Annotated Bibliography

Khadija Hussain

Primary Sources
Newspapers
"Afghan Rebels Told to Unite Against Soviets." The Daily Union Democrat [Sonora, CA] 21 Jan. 1980: 16. Print. This article was about how President Carter was trying to gain support for the Mujahideen, and how the relationships with Russia were being strained. It was striking to read about how he thought the war would turn out, and how it really did. "Afghanistan Neutrality Pledged." The Spokesman-Review [Spokane , WA] 7 May 1978: 66. Print. This was a newspaper article from before the Soviets invaded Afghanistan, and was helpful to foreshadow the invasion on the background page of my website. "Afghanistan Proclaimed Republic as Coup Ends Reign of King Zahir Shah." Schenectady Gazette NY] 18 July 1973: 36. Print. This was an article from the time when King Zahir Shahs reign was ended, and General Mohammad Daud took over. It was very interesting, and perfect for my Background on Afghanistan webpage. Anderson, Jack. "Fateful Symmetry Emerging in Southwest Asia Affairs." Toledo Blade 31 July 1973: 31. Print. This article was also about the coup and Afghanistan, and great for my background page to provide readers a more visual look at history. Hussain, Amjad S. "Tranquility and Turmoil: Afghans Don't Give Up." Toledo Blade 22 Dec. 1984: 75. Print. This article had many views of the Mujahideen, and how they wished the

gain their land back. It was a great visual for my During the War page, and added yet another point of view. "Ottawa Citizen." Armed Troops Keep Peace in Kabul 22 Sept. 1979: 221. Print. This article was from when the Soviets had not yet invaded, but tension was growing as the USSR tried to bolster the somewhat uncertain presidency of Hazifullah Amin. It was interesting for me to read, especially because I could tell how it foreshadowed the Soviet Invasion. Skinner, Lemoine. "Rebels in Afghanistan Putting Up a Tough Fight." The Leader- Post [Regina, 28 Oct. 1981: 84. Print. This article was for my During the War webpage, and was about how Afghan rebels were giving the Soviets a harder battle than was anticipated. It was a great visual to go along with the quotes and words on the website. Smith, Hendrick. "Soviet Invasion 'Gravest Risk Since World War II'." The Palm Beach Post [Palm Beach, FL] 27 Jan. 1980: 268. Print. This was a very helpful article from the U.S. point of view. It also had some good pictures and quotes which were useful in both my Soviet Invasion and U.S.s Reaction pages. "Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan Details Detente." Ocala Star-Banner 7 Jan. 1980: 43. Print. This article was from the time just after the Soviet Invasion, and gave a helpful description of trade, diplomacy, strategy, and strained relationships played a part in the invasion. "Soviets Aid Bloody Coup in Afghanistan." The Robesonian [Lumberton, NC] 28 Dec. 1979: 22. Print. This was the same as most articles about the coup in Afghanistan, but the title was an eye- catching picture for my background page. "U.S. Denounces Soviet Invasion." Bangor Daily News ME] 31 Dec. 1979: 60. Print.

This article was from very soon after the Soviet invasion, and had many opinions from the U.S. speaking out against the USSRs actions. This was a good source for my U.S.s Reaction page. Walker, John. "Courageous Mujahideen Still Desperate for Aid." Sunday Herald 5 Sept. 1985: 83. Print. This was an extremely appealing article to me, because it really showed how different newspapers portrayed the Mujahideen. This shows them as courageous, while others depict them as violent rebels. It was a good article to put next to another article of different opinion, to show how the world was torn over support for the guerrilla soldiers. "With Protests, Appeals: Afghanistan Marks Soviet Invasion." The Bulletin [Norwich , CT] 27 Dec. 1980: 31. Print. This article was like most of the above articles about the Soviet invasion, however, the title proved a very informational yet appealing header for my Soviet Invasion page. "Zahir Shah Installed." The Indian Express [Mumbai , 9 Nov. 1933: 8. Print. This article was from when King Zahir Shah first took the throne. Although not extremely relevant to my project, it was helpful to include this picture on my background to just show how times changed and progressed.

