ tb,ft&yf? O|[wdxGuaf y:oenf;?
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jzpfNy?D }} wd-ok?Yd onD-onf? ta[mod ud&-wJ/h tEkak 'e yeonf

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h nf;aumif;? 0g-qefu
Y sib
f ufukd
y,f&Sm;Edkifaom wefcdk;ESifhwuGjzpfaom oGefoifa[mjyqHk;rjcif;jzifh
vnf;aumif;? tEkomoEmoGefoifa[mjy qkH;rukefvsuf? awxkd
&d,rnf\? kd;&mw&m;a[m qkH;rjcif;onf tEkomoeDyg#d[m&d,rnf\?
wefckd;trsdK;rsdK;jyjcif;onf 'dyg#d[m&d,rnf\? xkdwGif t&Sifom&dykMwm\
yg#d[m&d,onf tma'oemyg#d[m&d,ESihf tEkomoeDyg#d[m&d,wnf;?
t&Siaf rm*vm ef\ yg#d[m&d,um; 'dy g#d[m&d,ESifh tEkomoeDyg#d[m&d
,wnf;/
qufOK;tH-h xk&d [ef;ig;&mwdo
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aMumihf aomwmyefjzpfaMumif;ukd 0d-4 363 qkd\/ 'D.|-1 323um;
t&Sifom&dykMwm\ w&m;em&ojzihf aomwmyefwnf t&Sifarm*vmef\
w&m;em&ojzihf t&[wzv
dk f wnfonf[k qk\
d ? 'DCbmPuESifh cEu
bmPuwd\
Yk tvkad Mumihf xko
d Ydk tqku
d jGJ ym;&onf[k rSw&f m\/ (om&w3 416? oD#Dopf-2 413)
0d*[/ / w w pdwm pm&H tm'd tm'd+a'oem tma'oem(0Zd&-533)? tm'dwd {wm,mwd tma'oem-olwpfyg;pdwjf zpfyu
Hk dk
Tejf yaMumif;wefc;dk ? y#dyau-qefu
Y sib
f ufwu
Ykd ?dk [&wDw-d y,f&mS ;wwfaom
aMumih?f y#d[m&d,?H (wpfenf;) ypm [&dwAH y0awwAEd y#d[m&d,-H aemuf
jzpfaptyfaom wefc;dk ? y#d[m&d,ar0 yg#d[m&d,?H (wpfenf;) y#d[m&da,+
b0H yg#d[m&d,H-'d tma'oem tEkomoeD[laom y#d[m&d,3yg;
taygif; jzpfaom(yg0ifaom) wpfyg;yg;aomwefckd;? (wpfenf;) y#d[m&da,+ZmwH yg#d[m&d,H-qefYusifbufudk y,f&Sm;wwfaom pwkwpsmefESihf
t&[wr*f (pwkwp smefESihf t&[wr*faMumifh) jzpfaomwefcdk;? (wpfenf;)
y#d[m&d,awm+tm*wH yg#d[m&d,H-qefYusifbufudk y,f&Sm;wwfaom
pwkwpsmefESihf t&[wr*frS vmaomwefckd;(rlv#D-1 8? eDbm-1 419 p
onf)/
tma'oem p+om+yg#d[m&d,H pmwd tma'oemyg#d[m&d,H? tEk-

