I
21 2004 .
1
1.1 . . . . . . . . . .
1.2 . . . . . . . . .
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1.3 . . . . . . . . . . .
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4
4
5
5
6
7
8
8
9
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12
12
12
14
14
16
17
19
20
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21
21
23
24
24
25
4
4.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
27
27
28
28
2
2.1 . . . . . .
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2.2 . . .
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2.3 . . . .
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3
3.1 . . . . . . . . . .
3.2 . . . . . . . .
3.3 . . . . . . . . .
3.4 . . . . . . . .
3.5
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5 2-
5.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
30
30
33
6
6.1 . . . . . . . . .
6.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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36
36
36
36
38
39
40
7
7.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
42
42
44
8
8.1 . . .
8.2 . . . . . . . .
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49
49
51
51
52
52
55
9
9.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
9.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
9.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
56
56
56
60
10
10.1 . . .
10.2 . .
10.3 . . . . . . .
10.4 . . . . .
10.5
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62
62
63
65
67
68
11
11.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
11.2
11.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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70
70
71
72
72
72
73
74
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11.4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
75
12
12.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
12.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
12.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
77
77
78
81
13
13.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
13.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
13.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
84
84
85
87
14
14.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
14.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
14.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
92
93
96
96
15
15.1 .
15.2 . . . . . .
15.3 . . . .
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A
A.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . .
A.2 . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1 F1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
A.3 . . . . . . . .
J Y . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Jn . .
I
K . . .
A.4 . . . . . . . .
Pl Plm . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Hn . . . . . . . . . . .
Ln . . . . . . . . . .
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99
99
100
102
105
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108
108
108
108
109
109
109
111
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111
112
112
114
115
116
120
1
1.1
1.1.
u
u 2 u 2 u
mu
,
F x; u;
= 0,
(1.1)
,...,
;
, . . . , k1
x1
xn x21 x1 x2
x1 . . . xknn
F , , x = (x1 , x2 , . . . , xn ) n- Rn , u = u(x) ,1 k1 + k2 + + kn = m.
F, , . m , (1.1). , .
= b(x),
Lu
= a0 (x) +
L
n
X
i=1
ai1 (x)
+
xi k
2
+ ...
xk11 . . . xknn
m
.
xk11 . . . xknn
b = 0, .
, .
,
1
x, y, z , .
1.
. m, n 1. ( ) . ,
.
.
1.1.
u
=0
x
(x, y) u(x, y) = f (y), f
. , .
m = 1, n = 2,
.
u(0, y) = sin y, f (y) = sin y .
1.2
m
m, . . .
k
k
k
k
k
l1 l
l+1
(.
?
ul
[1, 7]). ul
l- .
d2
(1.2)
m 2 ul = kul1 + 2kul kul+1 .
dt
Fl = T ul /a, a
, T , k = T /a. ,
m a, . x = la, l-
a 0 T, ,
...
ul1 = ul
u
2 u a2
a + 2 + ....
x
x 2
(1.2),
1 2u 2u
2 = 0,
c2 t2
x
(1.3)
1.
p
c = T / .
, (
) .
,
(r, t) v(r, t)
r t (
). V . . v,
Z
I
dV = v dS.
t
S ,
. , .
+ div (v) = 0.
(1.4)
t
, ,
, [2, 2]
p
v
+ (v)v =
.
t
(1.5)
, . 4 5 . ,
(1.5) w, w () [2]. p = p(, v)
( ) .
= 0 =
const, p = p0 = const, v = 0.
(r, t) = 0 + 1 (r, t),
,
1
+ 0 div v = 0,
t
v
p1
=
.
t
0
1.
,
,
1 2
(1.6)
1 = 0, = 2 2 4,
c t
, , . c
c2 = p/. .
[3]
1 H
,
c t
1 E
,
rot H =
c t
rot E =
div E = 0,
(1.7)
div H = 0
(1.8)
8 6 , E, H.
, (r, t), A(r, t)
,
1 A
E =
, H = rot A.
(1.9)
c t
, [3, 18].
1
+ divA = 0
c t
, , (1.9) (1.7), (1.8). (1.7) rot E . (1.8) rot H,
rot rot A = 4 A + div A,
A = 0.
, . , , . ,
. .
1.
(r, t), r t [4].
i~
= H,
t
~ . H
U (r)
2
= p
= i~.
H
+ U (r), p
2m
, . , ,
t = 0 , .
(r, t) = eiEt/~ (r),
E,
= E.
H
(1.10)
, E, . .
cp T (cp , T
) V . ,
Z
I
cp T dV = Q dS.
t
, ,
Q = T . cp , ,
T
= 4 T,
t
(1.11)
1.
1.1: .
1
2
3
4
, - ,
5
6
= /cp .
, , , .
, , . ,
.
4u = 0, (1.11) , .
(). .
.
1.3
1.1
.
. , . .
, ( , ) .
. 2 5. , . 6. , ,
. 7.
1.
10
.
, 7 8 9, , . , .
, ,
. .
.
, . , , . ,
. 103 ,
106 , 109 , . . ,
.
.
. , . 9/8
/ . : , , , . 10, 11 , , . , .
12, ( ), 13,
, 14,
. 15 ,
.
1.
11
- . , ,
[5], . , , , , [611]. , ,
, [12] .
[1316]. [1721] , .
[22,23], . [24]. .
2
2.1
u
= 0,
(2.1)
x
a(x) = (a1 , a2 , . . . , an ), x = (x1 , x2 , . . . , xn ) n- , ,
a u.
a(x)
2.1.
x = a(x),
(2.2)
,
.
(2.2) n , n ( x, , ). n 1
, : F1 (x) = const, . . . , Fn1 (x) =
const. . Rn , Fi , .
Fi , (2.1). g
u(x) = g(F1 (x), . . . , Fn1 (x)).
(2.3)
2.
3
2.5
2.5
1.5
1.5
0.5
0.5
(a)0
13
(b)
0
0
0.5
1.5
2.5
0.5
1.5
2.5
n1
n1
X X g Fj X g dFj
u X u
a
=
=
=
= 0.
xi
xi
x
xi
Fj xi
Fj d
i=1
i=1 j=1
j=1
, , .
, , ,
[25, 26]. (2.1) , u(x)
a. (2.1)
. (2.1)
, . ( ) n1 (F1 , . . . , Fn1 ). du/d = 0, (2.3).
2.1. a = (sin x, cos y) sin xux +cos yuy = 0 (x, y) R2 , . 2.1(a). x = sin x, y = cos y .
, , : F (x, y) = tg (x/2)[1tg (y/2)]/[1+tg (y/2)].
g u(x, y) = g(F ), 2.1(b).
2.
14
, (2.1)
, S
u|S = f (x).
(2.4)
a(x)
u
= b(x)
x
(2.5)
2.
15
(2.6)
n + 1 n + 1- . x1 , x2 , . . . , xn u.
(2.2), x( ) (2.6)
R . u( ) = b(x( )) d + const.
Fi ,
x, (2.5)
(2.3)
Z
b(x( 0 )) d 0 .
u(x) = g(F1 , . . . , Fn1 ) +
0
2.2.
1
ux yuy = y,
x
x = x1 , y = y, u = y.
3 C, C1 , C2 :
x2
= + C1 ,
2
y = C2 e ,
u = C2 e + C.
, . .
, .
, ,
. , , , .
2.
16
Rn . a(y/x)uy = b,
y = a(y/x). , (x/y)y = a. , , ..
J = det (yi /xj ) .
2.2
a(x, u)
u
= b(x, u)
x
(2.7)
, . ,
, ( ).
x = a(x, u),
u = b(x, u),
(2.8)
.
.
n , :
F1 (x, u) = const, . . . , Fn (x, u) = const.
,
Rn+1 . (2.7) n
G(F1 (x, u), . . . , Fn (x, u)) = 0.
, ,
.. u.
, , . xi
G Fk Fk u
+
= 0,
Fk xi
u xi
,
k = 1 k = n. uxi
2.
17
(2.7), x i Fk /xi =
dFk /d uF
k /u,
dFk
Fk
u
G d b u
u
= x i
=
a
= b,
g Fk
x
xi
Fk
Fk u
dFk /d .
(2.8) 6u
. @
@
@
@
@
@
@
@
@
@
@
@
@
@
@
@
@
@
@
@
@
@
u = 0 u = const , u x2 . x = a ,
x1
u = 0.
. , . .
u
u
+u
=0
t
x
(2.9)
, , ,
, (1.5) .
t = 1,
x = u,
u = 0
x ut = F1 (x, t, u) = const,
u = F2 (x, t, u) = const.
2.
18
u
3
2.5
1.5
2
1
(a)
-4
-2
0.5
2
(b)
0.5
1.5
2.5
t3
1
,
1 + 2 t
= x ut.
(2.11)
t = t = 1, u =
/2 x = /2.
t > t (. . 2.2a). . , u = arcctg , 1 + 2
t = 0 1. |x t/2| 6 (t 1)3/2 , t > 1.
. t < t ,
t > t , . 2.2b .
. u(x, 0)
u(x, 0)/x < 0, ( u)
. ,
. [27].
(x, t, u)
(u, 1, 0), . . , t = 0
u(x, 0). u(x, 0) =
2.
19
-2
0
x
2
4
3
2
u
1
2
1.5
1
0.5 t
0
. 2.3: .
arcctg x 2.3. t < 1
, t > 1
. ,
. (x , t , u ) = (/2, 1, /2),
, .
2.3
2.3.
u
u
u
F (x, p, u) = 0, x = (x1 , . . . , xn ), p =
=
.
(2.12)
,...,
x
x1
xn
2n + 1- (n xi , n pi u).
1.1, , . (2.7)
(2.12) p F = a(x, u)p
b(x, u).