Pictures
Afghan Mujahideen with Soviet Helicopter. http://www.unc.edu. Web. 5 Dec. 2012. This picture was of Mujahideen soldiers standing atop a USSR helicopter they had shot down. It was a good visual, especially for the first page of my website, because it gives readers a sense of what they will be learning about. Freedom Fighter. englishrussia.com. Web. 9 Dec. 2012.

This was an image a young recruit. He looked slightly nervous, and it showed how the Mujahideen were afraid, but fighting because they believed in their cause. Hafizullah Amin. britannica.com. Web. 21 Nov. 2012. A picture of Hazifullah Amin to go with the timeline on my website. Jalaluddin Haqqani With Ronald Reagan. TIME.com. Web. 11 Dec. 2012. This was a great picture for my Ronald Reagan section of Jimmy Carter to Ronald Reagan page. The photo shows Reagan and Jalaluddin Haqqani standing and talking together. Haqqani played a part in the SovietAfghan war, and went on to have become the founder of Haqqani network, and have many ties with the Taliban. This was essential to my research because it demonstrated how many were inspired by the jihad in Afghanistan and went on to continue to cause. King Amanullah Khan. worldatlas.com. Web. 25 Nov. 2012. Another picture for the timeline, of King Amunallah Khan. Mohammad Daud. militarist.com. Web. 5 Jan. 2013. A picture of Mohammad Daud for the timeline. I used this photo because in it, he looks more like the general he was before the coup, and it is a good example of how things changed. Mohammad Zahir Shah. bbc.com. Web. 4 Jan. 2013. An image of King Zahir Shah, for the timeline. This was another photo which showed how Afghanistan was changing for its old ways, because he looks very successful, however is overthrown by Mohammad Daud. Mujahed with Stinger Missile. globalresearch.ca. Web. 7 Jan. 2013. This photo of a soldier with a U.S. Stinger missile was very helpful, especially for demonstrating one of the ways the U.S. supported them. Mujahideen Soldiers with Journalist. http://eslahonline.net. Web. 17 Dec. 2012.

This was a photo of a group of Mujahideen soldiers, with a journalist. There were many journalists who interviewed various soldiers, and this was a visual to demonstrate this. Mujahideen Soldiers. www.iranian-revolution.blogspot.com. Web. 28 Nov. 2012. Another picture of a Mujahideen soldier. These all made very good visuals for my first page, to go along with my thesis statement, and introduction to the project. Nur Mohammad Taraki. britannica.com. Web. 6 Dec. 2012. This was a picture of Nur Mohammad Taraki, to go along with the timeline. This is to give readers a better sense of all the people and events involved. Osama bin Laden Operations. washingtonpost.com. Web. 13 Jan. 2013. This was an essential image for my Osama bin Laden page, because it shows bin Laden with a group of Mujahideen soldiers, and is a great visual for people to see how he connects with the whole issue. Osama bin Laden: History. http://www.telegraph.co.uk. Web. 4 Jan. 2013. This photo was also perfect for my Osama bin Laden page because it shows bin Laden training with a group of Mujahideen soldiers, at one the training camps. Ronald Reagan Meets With Mujahideen. http://therealnewsjournal.com/?cat=1&paged=110. Web. 21 Nov. 2012. This is a very famous photo, which is displayed prominently on my website. It shows President Ronald Reagan with a group of Mujahideen soldiers gathered in the White House. The quote for the photo is Reagans, saying, These gentlemen are the moral equivalent of Americas founding fathers. Smith, David S. Mujahideen with Stinger Missile. www.guardian.co.uk. Web. 7 Dec. 2012.

