RESPIRATORY SYSTEM GENERAL FUNCTION: exchange of gases such as oxygen and carbon dioxide in the lungs TYPES OF RESPIRATION:

1. EXTERNAL RESPIRATION -Obtaining oxygen from the environment and eliminating carbon dioxide -In early embryos, it is accomplished through membranes that need direct contact to the environment and must be highly vascular. 2. INTERNAL RESPIRATION -Exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between capillary blood and tissue fluids -Removes carbon dioxide that blocks cellular activity CHIEF ORGANS OF EXTERNAL RESPIRATION IN ADULT VERTEBRATES: External and internal gills Oropharyngeal mucosa\ Swim bladders or lungs Skin by modern amphibians (frogs) LESS COMMON ADULT RESPIRATORY DEVICES: Bushy or filamentous outgrowth of pectoral fins (Lepidosiren) trunk and thigh region (African Hairy Frog) lining of esophagus stomach rectal or anal lining Larval Gills Histotrophic nutrition-absorption of nutrients form uterine or other maternal fluids Excretory Role of Gills Marine fishes excrete the common marine slats chiefly via salt-secreting glands located on the lamellae of the gills. Air Breathing in Bony Fishes Nares and Nasal Canals Swim Bladders and the Origin of Lungs Lungs and Their Ducts The Larynx and Vocalization Trachea Syrinx and Bronchi Amphibian Lungs Reptilian Lungs Lungs and Their Ducts in Birds Mammalian Lungs