I HC NNG PHN HIU TI KON TUM

BI TIU LUN TI : TNG QUAN V NGUN VN H TR KHNG CHNH THC ODA

GVHD : Nguyn Th Hoa SVTH : Nhm 7 Thnh vin nhm: L Th Kim Trm Trn Th Kim Loan Nguyn Th Hng Ngc Nguyn Th Hi Yng L Th i Trang Trng Th Hng Loan Nguyn Th Ngc M Hong Trung Thnh Nguyn Th Lan Phng

Kon Tum, thng 3 nm 2011

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LI M U.......................................................................................................1 Chng I: TNG QUAN V H TR PHT TRIN CHNH THC (ODA) .2 I. Khi nim chung v ODA..............................................................................2 1. Khi nim..................................................................................................2 2. Phn loi ODA..........................................................................................3 3. Cc ngun cung cp ODA ch yu...........................................................5 4. Quy trnh thc hin d n ODA................................................................6 II. c im v vai tr ca ngun vn ODA.....................................................9 1.c im ca ODA....................................................................................9 2 .Vai tr .....................................................................................................11 III. Tnh hnh cung cp v tip nhn ODA trn th gii.................................13 1. Tnh hnh chung.......................................................................................13 2. Nh ti tr ln nht..................................................................................14 3. Khu vc tip nhn nhiu nht..................................................................17 Chng II: THC TRNG THU HT V S DNG NGUN VN ODA TI VIT NAM..................................................................................................18 I.Tnh hnh thu ht ODA.................................................................................18 1. Giai on trc thng 10/1993................................................................18 2. Giai on pht trin hp tc mi t thng 10/1993................................18 3. Thu ht ODA nm 2009 cao k lc.........................................................20 II.Tnh hnh gii ngn......................................................................................21 III. Nhng kh khn v thun li trong cng tc huy ng v tip nhn ODA Vit Nam......................................................................................................22 1. Trong cng tc huy ng:........................................................................22 2. Trong cng tc tip nhn:........................................................................22 IV. Nhng tc ng tch cc trong qu trnh s dng vn ODA ti Vit Nam. .........................................................................................................................25 V. Nhng tn ti trong qu trnh s dng vn ODA.......................................26 Chng III: MT S GII PHP TNG CNG THU HT V NNG CAO HIU QU S DNG VN ODA VIT NAM..................................29 I. V thu ht vn:.............................................................................................29 II. V s dng vn:..........................................................................................29 KT LUN.........................................................................................................33 TI LIU THAM KHO...................................................................................34 1.Gio trnh kinh t quc t ca c Nguyn Th Hoa..........................................34 2.www.tailieu.vn.................................................................................................34 3.www.oda.gov.vn...............................................................................................34 4.www.vi.wikipedia.org......................................................................................34 Trn y l bi tiu lun ca nhm 7 lp K309TC, chng em xin cm n s gip nhit tnh ca c. Bi tiu lun cn nhiu thiu st mong c gp bi tiu lun sau chng em c th hon thnh c tt hn. Mt ln na chng em xin chn thnh cm n c!...........................................................................................1

Bi tiu lun mn kinh t quc t

LI M U
Vi mi quc gia, vn ng vai tr rt quan trng trong s pht trin v tng trng bn vng v tt c cc lnh vc ca t nc nh:chnh tr, kinh t - x hi, an ninh - quc phng. Mt quc gia c tim lc v vn ln th s mnh v chnh tr, kinh t - x hi, an ninh - quc phng. c bit t tng trng kinh t cao, vn to ngun vn v s dng ngun vn nh th no c hiu qu tt nht cng tr nn cn thit i vi tt c cc quc gia mun tr thnh mt nc cng nghip ho vi thi gian ngn nht. Vit Nam l mt quc c ch phong kin ko di hng ngn nm, b ch t bn xm chim hn 100 nm v mi i ln ch ngha x hi khi t nc gii phng nm 1975, vi s xut pht im thp, nn kinh t ngho nn, lc hu nn ngun vn trong nc khng th p ng. Mt khc s nghip cng nghip ho, hin i ho t nc vi mc tiu phn u n nm 2020 a nc ta c bn tr thnh mt nc cng nghip i c mt chng ng kh di. Nhn li chng ng qua chng ta c th thy rng chng ta t c nhng thnh tu ng t ho:tc tng trng GDP bnh qun hng nm t trn 7%, i sng ca nhn dn ngy cng c nng cao v khng nhng t c nhng thnh tu v mt kinh t m cc mt ca i sng vn ha - x hi, gio dc, y t cng c nng cao r rt, tnh hnh chnh tr n nh, an ninh- quc phng c gi vng, cc mi quan h hp tc quc t ngy cng c m rng. t c nhng thnh cng bn cnh s khai thc hiu qu cc ngun lc trong nc th s h tr t bn ngoi cng ng mt vai tr quan trng v trong Vin tr pht trin chnh thc (ODA) ca cc quc gia v t chc quc t gi vai tr ch o. Thc t tip nhn, s dng vn v thc hin cc d n ODA thi gian qua cho thy ODA thc s l mt ngun vn quan trng i vi s pht trin t nc, ODA gip chng ta tip cn, tip thu nhng thnh tu khoa hc cng ngh hin i, pht trin ngun nhn lc, iu chnh c cu kinh t v to ra c s h tng kinh t- x hi tng i hin i. Do mt cu hi c t ra l chng ta c th huy ng c nhiu hn v s dng hiu qu hn ngun vn ODA khng? C th khng nh ngay iu l hon ton c th. Vy nhng gii php no cn c xc tin thc hin nng cao hiu qu qun l v s dng ODA?

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Chng I: TNG QUAN V H TR PHT TRIN CHNH THC (ODA)

I. Khi nim chung v ODA
1. Khi nim ODA, vit tt ca cm t "Official Development Assistance", c hiu l " H tr pht trin chnh thc", l mt hnh thc u t nc ngoi. Gi l H tr bi v cc khon u t ny thng l cc khon cho vay khng li sut hoc li sut thp vi thi gian vay di. i khi cn gi l Vin tr. Gi l Pht trin v mc tiu danh ngha ca cc khon u t ny l pht trin kinh t v nng cao phc li nc c u t. Gi l Chnh thc, v n thng l cho Nh nc vay. ODA l tt c cc khon h tr khng hon li v cc khon tn dng u i (cho vay di hn v li sut thp ca cc Chnh ph, cc t chc thuc h thng lin hp quc, cc t chc phi Chnh ph (NGO), cc t chc ti chnh quc t (IMF, ADB, WB,...) ginh cho cc nc nhn vin tr. ODA c thc hin thng qua vic cung cp t pha cc nh ti tr cc khon vin tr khng hon li, vay u i v li sut v thi hn thanh ton (theo nh ngha ca OECD, nu ODA l khon vay u i th yu t cho vay khng phi t 25% tr ln). V thc cht, ODA l s chuyn giao mt phn GNP t bn ngoi vo mt quc gia, do vy ODA c coi l mt ngun lc t bn ngoi. ODA c cc hnh thc sau: - H tr cn cn thanh ton: Thng l ti tr trc tip (chuyn giao tin t) nhng i khi l hin vt (h tr hng ho) nhu cu h tr nhp khu bng hng hoc vn chuyn hng ho vo trong nc qua hnh thc h tr cn cn thanh ton hoc c th chuyn ho thnh h tr ngn sch. - Tn dng thng mi: Vi cc iu khon "mm" (li sut thp, hn tr di) trn thc t l mt dng h tr hng ho c rng buc. Vin tr chng trnh (gi tt l vin tr phi d n): L vin vin tr khi t c mt hip nh vi i tc vin tr nhm cung cp mt khi lng ODA cho

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mt mc ch tng qut vi thi hn nht nh, m khng xc nh mt cch chnh xc n s c s dng nh th no. - H tr c bn ch yu l v xy dng c s h tng. Thng thng cc d n ny km theo mt b phn khng vin tr k thut di dng thu chuyn gia nc ngoi kim tra nhng hot ng nht nh no hoc son tho, xc nhn cc bo co cho i tc vin tr. - H tr k thut: ch yu tp trung vo chuyn giao tr thc hoc tng cng c s lp k hoch, c vn nghin cu tnh hnh c bn, nghin cu khi u t. Chuyn giao tri thc c th l chuyn giao cng ngh nh thng nhng quan trng hn l o to v k thut, phn tch kinh t, qun l, thng k, thng mi, hnh chnh nh nc, cc vn x hi. 2. Phn loi ODA Tu theo phng thc phn loi m ODA c chia lm cc loi sau: a. Phn theo phng thc hon tr, ODA c 3 loi - Vic tr khng hon li: bn nc ngoi cung cp vin tr m bn n khng phi hon li bn nhn thc hin cc chng trnh. D n theo s tho thun trc gia cc bn. Vin tr khng hon li thng c thc hin di cc dng: + H tr k thut + Vin tr nhn o bng hin vt. - Vin tr c hon li: nh ti tr cho nc cn vn vay mt khon tin( tu theo mt quy m v mc ch u t) vi mc li sut u i v thi gian tr n thch hp. Nhng iu kin u i thng l: + Li sut thp( tu theo vo mc tiu vay ca nc vay) + Thi hn vay n di( t 20 - 30 nm) + C thi gian n hn( t 10 - 20 nm) - ODA cho vay hn hp: l cc khon ODA kt hp mt phn ODA khng hon li v mt phn tn dng thng mi theo cc iu kin ca t chc Hp tc kinh t v pht trin.

