Bibliography Primary Sources "Arrival of Emigrants [i.e. Immigrants], Ellis Island / American Mutoscope and Biograph Company.

" Arrival of Emigrants [i.e. Immigrants], Ellis Island / American Mutoscope and Biograph Company. Library of Congress Motion Picture, 27 Apr . 1906. Web. 11 Feb. 2013. This Primary source is a video recording of the immigrants arriving to Ellis Island. It depicts scenes at the Immigration Depot and a nearby dock on Ellis Island. It appears to show, first, a group of immigrants lined up to board a vessel leaving the island, then another group arriving at the island and being directed off of the dock and into the Depot by a uniformed official. This video was incorporated into the website to show the influx of immigrants coming into New York City fleeing from oppression in Europe. Some of these immigrants were Italians who left poverty and natural disasters for better economic opportunities in America. Others were Jewish Russians who left persecution to come to America for equal opportunities and freedom. Many of the victims of the Triangle Fire had just experienced that vessel arriving to a land for a better life and found death working for an American dream. Benin, Leigh David. The New York City Triangle Factory Fire. Charleston, SC: Arcadia Pub., 2011. Print. This primary source contains pictures during the Gilded Age in American History, as well as pictures concerning the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire. It showed how during the Gilded Age, the factory owners were prosperous and lived in wealth, while the workers lived in poverty. Also, it showed the consequences of the dangerous working conditions in the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory. Girls Taking Time Checks. Digital image. United States : American Mutoscope and Biograph Company, 1904. Web. This primary source video films almost 200 women waiting in line to sign in to work. This procedure is similar to the daily route of the girls at the Triangle. After their 12 hour work day, their bags would be checked, and the factory owners, in order to prevent theft by the workers, would lock the doors to the factory. This procedure was the reason why the other exit door that could have saved over a hundred lives was locked. Ladies? Tailors Union strikers, NYC, 1910. IRC, 2005 . Image.Discovery Education. Web. 4 February 2013. <http://www.discoveryeducation.com/>. This primary source picture of women on a strike shows the reaction of the mourning public and the support for unions that had been needed to prevent dangerous working conditions. This source shows the National Womens Trade Union League. This important union existed before the fire and had attempted to gain better conditions before the fire, but the Triangle still refused to agree to a union after the strike.

Lampsone, Lauren. "NYC Neighborhoods." Nypl.org. The New York Public Library, 25 Mar. 2011. Web. 7 Jan. 2013. <http://www.nypl.org/blog/2011/03/25/triangleshirtwaist-factory-fire>. This website contains primary source photos of the Triangle Factory Building after the Fire. This was photographers by reporters showing the broken and twisted ladder on the shirtwaist building. A reporter took this primary source photograph in the aftermath of the fire. It shows the destruction of the only fire escape that twisted and collapse. It was the only lifeline to hundreds of girls who were victimized by the lack of fire codes in which business owners ignored in order to gain more profit. This page gave a plethora of links for primary and secondary sources available by the New York City Department of Public Records, Municipal Archives, NYC Department of Records and Information Services. It also included the infamous trial records of the owners Issac Harris and Max Blanck. This series is comprised of manuscripts, forms, notes, clippings, reports, government documents, and charts on over 100 legal cases in New York City that established precedent or were famous. One of the cases documented is the Triangle Shirtwaist Company trial. Newman, Pauline M. Letter to Michael and Hugh Owens. May 1951. In Sweat Shops and Strikes Before 1911. Accessed 4 Jan 2013. . http://www.ilr.cornell.edu/trianglefire/primary/letters/PaulineNewman.html?sto_sec=. sweatshops This letter was written to Michael and Hugh from their aunt Pauline Newman who was a teenage worker at the Triangle Factory. She wrote a description of working conditions at this factory and speaks about why workers endured the indignities. Her experiences encouraged her to become an activist for workers rights in a labor union. She describes in detail how the owners of the factory ignored laws, especially child labor. The factory conditions and low wages that she describes are invaluable eyewitness accounts that later will be changed after the fire. "New York Building Codes Relating to the Triangle Shirtwaist Fire Disaster." New York Building Codes Relating to the Triangle Shirtwaist Fire Disaster. N.p., n.d. Web. 22 Jan. 2013. <http://law2.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/triangle/trianglescodes.html>. This primary source contains safety laws for factories and buildings in the early 1900s, which is when the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire took place. It showed what laws and regulations the owners of the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory violated, as well as safety laws that were not in place at the time of the fire. For example, the doors to the factory were not supposed to be locked, but was locked by the owners of the factory anyways. Also, at that time, fire sprinklers or fire drills, which could have saved lives at the time of the fire, were not required. Robert F. Wagner Labor Archives, Tamiment Institute Library, New York University. 70 Washington Square South, New York, NY 10012 The Wagner Archives has Triangle Fire holdings consisting of an oral history,

