9

Pass-Band Digital Transmission

http://www.kmitl.ac.th/~kchsomsa/somsak/crse_dcmm/crse_dcmm.html

9.1

()

9.1

()
( multi-dimensional signal)

9.2 (Multi-dimensional Signal & Signal

Space)

(Pulse Amplitude Modulation: PAM) M = 2 k k = log 2 M

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Chapter 9

Pass-Band Digital Transmission



( M M
) ()
k (symbol)
Ts = kTb {s1(t),s2(t),s3(t).sM(t)}
T M ( T/M)
1
9.2.1 - (Gram-Schmidt)

-
-
M s1(t),s2(t),s3(t).sM(t) N
{1 (t ), 2 (t ), 3 (t ),.... N (t ),}
NM

0 if i j

i j dt = 1 if i = j

(9.1)

si ( t ) = s i11 ( t ) + s i 2 2 ( t ) + .....SiN N ( t )

si ( t ) = sij j ( t )
j =1

0 t T i = 1,2 ,....., M

(9.2)

s ij = s i (t ) j (t )dt

j = 1,2 ,3 ,...N

i = 1,2 ,....., M

-
2
1. s1(t)
1 (t ) =

s 1 (t )
E1

E1

s1

(9.3)

Jrgen Pedersen Gram Erhard Schmidt

( 1 (t ) )
( s1 (t ) )
1
2

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3 s11 =

( Ei = si2 (t)dt )

E1

2. s21 sij = si (t ) j (t )dt

(9.4)

s 21 = s 2 (t ) 1 (t )dt
0

2 (t) 4 f 2 (t ) = s2 (t ) s211 (t )
1 ( t ), 2 ( t ) ( 2 (t ) 2 (t ) 1 (t ) 2 (t )
f 2 (t) ) 5

3.

2 (t ) =

f 2 (t )
T

s 2 (t ) s 21 1 (t )

(9.5)

2
E2 s 21

f 2 (t)dt
2

2 (t) (
)
4.

5.
i 1

f i ( t ) = si ( t ) sij j ( t )
j =1

sij (t ) = si (t ) j (t )dt

(9.6)

i (t ) =

f i (t )
T

fi

(9.7)

(t )dt

1-5

T
s 1 (t ) 2

dt = 1 s 2 dt = 1
1

E1
E1

0
0
0
s 2 (t ) 1 (t ) s1 (t ) s 2 (t ) s 21 1 (t ) 1 (t )
T

s 21
T

f 22 (t )dt =

12 (t )dt =

2
(s2 (t) s21 1 (t)) dt
0

2
2
2
2
2
s2 (t)dt 2s21 s2 (t) 1 (t)dt + s21 1 (t)dt = E2 s21

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Chapter 9

Pass-Band Digital Transmission

sM (t), .....,s3 (t), s2 (t), s1 (t)

s (t )
1 (t ) = 1
E1

i =i+1

iM

i 1

sij j (t)

f i (t ) = s i (t )

j =1

Yes
END

f i (t )

i (t ) =

sij = si (t ) j (t )dt

fi

(t )dt

Yes

j<i

sii = si (t ) i (t )dt
0

No

i (t )

9.2 -
( 10.1 , : )
- s1(t), s2(t),s3(t) s4(t)
1
s 1 (t ) =
0
0
s 3 (t ) =
1

0t

T
3

elsewhere
T
3

t 23T
elsewhere

1
s 2 (t ) =
0

t T
elsewhere

s 4 (t ) = 1;

0t T

T
3

1. s11
T

E1 =

s12 dt

T/3

(1)
0

dt =

T
3

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s 11 = E1 =

3
T

1 (t ) =

2. s21, 2 (t )

s 1 (t )
E1

=
0

3
T

0 t T3
elsewhere

s22
T

s 21 = s 2 (t ) 1 (t )dt = 0
0

T /3

E2 E2 = s22 dt = 1 2 dt = 23T
1
f 2 (t ) = s 2 (t ) s 21 1 (t ) =
0
f 2 (t )

2 (t ) =

2
E2 s 21

=
0

s 22 = s 2 (t ) 2 (t )dt =
0

3. s31, s32 , f 3 ( t ) , 3 ( t )

T
3

t T

elsewhere

3
2T

T
3

t T

elsewhere

T/3

3 dt
2T

2T
3

3 dt
T

T
3

s33
T

s 31 = s 3 (t ) 1 (t )dt =
0

s 32 = s 3 (t ) 2 (t )dt =
0

E3 =

T/3

2T / 3

3 dt
2T

T
6

s3 (t)d(t) = 23T
2

f 3 (t )

i 1

f i ( t ) = si ( t ) sij j ( t )
j =1

21

f 3 (t ) = s 3 (t ) s 31 1 (t ) s 32 2 (t ) = + 21
0

3 (t ) s33 (

2
2
E3 s 31
s 32
=

T
6

T t 2T
3
3
2T t T
3
3

elsewhere

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Chapter 9

Pass-Band Digital Transmission

 3 (t ) =

f 3 (t )
T

3
2T

f 3 (t )