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b. Phn loi theo ngun cung cp, ODA chia lm 2 loi - ODA song phng: L cc khon vin tr trc tip t nc ny n nc kia thng qua hip nh c k kt gia hai Chnh ph. - ODA a phng: L vic ti tr chnh thc ca mt t chc quc t( IMF, WB1,...) hay t chc khu vc( ADB, EU,...) hoc ca mt Chnh ph ca mt nc dnh cho Chnh ph ca mt nc no , nhng c th c thc hin thng qua cc t chc a phng nh UNDP( Chng trnh pht trin Lin Hip Quc), UNICEF( qu nhi ng Lin Hip Quc), Cn ty ti chnh quc t IFC,Chng trnh lng thc th gii WFC, Cao u LIn Hip Quc v ngi t nn UNHCR...c th khng. Cc t chc ti chnh quc t cung cp ODA ch yu: + Ngn hng th gii WB +Qu tin t th gii IMF + Ngn hng pht trin Chu ADB Cc quc gia h tr ODA ch yu: + Hoa K + Nht Bn + Php + Anh + c + H Lan + Thu in c. Phn loi theo mc tiu s dng, ODA c 4 loi - H tr cn cn thanh ton: gm cc khon ODA cung cp h tr ngn sch ca Chnh ph, thng c thc hin thng qua cc dng: chuyn giao trc tip cho nc nhn ODA hay h tr nhp khu( vin tr hng ho). - Tn dng thng nghip: tng t nh vin tr hng ho nhng c km theo iu kin rng buc. - Vin tr chng trnh( vin tr phi d n): Nc vin tr v nc nhn vin tr k hip nh cho mc ch tng qut m khng cn xc nh tnh chnh xc khon vin tr s c s dng nh th no. + Vin tr d n: chim t trng ln nht trong tng vn thc hin ODA.

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iu kin nhn vin tr l" phi c d n c th, chi tit v cc hng mc s s dng ODA". 3. Cc ngun cung cp ODA ch yu Trong thi k chin tranh lnh v cuc i u ng Ty, trn th gii tn ti 3 ngun ODA ch yu: - Lin x c, ng u. - Cc nc thuc t chc OECD. - Cc t chc quc t v phi Chnh ph. Hin nay trn th gii c 2 ngun ODA ch yu: cc nh ti tr a phng v cc t chc vin tr song phng. * Cc nh ti tr a phng gm cc t chc sau: - Cc t chc thuc h thng Lin Hip Quc bao gm: + Chng trnh pht trin ca Lin Hp Quc (UNDP) + Qu nhi ng Lin Hip Quc (UNICEF) + T chc Nng nghip v lng thc (FAO) + Chng trnh lng thc th gii (WFP) + Qu dn s Lin Hip Quc (UNFPA) + T chc y t th gii (WHO) + T chc pht trin Cng nghip ca Lin Hip Quc (UNIDO) + Qu pht trin Nng nghip Quc t (IFDA) - Cc t chc ti chnh quc t: + Qu tin t quc t (IMF) + Ngn hng th gii (WB) + Ngn hng pht trin Chu (ADB) - Lin minh Chu u (EU) - Cc t chc phi Chnh ph (NGO) - T chc xut khu du m (OPEC) - Qu C-Ot. * Cc nc vin tr song phng: - Cc nc thnh vin U ban H tr pht trin (DAC) ca t chc Hp tc v pht trin kinh t (OECD) - Cc nc ang pht trin.

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4. Quy trnh thc hin d n ODA Mi quc gia c nhng quy nh ring i vi cc cch qun l v iu hnh ngun vn ODA ny. Nhng nhn chung cc cch iu hnh v qun l ny phi theo mt s quy nh ca php lut Vit Nam. Di y l mt s ni dung v quy nh ca php lut Vit Nam lin quan n cc vn thu ht v s dng ngun vn ODA. a. Quy hoch ODA B k hoch v u t cn c vo chin lc pht trin kinh t - x hi; quy hoch tng th v k hoch hng nm ch tr vic iu phi vi cc B, cc c quan ngang B, cc c quan thuc Chnh ph c lin quan n nghin cu ch trng v phng hng vn ng ODA, son tho quy hoch ODA v lp cc danh mc chng trnh, d n u tin s dng ODA trnh Chnh ph ph duyt. b. Vn ng ODA Sau khi quy hoch ODA v cc danh mc cc chng trnh d n u tin s dng ODA c Chnh ph ph duyt; B k hoch u t phi hp cc c quan lin quan chun b v t chc cc hot ng vn ng ODA thng qua: - Hi ngh nhm t vn hng nm. - Cc hi ngh iu phi vin tr ngnh. - Cc cuc trao i kin v hp tc pht trin vi cc nh ti tr. Trc khi tin hnh vn ng ODA , cc c quan, cc a phng lin quan cn trao i kin vi B k hoch v u t v chnh sch, kh nng v th mnh ca cc nh ti tr lin quan. c. Chun b ni dung cc chng trnh, d n ODA Sau khi t c s cam kt h tr ca cc nh ti tr i vi cc chng trnh, d n c th, B K hoch - u t s phi hp cng cc i tc tn hnh chun b ni dung cc chng trnh, d n ODA bao gm lp n, lp bo co tin kh thi, bo co kh thi... d. Thm nh, ph duyt chng trnh d n ODA Vic thm nh v ph duyt cc ngun vn s dng ngun ODA nh sau: - Cc d n u t xy dng c banrphair thc hin theo quy nh ca iu l qun l xy dng c bn hin hnh ( Ngh nh 52/CP, 12/CP v cc vn bn hng dn thuc lnh vc ny).

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- i vi cc d n h tr ngn sch, o to, tng cng th ch...B K hoch - u t ch tr, phi hp vi cc c quan chc nng c lin quan tin hnh thm nh, trnh Th tng Chnh ph quyt nh. Trong qu trnh thm nh c cp n kin tham gia ca cc bn cung cp ODA. - Cc t chc ca d n phi Chnh ph thc hin theo quyt nh s 80/CT ngy 28/3/1991 ca Chnh ph hi ng B trng( nay l Th tng Chnh ph). e. m phn k kt Sau khi ni dung m phn vi bn nc ngoi c Th tng Chnh ph ph duyt, B K hoch - u t ch tr vi s tham gia ca Vn phng Chnh ph, B Ti chnh, B Ngoi giao, Ngan hng Nh nc Vit Nam v cc c quan lin quan tin hnh m phn vi bn nc ngoi. Trong trng hp Th tng Chnh ph ch nh mt c quan khacschur tr m phn vi cc bn nc ngoi th c quan ny phi thng nht kin vi B K hoch - u t v ni dung m phn v vi B Ti chnh v hn mc v iu kin vay tr( nu l ODA hon li). Kt thc m phn, nu t c tho thun ca cc bn nc ngoi th c quan ch tr m phn phi bo co Th tng Chnh ph v ni dung lm vic, kt qu m phn v nhng kin sut c lin quan. Nu vn bn ODA k vi bn nc ngoi l Ngh nh th, Hip nh hoc vn kin khc v ODA cp Chnh ph th c quan c Th tng Chnh ph ch nh m phn phi bo co Th tng Chnh ph ni dung vn bn d nh k kt v cc xut ngi thay mt Chnh ph k cc vn bn . Vn bn trnh Th tng Chnh ph phi km theo kin chnh thc bng vn bn ca B K hoch v u t (trng hp c quan khc trnh Th tng Chnh ph), B ngoi giao, B t php, B ti chnh. Trong trng hp Ngh nh th v Hip nh hoc cc vn bn khc v ODA yu cu phi k kt vi danh ngha Nh nc Cng ho x hi ch ngha Vit Nam, B K hoch - u t (hoc c quan khc vi Chnh ph ch nh m phn) phi bo co vi vn phng Ch tch nc ngay t khi bt u m phn vi bn nc ngoi v ni dung cc vn kin d nh k kt, ng thi thc hin cc th tc Quy nh ti iu 6 khon 3, iu 7 v iu 8 ca Ngh nh 182/HBT ngy 28/5/1992 ca Chnh ph.