, (2.12) xk
F
F pi
F u
F
F pk F
+
+
=
+
+
pk = 0.
xk pi xk
u xk
xk pi xi
u
2.
20
(2.7),
xi =
F
,
pi
pi =
F
F
pi ,
xi
u
u =
F
pi .
pi
(2.13)
, pi ,
u = ux x.
x = Fp , p = Fx pFu , u = pFp .
2n
(2.13) F1 (x, p, u), F2 (x, p, u), . . . , F2n (x, p, u),
:
G(F1 , . . . , F2n ) = 0.
(2.14)
(2.14) n pi = u/xi pi . , , ,
.
[28]
1
St + Sx2 = 0.
2
S(x, 0) = x2 .
(2.12) , F
u. p0 = St , p1 = Sx . F = p0 + p21 /2 = 0,
t = 1, x = p1 , p0 = p1 = 0, S = p0 + p21 p21 /2.
, p0
S
p2
t = g(x pt),
2
p = g 0 (x pt);
p p1 .
, p. g = x2 ,
S
p2 t
= (x pt)2 ,
2
p = 2(x pt) p =
2x
,
1 + 2t
S = x2 /(1 + 2t).
, , [25, 29].
3
, . ( )
x t. , 5, .
3.1
3.1.
A
+B
= b,
(3.1)
t
x
A, B mm, A , = (1 , . . . , m )| , b = (b1 , . . . , bm )|
, .1 A, B, b
x, t, , .
, ,
(x, t), .
, d = t dt + x dx.
(3.1) 2m t , x .
2m (2m + 1)
A
B b
.
(3.2)
Edt Edx d
,
E .
1
| .
21
3.
22
3.1: .
, (x0 , t0 )?
(x, t) (x0 , t0 )+x (xx0 )+t (tt0 ),
,
. , , .
(
(3.2) ).
dx
A
B
Edt Edx = 0 A dt B = 0.
:
A B
C D = |AD CB| ,
A, B, C, D , A C .
, C = A1 B
E C = 0,
dx
.
dt
(3.3)
, C.
, 3.1. ,
, ,
. .
, (3.3) , (3.2)
A
B
A
B b
.
(3.4)
rang
= rang
Edt Edx
Edt Edx d
. , dx/dt (3.3). , .
3.
3.2
23
p (1.4), (1.5) ,
c =
dp/d,
: p = p(). (x, t) u(x, t)
t + ux + ux = 0, ut +
c2
x + uux = 0.
(3.5)
u
- = (, u)| , A , B = c2 / u .
1,2 = u c(). u
c,
.
, ,
1 0
0
u
2
dt
0 1 c /
d
u
0
=
= 0,
dt 0 dx
dx u dt dux=uc
0 d
0 dt 0 dx du
du = c d. . ,
Z
c() d
J = u
.
(3.6)
(3.5) c/
.
J+
J+
+ (u + c)
= 0,
t
x
J
J
+ (u c)
= 0.
t
x
, , .
, u, c() J .
, , , .
, -
,
. , ut + (u + c)ux = 0, .
. , p = const.
( 4).
3.
3.3
24
,
C .
C ,
(3.7)
t + Cx = f,
f (x, t) , b
(3.1) A1 . C
C = T T 1 ,
1 0 ...
0 2 ...
0
0
= .. .. .. .. .
. . . .
0
0 ... m
- = T , , (3.7) T 1 ,
t + x = f,
. f =
T 1 f T 1 Tt T 1 CTx , . , .
, ,
-.
3.4
wtt wxx = 0
(3.8)
, wt u, wx v.
,
ut vx = 0,
vt ux = 0.
0 1
1
C = 1
T = ( 11 1
):
0
1 0
= ( 0 1 ), t x = 0, t + x = 0,
= (u + v)/2, = (u v)/2. , ,
w(x, t) = f (x t) + g(x + t).
(3.9)
3.
25
, . , . ,
.
(3.8). ,
w(x, 0) = q(x), wt (x, 0) = h(x).
(3.10)
(3.9), f, g
f (x) + g(x) = q(x),
, g 0 = 12 (q 0 + h), f 0 = 21 (q 0 h).
1
1
w(x, t) = [q(x t) + q(x + t)] +
2
2
Zx+t
h(x0 ) dx0 .
(3.11)
xt
x ct x + ct.
, .
- O, . t > 0
O, ..
-x
, ,
O. t < 0 O
, .. ,
O.
t6
3.5
tt xx = p(x, t),
(3.12)
. ,
wtt wxx = 0,
vtt vxx = p(x, t),
(3.13)
(3.14)
3.
26
(3.15)
, , t =
. (3.11),
,
t :
x+(t
Z )
1
u(x, t, ) =
2
p(x0 , ) dx0 .
x(t )
, u
v(x, t) =
Zt
u(x, t, ) d
(3.14). , vt = u(x, t, )| =t +
Rt
u (x, t, ) d.
0 t
Rt
(3.15). vtt = ut (x, t, )| =t + 0 utt d.
p(x, t) (3.15).
x .
,
v vtt vxx =
Zt
, (3.12)
1
1
(x, t) = [q(x t) + q(x + t)] +
2
2
Zx+t
Zt
1
h(x0 , t) dx0 +
d
2
xt
x+(t
Z )
p(x0 , ) dx0 .
x(t )
4
4.1
(3.5) ,
:
. (t, x) (, u), u ,
(x, t)
u
t
x
t
x
= 1 = t
+ x ,
= 0 = ut
+ ux ;
t
x
u
t
x
= 0 = t
+ x ,
= 1 = ut
+ vx .
u
u
u
u
u
u
t, x
t x
(t, x)
J =
.
t
x
(, u)
u
u
J 6= 0, ,
1 t
1 x
1 t
1 x
, x =
, ut =
, ux =
.
t =
J u
J u
J
J
, ,
t
t
x c2 t
t
x
u
+
= 0,
+u
= 0.
(4.1)
u
u
,
t, x.
.
.
27
4.
28
4.2
,
u = x . w , dw = c2 () d/.
2x
+ w = 0.
(4.2)
2
, . .
2
u
+ w dt + u dx.
d t dt + x dx =
2
t +
t, x, , u.
w(). , [30]:
2
u
(w, u) = +
+ w t ux, d = t dw (x ut) d,
2
t=
, x ut = .
w
u
(4.1)
w (/ = (c2 /)/w) , .
, (4.2).
2 2
+
= 0.
(4.3)
w2 u2 w
c .
, . , .
c2
4.3
,
(p = const),
Z 2
c d
dp
p
p
2
c =
= , w=
=
c2 = ( 1)w.
d
4.
29
,
=
2n + 3
5 7
= 3, , , . . . ,
2n + 1
3 5
n , .
n = 1, 2 . ,
n = 0, n n + 1.
n = 0 (4.3)
2w
2 0 2 0 0
+
= 0,
w2
u2
w
n. =
2 0 2 0
= 0,
2
u2
2w
(3.9) .
0 (w, u) = f ( 2w u) + g( 2w + u).
, 5.
n
2w 2 n 2 n n
+
=0
2n + 1 w2
u2
w
w, (2n+1)/(2n+3):
2w 3 n 2n + 1 3 n
2 n
+
= 0.
2n + 3 w3
2n + 3 wu2
w2
, n /w (n + 1)- .
p , 0
u u = u (2n + 3)/(2n + 1).
!
r
2n + 3
u, w =
n (u, w).
n+1
2n + 1
w
0 n.
5
2-
5.1
u = u(x, y) n = 2 ,
= f,
Lu
f = Aux + Buy + Cu + f0 ,
(5.1)
, a, b, c, A, B, C, D, f0 x, y, Lu
,
. .
,
, ..
y
(x0 , y0 ),
(x 0 , y0 )
x
u
u
(x x0 ) +
(y y0 )
x
y
2u
1 2u
1 2u
2
(x
x
)
+
(x
x
)(y
y
)
+
(y y0 )2 + . . . .
+
0
0
0
2 x2
xy
2 y 2
u(x, y) = u(x0 , y0 ) +
, ,
. , , .
, =
(x, y), = (x, y),
J=
(, )
6= 0, .
(x, y)
30
5. 2-
31
y = y + y ,
L = a (x + x )2 + 2b (x + x ) (y + y ) + c (y + y )2 ,
,
. ,
L = a
2 + 2b + c 2
a
, b, c,
a
= a x2 + 2b x y + c y2 ,
b = a x x + b (x y + y x ) + c y y ,
c = a x2 + 2b x y + c y2 ,
(5.2)
a
= 0, u ,
.
a
= a x2 + 2b x y + c y2 = 0.
(5.3)
, D = b2 ac > 0.
D > 0, D = 0, D < 0
.
1 . D > 0
(5.3)
b D
x =
y .
(5.4)
a
, , a
= c = 0.
(5.4) ,
5. 2-
32
. b = 2Dy y /a. 2b u = f. f
, .
2b,
u = f.
f , .
, = 21 ( + ), = 21 ( ),
u u = f.
, (3.12) , .
2 . D = 0
(5.3) x = by /a. = ,
. u
u ,
u = f,
,
. (1.11):
ut = uxx .
(5.5)
,
.
2 . D < 0
(5.3)
b + i D
x =
y , = + i,
a
(x, y).
a
= a (x + ix )2 + 2b (x + ix )(y + iy ) + c (y + iy )2 =
= a (x2 x2 ) + 2b (x y x y ) + c (y2 y2 ) + 2i [ax x + b(x y + y x ) + cy y ] = 0.
(5.2),
b, c.
, , a
5. 2-
33
= c. a
b = 0, a
u + u = f,
.
(5.6)
uxx + uyy = 0.
5.1. , (5.1)
, .
5.2
n > 2
aij (x)
2u
u
= f(x) = bk (x)
+ c(x)u + f (x),
xi xj
xk
i, j, k 1 n,
. ,
2u
aij
= 0.
xi xj
yk
=
xi
xi yk
y = y(x),
a
kl
2u
= f,
yk yl
a
kl = aij
yk yl
,
xi xj
f .
