>_VD ]u BV [

k klm D >.
skVl^ \uD skVB][ c\ W
B Vs _V z]V >,
]kV, V z]_ BV [m
D gEB z. skVl[ sV>
[ >_ [ k \V>
>a_
skVB]_
BVD,
\x\VD ~||^, ~|>
]m k[ m ]
F>VD.
>V_ VV g uB
>k_D, cBm c^VE [
>_ c^VE \A^ uB
gFD, \[]u BV
[ \[ W^ \uD >tw
gBkuD >Vzm kwBm
D gEBz.
\KD _s, JD, EB_ uB
[B _KV \Vk[ m
B \Vk x ]>VD.
_KV cV, >k sB_
_KVl_ AE \VuD [
>A_ \Vk[ m ]
F]>VD.
EB_ kVD... [ >_
kD \V>D \ _s uD, D
\V>D B >xl[ ]VD [
>D \^ ] BD ]Bm.
> >V WkD \m >a_
kl| kVD.
[ g[ kV|D A]B
V|D A>V_ B|m
km \m D\V_ xD >. c^
_V> m [ DBV|.
kVz MB Z, m\,
A>V| \uD V_ _kVm
[......
[A[

[ g| kBV \m D\V_
xD >a[ [M| ]KD
EE \Vu, Am\ Fm
kl>VD. V_^, Am
>V[ xD, ]_ m
BV F], ]A^ m
xBuEz ^ > >V g>
\KD |]lm.
D lm. [ !
vat is what? ] FB ]^
>kl_ E_ _s
k>VV! V[ |^
cV_ mD kku> cm
\>VD.
x_BV uB
c\ W B J> VBV
].E..zAV k [ k
\V>D ]> Vm \z > >k_^
VD...! VD...! >Vm ]m
B >k_ cV| m
V^ y\VM>VD.
VEl[ B_V|_ AE
\uV s>VD x[V^
\[ >k ].k^k[, J>
EB_kV] ].w.|\V[, _sV
>Vm
10
g|z
\_
BVu kD ].VV D, WkV
]>]uV A]B xBuE
\uV| kD ].c\V n...
gBV ]>VD. JD, EB_,
WkVD, _s V[ m_ _
\Vu u|> cwmkD k
]m, k[ m
cV| m V]_ c_
B[u [> c^ >D,
>VE wAD c]F>.
|^ \uD V_V|
W[ss_ VD. >k|DV

gEBz

DA >D D\V_ xD

k- 2008

D >m

_ c]
Vk ]>[ \m su
60 V su^m [ >B D
] z\^ c^> V|m.
V k[ VD MD
|V^! [ |l_ \z
uB
iD,
V>D kV>V|
| km \m z
kuBB BV|D _
c] [V. m t _.
E.kVtV>[, u.

V .D..c>BJ]

k^
]l> VD MD |V^
| tD [V >m. ]k^k[
VV DAD km z[ >V^,
kVl[ kuV > >kV
Bm [ c^]_ > >m.
D._kD, _|.
uA>D
m WkVD [ >_ EkV
V k^ ]B |B
>[. >k_ >Va_ OD k]
[ >uV>B Wl_ z\
BV V| _s,
\mk]_ >k_^ xD. >
M ]_ V]B\ [ x][
k^ uA>D. ].]_gxD, ].
>z\V, ].>J], gBV[
|D \. gEB zsuz
VV|^.

AmVo[

>^ \V> > kV \V>xD

AmVoD, AmAm sB
D k km. V\D
cD
kl_
>kVD
wVD \VD kl|
k[S^ [.
.. ^\Vak\[,
Vk

xk[ V.i\V, V\V>AD.

V]B\
V k[ BxD,>D
B^ m >Vm s>m
km. BD k[ kk>V|,
>aKD gk\V gV
|BV^ >Vm ] k[.
]m ]>Dz\ BV
k _VD V]B\. n>Vkm
# ]BV BD mkV| B_|
V]m kkm VV|zBm.
]., [

\^ ]B [VD

D\V_ xD D > >[.

\m z \ kV\V?
>BD >x^ [. \m s
>> kVD [ J>Q VV
V[> A>^B x>VBD [ am
m. > FB \^ ]B
[>V_ >V[ xD.
V.V.zA>V, E.
xm^
>a_ c^ > sBD
xm^. EAzB s> _V
KD su FB gk FB
k|D. >k_ D c\D
OkV ]\[D B_V| u
\z >s k|[.
.._, [

VV|^
Ek k[ EB_ E
>VV >tw][ kuV>B
> >AD >[ sD \.
VV|^.
sQ.V.]\Vkk[,
]k _
_.

DA >D D\V_ xD

k- 2008

[ ms[\. EB_ gkD V,

x>VB][ *m V, gV_
g sBV>, D, >s, _kV
uV xV^V> g^ [
k|D. k^ g|D _ EB_
m >\Bu k|D. >
V> B m[ k^
x[V_ >tw EB_ |>
kEB D. > BVzD
VD kms>Vk >V[m.
\V_ [[ zV|^
c|>V >uz \Vu V^^,

V\ kEBV?

M>^ glV g|z

x[> kVw >.
| kVB c]|>D,
\D|>D >z^ VD \m
V. kV^ ko\BV_ _
\M> V V|m kV]uV
>k[ >V[V[. gE \Vu]uV
> g V]_ {Bm. k
>BVm clo kVB EB_ c_
zB \>m. \, \V_, \
V....[ VBD >V[B u
V g|^ gsm. > EB_
>V^ko\VMtm
ko\

ukMD \VB>V_>V[ > kE.

[B EB_ *|D > o
gDm sm. EB_,
k[xBV[ _ >D Azm
km. _kV, ukV
t_. >D(?) \VzD
ko\ >V, c^ kV ! _
BM_ cl ]\V m
V| {V ! [ s|m.
EB_ Bm |zD wD
\z^ ssm. m EB_
>>k[ ms[\. E
_ [ V[V_>V[ BVxD
B> u kVB
]xD. m _>V? >VV?
mD V\ kEBV? _.
_k _, m EB_ s[
k\, c\BV EB_ >>k

DA >D D\V_ xD

EB_ E >V
x^ > \ ckVzD. >M
\M> m] V VV V]uz |_KD
k Wz \VuV m |
]BVk \D. [D [[.. ku
B_VD D s>\Vk |
>Vm...
kuku
kuku:
V\D
VkD

V|V^ [ kmV^kVD.
kzD ku z\V? [ ^s
m, ku [V_ m kz>V!
[SV? _. kD ku
xD >kV BV >VKD
]]V | _m z^
V^.
>
kD
ku
DBV y k Fm. >

19

k- 2008

> k|D. > D

_m V^BVk km V^VD.
x>VB]_ kVm wV[,
cBV] >V>V], cu]BV OkV,
suV kVzkV V[ ] W^
km VlzD. V>_VD
V^x |zDVm \u
ku y >V BVE
k|D. \m D m m.
V^ x V _VVKD
u V^ B>Vk zD. gV_
[B EB_ E^ kV_VD
BVEV\_ EBmV _m
{ \]_ km VA >[\
V B bz[.

m|,
V\VD,
mx] ]D, _s
V^, ]VD , V>V[
zD VV >VauV,>uVm
mt[WB skV]D,
\mk\VkV\k ]D

_VkuKD
D
EB_
E[ WV_ cE
kD V>> >s A]Vo
>D >[s_. x>o_ k^
|WBV| BVE wV_>V
s [V zD. V[ z| >
EBD V_s_. _V\ [
>V[. gV_ z ]
KD, V>KD m k_K^
EV xk wV V_ol
V^. m>V[ D V>. _ EB_
m
\B
\ [ ]
sm^
VD
kV \Vu BV
E k|D. k
l_
x>B
>_
V]
lV
m| u
V>VD.

DA >D D\V_ xD

20

_V \D >V
k>V V]B
V>kV
V^.
V_
V]^ [
. m
Vk. >
V_, _V
\D >V
k>V >Va_
]\
uk
V V^.
V_