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f. Qun l thc hin - B K hoch - u t phi hp cng vi B Ti chnh v Ngn hng Nh nc Vit Nam lp k hoch b tr vn i ng trong k hoch Ngn sch Nh nc v thc hin cp pht theo ng cam kt ti cc iu c Quc t v ODA k v cc quyt nh ph duyt chng trnh, d n u t s dng vn ODA. ng thi c trch nhim theo di, kim tra tnh hnh thc hin, x l nhng vn lin quan thuc thm quyn trong qu trnh thc hin v kin ngh Th tng Chnh ph xem xt v quyt nh cc bin php x l, bo co tng hp tnh hnh thc hin cc chng trnh, d n s dng vn ODA. - B Ti chnh c xc nh l i din chnh thc cho "ngi vay" hoc l Nh nc hoc Chnh ph nc Cng ho x hi ch ngha Vit Nam trong cc iu c quc t c th v ODA cho vay, c trch nhim phi hp vi cc c quan lin quan xy dng qun l ti chn (cp pht, cho vay li, thu hi vn,...) i vi cc chng trnh, d n ODA. - Trong qu trnh thc hin, Ngn hng nh nc c trch nhim phi hp vi B Ti chnh ch nh cc Ngn hng Thng mi u quyn thc hin vic cho vay li t vn ODA nh nu ti im khon 3 iu 14 ca ngy 5/8/1997 ca Chnh ph, thu hi vn tr n ngn sch, ng thi tng hp theo nh k thng bo cho B ti chnh v c quan lin quan tnh hnh thc t v rt vn, thanh ton...thng qua h thng ti khon c m ti ngn hng ca cc chng trnh, d n s dng vn ODA. Trong qu trnh thc hin chng trnh, d n ODA... tu theo tho thun vi bn nc ngoi, cc ch trng, d n chu trch nhim t chc cc cuc kim nh k hoc t xut. i din ca B K hoch - u t, B Ti chnh, B ngoi giao, Ngn hng Nh nc Vit Nam, vn phng Chnh ph l i din ca Chnh ph ti cc kim im ny. - Cc B, c quan ngang B, UBND tnh thnh ph trc thuc Trung ng v cc ch chng trnh, d n lp bo co 6 thng v hng nm v tnh hnh thc hin cc chng trnh v d n ODA gi B K hoch - u t, B Ti chnh, Ngn hng Nh nc Vit Nam, B ngoi giao, v Vn phng Chnh ph. g. nh gi Sau khi kt thc, gim c chng trnh, d n ODA phi lm bo co v tnh hnh thc hin v c phn tch, nh gi hiu qu d n vi s xc nhn ca c quan ch

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qun v gi v B K hoch - u t, B Ti chnh, Ngn hng Nh nc Vit Nam, B ngoi giao, v Vn phng Chnh ph.

II. c im v vai tr ca ngun vn ODA

1.c im ca ODA a. ODA l ngun vn vay u i, khng ph l vn vay mang tnh thng mi. Trong tng s vn vay bao gm hai phn. Mt phn cho khng chim t nht 25 %, phn cn li l phn vay u i vi l sut thp (di 3%, trung bnh t 1-2 % /nm.), hoc khng li sut, thi gian tr n di hn ( t 25-40 nm ) km theo thi gian n hn ( t 8 10 nm).Vn ODA ca WB, ADB, JBIC c thi hn 40 nm v thi gian n hn 10 nm. b. Vn ODA mang tnh rng buc: ODA c th mang tnh rng buc ( hoc rng buc mt phn hoc khng rng buc) nc nhn v a im chi tiu. Ngoi ra mi nc vin tr iu c nhng rng buc khc i khi rng buc ny rt cht ch vi cc nc nhn. V d nh Nht bn quy nh vn ODA ca Nht u c thc hn bng ng Yn Nht. c. Cc nc nhn ODA phi l nhng nc c thu nhp trung bnh tnh theo chun ca Lin hp quc cn gi l cc nc ang pht trin. ODA dng pht trin kinh t thun ty khng mang tnh li nhun nhm gip cc nc ang pht trin thc y tng trng kinh t v xa i gim ngho. Lnh vc c u t nhiu nht bng ODA l pht trin c h tng kinh t- k thut v x hi, y t, gio dc, xa i gim ngho,pht trin nng thn, bo v mi trng. d. Nh ti tr chnh ca ODA l cc nc thuc nhm nc OECD .y l nhm ncpht trin nht th gii, cng nh cc t chc phi chnh ph nh UNDP, WB, ADB, IMF v cc t chc khc cng do nhm cc nc ny chi phi, ng gp v c nh hng ln. S phi hp cha c ch trng gia cc nh ti tr. e. ODA khng n nh, c xu hng gim .Giai on 1990-2002 ODA th gii lin tc tng trn 7%/ nm, rng nm 1992 cao nht vi 62,4 t USD,t 1997-2001 tng ODA thp, thp nht l nm1997 vi 47,8 %do cuc hng hong ti chnh Chu . f. T trng ODA song phng c xu th tng, a phng c xu th gim.Quc t ha i sng kinh t th gii v xu th hi nhp to iu kin cho cc quan h kinh t,chnh tr, ... gia cc quc gia ngy cng tng cng v y mnh. Hot ng ca

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mt s t chc a phng t ra km hiu qu lm cho mt s nh ti tr ngn ngi b vn vo cc t chc ny.Trong nhng nm 1980 1994 , trong tng s ODA th gii t trng ODA tng t 67% tng ln 69% trong khi t trng a phng gim t 33% xung 31%. g. L vn c qun l gin tip thng qua cc iu kin hoc s gim st s dng vn. ODA do chnh nc nhn vin tr qun l v s dng nhng lun c s gim st t pha nh ti tr, tuy nhin s gim st ny l khng trc tip. Chnh v nguyn nhn ny m ODA i khi s dng cha hiu qu nu nh cc nc nhn vin tr thiu hoc cha nhn thc trch nhim trong vic qun l v s dng ngun vn sao cho hiu qu nht. Cng vi s u i vi li sut thp ch bng 1/10 vn thng thng v mt phn cho khng, thi gian tr n di bao gm thi gian n hn ko di t 40-50 nm dn n xem nh hiu qu s dng ODA vi t cch l khon vay cn tr n. h. ODA phn b khng ng u gia cc khu vc trn th gii i. S canh tranh ngy cng tng trong qu trnh thu ht ODA. S canh tranh gay gt to nn s tng gim trong tip nhn vin tr ca cc nc ang pht trin. k. Mt khon ti tr c coi l ODA nu c ba iu kin sau : - c cc t chc chnh thc hoc i din ca cc t chc chnh thc cung cp.T chc chnh thc bao gm cc nh nc m i din l Chnh ph, cc t chc ln chnh ph hoc lin quc gia, v cc t chc phi chnh ph hot ng khng v li nhun. Gn vi ngun cung cp, ngi ta chia ODA lm hai dng : song phng v a phng. + ODA Song phng : Ch yu l do thnh vin cc nc DAC cung cp .Hin ny y ban ny c 22 quc gia, hng nm vin tr lng ODA chim 85% ca th gii. D kin ODA cc nc ny cung cp vn tip tc tng + ODA a phng : Do cc t chc thuc h thng Ln hp quc, lin minh chu u, cc t chc ti chnh quc t nh IMF, WB, ADB, ngn hng phatfs trin Chu Phi, Qu vin tr OPEC, qu C Ot v cc t chc phi chnh ph cung cp - Gip cc nc ang pht trin pht trin kinh t, nng cao phc li x hi.Cc lnh vc c u tin s dng vn ODA bao gm: Xo i, gim ngho, nng nghip v pht trin nng thn; c s h tng kinh t k thut nh giao thng vn ti, thng tin lin lc, nng lng; c s h tng x hi nh gio dc, y t, bo v mi trng; cc vn x hi nh to vic lm, phng chng dch bnh, phng chng cc t nn x

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hi; ci cch hnh chnh, t php, tng cng nng lc ca c quan qun l nh nc, ci cch th ch - Thnh t h tr t nht t 25%. 2 .Vai tr ODA th hin mi quan h i ngoi gia hai bn cung cp v tip nhn.i vimi bn mang mt ngha khc nhau. a. i vi nc xut khu vn - Vin tr song phng to iu kin cho cc cng ty ca bn cung cp hot ng thun li hn ti cc nc nhn vin tr mt cch gin tip - Cng vi s tng vn ODA, cc d n u t ca nc vin tr cng tng theo vi iu kin thun li, ng thi ko theo gia tng trao i mua bn gia hai quc gia. Ngoi ra vin tr cn t c mc ch chnh tr, nh hng ca h v mt kinh t - vn ha i vi nc nhn cng tng ln. - Nguy him nht l cc nc cung cp khng nhmci thin kinh t x hi ca cc nc nhn m nhm mc ch qun s. b. i vi cc nc nhn ti tr - Nhu cu cho u t pht trin kinh t : + Trong khi cc nc ang pht trin a phn u trong tnh trng thiu vn th thng qua ODA song phng c thm vn phc v cho vic pht trin kinh t x hi. + To iu kin cc nc c th tip nhn thm vnca cc t chc quc t,thc hin thanh ton n ti hn thng qua s gip ca ODA. + ODA gip cc doanh nghip nh trong nc c thm vn nng cao hiu qu kinh doanh, m rng quy m doanh ghip + gip cc nc nhn vin tr c c hi nhp my mc thit b cn cho cng cuc cng nghip ha hin i ha t nc t cc nc pht trin. + C thm nhiu c hi tham gia vo cc t chc ti chnh th gii, c thm nhiu s vin tr ln hn t cc t chc ny. - ODA gip tip thu nhng thnh tu khoa hc cng ngh hin i v pht trin ngun nhn lc :