0*f

"ry'bmom#Dum

385

&[ef;wku
dY ?dk trwHtNrKd uaf &at; raoaq;uk?d yga,wGmaomuf
ap? 0gwdkufauR;? tm'g,ac:,l? tmumaoeaumif;uif
c&D;jzifh? tm*rok<uvmawmfrlMuukefNyD/ aumumvdaumydaumumvduonfvnf;? ]]tm0kaom a'0'wigh&Sifa'0'wf Oa|[d
xavm? om&dykwarm*vmae[dwkdYonf? aw bduLwkdYukd? eDwm
Yk }kd }[kvnf; ay;Muao;\/
ac:aqmifomG ;tyfuek Nf y?D ]]aw- oif\? bduL -wdu
a&SUem; ]]aw bduL tm'g,}} [k&Sdojzifh pOf;pm;yg/ r,monf? wGH oifh
ukd? ]tm0kaomigh&Sif om&dykwarm*vmaewkYdukd? rm 0dmod
tuRr;f r0ifEiS ?hf } wdok?Yd 0kawm eEkajymqkt
d yfco
hJ nfr[kwaf vm
om&dykwarm*vmemwkYdonf? ygydpm,kwfrmaom tvkd&Sdukef\?
ygydumeH,kwrf mukeaf om? pmeHtvkw
d \
Ydk ? 0oHtvko
d ?Ydk *wm
vkdufukef\?}} wd 0wGm? ZPKaue'l;jzihf? [',raZESvkH;om;\
omowd {wm,mwd tEkomoeD-qkH;raMumif;w&m;(ygpda,m-514? plbm387)? tma'oemyg#d[m&da,e+o[dwm+tEkomoeD tma'oemyg#d[m&d,mEkomoeD-olwpfyg;pdwjf zpfyu
Hk dk Tejf yaMumif; wefc;dk jym#d[mESihf wuG
jzpfaom oGefoifqkH;rjcif;-qkH;raMumif;w&m;(0drwd-2 254)/ (wpfenf;)
tma'oemyg#d[m&da,e+oH,w
k m +tEkomoeD tma'oemyg#d[m&d,mEkomoeD-olwpfyg;pdwfjzpfykHukd TefjyaMumif; wefckd;jym#d[mESifh ,SOfaom
oGefoifqkH;rjcif;-qkH;raMumif;w&m;(0Zd&-533)/
'Gefvnf;jyKoif/h / y& pdwH wGm uxeH tma'oemyg#d[m&d,?H
au0vH "ra'oem tEkomoeDyg#d[m&d,?H w'kb,H "rD uxm emr? wm,
axa&m Mo0'd(0drwd-2 254)}}[laom tzGihf w'kb,Hukd Munhf tEkomoeDaemif yg#d[m&d,yk't
f ausMuu
H m ]]tma'oemyg#d[m&d,H p+tEkomoeD p tma'oemyg#d[m&d,mEkomoeD-olwpfyg;pdwfjzpfykHukd Tefjy
aMumif; wefckd;jym#d[m oGefoifqkH;raMumif;wefckd;jym#d[m}}[k 'Geformof
jyKoihfonf/ 'dyg#d[m&d,mEkomoed,mukdvnf; ]]'d {0+yg#d[m&d,H
'dyg#d[m&d,H-qefYusifbufukd y,f&Sm;wwfaomwefckd;-wefckd;jym#d[m(0Zd
&-533)}}[k jyKNyD;aemuf tma'oemyg#d[m&d,mEkomoeDtwkdif; qufyg/