>Va_^ [ [m
kV Vk. V]_ x[B
V]D [>B V]D m
V_, E >Va_z _
>, \A k]^,
kE kVFA, V[k [
. (.V. >k_ >VAm) E
>Va_^ kVF _V\_ [>
^. (.V. skVBD) >V_ |
\V>\V V x[u \
V]kVBV m [>B \z
D V| xz (m|
k) ]V kkVF_ >
\ c^B >Va_ >D
m [>B >Va_^ kk>uz
mkV xBuE \uV^VD

k- 2008

[ x>B >_ skV]>VD. > VlB_ A^ 2002z z WB

>a_ cB_sl_ V] m| gD. >V_ >D zD
B bk|D >[\_ > \]A zms|D [
kV>D uVz>\V sm. cB _s
VVD.
x>o_ [ Am V^ k|D. D uk^ V_ ]m _m>V
V_ _V >Va_, KD >s klKD yz BVm. _V
cB_sz t_. E >Vaum_ zD k V|zD [
>V[ cBA V]BD. sB]KD E kV]m k>V^. mD >k. M_
>Va__ cB_s u DV| [ _ kV| z V
kB]m. k uV BV >MBVD ]m s.
VlB_ _s \uD cB_s uk^
uVz>V[ xB BVzD.
z Dk> VVD. ]>V_ ]\BVk^ >Va_ Wk
V|z^ 10 kBV VV^. z V^. ] k FB
V^ xkmD m ]>V^. [D g^>V_ A]B >Va_^ mk|
s_. V|k>uz [D [. kkVFA ]m. \V>
s_. E
V| x[m.
^_ _sV m| ]_
klu ^Bm.
k cB _su
_ kBV k]_. VD, z xBV\_ WD >|
V[z \VDw _VzD >uz Vm\V V zkm>V[
BV
k
m V|k>V[
D m. cB_slKD
BVzD. gkxD ]\
k[. >
BV[ V|m mV[ W kk|D. >uz D kz m
BVV
>VKD
[ kV BV
] cB_s Wk^
kVFA \|km
FV^.
\
cB_sl_ _ Vuz w_.
z^ {>BD mkk|D.
muz >kB _ x[A, Vl x
kVD.
x>o_
BV\_ zD, [
k V[z z
[ W\ kk|D
>
w
mV_ ]\
V|VD [V[ k[. BV>V[ lmD kVFA \|D W
m. gV_ ]_ z. | B EzD u|mkm >k. m
z V_ u D. V kz >VzD ku >Vm _VzD
w> V|m kz \|D >MBV kVFD k]BD ]VD. mk
V kVD [ uVVBm. . cB_sl_ m| B_ _m
WBVBD u Bm. gV_ V [ kV>]om s|| m
>VKD g M Vkm c]. uz >kB _ [ W\z
k kal_BV?
\V k|D. m>V[ kzD ku.
m VV >V_ k kal_.
|> >a_...k[x W> EB_
V_ [D ]\V w ]_, xD, xD, E[
V\! kB suz |m \V]V^D > ]_, , \
V|D FBV\! m>V ! [ V[kuB g>V V
>|V FB k|D. u> c>\[ B { Fkm
>Vkm V]lV m ? [ E]VD, B_|m
uz kEB\ _V\_ ] cB _s k>uV.
Wk u|> k|D. \^
>Vu z >Vau_,
|BV .Ek
ckVzD >ku k k|D. BuBo_ xm D (M.Sc., Physics)
|mVV ^_ _sV uk. J EB_ \Vu]uV g
m| k]_. VD, km[ B_| kk.
s\E : 9444831802
_VD Vm\V D m.

DA >D D\V_ xD

21

k- 2008

\DV| ]][ m|D

W], \]B \D, D\>
\Vk gEB tz V
Am. VV\[ c EV
FD kV kBD s]x
gVFm, ]][ >z] ukz
\] >m, ku Wkuk>uV
> kw, k^ BV
[kV? [ VzD VA \Vk
gEBz tz >|m.
>kl_ > z ^
VB W] WkV |z
D\> ]V^>VD Vu
k|D, \]B > z VB
| VV\[xD >[ Vm
z zD mVD
FBs_.
c ]\[ >\ ]] kV
BV >\l_ \A ][
B_V| u gVF> cBWz, 2002D
g| >> [kD mB
>>m. >Vz] \DV| ][
g|>VD 3000 V VF >|m.
>uV k^, \VW ]V][
>s c^VE \A[ V_
[. VV\[ >Vz] ]D

[m, VE xz xVVm.
c^VE \A[ c\ gt
m. ]B EB\A ]uz
sV>\V > >Vz] \DV|
]> cBV s k|D
> zkm V\ Az
k] >km [kuV
]D, W]D, D>
c^VE \AD>V[
k|D. V >VKD l
skVlz c\l_ [mV_,
c^VE \Az >MBVE >m
s>V _ ] kms z,
>uV ]V c^VEz
>s_.
c^VE \Az >kBV
]V> `m` >k>uz ]_,
c^VEB `|` k]V^,
\V\V V] ko]B VBm[ B
gE [m, >] ]BVs_ ][ B
gEBV>V[ VBm_ km^m.
|BV: ].x. \uD >V
El[ Wk c. 22 g|^
VV\[ cV BVuB J>
EB_kV].

> u m >s....

|^ >k

kV^ >^ m, s\
\l_ J\V
D
J\VD
D,, (mse1988
.D.. J\VD
@gmail.com)
(9443119564) >VE J\VD (04424421810, 9443562030 >sVD.

EB_ \Vu]uV 20
g|V >Vm kkD DA
>D D\V_ xD \V> > >
{VV AmVo[ kkm
Vm. s>w \Vk
kVBV, z] kVBV su FB,
|^ kku|V^.

>[Vk^ {F
uk wVD
>MBV m_ BVu

>VAz

{Fu, >[VkV BVu

sDAkV B Kk> >VA
V^D.
c[
kD,
k>D, >D J]uz
B^
_
B[|]
V^VD. >VAz : 04424421810,
9443562030, 9443119564

DA >D D\V_ xD

9443562030,
9443119564
04424421810
18

k- 2008

c^VEl_ ]>D

[ \V>D, VBm sV
]to[ kEB> sl>VD.
]^ V\ y\VV
Wku|D Vm k D
Z]BV VD uD, uk
VBm_ k x |>
| kk>D V>VD. \]B
\> { cB\ zD, V\ sV
]to[ kEB> z m
m^m.
WkV ]> z
WkV]_ \uV^ kB
]> m z [
\>m \]B . V >k
].T\VFo >\l_ \
z \VWKD,
mKD >m gFs \uVm.
[ \V>D >\D >m m
kwBm z.
c^VE\A kK|mk>
E> WkV]uz kakzzD z
mm^m. V\ sV ]t
o[ kEB>D slm.
zV, VBm V> EV
B_km WkV ]>][ {
xB\V DD z|^m z.
c^VEl_ ]>D
VBm VD [m J[Vkm

DA >D D\V_ xD

12

VD z|kV^. >Vkm \]B,

\VW Vz |>BV \KD
\z kz V\l_ m B_
|km > VBm VD.
>V_>V[ VBm \A^
k\V \B V\V 73 km
]>]_ s]x^ kz|^.
zV, c^VE >>_ > >M \VW
>>_ gBxD, W]m^ kw
W]zD VBD kV \VW D
\k|D 73km ]>D
z|m.
>[ l_ [ \VW ^
c^VEV \VW >>_ gB
>D W]zkD \>m. ].T
\VFol[ zs uD VB
mV >[ m^ uD VD ]>
VBm >kD zVD
kD VBm WkV]_ \u
V^ kB ]>^ u
VD. VD >uVk V]>
k^ V, ]>V B
BB sV^ VBm
>k^. k^ z]_ E.....
1 [B W]JxD, D._.., D..
>Vz] \DV| W] JxD >^
VB]_ ^ \uV^|[.
_ sBD >V[. gV_ ^ E
\B^ VBm >k[ Vkz

k- 2008

kV\B \uV^|[. >^

z]l_ ^ \uV^DVm >D
gV \uVV_ ^ \KD
EV \D >k^ z
V^.
2 VBm > k]uz
x _m g \V>z x
kB k|D. VD, VBm^

>V| VBm >kz >Vm

luED k|D z.
c\>V[, VBm >k^ \uD
]W]^, c^VE \Az A]Bk^;
x>_ xBV VA kk^. k
z c^VE \A^ uB >kV
luE^ kEB\Vm. luEz z
>Vm kz kaV|>KD
kEB\Vm.

...........................................................

V_ |\V> kE c^VE
\A kK|mk>[ JD WBD
V]B\VzD. c^VE >k^ \uD
]W]^ >z> luEBV|
kKDVm c^VE \A^
kKD. c^VE \A^
kKDVm VD, D V_
|\V> kEB xD

............................................................

Vm k|\VVKD >z
c|>|D [> E ]V^
>kV B[|mV^. VBm

>k t|k>uV > >B

(Audit) E
B[|mV^
[
z.
3 >uVm [B]_ c^ VBV
VBm >s, VE \uD
c^VEV BD \uV^
k^m. kV[B]uz c
VBmV >MBV VBV _,
>V_, >^ z]l_ ^ V]
|[ [V^ VBm >k^.
[B]_ 20 VBm^ >V_ >
20 VBmz VBV \
k|D [. VBm \Az
|>V, ]V^, W] kw k|D
z. A, A, V]
V[> kw VBmz \]
>m WkV]_ ]>^ \uV^
k|D z. ]

_ol_ WE [_ EB
D >\, D V[ kE
V\AD
c^B
|\V> kEBV k|D
zV. V[ |\V>
kE c^VE \A kK|m
k>[ JD WBD V]B\VzD. c^VE
>k^ \uD ]W]^ >z>
luEBV| kKD Vm c^VE
\A^
kKD.
c^VE
\A^ kKDVm VD, D
V_ |\V> kEB
xD.
|BV : E.>z\V M.C.A.,
>k_ >Va_ Oml_ BVuBk.
>uVm \^ ] B][ x
>[Vk. >VAz : 9444405094
nanda.mse@gmail.com