This photo is another of a Mujahideen soldier holding a large stinger missile. In this photo, the soldier looks proud and happy, which displays their love for their beliefs, and why they were so willing to go to war for their cause. Soviet Tanks in Afghanistan. www.wsws.org. Web. 22 Dec. 2012. This photo was perfect for my Soviet Invasion page, because it showed Soviet tanks crossing the border into Afghanistan to begin the invasion. Interviews and Books Gage, Beverly. Video conference interview. 11 Feb. 2013 Beverly Gage is a history professor at Yale University. She teaches courses on terrorism, communism and anticommunism, American conservatism, and 20th-century American politics. She was very helpful to interview, because of her knowledge on terrorism and communism, both of which play a huge part in my project. Khan, Saifullah. E-mail interview. 24 Feb. 2013. Saifullah Khan is an Afghan student at Yale University. He lived in Afghanistan when he was young, but his family had to flee to Pakistan because of the Civil War. It was great to have the opinion of someone who experienced the effects of my project firsthand. Wilder , Andrew. Telephone interview. 21 Jan. 2013. Andrew Wilder is the director of the Pakistan and Afghanistan Programs at the United States Institute of Peace. I was extremely grateful to get his point of view, because he is an expert on Afghanistan, and he gave me many interesting facts and ideas. Zaeef, Abdul S. My Life With the Taliban. New York, NY: Columbia University Press, 2010. Print. This book is a primary source because it was written by a man who fought amongst the Mujahideen, and was later a member of the Taliban. He spent time in Guantanamo Bay, and in prison, before being released without charge. This book was very interesting because it was actually

written from the perspective of someone who witnessed all of this occur, and took part in many of these events.

CIA and DIA Declassified Documents

Central Intelligence Agency, National Foreign Assessment Center, "Afghanistan: Ethnic Diversity and Dissidence," 1 March 1980 (CIA Declassification Release) This document was about the ethnic diversity of Afghanistan, and how this may cause opposition to Soviet policy in Afghanistan. Central Intelligence Agency, Directorate of Intelligence, Office of Political Analysis, "The Soviets and the Tribes of Southwest Asia," 23 September 1980 (CIA Declassification Release) This document was about the tribes of Afghanistan, and how the CIA could link these groups traditional ways to oppose the Soviet presence in Afghanistan. Central Intelligence Agency, Special National Intelligence Estimate 37-89, "Afghanistan: The War in Perspective," November 1989, Key Judgments only (originally published in CIA, At Cold War's End: U.S. Intelligence on the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe, 1989-1991, Benjamin B. Fischer, ed. [Washington, D.C: Central Intelligence Agency, 1999]) This document was an analysis of the war overall, and described how the CIA believed that although they had withdrawn from Afghanistan, the Soviets would still give massive aid to their client regime. It also foreshadowed the Afghan Civil War, saying that Kabul authorities were trying to negotiate truces with various Mujahideen commanders and groups. Central Intelligence Agency, Directorate of Intelligence, "The Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan: Five Years After," May 1985 (CIA Declassification Release)

This was one of the most important documents for my website, because it was a full analysis and main points of how the war had turned out after five years. One startling estimation that was very interesting to me was that the Russian losses were greater than those of the guerrillas, which is rare in these types of situations. Central Intelligence Agency, Directorate of Intelligence, "The Costs of Soviet Involvement in Afghanistan," February 1987 (CIA Declassification Release) This document was a study by the CIA in 1987, examining the USSRs involvement in Afghanistan, and the costs of the war. It was especially interesting because they predicted that although costs were high, the Soviets would probably not withdraw, however they soon did so. Central Intelligence Agency, Special National Intelligence Estimate 11/37/88, "USSR: Withdrawal from Afghanistan," March 1988, Key Judgments only (originally published in CIA, At Cold War's End: U.S. Intelligence on the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe, 1989-1991, Benjamin B. Fischer, ed. [Washington, D.C: Central Intelligence Agency, 1999]) This document was an assessment of the USSRs withdrawal from Afghanistan. It was very helpful for me to read to get a sense of the U.S.s reaction to their withdrawal. Defense Intelligence Agency, Directorate for Research, "Afghan Resistance," 5 November 1982 (DIA Declassification Release) This document focused on how the Afghan Resistance Groups were faring in Afghanistan so far. The DIA believed the Russians were ina hard situation, saying: "We believe the Soviets would have to double their strength to break the current stalemate." Defense Intelligence Agency, Directorate for Research, "The Economic Impact of Soviet Involvement in Afghanistan," May 1983 (DIA Declassification Release) This document, by the DIA focuses on the negative impact the Soviet invasion could have on Afghanistans economy. This was helpful because