Q = aij pi pj .
. , [31],
Q=
p
X
k=1
qk2
m
X
qk2 ,
k=p+1
m 6 n , .. aij , p 6 m , .. . :
5. 2-
34
1 . p = n ( ) .
2 . m < n ( ) .
3 . m = n, p < n ( ,
) .
5.1. .
5.1.
4u
2u 2u 2u
+
+
=0
x2 y 2 z 2
( ). , z ,
x0 = x cos + y sin , y 0 = x sin + y cos
x = cos x0 sin y0 , y = sin x0 + cos y0 x2 + y2 = x20 + y20 .
, .
5.2. 1 (c = 1)
u =
2u
4u = 0
t2
t = ch t0 + sh x0 ,
t0 = t ch + x sh , x0 = t sh + x ch
x = sh t0 + ch x0 t2 x2 = t20 x20
5.2.
,
. . , xuyy uxx = 0 .
5.3.
, .
1
.
.
5. 2-
35
= utt uxx uyy = 0
Lu
x = x + x + x , y = y + y + y ,
2 ,
L
a
= t2 x2 y2 = 0.
, ,
(t, x, y) =
const.
.
(, , ) = (x , y , z )
2 2 2 = 0.
. . .
t = const t
, , , . , . , t, o
y
, .
x
5.4. . , (1.6)
1 = exp(iS), S ,
1
2
S
+
iS
i 4 S (S)2 = 0.
tt
t
2
c
,
2
S
(S)2 = 0.
t
,
().
(,,)
6
6.1
6.1. , .
n = 2 l(t)
u(t) ,
x
u(x, t) = A(t)f (), =
.
(6.1)
l(t)
,
.
, .
,
, .. . u(x, t) =
A(t)g(x V t), g . . ,
, ,
. , [32, 33].
6.2
ut = uxx ,
u(x, 0) = (x).
36
6.
37
,
t t,
x x,
u u.
(6.2)
, = 2 . ,
= 1 ( - ). : = 1/2 , = 1/2 , (6.1)
u(x, t) = t1/2 f (), = xt1/2 .
,
f ()
1
1
f 00 + f 0 + f = 0.
2
2
(6.3)
t +0, x 6= 0 , f .
-
1=
u(x, t) dx =
f () d.
(6.3) . f 0 + 12 f = 0,
. : ln f = 2 /4 + const, .
2
1
x
u(x, t) =
exp
4t
4t
6.1. l(t) t1/2 ,
A(t) t1/2 , .
6.1. -.
, , u(x, 0) = Q exp (x2 /a2 ) ,
a, , ,
l(t) a, a
.
: u(L, t) = 0. , . , l(t) L.
6.
38
u
2
-1.5
-1
-0.5
0.5
x
1.5
. 6.1: :
t = 0.025, t = 0.05, t = 0.1.
, ,
(a L), a l(t) L.
, ,
u
u
u
u
, u(x, 0) = (x).
=
t
x
x
(6.2) , =
1/3 , = 1/3 .
u(x, t) = t1/3 f (xt1/3 )
1
1
(f f 0 )0 + f 0 + f = 0.
3
3
, , : f f 0 + 31 f = 0. f = 0,
6.
39
-2 -1.5 -1 -0.5
0.5
1.5
. 6.2: :
t = 0.02, t = 0.1, t = 0.5.
,
f = C 2 /6.
2
, 2 6 6C,
C
f () =
6
0,
2 > 6C.
C C = 61/3 /4.
6.2 .
6.1, . l(t) t1/3 .
, , .
ut + uux = uxx
. () u(x, t) = f (), = x V t,
V ,
lim u = 1,
lim u = 0.
x+
6.
40
f()
1
-2
-1
1 + exp
2
6.3, , .
, . : 2.
ut + 6uux + uxxx = 0
, ,
.
u(x, t) = f (x V t), . -
6.
12
41
f()
10
8
6
4
2
-2
-1
. 6.4: V : V = 3, V = 6, V = 12,
v = 24.
f 000 + 6f f 0 V f 0 = 0,
f 00 + 3f 2 V f + C1 = 0,
1 02
1
f + f 3 V f 2 + C1 f + C2 = 0.
2
2
C1 , C2 , , .. f = f 0 = f 00 = 0, .
V + V 2f
1
C3 = ln
.
V
V V 2f
C3 . C3 ,
V
.
f () =
2 ch2 2V
, solitary
wave , , , V . . 6.4 , V .
7
7.1
(1.1).
u(x1 , x2 . . . , xn ) = 1 (x1 )(x2 , . . . , xn ).
7.1.
2
d1 d2 1
, . . . = F2 x2 , . . . , xn ;
... ,
F1 x1 , 1 ,
,
,...,
;
dx1 dx21
x2
xn x22
x1 , , .
C ( ), , F1 = C. ,
x2 x3 , . . . , xn , x2 . , x3 .., xn1 . , .
.
E,
2
e2
= p
+ eEr.
H
2m
r
m, e . , e = m = ~ = 1.
42
7.
43
, 1.10 E < 0.
x=
p
cos ,
y=
p
sin ,
z=
,
2
(7.1)
0 6 , < , 0 6 < 2 .
(x, z), .. = 0,
= const
1
z
= const, . z,
0.5
= const = const.
0
= const , z.
, -0.5
.
-1
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
qi = qi (x, y, z), x
s
2 2
2
y
z
x
+
+
.
hi =
qi
qi
qi
,
3
1X
h
4=
,
h i=1 qi h2i qi
h = h1 h2 h3 .
s
s
p
1 +
1 +
1
h =
, h =
, h = , h = ( + ),
2
4
1 2
4=
+
.
+
2
2
4 + 2Ez = 2 , 2 = 2E.
r
(, , ) = X()Y ()(), .
00 + m2 = 0 () = eim ,
m = 0, 1, 2, . . . ,
(7.2)
7.
44
7.1: , .
1
x, y
2
x = r cos , y = r sin
3 x = 21 ( 2 2 ), y =
4
x = d ch cos , y = d sh sin
m ( ) , 2- .
(7.1) , r = ( + )/2.
(X 0 )0 m2 E 2 2
+ C1 = 0,
X
4
4
4
(Y 0 )0 m2 E 2 2
+ C2 = 0,
Y
4
4
4
(7.3)
C1 + C2 = 1. E = 0 , 11.
,
.
,
. . ,
= p2 /2 1/r
H
,
= p2 /2 + r2 /2 H
[4].
4u + k 2 u = 0
(7.4)
k , . , [34]. . 44 45 , .
z.
7.2
, , .
7.
45
7.2: , . 7.1, .
1
2
3
10
x y z
x = r cos y = r sin z = z
x = 21 ( 2 2 )
y =
z=z
x = d ch cos
y = d sh sin
z=z
x = r sin cos
y = r sin sin
z = r cos
x = a sh sin cos
y = a sh sin sin
z = a ch cos
x = a ch sin cos
y = a ch sin sin
z = a sh cos
x = cos
y = sin
z = ( 2 2 )/2
x = 2c ch cos sh
y = 2c sh sin ch
c
z=q
2 (ch 2 + cos 2 ch 2)
x=
y=
z=
11
(a)(a)(a)
a(a1)
(1)(1)(1)
1a
q
x = r (b1)(b1)
1b
q
b(1)(1)
y=r
b1
z = r b
7.
46
= aij
L
+ bk
+ c,
xi xj
xk
(7.5)
(7.6)
/n S,
f (x) S.
= 1, = 0 I ( )
= 0, = 1 II ( )
6= 0
III .
(7.6) f = 0, . ,
S = S1 Sm
= k , = k , f = fk ; k = 1, . . . , m. .
, .. n < 0, .1
utt = Lu,
(7.7)
(7.6). , .
u(x, t) = T (t)(x), t
T
L
=
= 2 ,
T
L.
T (t) = A cos t + B sin t. ,
1
. ,
n , n . , , [19].
7.
47
,
t, , :
X
u(x, t) =
cn (t)n (x) cn = n cn .
(7.8)
n
, ,
An , Bn (7.7).
7.1. ,
ut = Lu,
(7.9)
u(x, 0) = (x),
, , ,
cn = n cn cn = An e|n |t .
An
X
(x) =
An n (x).
n
7.2.
t. , (7.9)
Z
up (x) =
u(x, t)ept dt,
0
P pup = Lup + (x).P
up = cn n = an n , cn = an /(p
n ),
I
X an
X
dp ept
up =
n u(x, t) =
an n
,
p n
2i
p
n
n
R , , . 7.1a.
R ,
.
p = ii = i i , . 7.1b.
7.
48
i 3
i 2
i 1
(a)
2 1
(b)
-i 1
-i 2
-i 3
8
8.1
. ,
, z .
a .
1 2u
42 u = 0, u(a, , t) = 0,
c2 t2
c ,
1 2
1
r + 2 2
42 =
r r r r
.
, u(r, , t) = U (r, )eit .
U (r, ) ,
42 U = k 2 U,
k2 =
2
,
c2
U (a, ) = 0.
(8.1)
U = R(r)(),
00
(rR0 )0
+ 2 = k 2 ,
rR
r
() 00 + m2 = 0, m , , (7.2).
49
8.
50
Yn
Jn
1
1
0.8
0.6
-1
0.4
-2
0.2
2
-3
-0.2
-4
-0.4
-5
x = kr , k
1 0
m2
00
R + R + 1 2 R = 0,
(8.2)
x
x
Amn , Bmn .
, , , . [35, 36]. .
[37].
1
, , Nm .
8.
51
8.2
, ,
R x , x 0. (8.2) x2 . ,
2 m2 = 0, = +|m|, , x 0
Ym (x).