DA >D D\V_ xD

13

k- 2008

]B \VW z cB
]VD k]D kB>
1950 \A D, >V[
c\B c^VE \Az
>s_. VBm, \AzD
B gE c\ >D Vm[
1993_ \A ]>^
Wku . glD, > 14
g|_, c^VE[ BVEV
]VD W] k]D Em
>s_.
V\ A kEV V>VD,
_s, z V[ >k
V V|D uV ]

cBV ]>.
1993om 2005 kBV 12 g|_,.
15,000 Vz \_ >Vz] \DV|
]]uz W] >|^m. >
]][ V\ \DV|z
> [[ Bs, ]][
BV_ sB\V [
B_>V[
>V
m.
VV\[ >Vz] \DV| ]][
sk gF F> \]B >
z 1998, 2001 g|_ |
>m^m. ku_
B zV|, V|D zD
xkV kzD BV z
sk^ \]B V]_ _
[m[, x>>V V_

_
_VlD
V_ W]^ m
VKD, ku Wkuk]_,
k^ FB|D _ c^ c^VE
\Az >B ~|V|D zD >|k]_.
|mVV, VV\[ c[ >Vz] \DV|
]D [> 1993_ >\ ED\V s>V. >[, kV
VV\[ >Vz]lKD g|z . 2 V W]B m, >Vz]
c[ s EB k Fm xm [
sm. > ]D, c_ k > VB VKD
VV> { k\V V\V ]\VzD!
>Vz] \DV| ]][ , A_ VD,
^ D, z, asD, V, kVFV_,
|V| V k
Fk>uV kax^ kz|^. >
k^ mD \A ][,
c^VE \AV m B__
zD. c^VE^ FB kB V
c^VEz m kB > TV
k ]_ \]B ] s|m.
>Vz] \DV| ]> >\
ED\V s>Vm, > ]D >kVm;
VBm \AzD VE xzD
w|D D | [ mV E^

DA >D D\V_ xD

16

k- 2008

k^ uB Vm skD
VAD V]D EmD _
[m>V[!
\V 2000 ]k \]B \D
B >V_ kVV\_ tEl
> . 1797 V ] K>
s_. kV>V V . 854
V c\l_ s>V
>Bs_. \ms > 2651
Vl[ W [? BV VA? [k

[xD gVBs_.
V][ FB|D kV
kD BV x>uV
V[> V_>V[,\uV|
kD kz W] m|D [m
V s]xBVzD. gV_ 1997 2000
g|_ >Vz] \DV| ]]V_
Wku>V
16,968 k_ 11,915

c[ ] W] |m
sV^. > wV|
V]_ >Va_O WkV V
V\_, 5,587 k^, s]x
*, \Vk gEBV^ Wkul
V^.
>Vz] \DV| ]][ kax
[ FBVm [ >|
k \Vk gEBV^ \]m
x]V^. zV, \>D\>

>Vz] \DV| ][
g|>VD 3000 V VF
>|m. >uV k^,
c^VE \A[ V_
[. >Vz] \DV|
]D [m, VE xz
xVVm. c^VE
\A[ c\
gtm

kz >Vkm
70 >T>]uz\_ k x>>u
V V[>^ \Vk gEBtm
s_. > kV
V[> V\, \uV|
]mz W] \]B >]m.
VV\[ c >D B]
mB km>V[ >Vz]l_
kV kD >V k|D
[m x>[\BV VBD. gV_ 1993
2000 V]_ D\> VV\[
c[ \] _V\,
\Vk gEB^ 5,139 kV

DA >D D\V_ xD

17

_ ]][ k >D
FBVm [ c> m. glD
> g|V]_ \> D\> 130
_ ]][ k^ FB
|^. m \A ]uzD, c
]\[ yAzD, sV>\V>VzD.
kV, > z VB W]
WkV zV|^, s]z \VV
B_^, TV skt_V> ^
u_ [.

k- 2008

V_ >>|| \^
z cw \,
VV\[ c^ > \z
^ \V VsmV| k^
\B g]D FB xB_km [m D
V_ \|\[, x]> VBV
\VsKD, >MKD V|
k>VzD. VV\[[ >VF [
w|D >M[ VV\[xD
> glD g|_ >k c\
*_, k\]A [ VV >M
D, ]BVD mD
>mD k]mt[, ]\[[
\V]D ]m.
kBV z > V_[.
_V , VV\[_ zD
^,skV>^ \uD > k
^ >D sV kVBV [VD
\[][ \]BV| V \V
kkD.>V[>V|
zD
s], ]_ ]kVzD > skV>]uzD

]V BVD ]\[> b xBVm.

gV_,1839_ ]_ \V
>kV_ >z \VD u|sm [
]\[]_ xl, ]]^ kz \V
i ~V >VB kw V
]Vz c>sV. VV\[\V
F>V_ k\]A k
||D [ V ]VD,
]\[>D Bx]Bm. >V^
DA^ VV V ]V^
El_ ]\[]uz |>_ \]A V|m
> >VB z V|m s.
cB, VV\[D k m
Fm El_ m sm.
Vkx\BV> V ]V^ ]\[]uz
xX| FmD s_. D
s|>V[ ]D k>V^!
B_VD >MB ]zD
Vm, V\ kEl[ x]E WB
BV> ]B VB]_ >V
]BV^ \[> k\]>>u

DA >D D\V_ xD

22

V 15 V^ EkV >[ V|>m

V[ Dk^ ]m sBuzB
sB\[.
> V| kV z >BD
^. z [V QVD m,
1964D g| V[ \]B c^skV
\]_ EB_ A^ s[

BzV > \BD. k E [kV

c> >i(c..) \[>
k\]>>V , \[][ > u
>[ x[ g|>V, >
V\_ uV| Vk>uz ]V,
k \VBV VVB *m k
>V| gDm sV,
]mV \[D \>V k
V^ El_ y\VD WkuBm.
k E k>V _. Elo>,
V\[ [ kwQ s| VV cB
] \[]_ xlD,kw sV>
| ]]^ y\V]uz >
> s]m, k E s|> F>m.
F]
>m\,
\[D
[V y\V][ J\V, ,
kB kwQ, yA kwB
]]^ _V\ k\]A zu]uz
gV, \[][ x[ gV glm.
k^ >\ ]]lD xX| FBD,
]\[][ El> 28 ]]D

k- 2008

\uD k\]A [ V> V

k \uV^|\Vl[, >uz
Vm\V g>V^ [kV [>
V]m y>uz ]\[z
c\lm, > y \[D
c^ \u _V \AD \]zD
VBxD m
, VV\[^, cB, c ]
\[^, Vm\^ > J[ >A[
c\ E g>\V c]\[D
m^ > m>V[ [k
J\V cz ]kV\V >
|m. gV_, m m>V[, EB_
D 143D s[ zB>kz
k k|V c]\[>V_
|D mz kwz y
sV> [ kwzD yAV >m
BVm. D, c]\[ ]]^
gm gF Fm [ m [>VKD,

|\V>\V cVm \[][

> gB m F>. >u]V,
\[D > ]]\ >[
k\]>>V ], k^ _V\
z| V > _ W>
y\VD WkuD z W\
| s|\V [ ]_ V_
kD u V|sm. _
kBV >\ kV_ D,
zB>k k^ V>ViD
c >VVE>>[ skV,
\]B , EB_ ][ 143[
> \V]BV \V>_ >s |
kB x mzD
c ]\[> | V>[ _
c..
\[D
\]BV
\_
k sm.
J\V cz ]kVD
c]\[][

]][
z k> _ xB\V
k |m V^kVD. x>Vkm,
\[]uz, > uD
k\]>V[ xz km, k m
Fm El c\l>V?
Vkm, c\lm [

km VVKD, m EB_ ]_
\z V|zD JV>V
>] V]z\Vl[, m V
kBm k, c\V, >]V?
J[Vkm, V] z ]\[>
bD, ]\[]uz kz VmV
D ]VD >V?
]]_, k V, \u g
D, [| zB >kz >
m m>V[ : >]
* > \[xD > s]
xBVm; \uD m >]xD, >V[
V|z zD z\z >s>
>KD _V\_ kVD >]xD,
>]_ kk. g>V_,
ku >uV > kBD
\[D \uV^ xBVm. c\*_

DA >D D\V_ xD

]V]_ sVz k kwz_

]]^ zD yA^ > Vm
zD V]B >VKD, >
m, kD m^ >V [
mzkmD z>>[.
D V_ D\V]BV E_D,
\V>_D Wk>uz VD EB_
]_ VV\[D \uD \VW
kz\V, ]V^ u ]
k\V ]l| V>>BVzD.
D\> 105, 194 _ sB]_
V_ m m>V[: \[_

23

k- 2008

c^
[
xl_
klKD, >[ zKD EB
> zD, V|> > kVzzD
k^ > ] \[]uzD sD
|k^ _. \u
c\^ \uD ]V V>
k, ]BVs[ VV\[^
>[ ]B\V kzm V
c\^, ]V^ c^B
WkuV> k, EB_ D Bu
V ]_ >VMB VV\[]_
xoo> c\D, ]VD
D xo o[ [ V^ k|D
[ >^ amsm. >V_>V[ >
D, D.
>[ VV\[ zs[
>MKD \z cBV|D BV
>V [D \uV^V, B_x
V kBm V s_
[m>V[ c\. zD, DxB
EB_ ]_ m \V]>V[ \
^ \[]_ zD skV>^, c
^ k|mD m^, k^
zD kVz^ x>oBk u >
]\[]uzD > c\
BVm [m>V[ xlom.
zD c\ *_, k\]A [ F
^ BVk, ku zD _m >
zD kl_ \[D > _z^
B_ k|D V[kB_VD [D
>Vzs_ [m, 1999D g_
>M[ VV\[][ EAz
V|m^ lom AVm. z
F]zD E xB EV^ \[][
_u skV D V|
k|k][ kEB> kuAm[.
c>V\V \[]uz E> s]zD
]V^ Vm; k\]AV
\[D D>V[ >sVD; k
x_ >zD ]VD ]\[
z>V[ k|D: c\ zs[
l[ l_ E[ c
]V>V[, VVB[ k|V[
_ ]\[]_ >uV kw
>VV\[ kl_ D \B
k|D, [_VD z l
> V>V_ VB]_ glD
g|^ kx^ >MKD
VV\[][ c\, ]V ^
u >kV W us_