I realized how badly Afghans and Afghanistan was affected by this war, which did not actually have to do with most of them.

Defense Intelligence Agency, "Iranian Support to the Afghan Resistance," 11 July 1985. This documents purpose was to asses Irans support for the Afghan resistance. This gave me a sense of how popular the Afghan rebels were versus the Soviet Union, and who had more support. Defense Intelligence Agency, Defense Intelligence Appraisal, "Afghanistan: Soviet Withdrawal Scenario," 9 May 1988 (DIA Declassification Release) This DIA report looks at and examine the Soviet withdrawal plan that was agreed on by the United Nations and Russian diplomats. This was important for me because I saw the conditions on which the USSR withdrew, and why. "INTERVIEW WITH DR ZBIGNIEW BRZEZINSKI-(13/6/97)." http://www.gwu.edu. National Security Archive, n.d. Web. 27 Dec. 2012. This was an interview with Jimmy Carters National Security Advisor, Zbigniew Brezezinski, about the Soviet- Afghan War, and U.S. involvement, which proved very helpful for both information and quotes. U.S. Army, "Lessons from the War in Aghanistan," May 1989 (Army Department Declassification Release) This report was produced by the Army on lessons learned from the Afghan war. It was a very important document, especially for my Soviet withdrawal page, because it gives both a summary of the war, and mistakes they may have made, and what they learned from the Soviets and the Mujahideen.

Secondary Sources
"The Afghan War." http://www.coldwar.org. The Cold War Museum, n.d. Web. 20 Dec. 2012. This was a website that gave a basic overview of the American and Soviet war in Afghanistan. It was very helpful to me at the beginning of my research, when I was just starting to look into my project. "Afghanistan: Lessons From the Last War." http://www.gwu.edu. National Security Archive, n.d. Web. 27 Dec. 2012. This website had a little background information, and many links to declassified documents on Afghanistan (cited in primary sources), which were very helpful. Bowen, Gordon L. "Foundations of U.S. Policies: Afghanistan ." http://www.mbc.edu. Mary Baldwin College, Web. 29 Nov. 2012. This was a piece by a Professor Gordon Bowen, and was an overview of U.S. policies in Afghanistan, including the Soviet-Afghan War, and how U.S. policy played a large part in it. Cole, Juan, ed. Engaging the Muslim World. New York, NY: Palgrave Macmillan, 2009. Print. This book was about the Middle East, and U.S. policies there. It was helpful, because it talked about my topic in world context, so I could understand the impact more. Strickland, Richard T. "THE MUJAHIDEEN: PRECURSORS TO THE TALIBAN." Canadian Army Journal 9.2 (2006): Web. 26 Nov. 2012. This was an online journal, which had an article by Major Richard T. Strickland about the war, and U.S. involvement. It was very enlightening to see from a Majors point of view, because he is learned in the different strategies of the army. Turse, Nick, ed. The Case for Withdrawal from Afghanistan. Brooklyn, NY: Verso, 2010. Print.

Wildman, David, and Phyllis Bennis. Ending the U.S. War in Afghanistan: A Primer. Northampton , MA: Olive Branch Press, 2010. Print.