386

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wnf&m &iftv,f? y[&dwku

d Nf y?D wxkad '0'wf\? waw0xkd
t&yfyif? OPSH ylaom? avm[dwH aoG;onf? rkcawmcHwiG ;f rS? O*d
tefxu
G Nf y/D yequfOK;tH?h bduK oC
H y&d0w
k H &[ef;taygif; jc&H t
H yf
aom? 0g-tyfvsu?f tmumaoeaumif;uifc&D;jzif?h tm*p EH <uvm
aom? tm,oEH om&dyw
k H t&Sio
f m&dyw
k & muk?d 'domG -? bduL wkYd
onf? tm[Hok avQmufuek Nf y?D (u)? ]]baEjrwfpmG bk&m; tm,om
om&dyak wmonf? *reumav<uoGm;&mtcg? tw'w
k ad ,mrdrd
[laom 2yg;ajrmuftazmf&o
dS nf? ([kwmG )? *awm<uoGm;ygNy?D 'ged
? r[my&d0ga&mrsm;aomtjct
H &H&o
dS nf? ([kwmG -?) tm*paEm
<uvmvaomf? 0g-aMumih?f aombwdwifw
h ,fyg\?}} wd-Ny/D owm
onf? ]]bdua 0wkYd 'gae0yif? om&dyak wmonf? e aombwd
wifw
h ,fonfr[kwaf o;? ykaAa&S;? wd& pmea,med,H wd& pmefrsK;d ?
edAw
u
mavydjzpf&mtcgvnf;? r,SH \? ykawmom;jzpfaom om&d
ykMwmonf? rr\? oEu
d H ok?Yd tm*paEmvmvaomf? aombda,0
wifw
h ,fco
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a[mwd oDv0wH tawm y#doEm&0kwed ?H
vuPH y tm,EH wdoC
H yk&uw?H
tx yod}rH umVH ok0[
d eD 0H wdb/d
oDv0wH-csr;f om&aMumif; aumif;aomtusihf u
dS ek af om? y#doEm&0kwed -H "ry#doEm& tmrdoy#doEm&[laom toufarG;rIdS
ukeaf om? (y@dwmeH-pOf;pm;ajrmfjrif ynmSiw
f \
Ydk ?) tawm-tSed jf rifh
vsuf wkd;wufBuD;yGm;jcif;onf? a[mwd-jzpf&kd;om "rwmwnf;?
(ba'-om;Bu;D aTaoG; vluav;\ arG;onfrh cd if tk.d ..Sirf wdoHCyk&uw-H ig;&m&Ha>c aqGawmfrsKd ;awmfwo
Ydk nf ,kMH unfu;dk pm; aSU
uxm;tyfonfjzpf? tm,EH-rdbXmeD igwkdYqDukd vmaeaom?

0*f

"ry'bmom#Dum

387

vuP-H acgifaqmifaumif;yDvo
S nfh om;Bu;D vuPuk?d y- qD;BuKd
*kPjf yK Munfh pI rf;ygavm? (ba'-om;qk;d orD;qk;d rjypf;dk rkYd wk;d
tm;opf atmifu
h mcsp&f tk.d ..ESr) tx-om;Bu;D *kPjf yK Munfh NI y;D
&m xkt
d cgrSaemuf? wdb-d ig;&m&Ha>c aqGawmfrsKd ;awmfwo
Ydk nf?
ok0[
d eD 0H - rjyefwrf; aojcif;jzifh t<uif;rJh pGeyYf pftyfco
hJ nfomjzpfaom?
(wpfenf;) wdb-d wkrYd ?S ok0[
d eD 0H -aumif;pGm ,kwaf vsmch o
hJ nfom
jzpfaom? rH umVH-acgif;aqmifvuPm tSi;f uGmonfh orift
om;zsi;f armifumVuk?d yod-om;zsi;f aemifa&; tm;ukeaf wG;um
Iprf;ygOK;avm/
ykewpfzef? bduL [dwko
Yd nf? ]]baE a'0'awmonf? a'G
ukeaf om? t*om0auwku
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eHyg;wkYd ? edo'D gaywGmxkid af p? ]Ak'v
VD m,jrwfpmG ;bk&m;&Si\
f pr,f
jcif;jzif?h "rH uk?d a'aomrda[mth?H } wdokBYd u
H ? wkrmS uH
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f jyKtyfaom trlt&muk?d
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r[kwaf o;? ykaAyd vnf;? {o({aom)a'0'wfonf? rr\?
tEku&d ,
d H uk?d umwkH iSm? 0g,rdtm;xkwcf zhJ ;l Ny?D yeodaYk omfvnf;? e
oud rpGr;f Ekid cf ?hJ }} wdod?Yk 0wGmNy;D ? tyd 0D&u ?ay? rawmwd tm'dem-tyd0&D ?ay? rawmtp&So
d nfjzif?h ZmwuH-ud?k 0wGm-?
tyd 0D&u yaod oukPH rKbmPuH?
r,l&*D0ouFmoH yw r,SH o0d|uH/
0D&ut&Si0f &D u? rKbmPuHom,mat;csKd ajymqkad vh&adS om?
r,l&*D0ouFmoHOa'gif;iSufrif; vnfyif;tqif;vkd pdrf;kdaom
tqif;&Sad om? r,HS uRerf \? ywvifjzpfaom? o0d|uHo0d|urnf
aom? oukPH iSuu
f ?dk tyd yaodjrifryd goavm/ avmyaw
ruma&mjzifh typnf;ukd {jyK?-Zm |-2 137/