R = xm w(x), , m 0,
w00 +
2m + 1 0
w + w = 0.
x
P
x: w =
cn xn ,
x1 :
c1 = 0
1:
x:
x2 :
c2 =
c0
4(m + 1)
c4 =
c2
8(m + 2)
x, , ,
, . , .
, c0 , . c0 = 2m /m!, ,
Jm (x) =
(1)n
n=0
x 2n+m
2
1
.
n!(m + n)!
-
Z
(z) =
tz1 et dt,
(8.3)
(8.4)
(8.3)
J (x) =
X
n=0
(1)n
x 2n+
2
1
.
(n + 1)( + n + 1)
(8.5)
8.
52
, = m n0 = n m = 0, 1, . . . . n0 = 0,
- - .
(8.3), Jm (x) = (1)m Jm (x).
(8.3)
X
x 2n+m1
X
(1)n
(1)n
x 2n+m+1
Jm1 + Jm+1 =
+
=
2
n!(m
+
n
1)!
2
n!(m
+
n
+
1)!
n=0
n=0
X
m1
2n+m1
x
(1)n
x
1
+
=
(m 1)! 2
2
n!(m + n 1)!
n=1
0
0
X
2m
(1)n 1
x 2n +m1
=
Jm .
+
0 1)!(m + n0 )!
2
(n
x
0
n =1
, n0 = n + 1. .
2m
Jm1 + Jm+1 =
Jm .
(8.6)
x
8.1.
0
Jm1 Jm+1 = 2Jm
.
(8.7)
(8.1) U (r, ) = eiky ,
.
e
ikr sin
cm eim Jm (kr).
m=
, ,
cm Jm (kr) =
d
.
2
8.
53
. 8.2: s
.
x = kr, x 0,
xm
cm m
= lim
2 m! x0
im
n
i
X
e ei
(ix)n d
.
2i
n! 2
n=0
, , n = m
( eim , eim ). 2, cm = 1.
Jm (x) =
ix sin im
d
,
2
ix sin
eim Jm (x).
(8.8)
m=
, m.
, . (8.4):
Z
1
1
es sz ds,
(8.9)
=
(z)
2i
(
) , 8.2. c 0,
, -
8.
54
1
2i
es sz dz =
Z Z
Z
h
z
z i
1
dt =
+ =
tei
et te+i
+
2i
sin z
=
tz et dt =
sin z
(1 z).
(8.9),
-
(z)(1 z) =
.
(8.10)
sin z
B-
(x)(y)
=
B(x, y) =
(x + y)
Z1
B(z, 1 z) = (z)(1 z) =
Z1
t = e / 1 + e
Z z
e d
,
1 + e
= i, 3i, 5i, . . . .
2i
X
ez(2n+1)i
n=0
e(2n+1)i
,
sin z
(8.10), (8.9).
. (8.5), 1/(n + + 1) .
s = xt/2. , :
Z
1
1
x
dt
J (x) =
exp
t
.
(8.11)
+1
2i
2
t
t
8.
55
.
. 8.2 , , z = ei
(8.8).
, k, Jm (k1 a) = Jm (k2 a) = 0 :
1 d d
m2
m2
1 d d
2
r 2 Jm (k1 r) = k1 Jm (k1 r),
r 2 Jm (k2 r) = k22 Jm (k2 r).
r dr dr
r
r dr dr
r
Jm (k2 r), Jm (k1 r)
r dr 0 a.
a
Za
dJm (k1 r)
dJm (k2 r)
2
2
r Jm (k2 r)
Jm (k1 r)
= (k2 k1 ) Jm (k1 r)Jm (k2 r)r dr.
dr
dr
0
0
, k1 6= k2 . k
. ,
Za
0
a2 0
r
r
2
Jm jmn2
r dr =
[J (jmn1 )] n1 n2 .
Jm jmn1
a
a
2 m
8.2. 0
0
Jm
(k1 a) = Jm
(k2 a) = 0.
9
9.1
, ..
2
= p + U (r),
H
2m
U r , ~ = m = 1.
4 :
1
1
1 2
1 2
.
+ 4 , 4 =
sin
+
4= 2 r
r r r r2
sin
sin2 2
, (1.10) = R(r)()():
(r2 R0 )0
1 (sin 0 )0
1 00
2 (E U (r)) = 2
.
(9.1)
+ 2
+
r R
r
sin
sin2
() 00 + m2 = 0. :
= eim , m .
() R(r).
9.2
,
(sin 0 )0
m2
= .
sin
sin2
56
(9.2)
9.
57
x = cos
m2
d
2 d
(1 x )
= .
dx
dx
1 x2
x 1.
x = 1 , x = 1 + , 0.
, 2 2 + m2 /2 = 0,
= m/2. m , +,
0. x = 1,
.
m
= (1 x2 ) 2 u(x)
u
(1 x2 )u00 2x(m + 1)u0 [m(m + 1) + ]u = 0.
(9.3)
(1 x2 )y 00 2xy 0 y = 0,
(9.4)
,
(1 x2 )y 000 4xy 00 [2 + ]y 0 = 0
(1 x2 )y IV 6xy 000 [2 + 4 + ]y 00 = 0 . . .
, m-
(9.3) u = y (m) . , (9.3)
m- . .
P
y = cn xn ,
:
1:
x:
2c2 c0 = 0 c2 = 2 c0
2 3c3 (2 + )c1 = 0 c3 =
x2 : 3 4c4 (2 + 4 + )c2 = 0 c4 =
+2
c
23 1
+4+2
c2
34
,
2 + 4 + + 2m = m(m + 1) m2 , m , (m + 1)(m + 2) m2 .
c0 6= 0, c1 = 0, .
x2 < 1, 1 + x2 + x4 + = 1/(1 x2 ),
9.
58
Pl
1
0.75
Ql
1
0.75
0.5
0.5
0.25
-1 -0.75-0.5-0.25
-0.25
0.25
-1 -0.75-0.5-0.25
-0.25
-0.5
-0.5
-0.75
-0.75
-1
-1
1 dl 2
(x 1)l .
l
l
2 l! dx
(9.5)
l = 0, 1, 2, . . . , , .
Ql (x), x = 1
.
, . 9.1.
, (9.5) (9.4).
Wl (x) = (x2 1)l . ,
(x2 1)Wl0 2lxWl = 0.
l + 1 :
(1 x2 )Wl
(l+1)
+ 2xWl
(l)
l(l + 1)Wl
= 0.
(l)
, Wl
(9.4) (9.5) .
9.
59
l=0
l=1
l=2
m=0
m=1
m=2
. 9.2: |Ylm (, )| l = 0, 1, 2, 0 6 m 6 l.
9.
60
(9.3),
Plm (x)
dm
Pl (x),
= (1 x )
dxm
2
m
2
m 0.
, 4 ,
4 Ylm (, ) = l(l + 1)Ylm (, ),
.
|m|
Ylm
(, )Yl0 m0 (, ) sin d d = ll0 mm0 .
l 6 2
9.2. l = 0 , l
. m = l . , |Ylm |,
-,
. .
[38],
.
9.1. Clm .
9.3
(9.1) U = 0,
2 0
l(l + 1)
00
2
R = 0.
(9.6)
R + R + k
r
r2
x = kr (r) = R(r)r.
l(l + 1)
00
l = 0,
l + 1
r2
9.
61
jl
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
2
-0.2
. 9.3: jl (x): l = 0,
l = 1, l = 2, l = 3.
l = 0, 1, . . . . l = 0 :
0 = sin x, R = cos x/x
x = 0.
R = u(x)/ x
"
#
1 2
l
+
1
2
u00 + u0 + 1
u = 0.
x
x2
(8.2), u = Jl+1/2 (x). l = 0, J1/2
r
2
sin x.
(9.7)
J 1 (x) =
2
x
, x 0 .
, l + 1/2 x. (8.6) (8.7),
d
x J .
J+1 = x
dx
2 1
J
1 d
1/2 d 1/2
5/2
2
J 3 = x
x
J1 , J5 = x
,...
2
2
2
dx
x dx x1/2
r
l
2 l+1/2 1 d
sin x
l
Jl+ 1 = (1)
x
.
2
x dx
x
,
.
r
l
1 d
sin x
l
jl =
Jl+ 1 , jl = x
.
2
2x
x dx
x
. 9.3.
10
, . , ,
, ..
, ,
. , , , ,
.. , , , . .
. ,
. ,
.
10.1
a(z), b(z), c(z)
a(z)w00 + b(z)w0 + c(z)w = 0
, .
w00 + p(z)w0 + q(z)w = 0,
62
(10.1)
10.
63
p(z) q(z) . ,
w(z) = (z)u(z).
,
00
0
0
0
00
+ p + q u = 0.
u + 2 +p u +
,
R
. , = exp( 21 p dz).
u00 + I(z)u = 0,
I(z) = q
p2 p0
4
2
, I(z) .
10.2
10.1. z = z0
(10.1), p(z), q(z) .
10.1. z0 (10.1), , ,
.
. , [26, 29, 39]. ,
z0 = 0
w00 + I(z)w = 0,
w(0) = c0 , w0 (0) = c1 .
(10.2)
, ,
w = c0 + c1 z +
Zz
(z z 0 )I(z 0 )w(z 0 ) dz 0 .
wn+1 (z) = c0 + c1 z +
Zz
0
(z z 0 )I(z 0 )wn (z 0 ) dz 0 .
10.
64
M = max I(z),
|z|<R
m = max w0 (z),
|z|<R
R , I(z),
w0 = c0 + c1 z.
wn+1 (z) wn (z) =
Zz
, . ,
z
Z
Z
2
|w1 w0 | 6 mM d 6 mM
0 d0 = mM ,
2
0
0
2 n
4
1
n
2
, . . . , |wn wn1 | 6 mM
,
|w2 w1 | 6 mM
24
2
n!
