Second Semester Midterm Study Guide

Hydrology

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AKS:
14 - analyze the significant role of water in earth processes (GPS, ITBS, CE)
14a - explain a large portion of the Earths surface is water, consisting of oceans, rivers,
lakes, underground water and ice (GPS)
14a1 - illustrate the water cycle and relate various atmospheric conditions to its stages (GPS)
14b - describe the composition, location and subsurface topography of the worlds oceans (GPS)
14b1 - identify the chemical and physical properties of ocean water
14b2 - model the features of the ocean floor
14c - explain the causes of waves, currents and tides (GPS)
14d - analyze water conservation practices and issues
Essential Questions:
1.

How does the location of water on Earths surface and the conditions of the
atmosphere affect its path through stages of the water cycle?

2. How do various atmospheric conditions relate to the stages of the water cycle?
3. How does the amount of saltwater differ from the amount of freshwater on Earth?
4. Do salt water and fresh water move through the same water cycle?
5. Where does salt in the ocean come from?
6. Why does water continually move through the water cycle?
7. How are the geological features that exist on land similar to the geological features
on the ocean floor?
8. What causes waves?
9. What causes tides?
10. What causes currents?

Essential Vocabulary:
Significant role of water, Earth processes, Atmospheric conditions, Stages, Water cycle,
Composition, Location, Subsurface topography, Waves, Currents, Tides, Energy, Conservation,
Physical processes, Erosion, Deposition, Gravity, Geological features, Natural resources

Meteorology
AKS:
15 - explain how the distribution of land and oceans affects climate and weather (GPS, ITBS)
15a - describe the composition and structure of the Earths atmosphere
15b - describe atmospheric factors that interact to cause weather (heat energy, air pressure,
winds, and moisture)
15b1 - demonstrate land and water absorb and lose heat at different rates, and explain the
resulting effects on weather patterns (GPS)
15b2 - relate how moisture evaporating from the oceans (and other sources of water such as
lakes, rivers, and plants) affects the weather patterns of the Earths surface (GPS)
15b3 - compare the four major types of air masses and how they create fronts that affect
weather patterns
15b4 - explain how clouds form, and identify the three basic types of clouds
15b5 - differentiate between global and local winds
15b6 - investigate different types of weather phenomena (lightning, tornadoes, hurricanes,
blizzards and floods)
15b7 - interpret weather maps and understand weather forecasting

15c - relate unequal heating of land and water surfaces to form large global wind systems
and weather events such as tornados and thunderstorms (GPS)
15c1 - discuss factors that determine climate
Essential Questions:
1.

What is weather?

2. Where does weather occur?

3. What causes the earths seasons and weather patterns?
4. What is the major source of energy for events on the surface of the earth?
5. How do convection currents form in the atmosphere?
6. How does the unequal heating of land and water surfaces form land breezes and sea
breezes?
7. How does the unequal heating of land and water surfaces form large global wind
systems and weather events such as tornadoes and thunderstorms?
8. What is the Coriolis Effect?
9. Why do storms such as thunderstorms and tornados occur?
10. Why do storms occur most frequently in the spring and summer?
11. What causes hurricanes to form?
12. How does evaporation of water affect the weather patterns of the earths surface?
13. How do the oceans affect climate and weather?
Essential Vocabulary:
Atmosphere, heat, altitude, land breeze, radiation, conduction, air pressure, evaporation,
greenhouse effect, temperature, density, tornado, convection, wind, fluid, air mass, local wind,
global wind, sea breeze, thunderstorm, Coriolis effect, condensation, precipitation

Hydrology is the study of ________________.

Total Water on Earth

% of saltwater on Earth:
____________

Freshwater
% of freshwater on Earth:
_____________
Saltwater

Freshwater on Earth

For each type of Freshwater,

draw a line to the correct
place on the pie chart. Also,
fill in the % of freshwater that

Lakes and Rivers

__________%

Deep Groundwater _________%

Shallow Groundwater ________%
Water Vapor __________%
Ice ___________%

applies to each.

About how much of Earths surface is

covered by water? ___________

Is Freshwater or Saltwater denser?

_________________________

So, which one would sink if they were

combined? _________________

Explain why a dinosaur could have drank the same exact water that you drank earlier today: _____________________
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Most of the water vapor that

evaporates into the air comes from
which body of water?
_____________________

Why? _________________________
______________________________

Why does cold water sink? ________

______________________________

The WATER CYCLE!

Examples of
precipitation?

What is the source of

energy that drives the
Water Cycle?

1)
2)
3)

_______________

Use the diagram above to help you describe what happens during each of the following processes:
(Include the LOCATION where each takes place)
Evaporation:

Condensation:

Precipitation:

_______________________

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_______________________

_______________________

_______________________

_______________________

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Where? ________________

Where? ________________

Where? ________________

_______________________

_______________________

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What is a reservoir? ______________

Transpiration:

Run Off:

_______________________

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Where? ________________

Where? ________________

_______________________

_______________________

_________________________________
Give 2 examples:
1) ____________________
2) ____________________

When there is a lot of water vapor in

the air, we say that the air is
______________.