388

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,ru

O'uxvp& yuad em edpH tmrurpabmZdaem?

wmEku&H o0d|aum ao0gav yvd*P
k ad wm rawm/
o0d|aumo0d|uonf? O'uxvp&a&a&muke;f yg oGm;
vmvSnv
hf nfEidk af om? edpH tNr?J tmrurpabmZdaemig;pdr;f ukd pm;
avh&adS om? w yuad emiguJo
h aYdk om xkid u
S rf sK;d \? tEku&H (tEkua&maEm)twkvu
dk
f jyKvaomf? 0gtwkvu
dk
f jyKjcif;aMumif?h
ao0gavarSmfxJ? yvd*kPdawmxuf0ef;usif &pfywftyfonf?
([kwmG )? rawmaoavNy/D
ty&mya&okyd tjcm;tjcm;vnf;jzpfuek af om? 'd0aookaeYwYdk
? wxmEkyl ar0xkt
d aMumif;t&mtm; avsmo
f nfomjzpfaom? uxH
uk?d tm&A taMumif;jyK? tpm&d ?ay? 0da&mpoDwd {0rm'De-d tpm&d
?ay? 0da&mpod odt
Yk p&Sad om? Zmwumed-wdu
Yk ?kd uaxod-Ny/D
tpm&d 0wm,H 0dw'k H 0emed u|*Fak uok tom&auok?
txm}o'g c'd&H Zmwom&H ,w} A'd g *kaVm Owr*/
0emed-tumoufouf ESprf zufonfh vufyyH ifvdk awmopfyif
rsKd ;wku
Yd ?dk 0dw'k -H (0dw'k aEm)-acgufvsu?f 0g-xk;d azmufvsu?f tom&auok-tumcsn;f jynfh tESprf Su
d ek af om? u|*Fak uo-k xif;\ tzdYk
jzpfaom opfyifwYkd ? 0g- xif;qku
d zf o
Ydk pfyifwYkd ? t,H (wG)H - ckcgatmf
jrnf oifonf? tp&d 0w-oifwrYdk sK;d k;d bk;d ab;[kb
d uf tqufquf
u prSepf mG 0rf;pmSmvsuf vSnv
fh nfusupf m;cJah vNy?D tx-tESpf
r,SOf opfyifwrYdk mS SmazGc&hJ m xkt
d cgrSaemuf? (a,m) *kaVmuREyfk af &mif;&if; tMuiftaqGawmfiu
S rf if;onf? Owr*-tjrwft*Fg
OK;acgif;&wemuk?d ,w-tMuifmS ;yif? tA'd g- ku
d cf cJG ahJ vNy?D bd'"mwf
tp&d/ / tZweD Mo0dbwfukd jyK? qef;aMumifh uGpd "mwkjzifh p 'DC
jyK *gxmwGif ]]tpm&d}}[k &Sdonf/ tpm&d 0wm,Ed tp&d 0w t,H?-Zm
|.2 149/