DA >D D\V_ xD

24

[ >m.
]W]D \VD
DV V>k, > |
V[ W\B MD s|km
VB AzD, \AzD kV>
>V[VzD. B D, D VKD
>u[ D kz k|D.
>uz c>sBV >M_ \uz z
V|]zD mom zB
_V m\ VV\[D |m
V^VD.
>[Vk >V| Wk^
kV^ > uB _k
>k_ kVVz |m
VB|> k|\[ VV, c
] \[][ y[ c>sBV_ \]B
B k>kV, >\V] sV
BV V| >sB BD ]
VV\[ > > Bu
k]KD ku V k|D.
\^ ]W]z kB
\VV \zD c\
z \V c\^ s>
WBVBxt_. gD, \B g>
D, VD k
BV, BV>V >t[ ]o>u
V, \[_ c^ u
WmD c^, >szD sk^
V[kV kz Vm
VA k|D []_
s> m kV|D xBVm.
> VmVA >s, \u _V
sBD kB c\^
z\z WV>V[ \B
k|D. \D E\D >V[ >
k\ [ kV> k^ Ws_
V^ k|D. xB\V \^
k > sBD Fm c
>V\VV >l_ ~||D
suz \[_ m V|
k^ \z wzD k\]
uz k> k\]AD \V\V
xBV>[>D k^ k ]_
V^ k|D.
|BV: {F u n...
]V. \ukD \uD ]AVs[
>\ BVV >k. ,
]VV], V_mV V] V[
>\[ BVuBk.

k- 2008

][ B[|>k|D
> m >Vz] \DVuV
D._.. \uD D..z W]
mzkm kkukB sBD
>V[. gV_ W] JD [[
^ >Vz]l_ \uV^
|^, ^ >suz
x|^ V[ >k_^
\z >B|> k|D. >^
>Vz] kEV m|^
W]B D._., \uD D..^
][ B[|> k|D.
g.Bz\V, VEAD
t *]>V[ \z
^ ]]uV VD
kl|D D V \
[k>uz^ \z m
s|m. EB_kV]BV| m
]VzD Vm >t_.
kE W] [m \V| m
kzD>V[ [m c\. t
*]>V[ \z [Vs Wl_,
kE W] >E W]BV > s_
\ [>VKD >k _.
x.>tVB[, [.

k D kEBD
D.., D._,,^ k[
>Vz]l[ >k cBV
Wku >M W] >k>V[. [VKD,
x|^ F>V_ VD,
|\BV > >D k D
kEBD.
.BVaM k>D, [.

> x> zV
k >>_
VD \uD >>_
x^ zm c^
m [?

DA >D D\V_ xD

[ > ^s
D._.., D..z >Vz]
kE W] mzkm u c^
m [?
kD mA
|
s|>Bm
m g|VD, >\V
V, >\V z, >
l_V t[VD, E >Va_[
kE V[ k]^
> suz c^m [m
z[[
\o
sz.
>>Kz z >Vz] \
kk]_ D._..D
D. D. z kE
zD? E >\l[
kV \|\
>z] cBk^ \[
kaVV g xD? g,
>Vz] kE W] [m kD
mA>V[.
\V.>, D.

>k ]FB
[B wo_, D V|
D.., D._.._ BVV
E, mzD >Vz]
kE W]B BV B[|]
>[ >Vz]_ c^ \z
k[ >k ]
F[. kV _.
\^ x\BV B[D
kl_ kE W] m
k|D.
V.iz\V, [.

m ] _
>\ x>_ VE \[ c k c^
\^ ]W]^ kD \[ k.
k[ VmVA \uD k]V \[
kD,>kl_V\_ ]\V kVm.
Vu EB_kV]^ V>B
wo_, D._.. \uD D. z >Vz]
kE W] mzkm ] _.

15

k- 2008

BV >s[, BV
kaV|kV[, D ]\B u
V\ BV\_, VD V>
k_ ~|VD. Vm\
z V> >Va_ FB k|D [
{ g c| [V, _ VEBV
g k|\[ kz VVF z { g
[V V_ VD.
c \M>^ >^ ]\u
>Vao_ zk]_. \M>^ D
VKD ]_ >^ ]\ c^m [>
ck]_. >z>V
>D V| ]_. >V >
kl_ OwV^. k >V_
VmD [ Wl_ m m [ k
x\V? [ m V]_ sm.
\z > ml_ VD AzDVm>V[ \m
x ]\D kkD. V> ml_
V> kB Fk^, k >
z >kBV >>V[ FkV^.
> V_ Kk ]_ >]D

V>k^ \V Vm kD,
Vm T|z VVD [
VV^.
kV [m k >u
mV^km [>V Vm.
DVm sB^ c^ kVl[
] lV g > cT^.
sB^ >uu VD
g|k>uz ]_, > sB^ A kVl_
k|\[ VD sDAV\V >
VD B_|> k|D.
gk D kV VD sDA\V \B
VD>V[ ]t k|D. [ ml_
>V[ zk[ [ y\VM^. V>
>Va_ Fm V]]BVk[ [
V_o V^^. Mom
*^k[ [ >D F^. [ \s

DA >D D\V_ xD

10

\[ *|D _K V^k[ [
V_o V^^. kVuKD, ]\D,
DxD V gBV BV
\m V^k>V y\VM^.
m c^ EB\VVKD ]t|^.
> B_|>VD [ sk\V
BVE^! D g[ V. gD
D o k|\VV_, xD
BKD [BV[ >s m
B_ k|D [. g Vu
cVk sVy^. ku m >Vz
V| kV^. >V_ m^. [
xl_ > > B_
|>VD [ BVE^; B_|m^.
EB>, B B>V \V
B>V >>|^.
Voz| sBV| sBV|DVm
z >Vs_ W[V| zaB
V Voz c|VD. zalo

m kz>Vs_ W[ V| cV_
m zal_ swVm. \ >D. m
swVk]_ [. ]V zaz _
W[ V| VoB zal_ VV_
]_ D ]\z kl_. \
kD>V[ u|D. B>kM[ B_ m. >[
]\l_ D _V>k[ B_ m.
gk>V[ z >Vs_ W[
V| Voz TE VD.
B B>VD, > \BD \VF
B xBV>>VD k|D EBD
[V^ \V>mk WA^ >[
kEB> u VD BVEm V^.
V> >Va_ Fk^ ku kV
V, \VVV [>uz,
Voz|za sBV V>
BV V|V^. >Vao_ zk
z >[D k|D. i

k- 2008

\VzD
m_
k|D. z| zal_
s\V, swV>V [m
>s>D k[
l_ _. >
k[
c]
k|D. _V ]
zD V
kBB u|]
V^^. 40 kB]_
V]]BVl[
[V,30 kB]uz^
sQVMBV s| k[ [V V
kBB u|] V^^.
g \V>]_ [, | k]_ [,
n>V|_ [ [ kBV x[
E]^, ]t|^. [V V^, V[
> Vk mk[ [V, B
>kV gk[ [V Vy^. V
kB _V> ]^ kD u^.
>uzD V kD k|D. _Vs
V_ V^ {|D; EB^ WkVm.
]xD mV Vzx[ [ EB]uV

[ [ F>[ [ |
V^^. Vl_ >mD [
EB]uV [ [ VBD FB
V[ [ V_o V|
>Vz^.
B_,B_,B_! ]_>V[ kul[
EBD m. g BVV> k
m ul_>V[ Wum, gk
EB> V B_|^.
]V \Va D \D >[
EB]_ \V\VV] u\|
]V, m B_. >EB V_
VV V|V E [V
V], m B_. > k|D [
>V|V\, m B_. >Va_
>Vzk[ [ ^ k \V
b c^ >Va_ ]> skS
,m B_. ^^
[ | VV^ [
>V kV ^B >Vz
V Jk m B_! B_
A^! \TV \^!