vertical file material, and a special edition of the Automatic Sprinkler Bulletin (1911) that is devoted to the fire. It also holds the Socialist Party (U.S.) Records, 1872-1946, which include subject files on the 1911 Triangle Shirt Waist Company fire. I was able to examine primary source documents first hand. The archivist Rachel Searcy allowed me to photograph these sources and listen to the recordings. This resource was significant to my project because it provided background and specific details about the tragedy and the actions of labor reformers. It provided a plethora of information on the reforms and the reaction of the people from various social class. Stein, Leon. ed., Out of the Sweatshop: The Struggle for Industrial Democracy (New York: Quadrangle/New Times Book Company, 1977), pp. 194-195 This primary source book contains testimonials from the girls who worked at the sweat shops and strikes before the Triangle factory fire. These selections came from the Cornells website. Transcripts from eyewitness testimonies provided vivid details about factory conditions and the Cooper Union meeting in 1909. These conditions and the protests of the workers were ignored by the government and considered nuisances to business owners. This helped explain how the reaction of the people and governments involvement in safety laws became a turning point in labor history.Unfortunately their voices were finally heard through the protests of mourners after the fire. "SURVIVOR ORAL HISTORIES." Interview by Dora Maisler. Cornell University. N.p., 12 Apr. 1957. Web. 9 Feb. 2013. <http://www.ilr.cornell.edu/trianglefire/primary/survivorinterviews/DoraMaisler.html>. Dora Maisler was a sample maker on the eighth floor of the Asch Building survivor of the Triangle Waist Company fire, March 25, 1911. She is interviewed on April 12, 1957 by Sigmund Arywitz who was a former California State Commissioner of Labor. Thompson, Charles Willis. Letters, 1901-1912. Division of Rare and Manuscript Collections, Kroch Library, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY. In this primary source newspaper article a journalist and member of the Washington Bureau of the New York Times and of the New York World, Thompson writes a letter providing a witness account of the events surrounding the Fire. It describes the horrific scenes of the fire and the problems surrounding the causes of the fire. "Triangle Fire Open Archive." Triangle Fire Open Archive Home Comments. Rember the Triangle Coalition, 2013. Web. 21 Jan. 2013. <http://rememberthetrianglefire.org/openarchive/>. This website is an invaluable collection of primary sources. It contains memories of the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire and the effort of honoring the deaths until this day. The remember the triangle coalition provides newspaper articles contains articles on the triangle factory fire. Its main purpose is to educate the public on the fire, and to make sure that the lives of those who perished from the fire are not forgotten.

"Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire." History.com. A&E Television Networks, n.d. Web. 19. Jan. 2013. <http://www.history.com/topics/triangle-shirtwaist-fire>. This primary source contains videos of factory girls going on strike when their wages are cut down. Also, it shows the poor sanitary conditions of New York City during the time of the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire. This shows how unions tried to fight for the rights of workers, especially for women and children, and what type of working conditions the workers at that time faced.