0*f

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389

tZweDtm0dbwf? (aom *kaVm-uREy

fk af &mif;&if; xkt
d aqGawmf iSuf

rif;onf?) Zmwom&H- tacgufyifyG rmvSuspv

f pf jzpfaomtESpf
Sad om? (wH) c'd&-H xkd mS ;yifo?Ydk tmo'g- trSwrf xm; rodjim;vnf;
i,fpOfwnf;u prSepf mG vma&mufcahJ yNy/D tm+o'+tZweD tm?
voD p aw edyv
w
d m rwaum p y'gvdawm?
oAm aw zmokum b*g tZ acg wHG 0da&mpod/
awoif\? voD pOK;aESmufonfvnf;? edyv
w
d muGx
J u
G Nf y?D
rwaum pOK;xdyu
f v
dk nf;? y'gvdawmeif;cGt
J yfNy?D awoif\? oAm
tvk;H pku
H ek af om? zmokumeH;dk wku
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dk nf;? b*grIerYf eI n
Yf ufnuf csK;d
zsuf eif;acstyfuek Nf y?D tZ acg,aeYawmh? wGH oifonf? 0da&mpod
pHy,fygay\? 0g-vSygay\/
ykezef? ]]a'0'awmonf? tuwlolwpfyg;wkYd jyKxm;tyfz;l
aom aus;Zl;ukd rodwwf?}} wdokaYd om? uxHuk?d tm&A?
]]tu&rSo ?ay? ZD0oD}}wdtm'De-d tu&rSo ?ay? ZD0odtp&Su
d ek af om?
Zmwumed uaxod/
tu&rSo aw udpH ,H AvH t[k0rSao?
rd*&mZ earm wswK tyd udd vbmrao/
,H AvH-tMuifpGrf;tm;onf? t[k0g-SdygNyD? (awe Aave-xkd
t[k0rao/ / ]]t[k0g+rSao}}[k yk'fjzwf? ]]t[k0g}}om vkd&if;wnf;?
]]rS}}um; twDwwaZmwuedygwfyk'f? aoum; *gxmyl&Pedygwfyk'fwnf;?
t[k0g tZweDtm0dbwf(Zm.|-3 25? arm*f.ed-2 350)? (wpfenf;)
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eDwd"mwk-192/ / xkd ]](u) t[k0g+trS+H ao? (c) t[k+trS+H ao}}[k
yk'fjzwfykH 2rsdK;jy\/ (c)tvkd 0-vm kyfNyD;ap&rnf/ Zm.|-3 25ukd rSD
Bu[
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Yd ? ,H AvH-onf? t[k0g t[k&SdcJhygNyD? (awe Aave-jzifh?) aw udpH tu&rS}}[k ay;yg/

390

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pGr;f tm;jzif?h ) aw-\? udp-H udpu

?dk tu&rS- jyKcyhJ gukeNf y?D rd*&mZ-om;
wko
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h m;? earm-Scd ;dk jcif;onf? twK-jzpfygap
ownf;? udd tyd-wpfpw
Hk pfcu
k v
dk nf;? vbmrao-&vkyd guke\
f /
rr avm[dwbu edpH vk'g ed ukAa wm?
'E E& *awm oaEm wH A[kH ,rd ZD0od/
avm[dwbutaoG;ukd aomufpm;avh&adS om? edpH tNr?J
vk'g edMurf;MuKwaf om trIwu
Ydk ?dk ukAa wmjyKvyk af eaom? rrig\?
'E E& *awmoGm;tMum; a&mufNy;D onf? oaEmjzpfygvsu?f ,H ZD0od
tMuiftouf&iS \
f ? wHyd xkt
d ouf&iS jf cif;onfaomfrv
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&Siw
f mawmifrv
S nf;)? A[kH rsm;vSNy/D
ykewpfzef? txkad '0'wf\? 0"m,owfjcif;iSm? y&d-oueH
tm;xkwjf cif;uk?d tm&A? ]]warwH ?ay? zv}}Et
d m'Ded ukeaf om?
Zmwumed uaxod/
tu&rSo aw /

/ ]]tu&rSao+aw}}[k wnf okwBf u;D jzihf {ukd

t-jyK(lbm-2 297)? tu&rSao ]]tu&rS+ao}}[k yk'cf

JG [d,swe rD mS
0dbwf? aoum&m*arm tmcsmwemar[d(eDwd-1102)okwfjzifh aovm[k
vnf;aumif; ]]tu&+rSao}}[k cG
J [d,swe D ]]rSao}}0dbwf[v
k nf;aumif;
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ao (5) rsdK; / / ao 5rsdK;udk ykHpHESifhwuG tusOf;csKyf jyygOK;rnf/ xkd
5rsdK;rSm(1) y'g0,0ao= wGH urH ukak o / ukak o ao0dbwf?
(2) ty'g0,0ao= 0a'rao/ r0dbwf aotm*k?H
(3) taeuE y'g0,0ao= b0grao/ r0dbwf aotm*k[
H v
k nf;
aumif; tmrao0dbwf[kvnf;aumif; ESpfrsdK;,lEkdifonf?
(4) aomo'wa o= {aoao/ {aom aomESihf teufw?l
(5) tma'oao= tu&rSo MouEm rod/ ao {ukd tpOftwkid ;f
t-jyKykHESifh -jyKykH/ tus,fukd eDwd"mwk-171? 172 I/