V D..c>BJ]l[ _^
^ (77 D ]_)
E> >Va_ _kD
V| _m
\D V> \]D

.25
D\V_ xD >D DA
.35
.45
.28
cB\M> ckVzD z^
.35
D gM[ kVB
.45
.35
\zD ^
>[DD cB>\ D . 4 5
kuz x>_
.40
z x Vm ? . 6 0
cV_ BV> EBD
.45
>|^ ]|D
.30
V>V V>
.30
\ V>
.30
ku \VVkD
.25
>k[ E>
.30
[ mB ^
.110
\M> c^
.35
kV kD
.60
g\ >D
.20
>[ D
.65
>V[ >D x>\
.30
V> Vo_ W_
.40
zD D
]D
\^ ] BD
13, y>BV >, ].
.
]..
17
41
17-- A, >uz s[R, ]kV[tR, [
[41
V[
4431 19564
V[:: 04424421810, 994431
[17
V[:24342810,24310769
DA >D D\V_ xD

11

k- 2008

DA >D D\V_ xD

14

k- 2008

\m V[ \M> k]_ 30
kBmzk[ \|D
> 60 V. ]V ]BVk
ka>VzD > B >xl[ W
Vm m? ]V]_
k|D [ saAk u|> \^
] BD, D 22 >] [ [
]k_ol_ c^ V]BV W _]_
B >xl[ ]VD [ >D
[ ]Bm. EB_ kVD [ >V
Ws[ Vkm D m.
V D..c>BJ] k^ >\

>xl[ ]VD EV \B x>o_

EB \VukVD. z _sB \VukVD.
_s..>V\, V D
_KVl_ V[VD g| D l[
kV.
]BV [ x[B V|. ]BV [
m_ x[ km. >uVm _sl_ xB
\Vu u|>kB VB]_
c^VD. ]BVs[ V| VV>
uV|B kl_ _s \B k|D.
g_ \|D VV\[ c
z . 850 Vz \_ \^ kD

>VV. _KV \Vk^, Q Vm

\A ]W]^, VEB V g.\V
\>BV [ Vk
\B[ gBV m V| B >
xl[ ]VD zm EV^. kV^
>[ VVD> VVD.
].g.x \V, skV>V _KVl_
J[VD g| sB_ ml_ l[ kV.
EB_ km DxB \. VD VD>V[
EBo_ x>V^. EB V
[V^. EB_ [m VBV_ w
wB k^ VV. Q kV^
VB >D Fm EB_ D wB VV
\ l_ V^VD.
_s>V[ EBKz xB >k. [
_s z? _s Wk^ sBVV
V>V| B_|m. ^_ _s
BV uV|]_. k \]B
VVuV ^z kD k WD [
c^m. V _s \_s \Vk
\l_ |>k|D. >M]\B
zs>_ k|D. luE u gEB
>>|k|D. _s >MBVtm
| \BVk|D. B

s|m. k^ EV B_|
VV? [V_ VV\[]_ ^s
D V^. kV >uz
_s>z] _V>mD V\V c^m. [
810 ] FB EB_ E^ c^.
]E, gE [ E^ \|\
B kl_ \VuD V|kk|D.
>t ka_s ] ]A \VaB
EBVzV^. cB]\[_ >tw kwz
\VaBV V| kk|D. Vm>V[ V\
\D kw[ >[\B ]_ AmV^
xD. k V|k>V_ c]BV
x[kVD.
].. z\[, \B _ >Va_ O l]_
*MB_ m J[VD g| m kV.
V[ _>Va_ l]_ [. z
m A> k \|\ km.
_V\_ 6 \V>D A> , 6 \V>D Fx
luE k|D. Fx luE [m
>VauV_ k|D. Vm>V[
> A x\ D. [ gEB^
_V\_ \Vk^ V]|V^.
V]V\_ >kBV gEB
WBtk|D.

x\V

DA >D D\V_ xD

z\[

>V\

k- 2008

^ xzD k W c^m. g]V

VVu V, x_BV
V Vk y ka>V[ mk
_. 6000 \m ]zD , ^
Jkm. zD ^V gEB^
>|V|.
_s, \mkD kkVF_ xB
mkD k|D. >\V _s, >\V
kkVFA ckVk|D. k kVFA
Kk]_ > Qz >V
V|m >[DB zm.
k[ >V[ \ cV> k >z
>kBV k Vm\ xBVm
> JxD x[uD DVm, >
J]_ c^ kD EB c^kV
k|D.
].sF TRIPLE-S Q x>VB x[u
][ c
V mkV z EB_ Vy^ [
ck^ V[ Vm _ kV^
]lV^ gV_ \^ ] BD
EB_ kVD [ \ \m ]_ J
sB skV]m kkuAzBm.
[B Qz kVwu V|zD
_sD, B> >VVm> uV|
zD EBKD >k. _sB V>kl_
>tw]_ k]m. gV_ >[M
s_. 1986 _ u >EB _sz
1990z^ kzD 5D kzA klV
_sD, 1995D guz^ 8D kzA klV
_sD VBD kw k|D
y\VM>m. gV_ [k m x
|> s_.
kzD _sD, kkVFAD
kBm E[ \BV >V
KD Q^ V]kB
kEBD _. [z Q^ >MBV
>Va_ >V kuu> VD
VVD. >tw kVu_ >]]uVD
Q^ m Vm kVs_ ~|.
*|D x Q^ k>uV
D kmsm. kE > >tw>
ckV kB V D m. >
Q^ ] [m ] V|D.
].>J], \^ ] B][ x
>[Vk.
VmkV [B Q^ >[D
BV|D, VV>V >[MkV|D m
kV^. >]\V B_ sDAV^.
> V\ Q^ z]z km
kVm kV^. V\ Q^ E
skVB]KD, E, E >Va_KD ~||
k[. >k_ >Va_O]_ AD

_s D \z cBmsm.
>V_ ]\ > \Vk^ xBV>
w_ ckVm. ^, _KVK\ c^
> xBV> k\lKD \Vk^
c^.
mV> A\ D >VA \Va
gD >>V_ \|\ x>s_ k
m. >uz g \Va luE >
E> kaBVzD. >[ JD k m
]VD EV \D. M k _V
mKD u> k|D. B[k
]VD EV \D.

.[, ]B VB kVo \VW

BV.
s |> VV V]_ VmkVs_
Q[ z ]\V >m. cwzD
\[ AD >m. _s, k, EB_
k J[D J]_ kM kB t
xB\V sB^. zV _s J>
\D|mk>V \B k|D. \M>[
V|, _s,_sWkD, JD k[JD
JkB|> k|D. [B >k_
>Va_ O ml_ D Q^ Vz
12 \ ]uz \_ FB k^m.
]V]_ k^ \ ]V|
mk>V _. >V_>V[ |> Q^
EBo_ m mB V^. WB
_s>V[ \Vuk|D. DV[\BV
\z ]V c^ [B EB
\V EBV
\VuV_>V[ [B
>xl[ ]VD
EV \D.
].V.>tw[, s>
^ VV.
>V F \Va ka_s
>V[ lk|D. >t
>tw[
V_ >t V\B

DA >D D\V_ xD

k- 2008

\VV V]^ kkVF \|\

\B\V V| kB|^. m
VlB_, sB_ V]D >V
kV, VV>VD V[ m
VKD J m^ D k]_.
V]^ >Va_ Wk[
\V[ gV kB
|[. W\ , Q^ _
JkV]VkV, EB_ kV]VkV kkV^
[ ]V xD? [ >MBV
ml_ k FD Q^ V 8
\z >^ B mk 9 \z>V[
T| ]DAV^. k, D, T|, V [
km kV {|m. _ \Vk _
x>VB> ckV _sxl_ \Vkz
saA V]D > k|D.
V ^ uB |D,
A>D, \VkV VmD V[
m|. [ ko\l V.
D.. c>BJ] k^ >Vm ko]
kV.
Bm BVz Fmk B
]B g [
[m z^

Q {k, \V>D 1 D VF DD
kVzkm [ V>V\V sm. gV_
[D D >tw]_ 1000 zD 1500/ zD
t_KD, MB[ DMlKD k Fk^
>V[ FV^, k^ VV[z 12
x>_ 18 \ D cw k^m. VmkV
V\m Q^ \BVk^. {\V
k^. VD VV> >^ k^.
gV_ V\ Qz BV _s
s_. [B _s kkVFA >
BV> _sBVD, x kVz c>
_sBVD _V>>V_ V\]_ uV[
>T>D zm km. >VA \Va [
s_ gD kEB\VVKD, >VF\Va
kal_ u E>>VzD.
\m V[ >]]uz x[ > V
]_ V| >]D B k|D [
zV^ >m. >]]uz [ VV>V
>_ ]>m \^ \M>B> \ms
V^. >]VV]_ kuz
Q^ xB VuV^. ^
kVsVBD V\]_ Q^ \
u|] 2001D g| u VBm >k
>>o_ kuuVD. VBm V_

sF

>J]

\V

VxD EBKz kk|D. _ >kV

ckVk|D [ > Q]_
ckV k|D, m WBD WkD.
].\B[,
Vk
\>
BV [.
W BD ]BV ]t VV c]uz
kaV|D VV 2025 g|_ ckVzD [m
c]. >uV V]B ^ >kV >m.
^ ] kVF>k. 15 k]uz x[A
VD m msBVD, \mk\z
[>VD. z 15 kBm B[ V[
V|>V[. k[ z Ez k> luE
\uV zw>lD BV| u
V [ V_oV|>V V_KVVD
[ MkV, V[. z sBV >m.
c kMD VF [ VF [

mV| V\ Wku
x>m.\^ uV| 50 D \]A^
{
\mk\B
x>VD.
Qz V[ V_ sDAk>_VD.
\VuD k|D [ ^ BVD
kVD. EB_ kV] D\V_ \Vu
xBVm. gV_ D\ VD \Vu
V^xD.\^ ] BD cV|
m FB >BVV m. kV^!
V g.\V, VEB-]V
\ _KV, [.
A>^, ]^ zD w^
VmkV QB zkV c^m.
[B _sx _ \M> J
ckVz V]\V _.