= |z| < R. , wn = w0 + (w1 w0 ) + (w2 w1 ) + + (wn wn1 ),
. ,
n
n
X
M 2
1
M 2
|wn | 6 m
6 m exp
.
2
n!
2
k=0
, wn , ,
, , . , (10.2) .
, (10.2) w = c0 +
c1 z + . . . , I(z) = a0 + a1 z + . . . . ,
1:
2c2 + a0 c0 = 0 c2 = 21 a0 c0
z:
6c3 + a0 c1 + a1 c0 = 0 c3 = 61 (a0 c1 + a1 c0 )
z2
1
12c4 + a0 c2 + a1 c1 + a2 c0 = 0 c4 = 12
(a0 c2 + a1 c1 + a2 c0 )
, ,
.
10.
65
z0
z1
. 10.1: .
10.3
10.2. z0 (10.1),
z = z0 p(z) q(z).
,
. D z0 , . z1 D
(. 10.1) .
z2
.
z . , .
. .
, w1
w2 . ,
(10.1)
w100 + pw10 + qw1 = 0,
w2 , w1 ,
w1 w2
0
.
+ p = 0, = 0
w1 w20
(z)
z
Z
(z) = (z1 ) exp p(z 0 ) dz 0 .
z1
10.
66
, (z) 6= 0, (z1 ) 6= 0.
, , . , w1,2
+
w1,2
.
,
a12
, A = ( aa11
21 a22 ) ,
.
: A A 01 02 , A ( 0 1 ). .
1 . w1,2 1,2 . f (z) = z , :
f + = f e2i . , 0 , .
1
1,2 =
ln 1,2 .
2i
, z0 = 0 (
),
.
w1,2 = z
1,2
cn(1,2) z n ,
(10.3)
n=
(1,2)
cn .
2 .
w1+ = w1 + w2 ,
w2 = w2 .
w2 ,
(10.3) , .
, ,
1
w1
u+ = u + , u
.
w2
10.
67
X
w1
ln z
+
=
cn z n
w2
2i n=
(10.4)
.
10.3. (10.3) (10.4) , z0 (10.1).
, z0 .
10.4
: , ? .
10.2. . z0
(10.1) , p(z) z = z0
, q(z) .
z0 = 0
p0
q0
w00 + w0 + 2 w = 0,
(10.5)
z
z
p0 , q0 . , w(z)
w = z
2 + (p0 1) + q0 = 0,
.
(10.5) w = z u(z), u
, = 1 2 .
, u = const , z = 0
. ,
,
. q0 = 0,
.
10.
68
,
w1,2 = z 1,2 u1,2 (z).
p(z) p = (ln )0 = (1 + 2 1)/z ,
. q(z) q = w00 /w
pw0 /w .
10.1.
. t = 1/z t =
0.
2 p(1/t)
q(1/t)
w = 0.
w +
w +
2
t
t
t4
, z = p(z)
, q(z)
.
10.5
, , . , ( )
.
10.4. , .
, 10.2
z = k p, q:
X Ak
X Bk
Ck
p(z) =
+
, q(z) =
2
z
(z
z k
k
k)
k
k
Ak , Bk , Ck ,
P
Ck : k Ck = 0.
1. . 1 z
1/(z 1 ), A1 = B1 = C1 = 0 w00 = 0.
w(z) = c0 + c1 z.
2. . 1 0, 2
z (z 1 )/(z 2 ), C0 = 0 w00 +
A0 0
w + Bz20 w = 0. , = ln z
z
.
10.
69
11
11.1
z(1 z)w00 + [ ( + + 1)z] w0 w = 0.
(11.1)
z = 0, 1, . . , c0 = 1
, ()
w = 2 F1 (, ; ; z) = 1 +
z
( + 1)( + 1) z 2
+
+ .
1!
( + 1)
2!
(11.2)
, , , z . , .
, .
, . , .
.
[38].
1. |z| < 1 .
2. , : 2 F1 (, ; ; z) = 2 F1 (, ; ; z).
3. , . = n ,
(11.2)
w = z n+1 2 F1 ( + n + 1, + n + 1; n + 2; z).
70
11.
71
w(z) = z u(z), , .
11.2
( ) ,
1 F1 (; ; z) = lim
z
z
( + 1) z 2
F
(,
;
;
)
=
1
+
+
+ .
2 1
1! ( + 1) 2!
(11.3)
(11.1) . z z/
z = 1 z = .
.
zw00 + ( z)w0 w = 0.
(11.4)
1. . (11.3)
.
2. (11.4) : z = 0
1 = 0, 2 = 1 z =
. - . w ez .
3. w(z) = ez u(z) , z,
z
1 F1 (; ; z) = e 1 F1 ( ; ; z).
4. w(z) = z u(z) , ,
w2 (z) = z 1 1 F1 ( + 1; 2 ; z).
11.
11.3
72
(1 x2 )u00 2xu0 u = 0
(11.1), 1,2 = 21 14 ,
, . 9
l, l = 0, 1, 2, = l(l + 1).
x2 y 00 + xy 0 + (x2 2 )y = 0
x = 0 p(x) , q(x) . x = p , q :
q(x) 1, x . . .
y = x , 1,2 = . y 00 + y = 0, y1,2 = exp(ix).
y = x exp(ix)u(x).
xu00 + [(2 + 1) + 2ix] u0 + i(2 + 1)u = 0,
2ix = z. (11.4), = + 21 , =
2 + 1
1
ix
J (x) = Cx e 1 F1 + ; 2 + 1; 2ix .
2
= 2, .
11.
73
= p2 /2m + m 2 x2 /2
H
00 x2 = k 2 ,
k 2 = 2E, ~ = m = = 1
(11.5)
.
, .
x = . x = 0 , = 0, 1. , , .
= exp(x ), . (11.5),
2 2 x22 + ( 1)x2 x2 = k 2 .
x x2 , , > 0.
= 2, = 21 .
, x .
1 . . = exp(x2 /2)u(x)
u00 2xu0 + (k 2 1)u = 0,
.
x , t = x2 .
1
k2 1
t
u+
t u +
u = 0,
2
4
t.
, u = 1 F1 ((1 k 2 )/4; 1/2; x2 ) ,
x exp(x2 ). exp(x2 /2)
. k, = n ,
kn2 = 4n + 1. En = 2n + 21 .
2 . . = x exp(x2 /2)u(x)
x2 = t
3
k2 3
t u +
u = 0,
t
u+
2
4
11.
74
n
0.6
0.4
0.2
-3
-2
-1
-0.2
-0.4
-0.6
. 11.1: n (x): n = 0,
n = 1, n = 2, n = 3.
u = 1 F1 ((3 k 2 )/4; 3/2; x2 ). ,
kn2 = 4n+3 (En = 2n+1+ 21 ). 1 F1 (n; 12 ; x2 ), x 1 F1 (n; 32 ; x2 )
.
Hn (x) = (1)n ex
dn x2
e .
dxn
11.1. .
H = p2 /2 1/r ( , e = ~ = m = 1). , :
2
4+
= 2 , = R(r)Ylm (, ).
r
2
R + R0
r
00
l(l + 1) 2
2
+ R=0
r2
r
(11.4), .
r 0 R = r , 1 = l, 2 = l 1. , . r
R00 2 R = 0, R = exp(r), .
, R = rl er u(r)
ru00 + 2(l + 1 r)u0 2(l 1 + )u = 0.
11.
75
Rnl
0.15
0.1
0.05
5
10
15
20
-0.05
, nr , nr = 0, 1, 2, . . . , En = 1/2n2 , n = nr + l + 1 , nr .
( ) = n, n = 0, 1, . . .
xy 00 + ( + 1 x)y 0 + ny = 0
(11.6)
, y = Ln . = 0 .
2l+1
Rnl (r) = Cnl rl er Lnl1
(2r), 0 6 l < n, Cnl , , [5].
. 11.2.
11.1. E = 0 (7.3) , .
11.4
( = 0),
. (11.6),
d
p,
dx
d
,
dp
11.
76
d
d 2
p w + pw + pw + nw = 0 p(1 p)w0 + (n + 1 p)w = 0,
dp
dp
exp x ,
z x .
(1)n :
ex dn
Ln (x) =
xn ex .
n
n! dx
11.2.
hx
e 1h
F (x, h) =
h Ln (x) =
.
1h
n=0
n
11.3. ,
x2 y 00 + (ax + b)y 0 + (Ax2 + Bx + C)y = 0
a, b, A, B, C.
12
, .
, . ,
, ( )
. ,
, , .
, (., , [4046]), ,
[47] .
12.1
12.1.
f (z) =
X
n=0
cn (z z0 )n
f (z) z z0 ,
RN = f (z)
N
X
n=0
lim
zz0
cn (z z0 )n = O (z z0 )N
RN
= 0.
(z z0 )N
lim RN = 0,
77
12.
78
,
. t = 1/z 0.
.
1 , . , ,
cn
c0 = lim f (z),
zz0
c1 = lim
zz0
f (z) c0
,
z z0
c2 = lim
zz0
f (z) c0 c1 (z z0 )
,....
(z z0 )2
12.2
F () =
Zb
A(t)eS(t) dt,
+,
(12.1)
A(t), S(t) , , , .
, ,
S(t).
1 S 0 (t) 6= 0, x [a, b], , , t = a,
a. . 12.1 (a) , 1/,
.
1
, =.
12.
(a)
0.8
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.4
0.2
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
(b)
0.6
0.2
79
t0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
. 12.1: (a) 1 , S = 3t + t3 . = 1, 3, 10
(, , )
a = 0. (b) 2 , S = (t 1/2)2 . = 10, 30, 100
t0 = 0.5.