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+ ODA khng ch mang li cng ngh k thut hin i k xo chuyn mn v trnh qun l tin tin m cn u tin u t pht trin ngun lc cho quc gia c vin tr. + Thng qua cc hot ng nh : hp tc k thut, hun luyn o to cn b chuyn mn + C vai tr tch cc trong vic h tr pht trin nng lc con ngi trong vic o to cn b cho nc tip nhn trn nhiu lnh vc nh nghin cu c bn v ng dng khoa hc k thut, qun l kinh t x hi, thng qua cp hc bng nh nc, c chuyn gia nc ngoi o to t ch trong qu trnh thc hin cc chng trnh, d n ODA, chuyn giao cng ngh v kinh nghim qun l tin tin, cung cp thit b nghin cu v trin khai. - ODA gip cc nc ang pht trin iu chnh c cu kinh t. - ODA l ngun b sung ngoi t v lm lnh mnh cn cn thanh ton quc t ca cc nc PT. - ODA gip cc nc ang pht trin xy dng v hon thin khung th ch php l : ODA c vai tr quan trng h tr cc nc ang pht trin xy dng v hon thin khung th ch php l thng qua vuc cung cp cc chuyn gia quc t - ODA gp phn tng kh nng thu ht FDI v to iu kin m rng u t pht trin : ODA ngoi vic bn thn n l ngun vn b sung quan trng cho nc ang v chm pht trin, n c kh nng thu ht vn FDI v to iu kin m rng u t pht trin, gp phn thc hin thh cng chn lc hng ngoi. Tt c cc nc theoui chin lc hng ngoi u c nhp tng trng kinh t nhanh v bin i c cu kinh t trong nc mnh m trong mt thi gian ngn chuyn t nc Nng cng nghip sang Cng Nng nghip hin i, c mc thu nhp bnh qun u ngi cao. Chnh ph u t vo vic nng cp, ci thin v xy mi cc c s h tng, h thng ti chnh, ngn hng u rt cn thit nhm cho mi trng u t hp dn hn. Nhng vn u t cho c s h tng l rt ln nu ch da vo vn ut trong nc th khng th tin hnh c, do ODA s l ngun vn quan trng b sung cho ngn nh nc.Mt khi mi trng u t c ci thin s lm tng sc ht dng vn FDI vic s dng vn u t ci thin c s h tng s to

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iu kin cho cc nh u t trong nc tp trung vo cc cng trnh sn xut kinh doanh c kh nng mang li li nhun.

III. Tnh hnh cung cp v tip nhn ODA trn th gii

1. Tnh hnh chung Sau chin tranh th gii th 2, i vi Hoa K, nn kinh t khng nhng khng b tn ph m ngy cng giu c nh chin tranh. Nm 1945, GNP ca Hoa K l 213,5 t USD, tng gn gp i so vi 125,8 t USD ca nm 1942 v chim 40% tng sn phm ton th gii. thi cc khc, cc nc ng minh ca Hoa K li chu tc ng nng n ca cuc chin tranh. S yu km v kinh t ca cc nc ny khin Hoa K lo ngi trc s m rng nhanh chng ca phe X hi ch ngha. ngn chn s pht trin , gii php quan trng lc by gi l gip cc nc t bn sm hi phc kinh t. Nm 1947, Hoa K trin khai k hoch Marshall, thng qua Ngn hng Ti thit v Pht trin quc t (IBRD) vin tr cho cc nc Ty u. T nm 1947 n 1951, Hoa K vin tr cho cc nc Ty u tng cng 12 t USD (tng ng 2,2% GNP ca th gii v 5,6% GNP ca Hoa K lc by gi). V pha mnh, Lin X cng s dng bin php tr gip kinh t cng c v gia tng s lng cc nc gia nhp phe X hi ch ngha. Vi tinh thn quc t v sn, Lin X ti tr cho nhiu quc gia trn th gii, t cc nc chu u, chu , n cc nc chu Phi v chu M La-tinh. Nm 1991, khi Lin X tan r, tng s tin cc nc thuc phe X hi ch ngha cn n Lin X ln n con s khng l, quy i thnh khong 120 t USD. Vin tr ca Hoa K cho cc nc Ty u v ca Lin X cho cc nc x hi ch ngha c xem nh l cc khon ODA u tin. Nhm thc hin mc tiu kinh t, ODA c s dng nh l mt trong nhng cu ni a nh hng ca nc cung cp ti cc nc ang pht trin. ODA c dng thit lp cc mi quan h ngoi giao, kinh t vi cc nc tip nhn. Ngun ODA song phng c phn b rng khp trn th gii do cc nh ti tr mt mt phi thc hin ngha v quc t theo quy nh ca Lin Hp Quc, mt khc cc nh ti tr cng mun nng cao v th ca mnh, vn rng tm nh hng ra cc khu

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vc khc. Hn na, trt t an ninh m cc nh ti tr ch trng thit lp ti nc nhn vin tr da trn mong mun mt nn kinh t ph thuc vo nn kinh t ca h. chu : Nht Bn l nc u t ln nht. Trung Quc v ng Nam l khu vc thu ht nhiu ODA nht. chu Phi: L khu vc tp trung hu ht cc nc ngho, km pht trin nn ngun vin tr ch yu l vin tr khng hon li v chim t trng cao. 2. Nh ti tr ln nht a. ODA song phng Khi nim: ODA song phng l ngun vn ODA ca Chnh ph mt nc cung cp cho Chnh ph nc tip nhn. Thng thng vn ODA song phng c tin hnh khi mt s iu kin rng buc ca nc cung cp vn ODA c tho mn. Mc ch ca cc nc cung cp vin tr u l xc lp v tr ton din v p t vai tr ca mnh khu vc mun thn tnh. Do vic phn b ODA l khc nhau gia cc khu vc. Hin nay, c 22 quc gia thuc t chc OECD cam kt thng xuyn cung cp ODA (cn c gi l cc nc OECD/DAC), l: o, xtraylia, B, Canada, an Mch, Phn Lan, Php, c, Hy Lp, Ai-len, I-ta-lia, Nht Bn, Lc-xm-bua, H Lan, Nuidi-ln, Na Uy, B o Nha, Ty Ban Nha, Thu in, Thu S, Anh v M. Vn ODA do cc quc gia ny cung cp c gi l ODA song phng v chim t trng ln trong tng lng vn ODA ca th gii. Bn cnh cc nc OECD/DAC l nh ti tr song phng chnh, cc quc gia OECD khng thuc nhm DAC (Cng ho Sc, Hungari, Ai-x-len, Hn Quc, Ba Lan, Cng ho Slva, Th Nh K) v cc nc ang pht trin c trnh pht trin cao (C-ot, Rp X-t, i Loan,) cng tin hnh vin tr ODA. Trong s cc nc cung cp ODA song phng, Hoa K v Nht Bn l nhng nc dn u th gii. C th: chu : Nht Bn vi mc tiu thit lp mi quan h tt p gia cc nc trong khu vc, sao cho Nht s l nc ng vai tr ch o v kinh t nn ng u trong danh sch cc nh ti tr chu l Nht Bn. Chu Phi: Nc cung cp ODA chim t l cao nht l Php.

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Chu M La Tinh: M l nc c t l vin tr ln nht. Chu i Dng: Php ng u vi t l vin tr 46,9%. Trung ng: M c t l vin tr ODA cao nht.

S liu nm 2008 ca OECD bit lng vn ODA cung cp bi mt s nc pht trin Nc Vn (triu USD) % thay i hng % GNI nm Hoa K Nht Bn Php Anh c H Lan Thy in 19000 8900 8500 7800 7500 4200 2700 16,4 -0,2 16,8 24,7 10,5 6,4 12,7 0,16 0,19 0,42 0,36 0,28 0,74 0,77
http://www.cauduongbkdn.com

* Tnh hnh cung cp ODA ca Hoa K L nn kinh t ln, Hoa k l nc ng u v lng vn ODA trn th gii. Hng nm nc ny dnh mt khon tin tng i ln dnh cho qu u t ODA. Khu vc Trung ng v M La Tinh l nhng khu vc c M dnh t trng khon vin tr chnh thc ny ln nht. * Tnh hnh cung cp ODA ca Nht Bn: Theo s liu ca JICA, nm 1997 qu ODA ca Nht Bn ln n nh im vi 1168,7 t yn. Nhng n nm 2009 ch cn 677,2 t yn, gim 42,5% trong vng 12 nm. Trong tng s qu ODA gia hai quc gia ca Nht Bn, v vin tr hon li (vi li sut thp) th Chu chim n 75%, v vin tr k thut th Chu chim n 58%. Trong khi vin tr khng hon li th khu v Trung ng chim 47% ( s liu nm 2008). Tuy nhin qu ODA dnh cho Chu Phi ang tng dn theo tng nm, v s c kh nng vn ln v tr u tin trong tng lai.

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Theo s liu ca JICA, nm 1997 qu ODA ca Nht Bn ln n nh im vi 1168,7 t yn. Nhng n nm 2009 ch cn 677,2 t yn, gim 42,5% trong vng 12 nm. Nht Bn l nc ng u v lng ODA u t vo Vit Nam.

b. ODA a phng
Khi nim: ODA a phng l ngun vn ODA ca cc t chc quc t cung cp cho Chnh ph nc tip nhn (cp ODA m nh ti tr khng phi l cc chnh ph gi l ODA a phng). So vi vn ODA song phng th vn ODA a phng t chu nh hng bi cc p lc thng mi, nhng i khi li chu nhng p lc mnh hn v chnh tr. Cc t chc ti chnh quc t thng l nhng nh ti tr ln vi lng vn cung cp ln hn nhiu so vi cc qu ca Lin hp quc. Vin tr ODA trn th gii ch yu do cc nc thuc t chc OECD v cc nh ch ti chnh quc t nh WB, IMF tin hnh. Mt s t chc cung cp ODA a phng trn th gii: + T chc lin chnh ph: EC, OECD + T chc thuc Lin hp quc (United Nations): UNCTAD, UNDP, UNICEF, UNIDO, WFP, FAO ,UNESCO , WHO. + T chc ti chnh quc t: IMF, WB, WTO ,cc ngn hng pht trin khu vc. + Cc t chc phi chnh ph (NGO). Trong s cc ngun ny th ODA t cc nc thnh vin ca DAC l ln nht. Hng nm, dng vn ny trung bnh t khong 50.000 triu USD, nm 1996 t 55.438 triu USD, nm 1997 t 47.580 triu USD, nm 1998 t 51.521 triu USD, nm 1999 t 56.526 triu USD, nm 2000 t 53.700 triu USD v lng vn ny chim mt t l ng k l t GNP ca cc nc DAC (U ban H tr Pht trin -Development Assistance Committee) ca OECD. Mt s t chc a phng cung cp ODA nhiu nht nm 1996 ( n v t ng) T chc a phng Qu tin t quc t (IMF) Ngn hng th gii (WB) Cng ty ti chnh quc t ( IFC) Ngn hng pht trin (ADB) Tng ODA ti tr 61,5 Bnh qun 28,6 t trn nm 17,9 ( t thng 7/1996 6/17) 5,8