DA >D D\V_ xD

\B[

k- 2008

[. 10D kzA [V[. [ c>s k|D

[[. > VD \V c^>V V[V[.
Tuz k V[[. msBV >D
uV|>V. ]\] uV[. [
_ol_ 20 glD D]_ k FV[.
g>V_ kB km B_|^. c^
B_V| z >B|D. Vm>V[
kVFA^ zD. Qz
_BV \m V|>V_ V| _ WB
|D. kV _ V_o
V|zD _s Wk ckVk|D.
^l_ V] BV\B
Vm uV|k|D. c^ [
kMD >VA V^>_ [ g]B
V_o V|k|D. [ n.. mz _
cwzD Q _KV^ ckV
>m. >Va_ mD x[ km.
kuV| 1 >T>D kV| >VA V^D
WB u|]VV_ V _ka|>
xD. E> _s JD ]V]_ _ \VuD
ckVVkm c]. ]BVs[ cu],
x[uD c[> kE D. [D 20
g|_ cz kaVBV ]BV
ckVzD.
V D.. c>B
J]
[B >
xl[ ]VD
m tD xB
\V>V >A.
|> >xz
_>V V
VD s| _k
|D . D x[V^
E>
sB

]
l

V^.
c>BJ]
>[ kVm
VlV^.
>uu\V] [z D EB_,V|
>V? [ Vk|D. \Vs
om kkD L T [ ]l_
]V]_ c k_V kB V|
Bo>V^. ]_ Vz |m
]BV Vk>V c^m. >uz \m _s>V[
xB VD. z n.n., V[ _s Wk^
\uD VlB_ > \Vk^ kV|_
_ k FV^. gV_ kV_ D
]B^ \uVzD gVFEB VKD
\m V_ gVFE^ zkV c^. D
V_ c^ 40 zD \u gVFE _
[ |m VV^. \u V|^
]BVstm WB kEB ]V
[. gV_ cD ]VzD suz

DA >D D\V_ xD

[D VD cBs_. VD, D, w_
V[ J ^ koB l \F[
>BV c^m.
VD D VB>, >>_ xB
AmV^k|D. VBD [m
\V \V_ >|D \^ VD.
\VB VD >uV, BVV {|
V|VD [ > ukV
k|D. >| \ >uz VD >BV|>
k|D. VD >V V^ m [
m sVm. VA[ B_
k|D. D g[, _ xBuEBV_ u
kuB >V VA JD>V[ >km
V^xm [V. D x[V^ k
i| \z >]D u>>V^ D
>]> VmVzD kl_ VD D
V> VV\V? \^ sam
V k|D. >>| k^
\z \V^. >E>
\Vu^ kk, V][. BV
]V][ [V_, [B ]V
>xlD, \VkD, VEB
D>V[.
\m [B _s kD ] V_KD
_sBV m. kV|_ _sBVm
gVFEB \uV^ #|D _sBV
m. D _s]]_ B \VuD
k|D. \^ ] BD E g|z
x[A 5 zD \u mk>^ \uD
VEB V| _s]_
\uV^ kB \Vu z >Vzm
kwBm.
\KD ] AV V>BV]
\^ ] BD \uVm [>
kD [z T^ ] [ J\
skVB]uz > >kB ] FB
xD. > D\>k^ c k|D.
D x>VBD [z u x>VB\V
>uz D x[V^ kzm >>
g[*V>lom s[mD { VD.
\z^>V[ ^ V [m
W c\. |> >xl _
_s ukV, c>kV,
VB> kV, ckVzk>[
J\ B >xl[ ]V>
\B\V \Vu xD. >uz VD kD
[m cw kV^!
WEl_ ].>z\V \ xD
F>V. ].EkVV WEB >Vzm
kwV. ].]_gxD k^ [
V.

k- 2008

1949 gD g| kD 26 gD >]

cl_V> B]D V[m>V[, >

> BV| ||mk^ JD
>V[ m cl m. [z ]BVsuz
>k|k>_VD >^ V> > s
V| ]uz x[\ V|zD
\BV \M>^>V[ [ V.
EB_ \A > BV|
||mk^ BV? \V?
\[, VV\[ cV? k^
V]zD EV? ]]V?
KkV? xl_ k^>V[
BV| ||mkV >V[VKD
c\l_ EB_ \A >
BV|
||>
kBk^
\^>V[. [V_ EB_ \A
][ xl_, \VB VD >
>
Bu
u
\z
V\

EB_ \A WB ]B
EB_ \A > WkuBm.
>[ ]BV VB zBV
|>|
m
z
\zD J, VV>V, EB_ ]D,
, |m _, D k kaV|
FB >]xD >]KD kVFKD
\mkxD kak FB| >M
\M>M[ k>D V[ u\
BD c] Fm \B V>m
k> k x FB|^m. >
cB> V Wkuk>uV
\VW_ \[^, cB] \[^,
>kVB^, \]l_ VV\[D,
c]\[D, \]B >kVBD, [V
gE xB kM >kBV WkV
\A WBVB\VD >]\VD >>
> >>_ gBD, s
V >\
>
]V V[ _
k \A
D EB_

\A
D ckV
Bm. V
B_
>VKD,
> k
BV \A ckVB>VKD, V
[ 60 g|_ m
sV\V
[m
[xD
^s
zBV>V[ m.
EB_ \A D ] kkD
u BV_ u V^ Vm
>[ >kV > V.V] V
>m xl_ EB_ \A D

DA >D D\V_ xD

V|m^VD [>V[ m.
\^>V[ EB_ \A >
BV| ||mkm [V_ k^
kV > FB xD. > FB
x>o_ k^ FB kBm V], \>D,
D,\Va, >Va_ V[ > zD
_k om s|| >z
B (z\^ [ l_)
| u\B (solidarity) ckVzk>VzD.
m ckVV_ > z szD,

k- 2008

Wl_ EB_ \A >

V Vm V D mD
kEB\V[. \B | u\
k>V_ mD kD.
x>o_ x [k[ >m V^
k|D. E[ _k ]_

> V]A k>V_, \ukD

kV z_ V|zD \V[\
\B kD. > \V[\>V[
VB][ g kVzD.
VBD >V[B 2500 g|z x[
V| _ (citystate) [
|m. >B _k z
EB_ \A D kzm V|>k
V[ (solon) [ EB_ Q, kD
k V. ^ _k z
EB_ \A D kzmV|
]S^. kVk>uz E> D [
>B > ^ mS^ [
V. >uz k V[ ]_ >
]_ y\BV_ V]V>k^ >
y\BV_ V]kz BV,
yB A>kz ]V z_ V|>
k > m xBuED
|VV > D >V[ kVk>uz E>
D [V. \B | u\,
cEl[ V_ ckVm. gV_ m \|D
V>Vm. m[ D >k. \VE

D\ tD V] B E
mVkm x [k[ >m
V^ k|D. >uV>V[ _k
mD >^ uB x sk^
B \^ V> kl
k|D [ kuA>m. >aw]_
mD > kl|^. E m_
m ^ uB skD, BV >
B[ >z]BVk^ BVz
s k|D, k V\VzD,
l_ zV| >V_ [ Fkm V[
sk _VD k kl[.
ku m V^km x>_.
kV kl|^ \^ V^
, ^ [>V [>
V >k_ D c\ >
B[|] V^ k|D. >k_ \^
V][ JD u, >k_ D c\
][ V]_ V^
^ ]>V [ VMm
VsV_ [?[ >
k|D.

l _VD V| \[^ >

\[ BkV k|D. V_
[ m [> [z >>kV
k|D. > m >VaV k^k
kzV.
_VzD _VD Wk QV[D
k_>_ k>[ >Va_
k >D >m VV_
\|D V>Vm. k _VD
kB xl_ >V [>D \[
kV VD V k|D >D
k^k kuAmV.
V^>VD V xFBV \[k[
V^>VD V| |D
gV_,
>uVm
DV[\BV
\z x [k[ >BVm. >m
V^ gkxD D _.. x
[k[ >BVsV_ x| m
>BVm. Ez >>VKD >
> >BD ]_. >>B

DA >D D\V_ xD

k- 2008

\m ]B c^m \D
kD 5gD >]lom 7gD >] k
Am]_ol_ 4gkm [V| >D
[ V V_ c^ VE
BD [ \A[ m
]Bm. V|om, >> V|
]^ \uD >\ \^ m
V. xm V|om
\^, cBW ]V^,
VEB^ \uD c^VE >k^
m V.
]BVs[ V_ |k \^,
\VW x>_k^,\VW g^, \VW
\^, |k \VW ]V^,
VEB^ VE B_|D x
k k\V szk>uzD, m
V^k>uzD, VEl_ kB \Vu^
uD t skV V[z >A_ skV>^
>. > [V| >uz
ku\l_ u\ [ >|, ]_
ku\ c^kV V u\[
km V^km [D VEl_
W]|
kV

m, k|D
[D VEl_ |k,
\VW ^ c
\VuD FmV^[
[D c^VE, >
\_ [ WV_
c^m [D V[z z]V
mV| >Vm J[ V^ V[z
zV m kk z_
skV>\Vk um. m s]BV\V
k\V >m. > \VV V> >\
\[\V[E >VkmD, zB >k
W guD E>. DxB |k
\^, \VW g^, x>\^ ]B
VEl_ zD EAD, E_D
s cBVuV.
DxB >\ l_, VEl_
BzDVm V]BB zD u
>V^ D EV c^ [D ]BVs[
VEz tD kuB >>m >
V| \[ A >[\>V[ [>D
|mVV. \KD [z VV>V
B_V|^ c]_ c^ V|[ BV
\BB >ms|D > u|mk>V
c^m [>D VV.
> >Vm km