2 S 0 (t0 ) = 0, t0
(a, b), S 00 (t0 ) < 0,
1
S(t) = S(t0 ) + S 00 (t0 )(t t0 )2
(12.2)
2
, |tt0 | . 1/1/2 . . 12.1 (b)
, , t0 .
1
b Z b
0
Zb
A(t)
A(t)eS(t)
deS(t)
=
eS(t) dt.
F () = A(t) 0
0
0
S (t)
S (t) a
S (t)
a
A(a)eS(a)
.
S 0 (a)
(12.3)
1/, .
2 S(t) (12.2), t0 .
Z
1 00
2
d,
exp S(t0 ) + S (t0 )
F () = A(t0 )
2
12.
80
t t0 = , . S 00 (t0 ) < 0,
.
s
2
A(t0 )eS(t0 ) ,
(12.4)
F
S 00 (t0 )
.. 1/1/2 , .
12.1.
F (a) =
Z
0
a
exp x2
dx. a +
x
, 1/x
x +0. (12.1), x = t, dx = dt. S = 2 (t2 + a/3 t). = (a/2)1/3 S(t) = t2 2/t, 2
= 2 .
S(t), S(t)
S 0 (t) = 2t +
2
= 0 t0 = 1,
t2
S(t0 ) = 3,
S 00 (t0 ) = 6
(12.4)
F (a)
3( a2 )2/3
e
.
3
, a = 0,
F (0) =
F (0) / 3.
/2, -
12.2. -
(x + 1) =
x e d,
x +
,
(x + 1) = 2x
e
x . n! = (n + 1). x = 2
2! 1.919.
12.
0.5
0.5
cos(S)
cos(S)
-0.5
81
-0.5
(a)
t0
(b)
0.6
0.8
1.2
1.4
-0.4
-0.2
0.2
0.4
12.3
F () =
Zb
A(t)eiS(t) dt,
+,
(12.5)
Zb
a
deiS(t)
1 A(b)eiS(b) A(a)eiS(a)
A(t)
.
iS 0 (t)
i
S 0 (b)
S 0 (a)
2 (12.2) ,
Z
00
2
iS(t0 )
eiS (t0 ) /2 d.
F () = A(t0 )e
12.
82
= sei , d = ei ds, , s
. + S 00 > 0
00 2
eiS
@@
@@
@@
@@
@
@
. ,
@
@@
@@
@@
@@
@
@
@@
@@
@@
@@
, I III S 00 (t0 ) > 0
@
@
@
@
@@
@@@@
II IV S 00 (t0 ) < 0.
@
@
@@
@
@@
@
@
@@
@
@@
= /4, S 00 > 0
00
@@
@
@@
@@
@@
= /4, S < 0 ( @
@
@@
@@
@@
@@
@
),
@@
@@
@
@@
@@
@
@
@
@
@@ S 00 < 0
@@@@
@
@
@
@@
@
@@
@
@
@@
@@
s
@@
@@
@@
@@
@
Z
@
@@
@
@
@
@
@
@
@
2 i/4
00
2
@ = sei/4 :
@@
e|S |s /2 ds ei/4 =
e ,
@
@
@
@
@
@
@
@@@ @
|S 00 |
@
@
@
@
@
@
@@@@@
R
@@
@@
@@
@
@@
s
Z
2 i/4
00
2
e
.
= sei/4 :
e|S |s /2 ds ei/4 =
|S 00 |
@
@@
@@
@@
@@
@
@
@
@
@
@
@
@
@
@
@@
@
@
@@
@
@@
@@
@
@
@
@@@@
@@
@
@
@
@
@@
@@
@
@@
@
@@
s
2
iS(t0 )+i 4 sgnS 00 (t0 )
F () =
A(t
)e
,
0
|S 00 (t0 )|
(12.6)
sgnS 00 (t0 ) .
12.1. , .
, .. S 00 (t0 ) = 0, S 000 (t0 ) = 0, . . . , S (n1) (t0 ) = 0, S (n) (t0 ) 6=
0, . ,
-, F
1/n .
, .
12.3 ( ). x ,
1
Jm (x) =
2
eix sin im d.
, , m . S() = sin .
S 0 = cos = 0 1,2 = ,
2
S(/2) = 1, S 00 (/2) = 1.
12.
83
(12.6)
, , = +/2,
r
r
2
1 2 ixim i
2
4 + .. =
e
cos x m
Jm (x) =
, x +.
2 x
x
2
4
12.4 ( ).
1
Ai(x) =
2
3 /3+xt)
ei(t
dt,
x .
t = , dt = d : S = 3 ( 3 /3 |x| /2 ) ,
, = |x|1/2 . S( ) = 3 /3 , = 3 . , S 0 = 2 1 = 0 1,2 = 1, S(1) =
2/3, S 00 (1) = 2.
1
2 3/2
Ai(x) =
, x .
cos
|x|
3
4
|x|1/4
x
. ,
|x|.
13
13.1
( , )
Z
F () = eS(z) dz, +,
(13.1)
S , , .
,
.
.
,
S(z) = u(z) + iv(z), z = x + iy. S(z) ,
u(x, y) v(x, y)
u
v
=
,
x
y
u
v
= ,
y
x
2v 2v
2u 2u
+
=
+
= 0,
x2 y 2
x2 y 2
u v u v
+
= 0.
x x y y
4u = 4v = u v = 0.
. -, z0 , S 0 (z0 ) = 0,
, , uxx > 0,
, uyy < 0.
, .
84
13.
85
u = u(x, y) z0 =
0 ,
0.4
0.2
1
S(z) S(z0 ) + S 00 (z0 )(z z0 )2 .
(13.2)
2
-0.2
, .. -0.4
u, . -0.4
-0.2
0
0.2
0.4
, ,
, . u(x, y)
.
v(x, y) , . , v u.
.
0
13.2
(13.1) .
1 . .
2 . .
. ,
, F ():
S
e = eu(z) 6 max eu(z) ,
(13.3)
z
z, .
, , . () , . S(z), .. .
, , . .
, (13.3) . ,
= ,
|exp S| 6 min max exp u(z).
z
(13.4)
13.
86
. . , , , , . , , ,
v S(z) , , u . , ,
. , u.
, . ,
. (13.2), .
S 00 (z0 ) = ei ,
z z0 = sei .
1
S(z) S(z0 ) = s2 ei+2i .
2
, S(z)S(z0 )
s, .. s2 /2. ,
1, cos( + 2) = 1,
.
(13.5)
2
, sin( + 2) = 0,
1,2 =
.
s
2
eS(z0 )+i .
(13.6)
F ()
|S 00 (z0 )|
1,2 (13.5),
.
13.1. (13.1) A(z). , z0 . A(z)
, . ,
, I, .
13.
87
2 y
1 z
1
-3
-2
-2
-1
-4
-4
-2
-1
z2
-2
. 13.1: S = i(z 3 /3 + z). u(x, y). u(x, y) = const. , .
13.2. , ,
(13.6) .
13.3. S ,
, , . . [47], :
, , .
13.3
13.1 ( p +).
1
Ai(p) =
2
ei(t
) dt,
3 /3+pt
p +.
t = p1/2 z,
dt = p1/2 dz,
S = i(z 3 /3 + z),
= p3/2 .
13.
88
,
S 0 = i(z 2 + 1) = 0 z1,2 = i,
2
S(i) = ,
3
S 00 (i) = 2.
, ,
, , .. Im S(z) =
Im S(z1,2 ) :
3
x3
x + 3ix2 y 3xy 2 iy 3
+ x + iy =
xy 2 + x = 0.
v(x, y) = Im S = Im i
3
3
x2 /3 y 2 = 1 ,
/6, x = 0, . 13.1.
.
z = Rei R , . (0, /3) (2/3, ) (4/3, 5/3).
, , , z1 = i. , , , .
, . , .
(13.6), 1,2 =
0, = 0,
2 3/2
e 3 p
Ai(p) 1/4 .
2 p
(13.7)
,
.
13.2 ( p ).
1
Ai(p) =
2
ei(t
) dt,
3 /3pt
p +,
13.
89
-2
-4
-4
-2
-3
-2
-1 2
z2
1 1
z1
-1
-2
-3
. 13.2: S = i(z 3 /3 z): v(x, y) = 2/3 ( ) v(x, y) = +2/3 (). u(x, y) = const.
, .
Im S(z) = Im S(z1 ) :
3
x3
2
x + 3ix2 y 3xy 2 iy 3
v(x, y) = Im S = Im i
x iy =
xy 2 x = .
3
3
3
,
r
2
x2
y=
1+ .
3x
3
13.2 v = 2/3. , 1 2 . ,
= /4 z1 = 1 = 3/4 z2 = 1. , :
1
2 3/2
.
(13.8)
Ai(p) 1/4 cos
p
3
4
p
13.
90
y
1
z1
-1
-0.5
0.5
-1
-2
-2
-1
-1
z2
1)
=
.
2 l! d l
2i
2l (z )l+1
z = cos .
A(z) = (z )1
S(z) = ln
z2 1
.
z cos
l 1 .
S0 =
2z
1
cos2 1 = ei ,
=
0
z
=
cos
1,2
2
z 1 z cos
ei
.
S(ei ) = ln 2ei = ln 2 + i, S 00 (ei ) =
i sin
13.
91
S 00 (z1 ) = ei =
/2. 1 = 3/4 + /2, 2 = /4 + /2. . 13.3 , 1 .
s
2
Pl (cos )
.
cos l +
l| sin |
2 4
, ,
, z = cos .
, 0, :
1
||, .
2
l
0 . 0 z1,2 = ei . , ,
sin d.
0
(9.2) m = 0 :
1 d
du
sin
= l(l + 1)u.
sin d
d
ctg 1 , l(l + 1) (l + 1/2)2 l 1.
2
1
d2 u 1 du
u = 0.
+
+ l+
d2 d
2
, l 1
r
1
2
cos (l + )
u() = J0 ((l + 1/2))
.
l
2
4
, 1/l 1, .
