Solids crystalline well defined structures amorphous no orderly structure quartz glass

SiO2 crystal lattice system of points describes arrangement of particles

unit cell repeating structural unit

lattice

7 unit cells

simple cubic

formed from packing spheres

crystalline solids unit cells cubic packing

hexagonal closest packing

in 3 dimensions

simple cubic

body centered cubic hexagonal closest pack

cubic closest pack

aaa layers

abab layers

abab layers

abca layers

Three-Dimensional Cubic Lattices

Simple cubic
aaa
1/8 x 8 =1 particle
coordination number = 6

Body-centered cubic
abab
(1/8 x 8 ) + 1 = 2 particles coordination number = 8

Face-centered cubic cubic closest pack

abcabc
(1/8 x 8 ) + (1/2x 6 ) = 4 particles coordination number = 12

Calculation of atomic radii

Cu faced-centered cubic density = 8.92 g/cm3 mass = 63.546 g/mol

63.546 g cm3 4 atoms 1 mol unit cell 6.022 x 1023 atoms mol 8.92 g
(4.732 x 10-23 cm3 / unit cell ) = 3.617 x 10-8 cm lattice parameter, a
1/3

(3.617 x 10-8)2 + (3.617 x 10-8)2 = (4r)2 r = 1.279 x 10-8 cm 1 x 10-2 m 1 pm = 127 pm 1 x 10-12 m 1 cm

X-Ray Diffraction by Crystals

diffraction interference between waves caused by object in their path constructive or destructive Bragg Equation n = 2d sin

Types of Crystalline Solids Covalent atoms in lattice Ionic ions in lattice Molecular molecules in lattice

m.p. depends on bonding forces covalent Cdiamond 3550oC ionic NaCl 800OC H-bonding H2O 0oC

Covalent solids atoms in lattice carbon

sp3

sp2

sp2

diamond

graphite buckminsterfullerene

hardest material known conduct electricity - edoesnt conduct electricity

Covalent solids atoms in lattice metals every lattice point - atom of 1 metal body-centered cubic face-centered cubic melting point hexagonal close packed Na 97oC share valence e- e- sea Cr 1890oC good conductors brass substitutional alloy

steel

interstitial alloy

Ionic Solids
composed of charged species unit cell neutral each unit cell - stoichiometry of compound anions and cations different in size anions at lattice points cations in holes NaCl face-centered cubic CsCl simple cubic
too small r = 0.225 R r = 0.414 R

trigonal hole

tetrahedral hole

octahedral hole

Molecular Solids molecules in lattice

hemoglobin 1962

reaction center 1988

Perutz and Kendrew Deisenhofer, Huber and Michel