DA >D D\V_ xD

28

\ VxE l_, ]B VE
x [D W]>uz VD ]B
x>VBD ku\ c^kVV|
u\BV V kVw B w kVu
VD >V w]_ km kVm V|
k][m [> kVu g>V
x[km sV. ]B VD \A
xl_ VE. gV_ B_|D xl_
unitary [D V^.
> \VV_ EB |k \ \
FB kwDV_ ]BVs[ A]V c^
k\BD, k\BD k cB Vl_
|m V. VD VEB uD,
gBuD [VD. gV_ D
E_^ D u >V^, D \ > suz
D EBD, D gBD >Vz[
[> VD >|] V^ k|D.
[z \z^ VE \uD gl_
c^ E_ y>uz ]Vk_
c>D [> >kV VV.
>V_ \u Vom k>kD >^

V_ zD E_D, kVFAD
kVu xl_ |m km s\V
cBVuV. > [V| >uz
VD w>[. ]_ c^VE^
VEl_ > WV V|^
[> |k VEm BV[
m s k|D [ >[.
> skV>][Vm _k V|_ EB_
V D _ [VKD c^VE
kKkV B_|m [> Vm VD
>V[ EB_ V> V_o c\l_
c^VEz ]VD V\_ \ \Vu
kVD [> c x>m.
zV > VE B_|D ]
g V|[ kD >kV F]B >
k s_ V|k>m. >Vkm VE
[m W> >[\B V >mkD
_. \VkD wKz u >[ \Vu
V^D >V> bzx. _VD >

k- 2008

 VV BV Am
V^V\_ w\kV>D [VV
_VD VE *|D *|D EKz
c^V kk> V[[ |mVV.
> VEl_ ^
ckVzDVm E_^ [
[> sV^. VD [m
A]Bm _ [ V|^ EV
k[
x]EBm^>D
|mVV. >V_ VEl_ t
xB\V ]V s ]KD W]B
V^>V[ | V^D W
xB\V skV]m. |k , \VW
, c^VE J[D \ Wl_ W]
g>V
km^kV
[m>V[
BV km m. |k
VD VmD >[ l_ W]zsB
km^m uD, >V_ u|D s^
uD |m>.
[V t xB\V V^ u

skV>]_ kV| k>.

EB_ E[ B_V|^ [m
\B_ m*B B_D, >
>VB>VD
>
skV>mz
k>Vm, _VD \^ EB_ kKkV
[>V _VD EB_ E^
> x|] kBz^ V|
km s|[ [>D D m
V.
>V^ [B wo_ \^
E_ \VE \A x^ JD
y]_ E_^ m^ [>
skV>mz k>Vm, [B \VE
xB A]B kkD \AD
>kz u | k|D. gV_ m
kV Fk]_, k D \VEB
Eo_ m. m \Vu k|D [
m^ \V. VE [m
kB s _z^ gV
BzD _k Wk^ \uD

skV]m. >Vkm VE [V
|k, \VW ^ u \|D>V[
skV]|m. m >kV VkBVzD.
[z J[Vkm VD ckV>V,
>[z VB\V c^VE, \VW E[
c uB VkD,skV>xD, bzxD
>k [m zmD skV].
>V_ \VE V|_,
EB_ El[ EB_ [>B[ \^
EB_ u skV]|k> _ [mD
skV>mz V| km. V|_
][ JD gE [m Bs_ >V[
c^>B[ B_ s_ EB_ E[
\x gE>V[ m. _VD
D [m D V|D VV>V[
k|^m
[ > D

\A^ >z s] ]V
_z^ W[ >]\V B_|k>VzD.
WkD \uV Wk> VB|]
B_|mk>uz ckV>_.
\uV t xB\V m >
VE [m > A]B kk>D
WVzD >[\ V W> VV|
_. m \VD >[\ Vm. >kz
u \Vu \[ [ ] V|
kkmD, c x>VB]uz >kBV [x
>[\ V kBB V| kkmD
V][ VBD [m >|>m.
>BV E_^ D V| VEl_
>VmD, J[Vkm Wl_ { V>
ckV VEz A]B kkD
V|m^m kVKD VVm.

|BV: V] V\ VtB
_w
EB_
sB_
\uD
x[u WkVsB_ m >k

DA >D D\V_ xD

29

k- 2008

[B JD \uD EB
>kV Am V^ >[ >V
kV u km tD kEBD.
[B EB_ Vz^, k
V k^ lm k>
[> >m V^V\_ [B
EB m V^km [m
z[ BVl[ V> >V|
m V> VVs|D.
>uV>B J \uD EB_
Vz^ >[ > V s>l[
s_VD, > kVu[
EBVD km kk> > V
kVuom xD.
WV J, EB_ \A_
\VuD uVV>V... [ z
k^, >uV [ FBVD [
>sk^ [B EB_ k
zD, J z\V JD
? Vm >VBm [>
BV\_ >D V]m s
xBVm.
> \[ B_A, > \[
csB_
>[\^
V[k

DA >D D\V_ xD

V]uu WD \V k]D
ku[ >xD zxD VD
>V >uVmD \VV\_ >Vm
[m W>D. m kVuom VD
D >D.
>tw]_ V]BV, k.c.E, \B
EkV, ].s, V[k^ V]o>
V >V VV, ]B J],
V\V, >kD, JV k >[
ED TED.
VLuz \VuV [ ckV
>[M]B c\D, ]E,
B\BV> BD, ]Vs BD, ]_
u s cV ].x., \uD
>[ >VE...
>tw EBo 20 gD uV_
>M\M> g\^ u|]B >V^
(VV, BV, V\V, V,
\.V.E, kV, D..g, VW],
Bo>V....) B^ >Vus>
>V^, >EBD, ]VsD, Vm\.
>t>EBD V[ E>V^ u|]B
EoA^, B^ u|]B T^,
EM\V,\VB ckVB \B^,\Va

26

k- 2008

cE, N] ]A EB_, DRM

|[ A, V\ \uD V\
_V> \|zl[ EB_, u|
> \uD >V> J]om
EB_ >\D, EB_ BD
ckV>uV J V^, EB_
z|D c[ V]A^, zD
EBKz\V >VA^ V[
V^ >VD uV| J EB_
kVu_ V]A u|]^.
kB>D VAW |V\_,
c^m c^B ckmD, AkmD
WV EB_ u >k>uzD, kV
EB_ \Vu]uz ka V>uz\V
>_z ]V|D.M_ WV
EB_ W, [B
w_ \|D km \]| Fm
y\V]uz kk>[m BV\! k
Vu_ *m Bu \[ \VVkD
>V[ EB_ >VV[ g
V EBKz V>\V^m. > V]
B> VFm sV_, EB_ >V^
D| s|kV^.

Vs][

|BV

gVB\V EBKz
\ku EB_, J
kVu Vk tD
kEBD. >>V[ V[
\V>D \V>D B>
xBV| m V^
V[. kV^ m
BVD! skV]VD!

DA >D D\V_ xD

20 g|^ ] kx^k. m
kV >a_ >Vm 10 g| ] k>k.
V_V]z>V D, Vz
]_B, mD mD V[ J
\B\V V| OV_^
]^V.>uVm zx>D, ]\_ J
^ | >Vm ] kV.