, 0, : Pl (1) = 1, Pl (1) = (1)l .
14
. ,
1,
= 0 , .
. , .
,
sin ((1 + )t) = sin t + t cos t
(t)2
sin t + . . . .
2!
t 1, t 1/
. ,
, .
.
. . [25, .133], [48, .365].
x = v(x), x = (x1 , . . . , xn ) T 1.
14.
93
14.1
I,
I = 0,
(14.1)
= (I).
I , .
I = g(I, ),
= (I) + f (I, ),
f, g v1 (x).
(14.2)
R
g(J, ) d
R
J = G(J), G(J) =
.
d
(14.2)
(14.3)
J (14.2). ,
(14.3) , .
14.1. n = 1, I, , .
I = (a + b sin ),
= ,
I(0) = I0 ,
(0) = 0.
I = 0, = I(t) = I0 , (t) = t.
I(t) = at + b
Zt
b
(1 cos t) + I0 .
J =
2
Z2
(a + b sin ) d = a
0
. J(t) = I0 + at ,
|J(t) I(t)| =
b
|1 cos t| 6 const .
14.
94
n =
1.
T = 2/
1
I = I(t) I(0) = T
T
ZT
1
g(I, (t)) dt = T
2
Z2
g(I, ) d = T G(I).
: dt =
d/ = d/ I J. J
J
= G(J),
t
. , (14.3).
. , n = 1 0 6 6 2. n > 1
(14.1), (14.2), (14.3) , ,
I, I = (I1 , . . . , In ), = (1 , . . . , n ). = (1 (I), . . . , n (I)), = (1 , . . . , n ).
n = 2 (1 , 2 )
1 = 1 t + 1 (0),
2 = 2 t + 2 (0),
0 6 1 6 2,
0 6 2 6 2.
1 /2 = p/q, p, q Z .
,
p, q. . p, q
.
14.1 .
, , . AA . A
, . , 1 /2 = 0/1, .
14.2. , .
14.
95
. 14.1: (1 , 2 ) : 1 /2 = 0/1.
I,
t 1/ .
1 = I1 ,
2 = 1,
I1 = ,
I2 = cos 1 .
I1 = I1 (0),
I2 = I2 (0),
1 = I1 (0)t + 1 (0),
2 = t + 2 (0).
I1 = t,
cos
t2
cos + 1 (0) dt =
2
2
+ 1 (0) d = (cos 1 (0) sin 1 (0)) .
2
I2 J2 = const, ,
|J2 I2 | 6 const .
, ,
1/2 0 0.
.
14.
96
14.2
, I, .
,
x + 02 x = 02 F (x, x),
F - , (, ), . t 0 t,
x + x = F (x, x).
z = x+ix,
,
z = x + i
x = x + i(x + F ) = i(x + ix)
+ iF = iz + iF.
z = Iei
, (14.2)
F
cos .
(14.4)
I
(14.3) G(J),
I = F sin ,
J = G(J),
1
G(J) =
2
Z2
= 1 +
(14.5)
. - .
14.3
14.3 ().
F (x, x)
= cos t. (
) (14.4): (t) = t + 0 , 0
.
G(J) = hcos(0 ) sin i = h(cos 0 cos + sin 0 sin ) sin i =
1
sin 0 .
2
14.
97
x(t)
1
20
40
60
80
100
t
-1
-2
. 14.2: : x(0) =
0, x(0)
= 1, = 0.05.
14.4 ( ).
x + 02 (1 + sin t) x = 0
F (x, x)
= x sin t/0 .
= 20 ,
G(J) = hJ cos sin 2( 0 ) sin i =
1
= J hcos sin (sin 20 cos 2 cos 20 sin 2)i = J cos 20 ;
4
cos
2
0
t
J J = J(0)e , = cos 20 .
J =
4
4
|0 | < /4, > 0 . , F F 2 x,
J = ( )J. :
> .
14.5 ( ).
x + x = (1 x2 )x
,
. F =
x(1
x2 ), (14.5)
1
1
G(J) = J sin 1 J 2 cos2 sin = J J 3 J = J(4 J 2 ).
2
8
8
, , J . , J = 0
14.
98
, J = 2 ( ). , , ,
, . 14.2.
15
. , . , , . [49]. [50]. [51], . [42].
15.1
00 + k 2 = 0,
k2 =
2m
(E U )
~2
(15.1)
E U (x) ,
k .
U(x)
. 15.1: U x.
99
15.
100
k ~ 0, . , , ,
w(x) = 0 /. w, (15.1)
w0 + k 2 (x) + w2 = 0.
(15.2)
1/k:
w = w0 + w1 + w2 + . . . ,
w0 k, w1 1, w2 1/k, .. (15.2)
, w0 = ik, w1 = k 0 /2k .. , k 0 /k k, ..
= 2/k d/dk 1.
Z
eiS
= , S = k(x) dx.
(15.3)
k
, k 2 = 0, .. . 15.1
, . 4 , (E > U ) (E < U ).
, .
, , , [4].
,
.
15.2
U(x)
x0 ( q = 1) , k(x0 ) =
0, U 0 (x0 ) 6= 0. k 2 (x) 2mU 0 (x0 )(x
x0 )/~2 , x ,
x z,
00 + cz = 0,
(15.4)
15.
101
+
0
. 15.2: () ()
.
c . .
, ,
= A+ + B ,
= z 1/4 eiS ,
S = Cz 3/2 ,
C = 2 c/3, A, B . , z. , (0, ),
.
. 15.2
.
, S. , Im S = 0, .
, Re S = 0, .
, , . |z| ( ),
(). , ,
,
.
15.
102
.
, = |z|, = arg z,
3
3
3/2 3i/2
3/2
+ sin
.
S = C e
= C
cos
2
2
= 0, 2/3, =
/3, . q (U 0 = U 00 = = 0, U (q) 6=
0) q + 2 ,
2/(q + 2). .
. . , .
: 12 | | |+ |, , , 23 |+ | | |, 31 | | |+ |. 15.2
.
,
. , , .
, . , ,
,
, .
, .
.
12 = A1 + +B1 , 23 = A2 + +
B2 , 31 = A3 + + B3 .
A3
A1
A2
A3
A1
A2
.
= 13
,
= 32
,
= 21
B3
B1
B2
B3
B1
B2
1. .
2. ,
.
3.
, .
15.
103
1, 2 , 3
1, 2. . , B2 = B1
( 1). A2 23
A2 = A1 +B1 , , A1 B1 = 0 ( 2). ,
.
1
1 0
1
21 =
, 32 =
, 13 =
.
(15.5)
0 1
1
0 1
.
.
z ze2i , i: z 1/4 z 1/4 ei/2 . :
z 3/2 z 3/2 e3i = z 3/2 . i
+ i ,
i+ .
0 i
13 32 21 =
.
i 0
(15.5), 4 , = i.
15.1. , q
.
(15.6)
= 2i cos
q+2
1. (q = 0):
z
-
00 2 = 0, = const 6= 0.
+ = ez , = ez ,
Re z = 0. , + , .
.
arg z . 1 = A1 + + B1 , : 2 = A2 + + B2 .
1
1 0
21 =
, 12 =
0 1
1
15.
104
,
1 0
1
=
= 0.
0 1
1 + 2
(15.6) .
2. (q = 1):
00 z = 0.
, , z = x < 0, . 15.2
180 . (13.7)
2 3/2
e 3 z
Ai(z) 1/4 ,
2 z
|z| +,
| arg z| <
2
.
3
,
z = |x| , ,
, (13.7)
ei/4
2 3/2 3i/2
2 3/2 3i/2
ei/4
Ai(z)
exp |x| e
exp
|x| e
+i
=
3
3
2 |x|1/4
2 |x|1/4
2 3/2
2 3/2
1
i|x|
exp
+ exp i|x|
=
=
3
3
2 |x|1/4
1
2 3/2
=
, |x| .
cos
|x|
3
4
|x|1/4
, , (13.8) 12.4.
:
Z
Z
A
A
exp k(x) dx 1/2 cos
k(x) dx
.
2k 1/2
k
4
, -:
. , z zei , z 3/2 z 3/2 e3i/2 = iz 3/2 ,
2 3/2
1
2 3/2
i|x| i
+ exp i|x| + i
.
Ai(x)
exp
3
4
3
4
2 |x|1/4
.
, . :
.
15.
105
U(x)
B +
A -
B +
A -
E
a
bx
. 15.3: . , .
15.3
1. , ,
U 0.
R
ei k(x ) dx
= p
k(x)
. (. 15.1) .
, q = 1, ..
120 . ,
|z| b a, 90 ,
q = 2. q = 2
2
= z 1/2 eiz .
15.
106
b
5
. 15.4: .
.
1, .
12 ,
1
21 =
.
0 1
23 , , ,
. ,
b a.
exp i
a
0
k(x ) dx
= e
Zb r
2m
(U (x) E) dx,
~2
. . ,
e
0
.
32 =
0 e
34 + .
1 0
43 =
.
1
15.
107
e
e
41 = 43 32 21 =
.
e 2 e + e
1, 41 . , :
z 1/2 z 1/2 ei ,
1 0
2
.
41 =
0 1
= i 1 + e2 .
1
,
41 = e
1
: A0 = e (A + B), B 0 = e (A B). A0 = 0
B/A = 1/ B 0 /A = e ( + 1/),
1
1
R=
,
T
=
.
1 + e2
1 + e+2
2. , (. 15.3), [a, b],
15.4 .
ei ,
I
Zb r
2m
x
=
k(z)
dz
=
2
(E U (x)) dx.
a
0
b
~2
U(x)
E
, = 2n + .
.
,
1 .
.
2 . .
3 . .
A.1
-
(x) =
dz z
1
1
=
(z)
2i
x1 z
e ,
dt tz et ,
. A.1.