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Chng trnh pht trin ca Lin hp 2,186 quc ( UNDP ). Chng trnh lng thc th gii Bnh qun 1,5 t / nm ( WFP ) Cao y LHQ v ngi t nn ( UNHCR ) 1,3
( Ngun: B k hoch v u t 7/1997)

3. Khu vc tip nhn nhiu nht Trc y khi Lin X v ng u cha tan r, vin tr pht trin chnh thc ODA c phn b theo ch chnh tr ca tng nc. Th gii lc ny chia lm 2 cc do Lin X v M ng u lun c s cnh tranh v th ch. Khi SEV ( hi ng tng tr kinh t) ng u l Lin X tp trung vin tr, gip cc nc trong h thng XHCN cn khi t bn ch ngha do M ng u cng ra sc dng cc khon vin tr ra sc mua chuc s trung thnh ca cc nc thuc th gii th ba theo quan im ca M. T u thp nin 90 vi s kt thc chin tranh lnh, ngun vn ODA c m rng ra khp th gii khng k thuc h thng chnh tr no. Cc nc nhn c ngun h tr nhiu hay t cn ty thuc vo v th kinh t ca tng khu vc, tng nc. Trong danh sch cc nc nhn vin tr ca DAC thng 12/2005 v c s dng cho cc nm 2005, 2006, 2007, cc nc ny c chia lm 4 nhm nc: nhm cc nc km pht trin nht (Lo, Campuchia), nhm cc nc c thu nhp thp (GNI < $825 nm 2004, Vit Nam, mt s nc chu Phi), nhm cc nc v vng lnh th c thu nhp trung bnh thp (GNI $826-$3255 nm 2004, Braxin, Indonexia, Thi Lan, Philippin, Ucraina), nhm cc nc v vng lnh th c thu nhp trung bnh cao (GNI $3256-$10065 nm 2004, Malayxia). Theo thng k ca OECD, hin nay c 163 quc gia v vng lnh th tip nhn vn ODA, trong : Chu Phi c 56 quc gia; chu M c 38; chu c 41; chu u c 11 v chu i Dng c 17 quc gia. Trong nhng nm gn y ngun ODA trn th gii c xu hng tp trung vo chu , c bit l cc nc ng Nam . Trung quc l nc thu ht nhiu ODA nht trong chu lc ny.

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Chng II: THC TRNG THU HT V S DNG NGUN VN ODA TI VIT NAM
I.Tnh hnh thu ht ODA
1. Giai on trc thng 10/1993 Trc y, nc ta nhn hai ngun ODA song phng ch yu . Mt t cc t chc SEV ( hi ng tng tr kinh t) trong ch yu l Lin X (c). Hai l cc nc thuc t chc DAC (y ban h tr pht trin) v mt s nc khc, trong ch yu l Thy in, Phn Lan, an Mch, Nauy, Php, n Cc khon ODA trn gip chng ta xy dng mt s ngnh quan trng nht ca s nghip xy dng v pht trin nn kinh t ca nc ta, nhiu k hoch khng c vn hon thnh. 3/2/1994 Hoa k cm xa b cm vn vi Vit Nam. Cng vi cc chnh sch i ngoi m rng quan h hp tc trn cc lnh vc to iu kin cho Vit Nam nhn c mt s lng vin tr ln t cc nc pht trin v cc t chc quc t. 2. Giai on pht trin hp tc mi t thng 10/1993 Bo hiu ng mng cho giai on ny c bt u bng s kin rt quan trng vo thng 10/1993, quan h ca ta vi qu tin t quc t (IMF), Ngn Hng th gii (WB), Ngn hng Chu (ADB) c khai thng. Thng 11/1993 Hi ngh cc nh ti tr cho Vit Nam hp ti Pi m ra giai on hp tc pht trin mi gia nc ta v cng ng cc nh ti tr, to ra cc c hi quan trng h tr Vit Nam tin hnh cng cuc pht trin nhanh v bn vng thnh cng ca hi ngh th hin ch Vit Nam tranh th c s ng tnh v ng h mnh m ca cng ng quc t vo

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cng cuc i mi pht trin ca Vit Nam thng qua i ngoi, bng cch cam kt dnh ODA cho Vit Nam.

Thu ht ODA qua cc nm 1993- 1999

(n v tnh t USD)

Nm 1993 Tng mc cam 1,18 kt ODA

1994 1,94

1995 2,26

1996 2,43

1997 2,4

1998 2,2

1999 2,7

Tng s 15,14

Ngun: B k hoch- u t

Nhng con s trn l tng i kh quan. Tuy nhin, trong nhng nm ti, ngun vn ODA ca cc nc cung cp cho Vit Nam c th s gim xung. S d c nhn nh nh vy l do nh hng ca cuc khng hong ti chnh tin t khu vc Chn , va qua lm cho nn kinh t ca mt s nc cung cp vin tr kh khn dn n vic cc nc c th ct gim lng vin tr ODA hng nm. ng thi, do s cnh tranh ngy cng gay gt ca cc nc trong khu vc v trn th gii trong vic thu ht ODA. Vic hnh thc ha cc chng trnh, d n ODA bao gm nhiu tc nghip khc nhau nh thm nh v ph duyt d n, Chnh ph Vit Nam v cc nh ti tr k kt cc iu c quc t (Bn ghi nh (MOU), Hip nh,chng trnh, Ngh nh th,...) cc chng trnh, d n c k kt t hn 10 t USD, chim gn 70% tng s vn ODA cam kt. Vit Nam dnh c s quan tm, gip ca cng ng ti tr quc t v cc nh u t nc ngoi s khng quan tm ti Vit Nam nu nh h khng tin tng vo trin vng pht trin tt p ca t nc ta. iu quan trng chnh l s nh gi cao ca cng ng quc t v nhng g Vit Nam lm trong giai on u ca cng cuc i mi nn kinh t, trong k hoch 5 nm ln th nht (y l k hoch hon thnh qu trnh ci t v u t vo nhng ngnh trng im ca nn kinh t th gii v khu vc, th cn phi c nhiu s tr gip hn na). Tip theo l nng k qu ng mng trong giai on ny.

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3. Thu ht ODA nm 2009 cao k lc Tnh n ngy 17/11, tng vn vin tr pht trin chnh thc k kt t trn 5,4 t USD, trong , vn vay t gn 5,23 t USD, vin tr khng hon li t hn 173 triu USD. Tng vn ODA k kt c nm 2009 t khong 5,85 t USD, trong vn vay l 5,585 t USD, vin tr khng hon li l 299 triu USD. y l mc k kt ODA cao nht t trc n nay. Xt v c cu vn ODA k kt, chim t trng cao nht (chim 30,9%) l lnh vc y t, gio dc v o to, khoa hc cng ngh vi 1,67 t USD vn ODA k kt. Tip n l lnh vc nng nghip, thy li, lm nghip, thy sn kt hp pht trin nng nghip v nng thn, xa i gim ngho vi gn 1,37 t USD (chim 24,7%). Sau l giao thng vn ti vi 899 triu USD, chim t trng 16,7%, nng lng vi 818 triu USD, chim 15,2%, cp thot nc v pht trin th vi gn 679 triu USD, chim 12,6%. Vic thc hin ha 5,914 t USD s vn ODA cam kt ti Hi ngh thng nin Nhm t vn cc nh ti tr cho Vit Nam (CG) nm 2008, (bao gm khon cam kt mi tr gi 83,2 t Yn (tng ng 900 triu USD) ca chnh ph Nht Bn khi ni li vin tr ODA cho Vit Nam vo thng 2/2009), gn hon thnh vi trn 5,446 t USD c k kt vi cc ti tr trong 11 thng qua. Nhng chng trnh, d n c gi tr ln c k kt tp trung ch yu vo lnh vc gia thng, cp thot nc v pht trin th bao gm: khon vay h tr khc phc tc ng khng hong gi tr 500 triu USD, ng cao tc thnh ph H Ch Minh Long Thnh Du Giy tr gi 410,20 triu USD, Pht trin ton din thnh ph Thanh Ha tr gi 104,7 triu USD do ADB v Hn Quc ti tr, Thot nc thnh ph H Ni giai on 2 tr gi 299,97 triu USD, ci thin mi trng nc thnh ph Hi Phng tr gi 183,51 triu USD, Xy dng tuyn ng st th thnh ph H Ni tr gi 150,43 triu USD do Nht Bn ti tr, khon ti tr b sung cho D n nng lng nng thn II tr gi 200 triu USD, Chng trnh m bo cht lng trng hc tr gi 127 triu USD, Ti tr chnh sch pht trin ln th hai h tr chng trnh 135 giai on II tr gi 100 triu USD do WB ti tr, d n Cung cp nc sch v thy li tnh Bnh Thun tr gi 19,74 triu USD v Thot nc v x l nc thi thnh ph C Mau tr gi 17,89 triu USD do ti tr, Chng trnh tng cng nng lc tng th ngnh thanh tra giai on 2009 2014

Nhm 7

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tr gi 11 triu USD do Luxembourg ti tr. Chng trnh hp tc chung vi lin hp quc v bnh ng gii tr gi 4,6 triu USD c UNDP vin tr.