The Oceans!
Salt in the Oceans comes from
___________________ and
____________________ of rocks.

3 Zones

For each zone, label it and tell about each of the following:
Amount of sunlight, general temperature, salinity, amount of water pressure & density.
Sunlight:
Temperature:
Salinity:
Water Pressure:
Density:

Sunlight:
Temperature:
Salinity:
Water Pressure:
Density:

Sunlight:
Temperature:
Salinity:
Water Pressure:
Density:

What does salinity mean?

_______________________________
_______________________________

What is one factor that could increase

the salinity of the water?
_______________________________

How does temperature change as you

get deeper?
_______________________________
_______________________________

Why can we not scuba dive to the

deeper parts of the ocean? ________
_______________________________
_______________________________

What part of the water

cycle causes the surface
zone to have so much
salt?_________________

Features of the Ocean Floor!!

Label each of the following:

Mid-Ocean Ridge
Trench
Continental Shelf
Continental Slope
Seamount
Abyssal Plain
Volcanic Island

What geologic process causes a MidOcean Ridge to form? _________________

______________________________________
Which feature is MOST like an
extension of the continent?
_______________________________________

Use the box above to draw a deep current and a surface current. Label each one.
What causes surface currents
to form? ____________________

What causes deep currents to form?

1)____________________
2) ___________________

What does density mean? ______

_______________________________
_______________________________

Circle the one

Density = mass (g)

that is MOST
volume (cm3)
dense.

m= 10g

m = 10g
3

Waves!

Label:
Crest, Trough, Wavelength,
Amplitude

Waves carry _____________, but

Waves are caused by:

not ______________.
Explain what this means in your
own words:
____________________________

Three things that determine

the size of a wave are:
1)

____________________________
____________________________

2)
3)

Tides!
Draw the position of the Sun, Moon, and Earth during a Spring Tide.

Draw the position of the Sun, Moon, and Earth during a Neap Tide.

Why are tides bigger during a Spring

Tides are caused by:

Tide? _______________________________

___________________________________

____________________________________

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Air Masses and Fronts

Label each air mass

Describe temperature and humidity of each type

of air mass:
Continental Polar
Continental Tropical
Maritime Polar
Maritime Tropical
Where air masses meet but do not mix due to different temperatures and densities
becomes a _________________.
4 Kinds of Fronts
Make sure to draw an arrow showing the direction the front is moving.

Front:

Front:

Front:

Front:

Weather:

Weather:

Weather:

Weather:

Cloud:

Cloud:

Cloud:

Cloud:

Wind blows from an area of

_____________ pressure to an area
of _____________ pressure.

Local and Global Winds

What causes wind? Differences in ______________________________________________

Local Winds:

Global Winds:

Caused by differences in

Produced by the

heating of the Earths

movement of air

surface within a

between the equator

_________________ area

and the poles

_______________________

Draw and label the three global winds

on the globe

Which type of global wind most often

affects our weather in the U.S.?
______________
The winds on Earth dont blow in a straight line. What causes
them to curve? _____________________________________
This is called the __________________

_________________.

_______________________________
Label the places on the Earth that
would have High pressure (with an H)
and label the area that would have a
Low pressure (with an L).

Is this a Sea breeze or a Land breeze?

___________________________
Does this occur during the day or
night? _____________________
Why does it happen at this time? _____
______________________________________
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Is this a Sea breeze or a Land breeze?

____________________________
Does this occur during the day or
night? _____________________
Why does it happen at this time? ______
______________________________________
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Does land or water heat up faster? _________________________

How does living near a large body of water affect your weather? ____________________
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A monsoon is an example of a ___________________ wind.
Type of Heat Transfer

An example
Which type of heat transfer
is MOST responsible for
wind?
_______________________

In which layer of the atmosphere does all our weather take place? ____________________________
Where is the Ozone? _____________________________

What does the Greenhouse Effect do? _____________________________________________

Mary wanted to know which type of water would heat up faster: salt water or fresh
water. Mary placed two 500mL size beakers with 300mL of water in each on identical
hotplates and set the hotplates at the same temperature. She added 5 tablespoons of
sea salt to beaker A and nothing to beaker B. What are the manipulated/independent
and responding/dependant variables in this experiment?
DRY:_______________________

MIX:_______________________

Write a hypothesis for this experiment. ______________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________
Mary wanted to know how many liters she had used in her experiment. Convert 300mL
to liters: ____________L.
Mary had a container of salt that massed at 500 grams. She needed 25 mg. Convert
25mg to grams: ______________g.
If the salt water reached boiling 3 minutes faster than the fresh water, what should
Marys conclusion be?_____________________________________________________________
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Mary only ran her experiment one time. Explain why her conclusion might not be valid.
___________________________________________________________________________________
What does Mary need to do to improve her experiment? ____________________________
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