(x + 1) = x (x),
A.2
(x)(1 x) =
.
sin x
2 F1
2 F1 (a, b; c; x):
h
i
x(1 x) y 00 + c (a + b + 1)x y 0 ab y = 0.
x = 0:
2 F1 (a, b; c; x)
=1+
ab x
a(a + 1)b(b + 1) x2
+
+ ...
c 1!
c(c + 1)
2!
:
2 F1 (a, b; c; x)
= (1 x)
2 F1
x
c a, b; c;
x1
A.
109
:
(c)
2 F1 (a, b; c; x) =
(a)(b)
Z1
dt
tb1 (1 t)cb1
.
(1 tx)a
1 F1
1 F1 (a; c; x):
x y 00 + (c x) y 0 a y = 0.
x = 0:
ax
a(a + 1) x2
+
+ ...
1 F1 (a; c; x) = lim 2 F1 (a, b; c; x/b) = 1 +
b
c 1! c(c + 1) 2!
:
y = x1c 1 F1 (a c + 1; 2 c; x).
1 F1 (a; c; x)
= ex 1 F1 (c a; c; x).
:
(c)
1 F1 (a; c; x) =
(a)(c a)
Z1
Re c > Re a > 0 .
:
(c) x ac
e x ,
x +,
(a)
(c)
(x)a , x .
1 F1 (a; c; x) '
(c a)
1 F1 (a; c; x)
A.3
'
J
Y
J (x):
x2 y 00 + x y 0 + (x2 2 ) y = 0.
A.
110
x = 0:
X
(1)n (x/2)2n+
J (x) =
.
n!(n + + 1)
n=0
:
1
(x/2) ix
e 1 F1 + ; 2 + 1; 2ix .
J (x) =
( + 1)
2
:
2
J (x) = J1 (x) + J+1 (x).
x
:
d
2 J (x) = J1 (x) J+1 (x) ,
dx
d
x J (x) = x J1 (x) .
dx
:
Z
1
dz
1
x
z
exp
J (x) =
2i z +1
2
z
Z
Z
d ix sin i sin
=
dt ex sh tt .
e
x
2
J (x) =
( + 1/2) 2
=
Z/2
d cos2 () cos (x sin())
0
x Z1
1
( + 1/2) 2
dt eix t (1 t2 )1/2 ,
1
Re > .
2
, . A.1, , z = 0 .
:
i
1 h
J (x) cos J (x) .
Y (x) =
sin
:
r
2
, x +.
J (x) '
cos x
x
2
4
:
r
r
2
2
J1/2 (x) =
sin x, J1/2 (x) =
cos x.
x
x
A.
111
0
. A.1: , < t 0 .
Jn
Jn (x) = (1)n Jn (x).
:
e
ix sin
eim Jm (x),
m=
X
x
1
exp
z
=
z n Jn (x).
2
z
n=
:
Z1
0
Z1
2
nm
dx xJk (n x)Jk (m x) =
2
nm
dx xJk (n x)Jk (m x) =
2
k2
1 2 Jk2 (m ),
m
dJk (m )
dm
I
K
I (x), K (x):
x2 y 00 + x y 0 (x2 + 2 ) y = 0.
x = 0:
I (x) =
X
n=0
(x/2)2n+
.
n!(n + + 1)
Jk (m ) = 0 ,
dJk (m )
= 0.
dm
A.
112
:
I (x) = ei/2 J (ix).
K I , I :
K (x) =
[I (x) I (x)]
.
2 sin
:
(x/2)
I (x) =
( + 1/2)
K (x) =
Z1
dt ext (1 t2 )1/2 ,
Re > 1/2 ,
dt ex ch t ch t,
Re x > 0 ,
K (2 pq) =
2
/2 Z
p
x1 epxq/x dx,
q
Re p > 0, Re q > 0 .
:
r
x x
I (x) '
e ,
2
I (x) '
(x/2)
,
( + 1)
K (x) '
x
e ,
2x
K0 (x) ' ln x,
() x
,
K (x) '
2
2
A.4
x +.
x +0;
x +0, 6= 0.
Pl
Plm
Pl (x):
(1 x2 ) y 00 2x y 0 + l(l + 1) y = 0.
Plm (x):
2
00
0
(1 x ) y 2x y + l(l + 1)
m2
1 x2
y = 0.
A.
113
:
1 dl 2
(x 1)l ,
l
l
2 l! dx
dm
Plm (x) = (1 x2 )m/2 m Pl (x) .
dx
3 :
P0 (x) = 1,
P1 (x) = x,
P2 (x) =
3x2 1
.
2
:
Z1
dx Plm (x)Plm
0 (x) =
2 (l + m)!
ll0 .
2l + 1 (l m)!
:
x(2l + 1)Pl (x) = (l + 1)Pl+1 (x) + lPl1 (x).
:
d
d
Pl+1 (x) Pl1 (x) ,
dx
dx
d
d
lPl (x) = x Pl (x) Pl1 (x) .
dx
dx
:
X
rl Pl (x),
r < 1;
1
l=0
X
1
1 2xr + r2
Pl (x), r > 1;
l+1
r
l=0
1 < x < 1.
I
dz z l1
1
Pl (x) =
,
2i
1 2xz + z 2
Z
1
d (cos + i sin cos )l .
Pl (cos ) =
t = 0 .
:
r
2 sin l + 12 + 4
Pl (cos ) '
, l|sin| 1.
l
sin
A.
114
Ylm
|m|
d
Ylm = mYlm ,
d
- .
:
Z
sin d d Ylm
(, )Yl0 m0 (, ) = ll0 mm0 .
:
l
X
X
l=0 m=l
Ylm (n)Ylm
(n0 ) = (n n0 ).
Hn
Hn (x):
y 00 2x y 0 + 2n y = 0.
:
Hn (x) = (1)n ex
dn x2
e .
dxn
3 :
H0 (x) = 1,
H1 (x) = 2x,
H2 (x) = 4x2 2.
:
Z
dx ex Hm (x)Hn (x) =
2n n! mn .
:
2
e(x +x
0 2 )/2
X
Hn (x)Hn (x0 )
n=0
2n n!
= (x x0 ).
A.
115
:
d
Hn (x) = 2nHn1 (x).
dx
:
X
zn
exp 2xz z 2 =
Hn (x).
n!
n=0
2n+1 ex
Hn (x) =
Z
0
2n
=
n
2
dz z n ez cos 2xz
2
2
(x + it)n et dt.
Ln
Ln (x):
x y 00 + ( + 1 x) y 0 + n y = 0.
:
Ln (x) =
x ex dn x n+
e x .
n! dxn
3 :
L0 (x) = 1, L1 (x) = + 1 x,
L2 (x) = 12 ( + 1)( + 2) ( + 2)x + 12 x2 .
:
Z
dx ex x Lm (x)Ln (x) =
(n + + 1)
mn .
n!
:
0 /2 (x+x0 )/2
(xx )
X
n!L (x)L (x0 )
n
n=0
(n + + 1)
= (x x0 ).
:
(n + 1)Ln+1 (x) (2n + + 1 x)Ln (x) + (n + )Ln1 (x) = 0.
A.
116
:
x
d
L (x) = nLn (x) (n + )Ln1 (x) ,
dx n
d
Ln (x) = L+1
n1 (x) .
dx
:
1
(1 z)
exp
xz
z1
z n Ln (x).
n=0
:
Ln (x)
I
t
x n t
dt
1
e
1+
1+
=
2i
t
x
t
n+
n I
dt
(1)
(1 t)
etx .
=
n
2i
t
t
t = 0 .
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[2] . . , . . , , . 4, , ,
1988.
[3] . . , . . , , . 4, , , 1988.
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118
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[15] . . , . , , .I, , ,
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[16] . , , , , 1964.
[17] . . , , ,
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[18] . . , , , , 1966.
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[22] . , . , , ,
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[25] . . , , , , 1978.
[26] . . ,
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[27] . , , , , 1977.
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[31] . . , , , , 1970.
[32] . . , . . , , , , 1966.
119
[33] . . , , , ,
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[34] . , , , , 1981.
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[37] . , , . .II.
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[39] . , ,
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[41] . , , , , 1962.
[42] . , , , , 1965.
[43] . , , , , 1966.
[44] . , , , ,
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[45] . , , , , 1976.
[46] . , , , , 1990.
[47] . . , . , , , ,
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[48] . . , , ,
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[51] . . , , , , 1983.
, 27
, 47
, 46
, 86
, 36
, 36
- , 54
, 19
- , 51, 53
, 30
, 86, 102
, 14
, 14
, 25, 35
, 25, 35
, 4, 12
, 63
, 18
, 65
, 67
, 67
, 46
, 14
, 46
, 46
, 22
, 63
, 93
, 93
, 75
, 58
, 74
, 4
, 53
, 53
, 55
, 71
, 47
, 24
, 32
, 32
, 33
, 100
, 39
, 42
, 103
, 101
, 86
, 101
, 102
120
, 63, 71
, 28
, 53
, 38
, 23
, 42
, 15
, 101
, 101
, 41
, 22
, 60
, 100
, 100
, 19
, 50, 72
, 39
, 73
, 4
, 93
, 25
, 7, 24
, 7
, 20
, 70
, 44
, 69, 70
, 71
, 40
, 68
, 75
, 9, 33
, 57, 72
, 4
, 4
, 93
, 6
121
, 67
, 16
, 19
, 14
, 12
, 6
, 6
, 9
, 39
, 36
, 17
, 15
, 8, 43, 99
, 56
, 43, 74
, 73
, 6
, 6
, 7
, 106
, 25
, 76
, 58
, 74
, 50
, 61
, 70
, 71
, 58
, 60
, 50
, 50
, 22
, 16
, 12
, 20
2- , 31, 34
, 66
, 5, 14
, 103
122