II.Tnh hnh gii ngn

Ngun vn ODA c gii ngn tnh cho ngn sch nh nc (khng bao gm phn gii ngn cho cc khon chi ti nc ti tr, chi cho chuyn gia...) trong giai on t nm 1993 n ht nm 2006 c t khong 15,9 t USD, bng 64,9% tng gi tr cc iu c quc t v ODA c k kt v bng khong 55% tng lng ODA cam kt trong thi k ny. T l gii ngn thp ny ng hnh vi vic tin gii ngn vn ODA chm, ch p ng c 70 80% yu cu gii ngn bnh qun mt nm ca thi k k hoch. Mc gii ngn ODA khc nhau gia cc ti tr v gia cc loi hnh d n. Cc d n h tr k thut thng c mc gii ngn cao (ch yu chi cho chuyn gia, mua sm thit b, my mc v o to). Cc d n u t xy dng thng gii ngn chm (chi ph nhiu thi gian cho cng tc chun b nh n b, di dn v ti nh c).

Bng Cam kt, k kt v gii ngn vn ODA giai on 1993 2006

n v: Triu USD

Nm 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 Tng s

Cam kt 1860,80 1958,70 2311,50 2430,90 2377,10 2192,00 2146,00 2400,50 2462,00 2838,40 3440,70 3748,00 4445,60 37011,30 37011,30

K kt 816,68 2597,86 1443,53 1597,42 1685,81 2444,30 1503,15 1772,02 2427,42 1826,17 1772,98 2569,22 2529,11 2824,58 27810,25

Gii ngn 413 725 737 900 1000 1242 1350 1650 1500 1528 1422 1650 1782 1785 17684,00

Ngun: B k hoch v u t

Trong thi gian qua c mt s chng trnh, d n ODA thc hin xong v hin ang pht huy tc dng tch cc trong s nghip pht trin kinh t - x hi Vit Nam nh nh my in t dng kh thin nhin ph M 2 giai on 1, nhiu bnh vin cc thnh ph, cc trng hc... c ci to v nng cp.

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Ngun ODA cng h tr tng cng nng lc pht trin th ch cho nhiu lnh vc quan trng ti chnh, ngn hng... i vi nhiu chng trnh, d n ODA thc hin phng thc u thu cnh tranh quc t, do c quan hng th Vit Nam la chn c cc cng ty thc hin d n va p ng c yu cu k thut v cng ngh, va tit kim c vn vay.

III. Nhng kh khn v thun li trong cng tc huy ng v tip nhn ODA Vit Nam.
1. Trong cng tc huy ng: a. Thun li - Bi cnh quc t to ra nhng quan im mi tch cc hn v vic nc giu h tr vn cho pht trin ca cc nc ngho. - Tnh hnh pht trin kinh t - x hi trong nc din bin theo chiu hng kh quan khin cc nh ti tr tin tng vo s i mi ca Vit Nam, l mt trong nhng iu kin tin quyt gip chng ta huy ng vn thun li hn. b. Kh khn - Din bin nn kinh t ton cu c nhng tc ng xu n ngun h tr m cc nh ti tr dnh cho cc nc ngho. - Qu trnh lp k hoch xin h tr Vit Nam i khi son tho thiu chi tit, tnh thuyt phc cha cao nn mc huy ng khng ph hp vi yu cu thc hin nay Vit Nam. - Cnh tranh vi cc nc trn th gii v trong khu vc din ra ngy cng mnh m trong khi Vit Nam cha c nhiu kinh nghim trong vic xin h tr ngun vn ODA. 2. Trong cng tc tip nhn: a. Thun li - Qu trnh tip nhn v s dng vn ODA din ra nhiu ni trn th gii v c Vit Nam t nhiu nm trc, gip cc nh hoch nh chin lc c thm iu kin nghin cu, rt ra nhng bi hc kinh nghim v thnh cng v vng mc khi tip nhn v s dng ngun vn ODA, t kp thi iu chnh c k hoch tip nhn st thc v hu hiu hn.

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- Ch ng trong s dng vn. - To iu kin thu ht v s dng vn u t trc tip t nc ngoi. - M rng kh nng thu ht vn u t t nhng ch u t c s vn nh t mi ngun trn th gii. - Gp phn hnh thnh nn th trng chng khon. - Khng hn ch kh nng thu ht vn t cc ch u t nc ngoi. - Thu ht v hc hi c cng ngh tin tin, k nng qun l hin i cng nh kh nng marketing hu hiu ca nc ngoi. - To iu kin khai thc tt nht cc li th ca mnh l nhng ngun lc phi vn. - Nng cao c thu nhp v cht lng ca ngi lao ng. - u t trc tip nc ngoi vi s tham gia qun l ca ch u t nc ngoi gip s dng c hiu qu vn gp ca ch u t trong nc tham gia lin doanh hay hp tc kinh doanh. - Khng nh hng n uy tn, tn dng ca nc nhn u t. - t gy nh hng xo trn cho nn kinh t ti chnh ca t nc khi c nhng bin ng ln. b. Kh khn - Mc d Vit Nam c nhn ODA t nhng nm 50, nhng ch bt u t nm 1993 n mi thc s pht huy tc dng, v vy chng ta cn phi tng bc va lm va t tm ra li i thch hp cho mnh, nn thi gian rt vn thng b ko di, tc gii ngn chm so vi cc nc khc trn th gii. - y l ngun vn vay nn phi c ngha v tr n, nn s dn ti gnh nng n cho quc gia trong tng lai. - Kh khn trong vic tip nhn ODA mt phn xut pht t bn cung cp vin tr: Khi tip nhn ODA phi chp nhn d b dn hng ro thu quan bo h cc ngnh cng nghip non tr v bng thu xut nhp khu hng ho ca nc ti tr. Vit Nam cng c yu cu tng bc m ca th trng bo h cho nhng danh mc hng ho mi ca nc ti tr, yu cu c nhng u i i vi cc nh u t trc tip nc ngoi nh cho php u t vo nhng lnh vc hn ch, c kh nng sinh li cao. Ngun vn ODA t cc nc vin tr cung cp cho nc ta cng thng gn vi vic mua cc sn phm t cc nc ny m khng hon ton ph hp, thm ch l

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khng cn thit i vi nc ta. V d: Cc da n ODA trong lnh vc o to, lp d n v t vn k thut, phn tr cho cc chuyn gia nc ngoi thng chim n hn 90% (bn nc ti tr ODA thng yu cu tr lng cho cc chuyn gia, c vn d n ca h qu cao so vi chi ph thc t cn thu chuyn gia nh vy trn th trng lao ng th gii). Ngun vn vin tr ODA cn dc gn vi cc iu khon mu dch c bit nhp khu ti a cc sn phm ca h. c th l nc cp ODA buc nc ta phi chp nhn mt khon ODA l hng ho, dch v do h sn xut. Nc ta tuy c ton quyn qun l s dng ODA nhng thng thng, cc danh mc d n ODA cng phi c s tho thun, ng ca nc vin tr, d khng trc tip iu hnh d n nhng h c th tham gia gin tip di hnh thc nh thu hoc h tr chuyn gia. Tc ng ca yu t t gi hi oi c th lm cho gi tr vn ODA phi hon li tng ln. Ngoi ra, tnh trng tht thot, lng ph, xy dng chin lc, quy hoch thu ht v s dng vn ODA vo cc lnh vc cha hp l, trnh qun l thp, thiu kinh nghim trong qu trnh tip nhn cng nh x l, iu hnh d nkhin cho hiu qu v cht lng cc cng trnh u t bng ngun vn ny cn thpc th y nc ta vo tnh trng n nn. Thc t cho thy ODA l ngun vn qu, c vai trod quan trng i vi s pht trin kinh t v gp phn xo i gim ngho cho nc ta. Vit Nam thng phi p ng nhng iu kin a ra ca nc cung cp ODA i khi lin quan n mt s vn nhy cm thuc cng vic ni b ca nc nhn u t nh chuyn dch c cu kinh t, kim sot mc thm ht ngn sch, chng tham nhng - Hn ch kh nng thu ht vn ca tng ch u t nc ngoi. - Hn ch kh nng tip nhn k thut, cng ngh v kinh nghim qun l tin tin t cc nc ch u t. - D dn n tnh trng n nc ngoi qu ln. - D gy ra nhng bt n nh ln cho nn ti chnh v kinh t, ng thi d dn n s thao tng ca cc th lc u t tin t quc t. - Khi nhn u t gin tip, nht l di hnh thc ODA, nc nhn u t gin tip thng b rng buc v ph thuc v chnh tr v kinh t. - Ph thuc vo cng ngh c chuyn giao.

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- Nu quy hoch u t khng hp l d dn n tnh trng ti nguyn thin nhin b bc lt qu mc v nhim mi trng. - Nn kinh t c s tham gia ca vn u t trc tip nc ngoi d pht trin theo chiu hng phin din, mt cn i. - Nn chnh tr, x hi, vn hocng b nhng tc ng tiu cc nh: s phn ho giu ngho, s di dn t ra thnh th. - C kh nng cc doanh nghip c vn u t nc ngoi tr thnh mt lc lng thng tr nn kinh t gy mt t ch quc gia.