27

k- 2008

[
>a_
kzD
z\ BV
(V| citizen card)V|>[ JD
\mkD, _s, kkVFml_ [
[ \Vu u|>VD [>
{
V>VD.

kV^
>VElKD, >D JxD m
_ BV>V[ gEBV^ x
|> x[kkVV? B_|>
[ ka? [V^. \m >a_ kD
m
|D
\z
BzD kl_ yk V [
Vm. mk>V|, k>V|
\|D W[sV\_ y B_
Vuz V| kD m
kD, gFD, B_D m

V[> V[ V[>^ kVzDVm

D V|V\_ kVx>V [V_
B ^sz>V[. > V[>w kV
kV[zD D V| k|D
[m >V> \V c^m. D
V|m >k_ [ \VVk>>V[
m km. z.. V|zDVm VD
>MBV A V[> kV >kl_.
\m kED m [>D, T
\VuD Vm>D z.. _ ]
FDVm >MBV V[D
kV >kl_.
\z D, BV Vm k
c^m. VD [ sBVVD FVD. z

F
V
k
k

Vm. ss_ k x
|>|D. DA^! D\V_ xD!
Vm\VB VD kkVF mB
]D Vm kVwkB W c^m.
WkV \ ] \^ V|V^
[V_, z >k^ ] kVFA^
c^m. D, w_ z ]\V
m. z\ BV
V|>[ JD kV kkVF m
WkV> \|>VD?
kV ]B z\zD x
sk c^B z\ BV
(z..) V|m V]B\[
V>VD. [ VD V] V[>,
k\V V[>, A V[>, A
V[>, kV V[>,

DA >D D\V_ xD

30

k D]uz k FVD [
xskxD z.. _ ] Fk>V_
>MBV k\VV[ kV >kl_.
\m k\V> z.. JD >m
V^VD. >V_ kVV[D. \m
z|D [ x skxD Ml_ ]
F]>V_ kV V[ kV >k
l_. z.. Ml_ V|>V
BD kaBV ]BVs_ mD t
BV skD >kBVk^
>m V^ xD. mV[ V[>
kV VD kkVFmB ]D
Vklm. m skD
kBV >V_ BVD BVD
\Vu kVFA z. >[ JD D
z|D. V[> kV B

k- 2008

s|V^. V>V\>|mV^ [
kB Vm. V]uB ] SC, MBC,
BC, OC V[z _ \|D ] FB
ka FBk|D. V]B^ >k
l_. ]V]_ ku kV
ka k Vb>_ k|D. kV
Fk>[ JD >MBV V] V[> kV
>k Vm.
Vm \^ ]D V\_,
zmVV zkV
WkV> kBV skV V|
VD. D, w_ xuKD >[ JD
a|D.
V\ WkV Kk (V.A.O) [
V[> kVVD BV BVz
V|V [ M JD B]_
] FBk|D. Vm Vm\
VB VD kV s..{.D [
V[> BVz V|m^V [
sk> kD BD JD
To> VVD.
D kVV| VFBV V[

V|zD ]V |
m V|kz > [\V\V
km _s>z]z >z>VuV_
kl_ x[\. _m .[...E.
> mDVm |>_ \] m
V^|D. _m >k F>k[
_ c^ D [\V\V V|
|D [V_ \ x V
VV B_|k. V z..
mD mBV zD. >V_
WkVD ,wu \BV, skV
k \z zD. VB][
\VVB
\
xxD
VzD WkV> k
BVzk>[ JD s..{.som \Vk
gEB k \BV k FB
x[kkV^.
>uVm |\BV \wFm k^D
V]> \Vkz , WkVD

DA >D D\V_ xD

V| c^m.
mV_ k^
W k V D
kE
WkV
D AB_ WkV
D [V_ k
k V F m
lz >V
D>V[. \
z k F
B kVFA
m^m
[ >V
|V^
[ W>V_
VD \V^
>V[. V _ > V^B
VD [ >VD>V[ kz.
kV V^B> >| BV
BVz k D, V^ V|
|^m. [ V]uV V|
|^m [ sk> kk z..
_ ] FB ka k
FBk|D. Vm V\]_
BV BVz k WkV >V
V||^m [> >k_ D
c\> B[|>V\B
T_ >B M c>s[
BD kaBV VVD. >[
JD x| 100 >D aVD.
M_ kV \D >V
VVV >V_ ]V^
\BV FB kB VB
]uz^VV^. >V_ WkVD
c\lB V]kz
c ka u|D.
kV^ z\ BV
B[V| uB >^ m ]
Fk>[ JD z \KD
m x[ k k]BV zD.
|BV : EkVV

31

M.A.,

(EB_)

M.A.,

(>aB_)

]\l_ WV BVuBk. >uVm

\^ ] B][ x >[Vk.
s\E :944 356 2030 email : pudumai2020@gmail.com

k- 2008

\V? [? >uz?

A, A V[>
, z|D ,
t[A , z
A , ]^ ]
FB, WV^ ,
T| \] , {|
c\D , Vk_ m_
zD \^ *m k
|, mV[ \m
A\^ >D
B D V|
k|\V? >k _.
D V|k^ BV?
>[D uk^. VD
^. > m_
bz[V\V > m
[ D, kaV|>_^
u BV>k^, >^
k|>o_ WBVBD _V
>k^. Vm\V V k
VD \k^.
^ ku_ kB
V>kV? _. _k
_. [ [ D V|
k|D?
V^
V>k^
k^ > V|m
>V gk|D [
WSV? V>k
D D V| >k
l_.
^ FB kBm
[ [>V[. >Vkm
>uV syV
>uzB V[ k]
k|D. >Vkm s
D _ V|>V_
>uzB >VEBV
B s]uz _ |m
> u V>uV
>VE BVD u
> ]\V km
V^
k|D.
E
m_ >> \>V_

[V
s

_m
x>_ s
> ] >V
o_ , >u
zB ] >V
^ k]zD
_ s ]_
km
V^ k|D.
kV F>V
V ]
yms|D. s
m z V kVD k >Vkm
z> D 20V^ x>_ 30 V^ k
V]^. >^ s][ *m
>kBV k |s_
c[SV? BVD V kB
kEBD _. c^ c\^ \
|k>V ^ W>V_ >k_D c\
>k_^ \|D | |> >D
m^.
>k_D c\ D 2005 6[
>k_ | \ V_ cz 30
Vz^ ]_ >>V k|D. >uz \_
|m V^D kV VzD .250/
T>D, VV ]Vl[ D]_
]D .25000/ k >V\V
ko|D. cz ]_ V|>uz x[
k VV # V> c^ x>_
s][ *m WB\V k
||D.ku c^ l_! [ D
>uz!
>k_ c >m V^
k|\V?
w^ E 9941214188 n>Vkm
# ]BVs[ VmBV ] m.
]VB[ k^ cz c>k
V][V. >VAz: n>Vm mV
]BV . 1, V \l[V|,
VDVD, [ 24. >VE :
04465273056 >V_ : 04442133677,
t[_ : END Corruption @5thpillar.org k>D
:www.5thpillar.org

DA >D D\V_ xD

32

k- 2008

VBm
>kV
x D 17.12.07 [ sm
\VkD ps_oAmV_
um. > \^ ]
BD uV| F]>m. ]_
J ^ EB_ Vu
VBm >k^ ].
iVt, (B[ zD)
]\]. ]BV, (zD)
]. V\, (V)
]. Vs>[, (kD
V) ]. Vxm,
(.tBVAD) ]. Ekz
\V,
(_kV)
]
\Vxm, (]z) ]\].
.V[t (D.m
VtAD) ].. g>V,
(zVlA)
gBV
m V. > x
]_ >^ z]l[ B_
V| k^ sk>. kE
^ zm skV>D FBm.
VBm kEz \^ ] BD

kaVBV zD [ c]B
>m. ]_ \^ ] B][
VV ]. EkV, ]. oD, ].
>z\V gBVD, ]. _ki,
]. >VV\[, ]. V, ]. Ez\V
V[ J gk^ D m

]_ m V VBm
>k^ \uD >[Vk^
V.
mV[ ^ kD V_
sm \Vk]_ \u z]_
]t| km.

>tw ]V^
Vl_ xD \...
wl[ D z...
V]\> >t[
t|D \^!
>kkV_
]]|D >t\V>^!
]zD k|D
>twM[ uz^!!
xk[ V.iz\V
xk[
Ek \VkD.

\ ^ ] B kEz
[V >k
^
>k^
1.
2.
3.

].kV . 2500
]. BV VB[
mVmz . 1000
]\]. sVo FBV . 500

DA >D D\V_ xD

25

k- 2008

|mVV _ c^ ^D
kz> kax[ [>V
[> ^^ k|D [
sk> u >[ >V [
V k|D. > V_ _ c^
gD V>V WBD, WBVB s^
gBk, E[ ]^, g[
kV k|\V kV
>V? [ V k|D. >
V_ Vm \^ ]D B[|mD kkVF
m, Vk_m, c^VE m, c^VE

\A, Vzkm t[VD, V[

m_ ^ x [>V?
[> >> z] \ xB >m
V| VVD. kV \^ FB
gDm sV_ EB_ \A D
\z c] Fm^ ],>]D, \mkD
_VD c^j s_ x zD.
c^j |D. V_ V| |D.
|BV: {F u n... ]V.
z\^ x [ \V> >a[ gEB. cm
l[ Vk.

Kk \V >k

\[ z | EBo_ A]B \Vu> u|]

VzD (QV_) > D\V_ xD. s>a[ Kk]uz
gkx^ >V \V^ >k. ({suz M , >t
> luE >]>_ k|D) gkx^k^ c[ >VA V^D.

>VAz : 04424421810, 9443119564, 9443562030

su \V >k
J EB_ \Vu]uV 20 g|V >Vm kkmVzD
D\V_ xD \V> >w >tV| xkmD |m _ gkxD, mAD c^
su \V^ >k. >VAz

\^ ] BD, 17, >uz s[R, ]kV[tR, [41.

04424421810, 9443119564, 9443562030

EB_
kVD
...
3
gVB\V skV>^...yk V
>\ : V.

D..c>Bx]

Wk,>k\^ ] BD

V^

20 - 01 - 2008 - QVluw\

V]BV _D, ]k_o, [.

: \V 5 \

kV^ EB_ kVD... \V! V|V!!

wm...
\^ ] BD

17,>uz s[R, ]kV[tR, [41.

044 24421810, 9443562030,9443119564, mse1988@gmail.com
DA >D D\V_ xD

k- 2008