Secondary Sources American Experience: TV's Most-watched History Series. Dir. Jamila Wignot. PBS. PBS, . 2011. Web. 30 Dec. 2012. <http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/films/triangle/>. This secondary source film was created for the centennial of the tragedy. It discusses the deaths of the girls using many quotes of the girls and many interesting images and documents. The film shows the experience of the immigrant girls from tireless working conditions, to victims of a failed strike in 1909, the gruesome deaths, and the demonstrations of protesters. Chief Inspector Looks for Duplication of Triangle Fire Horror in Chicago. Digital image. News about Chronicling America RSS. The Daybook, 1 Mar. 1913. Web. 18 Jan.2013. <http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/search/pages/results/?state=>. This secondary source newspaper article printed in a Chicago paper called The Daybook discusses the response of the nation as a result of the fire. The publication of the Triangle tragedy spread concern for fire safety in the American workplace. DeAngelis, Gina. The Triangle Shirtwaist Company Fire of 1911. Philadelphia: Chelsea House, 2001. Print. This book contains primary sources as well as secondary sources. It contains eyewitness accounts as well as survivor accounts. Also, there are pictures which show scenes from before and after the fire. It gives detailed account of what exactly happened during the fire, and the reforms that were created after the fire. This supports the thesis statement that the fire was a turning point in American labor history, and that it gave the push the American public needed to pressure the government into making reforms which would protect the wellbeing of the workers. "Rum, Romanism and Rebellion." Triangle Shirtwaist Fire. N.p., 2013. Web. 1 Feb. .2013. <http://www.rumromanismrebellion.net/2011/03/25/triangle-shirtwaist-fire/>. This secondary source website is a modern day muckraker newsletter. It is a legacy of

William Jennings Bryan, a progressive politician. He is an example of attempts by the public to reform a corrupted government that protected monopolists. This cite contained images used in my website and a quoted from Bryan regarding the defiance of the public to the power of big business. Stuff You Missed in History Class Podcast: Fire at the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory HowStuffWorks, 2011 . Audio. Discovery Education. Web. 4 February 2013. <http://www.discoveryeducation.com/>. This U.S. History podcast provided general information surrounding the historical context of the Triangle fire. It described the early 1900s New York City. It also explained how the factory was incredibly unsafe. The recording explained how the fire at this factory triggered a national change in attitudes surrounding workplace safety. Scoggins, Suzanne. "The Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire." EVE Equal Visibility Everywhere RSS. N.p., 25 Mar. 2011. Web. 2 Feb. 2013. <http://equalvisibilityeverywhere.org/blog/the-triangle-shirtwaist-factory-fire/>. This secondary editorial was written by a Womens History professor about the Triangle Fire. This provided general information regarding the historical context and suggested links for many primary sources. Stein, Leon. The Triangle Fire. Ithaca, NY: Cornell UP, 2001. Print. This important primary source provided many quotes from eye witness accounts. Many of the girls in the interviews discussed their reasons for working in the Triangle and the conditions that motivated them to go on strike. This The Evening Post. Digital image. N.p., 27 Mar. 1911. Web. 2 Feb. 2013. http://media.nola.com/tpphotos/photo/2011/03/9408124-standard.jpg This is a secondary source, because it shows a picture of a newspaper about the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire from Frederick, Maryland. This front page of the Evening Post features the headline No fire escapes- over a hundred perish. The newspaper also contains many photographs from the Triangle Shirtwaist Fire from two days earlier. This shows how the news of the fire was not just a tragedy for New Yorkers, but had shocked the nation. Walkowitz, Daniel. Personal interview. 11 Feb. 2013. Daniel Walkowitz is a professor of labor history in the Department of Social and Cultural Analysis at New York University. He is a social historian who specializes in labor, urban, working class history. He has authored other thirty articles, co-edited or authored five books, and produced three films. I learned that the turning point of the fire had more effects on the labor movement for women and children. He helped me undertand that it was a major political change for government involvement to assist working women and children in the

their struggles with big business. He stressed that it helped the women, and not the men immediately. He also explained that the tragedy had a dramtic impact on Wagner, who helped FDRs New Deal programs providing government involvement with Social Security and a minimum wage. Zuber, Shari L. "Samuel Gompers: Father of the AFL." Cobblestone: The History of Labor Oct. 1992: 10-13. Print. This secondary source tells about the life of Samuel Gompers, the leader of the AFL (American Federation of Labor). It shows the importance of unions, and what kinds of goals the AFL wanted to accomplish. It shows how under the influence of their leader, Samuel Gompers, AFL succeeded and eventually earned respect from the American public.