IV. Nhng tc ng tch cc trong qu trnh s dng vn ODA ti Vit Nam.

-Ngun vn ODA b sung ngn sch cho nh nc u t pht trin, chim 22% n 25% tng vn u t t ngn sch nh nc ( bao gm c phn ODA cho vay li t ngn sch nh nc). -Tc ng tch cc n pht trin nng lc sn xut, nng cao cht lng dch v cc ngnh v a phng -Nhng cng trnh quan trng c ti tr bi ODA gp phn ci thin c bn v pht trin mt bc c s h tng kinh t trc ht l giao thng vn ti v nng lng in, gp phn khi ngun vn trong nc thu ht vn u t trc tip nc ngoi, thc y tng trng kinh t, ci thin i sng nhn dn. -Ngun vn ODA c u tin s dng cho lnh vc giao thng vn ti, pht trin ngun mng li phn phi in + Thng qua cc d n ODA, h thng ng b c pht trin ng k t Quc l 1A, 10, 18, 9, ng xuyn ( on TP.H Ch Minh- Mc Bi) , cu Bi Chy, cu M Thun, cng hng khng Tn Sn Nht, nng cp v m rng cc cng bin nh: Ci Ln ( Hi Phng, Si Gn, Tin Sa( Nng ) + xy dng cng hng khng quc t Tn Sn Nht, pht trin giao thng hu ht cc tnh. + Pht trin ngun in :Ph M 1, Ph M 2-1, Mn, Ph li 2, Hm Thun a My, a Nhim , i Ninh + Pht trin ng dy 500 KV Ply Ku-Nh B, 50 trm bin p ca c nc , ci to nng cp mng li in thnh th v nng thn trn 30 tnh thnh ph.

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- ODA cn h tr cc tnh thnh ph, nht l h tr xo i gim ngho, cc cng trnh phc v i sng ca nhn dn cc cng trnh phc v trc tip i sng ca nhn dn nh giao thng nng thn, cp in v nc sinh hot, trng hc, trm y t x v cc bnh vin tnh v huyn, cc cng trnh thu li, cc ch nng thn...

- Ngun vn ODA c vai tr tch cc h tr pht trin nng lc con ngi:

+ o to li hng vn cn b Vit Nam trong thi gian qua trn rt nhiu lnh vc nh nghin cu c bn v ng dng khoa hc, cng ngh, qun l kinh t v x hi. + Thng qua vic cung cp hc bng nh nc, c chuyn gia nc ngoi o to ti ch trong qu trnh thc hin chng trnh, d n ODA, chuyn giao cng ngh v kinh nghim qun l tin tin, cung cp trang thit b nghin cu v trin khai... + Tng ngun vn ODA cho gio dc v o to c chim khong 8,5 - 10% tng kinh ph gio dc v o to, gp phn ci thin cht lng v hiu qu ca lnh vc ny, tng cng mt bc c s vt cht k thut cho vic nng cao cht lng dy v hc, h tr ci cch gio dc tiu hc, trung hc v i hc, d n to ngh... + H tr Vit Nam xy dng v hon thin khung th ch, php l (xy dng v hon thin cc Lut, cc vn bn di lut) thng qua vic cung cp chuyn gia quc t, nhng kinh nghim v tp qun tt ca quc t v khu vc trong lnh vc php lut c bit trong bi cnh Vit Nam chuyn i sang nn kinh t th trng v hi nhp quc t.

V. Nhng tn ti trong qu trnh s dng vn ODA

Ngun vn h tr pht trin chnh thc (ODA ) l mt trong nhng ngun lc tng i quan trng b sung vo ngun nganh sch t i ca cc nc km v chm pht trin. Ai cng bit, i vi nhng nc ang pht trin, vic tip cn cc ngun vn quc t, trong c vn vay u i ODA, l cn thit pht trin. Tuy vy, khng phai ai cung bit rng nu nhng nc cn vn c chin lc n ca mnh, th cc nc giu cng c chin lc cho vay ca h. Bn cnh nhng mt c ca ODA h tr qu trnh pht trin, vic s dng ODA ca Vit Nam trong thi gian qua cng bc l nhng yu km, lm gim hiu qu s dng ngun lc ny. Sau y l mt s tn ti trong vic s dng ngun vn ODA Vit Nam.

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Mt l vic s dng ngun vn ODA ca nc ta cha thc s hiu qu, tnh hnh thc hin cc d n (ODA) thng b chm nhiu khu: Chm th tc, chm trin khai, gii ngn chm, t l gii ngn thp. C s chng cho trong th tc chun b v trin khai u t. Theo B Ti chnh, ch c 4% lng vn ODA p dng cc quy nh v u thu v 3% s dng h thng qun l ti chnh cng ca Vit Nam, cn li l theo cch thc ca nh ti tr. V vy, nhiu d n cng mt lc phi thc hin 2 h thng th tc, mt th tc gii quyt vn ni b trong nc, mt th tc vi nh ti tr. iu ny lm ko di thi gian thc hin d n, gia tng cc chi ph, tng kh nng ri ro bi c th b li dng cho cc hot ng phi php. Chnh ph cha c c cc bin php trit nhm kim sot s tht thot ca ngun vn ny. Do vy, thi gian hon thnh d n ko di lm pht sinh cc kh khn, c bit l vn u t thc t thng tng hn so vi d kin v cam kt; ng thi cng lm gim tnh hiu qu ca ODA khi i vo vn hnh khai thc. Vi mt quc gia ang pht trin nhanh nh Vit Nam, nhu cu vn rt ln. Tuy nhin, thc t hiu qu s dng cc ngun vn ca Vit Nam hin nay n u? Theo chuyn gia kinh t Phm Chi Lan: " Vit Nam, tn ti mt nghch l l nc ngho nhng khng bit tiu tin hp l, gy lng ph". Chng ta cha quan tm y vic s dng hiu qu ngun vn u t ODA. Hiu qu s dng vn trong nc vn b hn ch do tc ng chung ca cc ngun lc khc: C ch chnh sch, vn c s h tng v c nhng u i ln dnh cho DN nh nc i cng vi l nc ta nhn s v k nng nhn s trong cng tc iu hnh s dng vn ODA nhng cp khc nhau hin ang thiu v s lng v yu v cht lng. Chng ta nhn c rt nhiu cam kt, nhng tc gii ngn cn qu thp. Cam kt FDI 10-16 t USD nhng thc t t l gii ngn thp hn ng k, ch 4,1 t USD nm ngoi. Cc nh u t vo nhng cha a c tin vo. V c s h tng, nhiu nh u t nc ngoi mong u t nhng bn thn Vit Nam li cha to iu kin y . Hnh thc BOT c lut ha nhng cha c hng dn thc s doanh nghip nc ngoi tham gia. Cch y cha lu, Phn Lan mt 5-7 nm m phn tham gia xy dng h tng, t n k kt. H li phi mt thm 2 nm m phn v gi cung cp in nhng khng c kt qu. Nc ny rt d n khi Vit Nam.

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Vit Nam cng c th hc bi hc Philippine khi nc ny quyt nh m ca th trng in nh u t nc ngoi vo tham gia. Ch trong vi nm, nhu cu in c p ng c bn. Nh , Philippine gim ti c ngun vn ln m ngn sch phi b ra cho pht trin h tng in, dnh u t cho lnh vc khc. Vic m ca th trng in nhiu nc khc cng lm ri. i vi vn ODA, Vit Nam cha thc hin tt tt c cc cng vic cn thit gii ngn tt hn. Mt phn do phc tp th tc, mt phn do quy nh khc nhau gia nh ti tr v chnh ph Vit Nam nn kh thng nht. Sau khi chn c d n ODA kh, vic chun b ca Vit Nam khi c vn ODA cn chm, r nht l chun b mt bng, v khng c sn vn i ng trong cc d n. iu kin con ngi v kinh t k thut lm chm qu trnh gii ngn. V d, mt d n ODA quy nh trong 10 nm c hng li sut thp, hoc khng phi tr li. Nhng v qu trnh gii ngn chm, khi d n bt u i vo s dng ch cn 2-3 nm. Chng ta t nh mt 7-8 nm qu gi. V ci gi ca ODA tr nn t hn. Cha k n s km hm s pht trin ca khu vc, lnh vc a ODA vo. Nu c th s dng vn tt c cc khu vc ngn sch nh nc, DN t nhn, FDI, ODA hiu qu hn, chc chn thi gian tr thnh nc thu nhp trung bnh s c rt ngn v cht lng tng trng cng cao hn. Hai l cng tc theo di, nh gi tnh hnh u t ODA cha y , cn nhiu hn ch. c bit l cng tc theo di, thng k, kim tra v nh gi hiu qu ca cng trnh sau u t cn b ng, ngoi tr cc d n vay li v ang trong thi gian tr n. Kt qu qun l thng c nh gi ch bng cng trnh (mc hon thnh, tin thc hin) m cha xem xt n hiu qu sau u t mt khi cng trnh c a vo vn hnh khai thc. Quan im v cch lm ny gy kh khn cho vic nh gi, nh hng u t t ngun ODA to nn s lng ph v n trnh trch nhim ca nhng b phn c lin quan V d: D n xy dng chung c cao cp An Trung II ( Nng), gi tr 100 t ng b b hoang t nm 2003 n nay. Ba l ,trong iu kin ca quc gia ang chuyn i, tham nhng, quam liu , ang v vn tn ti trong nn kinh t nc ta. y l tr ngi ln cho vc s dng ngun vn ODA, l thm ht ngun vn ny. in hnh l v PMU18 tham nhng lng vn ln ti hng nghn t ng.