0*f

"ry'bmom#Dum

391

warwH uk*k
F ,H wGH aoyPd od,so?d
tnH aoyPd *pmrd e ar aw kpa w zvH/
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yP+? od&u
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f ad Mumihf PD &jyK/ wGH oifonf? ,H
od,sod tMuifu,
kd w
f idk f a>ccs\? wHuk,
d w
f idk f a>ccsyu
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619)? "r*ged-1 45 tus,af &;cJNh y/D wH(ab;odr
wnfw
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oufawmh? aoyPd ,raeyif tnHtjcm;opfyifo?Ydk *pmrdoGm;
awmht/hH
yke'd0aoaemufwpfaeY? ]]a'0'awmonf? vmboum&awm
pvmbf ylaZmfoum&vnf;aumif;? omrnawm p&[ef;\ jzpf
aMumif; psmef r*f zkv
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rS? y&d[Daem,kwfavsmhNyD?}} wdodkY? uxmokpum;wkdYonf?
y0wrmemokjzpfuek v
f aomf? ]]bdua 0-wkYd 'gae0-yif? a'0'awmod,so/d / yk'o
f nf ]]od+,+ao? (wpfenf;) om+,+ao? (wpfenf;)
od&+,+od? (wpfenf;) aom (tEur-tqk;H jyKjcif;teuf)+,+ao? uGpd
"mwkjzihf Moudk jyK?}}[k 4rsdK; jzpfEkdif\? aom"mwf[laom tqkdum; a&S;
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Ny;D onfomjzpfaom? 0g-e*du
k cif;xm;tyfNy;D onfomvQijf zpfaom?
tmoaeae&m? edo'D d xkid af wmfrNl y/D edoZ acg yexkid af wmfrNl y;D
um;? *Eu
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yOH uk?d ykpw
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D k ormywfwYdk vnf;aumif;?
lyglayok plypsmef tlypsmefwYkd vnf;aumif;? yOH ud?k ykpd Ny/D *E-d
uawa&musr;f pmukd ykcYd saomax&fonf? {urd wpfcak om ykpm ukd
vnf;? uaxwHk ajzqkjd cif;iSm? emoud rpGr;f Edik Nf y/D wa&mtjcm;
aom 0dyemusiahf qmifaomax&fonf? oAH tvk;H pkaH om? wH-xkd
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414

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um&Hom"k[k jyKtyfaom toHu?kd 0gom"kou

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0*f

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vnf;? ea&m-pmwwfayawmf yk*Kd vaf usmo
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+ygwd &uww
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onf? ed,smwdwmeH(ed,sm'dwmeH)-tyfEiS ;f tyfNy;D ukeaf om? *kE-H EGm;rwkYd

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"ry'bmom#Dum

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rlvyPmo#Dum ('k)

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0do'k -d 2
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0do'k rd *r[m#Dum ('k)
A ENGLS-SANSKRITS DICTIONARY
A SANSKRITS-ENGLS DICTIONARY

a0,Hbo
Hk m r[m0gygVdawmfe
d ,
o*gxm0*e'd ge0*o,
H w
k y gVd (y)

437

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oH#-D 1
oH#-D 2
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okwfr[mbm
olpd

oH,w
k # u
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oH,w
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okwe yd gwt|uxm (y)
okwe yd gwt|uxm ('k)
okwfr[m0gbmom#Dum
tbd"mey'yD u
d molpd

C.P.E.D

CONCISE P LI-ENGLS DICTIONARY

M.E.D

MYANMAR-ENGLS DICTIONARY

U.B.B.P.D

The Universal BURMESE-ENGLS-P LI DICTIONARY

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