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Chng III: MT S GII PHP TNG CNG THU HT V NNG CAO HIU QU S DNG VN ODA VIT NAM
thc hin vic thu ht v s dng ngun vn ODA mt cch hiu qu, th Nh Nc phi tip tc thc hin nhiu bin php ci cch nhm thu ht s ng h hn na ca cc quc gia trn Th Gii, trong khi Vit Nam thc hin thu ht v s dng ngun vn ODA trong 5 nm nhng cng cha c th rt ra nhiu kinh nghim v thu c kt qu mong i. Cc gii php thu ht v s dng ngun vn ODA trong tnh hnh hin nay ca nc ta:

I. V thu ht vn:
- u t v tng cng cng tc, o to cho cc cn b thuc nhng b phn lin quan n vic thc hin m phn, k kt nhng hip nh vi i tc nc ngoi nng cao nng lc thc hin tt vic thu ht ngun vn u t vo nc ta. - Cng c v hon thin c ch qun l, iu hnh cng tc tip nhn ngun vn ODA t nc ngoi vo nc ta. - Tp trung tp hun cho cc cn b trong cc c quan lin qun n vic thu ht ngun vn ODA v nhng quy nh v th tc, iu kin cung cp vn ODA ca cc nh ti tr vo Vit Nam. - Cc khu vc c nhu cu v cung vn ODA trc tin cn phi nghin cu nhng chnh sch u i ca cc i tc nc ngoi, quy ch qun l v s dng vn ODA ca nc ta tranh th s gip ca Nh Nc v cc c quan c lin quan trong vic lp h s d n v cc th tc xin vin tr ph hp i vi cc i tng u tin.

II. V s dng vn:

- Nc ta ang pht trin trn nhiu lnh vc kinh t x hi, do s nh hng ca ngun vn ODA rt quan trng. y l ngun ti nguyn ch yu u t pht trin, nng cp c s h tng, ti tr chc tip cho cng cuc nghin cu, kho st, nh gi

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tim nng ca tnh hnh thc trng kinh t x hi, cc ngnh, lnh vc trong nn kinh t nc ta. - i vi cng cuc ci cch nn kinh t x hi cn lc hu nc ta, Chnh Ph nhn thc c vai tr ca ngun vn ODA trong vic i mi kinh t x hi. Trong chng ta thu ht c nhiu s u t pht trin ca cc quc gia vo cng cuc i mi t nc.Thng qua chng ta cn phi thc hin nhiu bin php nhm thu ht v s dng c hiu qu t ngun vn ODA: + Trc nht, phi thay i nhn thc v vai tr v bn cht ca vin tr vn u t t nc ngoi. Tnh cht u i ca ngn vn ODA thng lm cho cc c quan trong nc c quan nim ht sc d di v ch quan trong vic phn phi v s dng ngun vn ny. H khng ch n yu cu hiu qu, b qua yu t chi ph thi c trong thm nh, nh gi d n, cha quan tm y n vic xc nh cc u tin u t, vn cn da dm ch yu vo ngun vn nc ngoi v xem nh s i ng ca ngun vn trong nc, trin khai d n chm c khi cn lng ph. Nhng quan nim sai lm trn cn c chn chnh, cn phi lu rng y l ngun vn phi hon tr vn gc v li v vy nu s dng km hiu qu th c th ri vo khng hong xy ra nhiu nc. + Th hai, thit lp cc nh hng u tin u t v tin hnh nghin cu kh thi tng d n cht ch. Cn trnh xu hng dn tri vin tr nc ngoi trn mt din rng bao qut nhiu lnh vc, ngnh hay a phng. Trong iu kin ngun vn hn ch ngun vn pht huy hiu qu nhanh v rng, nn tp trung u t vo mt lnh vc, vng lnh th c li th tng i v c kh nng gy tc ng pht trin ln. + Th ba, tng cng ngun lc di ng trong nc. Kh nng hp thu vin tr ph thuc vo mc p ng ca ngun lc trong nc, nu cc ngun lc trong nc qu yu km th s pht sinh nhng hin tng vin tr t nc ngoi qu ti v khng c s dng mt cch c hiu qu. hp th hon ton v c hiu qu ngun vn ODA m cng ng quc t cam kt cn sm khc phc v ci thin nhng vn cn tn ti nu trn. + Th t, ci tin c ch qun l v iu phi vin tr. Vin tr nc ngoi c lin quan n nhiu c quan chc nng trong nc k t lc vn ng ti tr cho n khi hon tt cam kt hon tr nn thit lp mt c ch nhm m bo s phi hp nhp

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nhng, thng sut ca c mt h thng t chc c lin quan n s vin tr l vn c ngha quan trng. Xc nh kh nng tr n c gc ln li trong tng lai xy dng k hoch tr n, cp nhp cc thng tin trong v ngoi nc v s bin ng ca cc nhn t c kh nng tc ng n ngn vn vay x l kp thi v c nhng quyt nh ng n trnh tnh trng l do nhng tc ng ca nhng nhn t khch quan khi d n i vo hot ng. Mt s gii php nng cao cng tc huy ng, s dng vn ODA vo Vit Nam: - Phi c quan nim ng n v ngun vn ODA. y khng phi l ngun vn cho khng, mc d c mt t l khng hon li( khong 20%) nhng phn ln l vn cho vay. Nu vay m s dng khng c hiu qu th phn tr n quc gia s ngy cng trm trng, c th lm vo tnh trng khng hong n nn. V vy, chng ta cn thay i quan nim nhn thc v ngun vn ny t c k hoch chun b d n mt cch cn thn v khoa hc gp phn nng cao hiu qu s dng ngun vn ny. Cn phi xy dng k hoch tr n mt cch chi tit, c th khng to p lc cho ngn sch Nh nc. - Li sut vay ca ODA thng l thp nhng c xu hng ngy cng tng ln, y l li sut vay ngoi t nn phi tnh thm vo li sut phn gim gi ca VN, v khi m phn vay vn chng ta cn phi tnh n yu t trt gi ca VN tha thun li sut cho ph hp. - Cng vi vic thu ht vn ODA l vn ngun vn i ng trong nc, cn a dng ha ngun vn i ng v ch r trch nhim ca c quan, n v tip nhn ngun vn ODA gp phn nng cao trch nhim trong vic s dng hiu qu vn ODA. Nhm khc phc t tng li, trng ch vo ngun vn ngn sch Nh nc, vo ngun vn Trung ng. - ngun vn ny pht huy hiu qu vai tr trong vic xy dng c s h tng kinh t - x hi, pht trin kinh t, gp phn xa i gim ngho, chng ta cn xy dng k hoch thu ht v s dng vn ODA mt cch hp l trnh u t dn tri nhng cng khng nn tp trung qu nhiu vo mt s a phng v mt s ngnh dn n mt cn i trong qu trnh pht trin bn vng quc gia. - Cn c s phi hp ng b gia cc B, ngnh, a phng v ch u t nng cao t l gii ngn trn c s y nhanh tin thc hin d n, rt ngn thi gian xy

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dng nhanh chng a cng trnh vo khai thc, s dng l mt vic lm ht sc cn thit v quan trng tn dng thi gian n hn v nng cao hiu qu s dng vn u t.

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Bi tiu lun mn kinh t quc t

KT LUN
Nh vy ngun vn u t nc ngoi ni chung v ngun h tr pht trin chnh thc (ODA) ni ring l ngun lc quan trng h tr cho Vit Nam trong pht trin kinh t - x hi, pht trin c s h tng, tng cng th ch, pht trin y t, bo v mi trng, pht trin nng thn, c bit l trong cng cuc xa i, gim ngho v pht trin bn vng. pht trin kinh t vi tc nhanh chng trong khi quy m nn kinh t nh ang thiu vn nghim trng v tit kim trong nc cn qu thp th cn thit y mnh cng nghip ha, hin i ha, pht trin ha nhp vi nn kinh t th gii, th chng ta phi tranh th ngun vn vin tr pht trin chnh thc ODA. Mun vy Nh nc ta cn c cc chnh sch ph hp thu ht v s dng ngun ODA c hiu qu hn v c nhng bin php thc hin cc chnh sch mt cch trit v hp l. C nh vy chng ta mi s dng v qun l c hiu qu ngun vn ny, gp phn thc y kinh t pht trin v i ln theo nh hng XHCN m ng v Nh nc Vit Nam vch ra.

Nhm 7

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GVHD: Nguyn Th Hoa

Bi tiu lun mn kinh t quc t

TI LIU THAM KHO

1. Gio trnh kinh t quc t ca c Nguyn Th Hoa

2. www.tailieu.vn 3. www.oda.gov.vn 4. www.vi.wikipedia.org

Nhm 7

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GVHD: Nguyn Th Hoa

Trn y l bi tiu lun ca nhm 7 lp K309TC, chng em xin cm n s gip nhit tnh ca c. Bi tiu lun cn nhiu thiu st mong c gp bi tiu lun sau chng em c th hon thnh c tt hn. Mt ln na chng em xin chn thnh cm n c!