= + 23T
2
2
0
s 32
E3 s 31

f 3 (t)dt
2

s 33 = s 3 (t ) 3 (t )dt =
0

4. s41 s42 s43

f 4 (t )

2T / 3

3 dt
2T

T
6

3 dt
T

T
3

3 dt
2T

2T
3

T t 2T
3
3
2T t T
3

elsewhere

4 (t )
T

s 41 = s 4 (t ) 1 (t )dt =
0

T /3

s 42 = s 4 (t ) 2 (t )dt =
0

T/3

s 43 = s 4 (t ) 3 (t )dt = 0
0

f 4 (t ) = s 4 (t ) s 41 1 (t ) s 42 2 (t ) s 42 3 (t ) = 0

5.
3
1 (t ) = T
0
3
2 ( t ) = 2T
0
3
2T

3
3 ( t ) = 2T
0

0t

T
3

elsewhere
T
3

t T

elsewhere
T t 2T
3
3
2T t T
3

elsewhere

s 4 (t) = s1 (t) + s2 (t) s 4 (t)

3 ( N M )

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s 1 (t ) = s11 1 (t ) =

T
3

1 (t )

s 2 (t ) = s 21 1 (t ) + s 22 2 (t ) =

2T
3

2 (t )

s 3 (t ) = s 31 1 (t ) + s 32 2 (t ) + s 33 3 (t ) =
s 4 (t ) = s 1 (t ) + s 2 (t ) =

T
3

1 (t ) +

2T
3

T
3

1 (t ) + T6 2 (t ) + T6 3 (t )

2 (t )

()

T
3

T
3

s1 (t ) =

T
3

1 (t )

s 2 (t ) =

2T
3

s 3 (t ) =

T
3

2 (t )
1 (t ) +

T
6

s 4 ( t ) = s 1 (t ) + s 2 (t ) =

2 (t ) +
T
3

T
6

1 (t ) +

3 (t )
2T
3

2 (t )

T
3
2T
3

s1 (t ), s2 (t ), s3 (t ) s4 (t ) -

s 4 (t) = s1 (t) + s3 (t)

1. s1 ( t )

s1 ( t ), s 2 ( t ), s 3 ( t )

T/3

E1 = s12 ( t )dt = (1) 2 dt = T

3

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Chapter 9

Pass-Band Digital Transmission

T
3

S11 = E1 =

s (t )
1 ( t ) = 1
E1
3
= T
0

2. s 21 , E2

0 t T/3
elsewhere

2 (t )
T

s 21 = s 2 ( t )1 ( t )dt
=

0
T/3

(1)
0

3 dt
T

T
3

s2 (t )
T

E2 =

s 22 (t )dt

2T / 3

(1)

dt =

2T
3

s ( t ) s 211 ( t )
2 (t ) = 2
2
E2 s 21
3
= T
0

T t 2T
3
3

elsewhere

s22
T

s 22 = s 2 ( t ) 2 ( t )dt
=

0
2T / 3

T/3

3 dt
T

= T

3. s 31 , s 32 , f 3 ( t )

3 (t )
T

s 31 = s 3 ( t )1 ( t )dt
0

=0

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s 32 = s 3 ( t ) 2 ( t )dt
=

0
2T / 3

(1)

3
T

T/3
T
3

dt

f 3 (t )
f 3 ( t ) = s 3 ( t ) s 311 ( t ) s 32 2 ( t )
1
=
0

2T t T
3

elsewhere

3 (t ) =

f 3 (t )
T

2
f 3 ( t )dt

T
= 3
0

2T t T
3

elsewhere

s33
T

s 33 = s 3 ( t ) 3 ( t )dt
=

0
T

2T / 3

3 dt
T

= T3

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Chapter 9

Pass-Band Digital Transmission

9.2.2

si ( t ) = sij j ( t )

(9.8)

si ( t ) = s i11 ( t ) + s i 2 2 ( t ) + .....SiN N ( t )

(9.9)

s i1
s
i2
[ (t ) 2 ( t ) ... N (t )]
si ( t ) =
: 1

siN

(9.10)

j =1

s i1
s
i2
si =
:

siN

(9.11)

N = 3
s 1 (t ) = s11 1 (t ) =

T
3

1 (t )

s 2 (t ) = s 21 1 (t ) + s 22 2 (t ) =

T
3

1 (t ) +

s 3 (t ) = s 31 1 (t ) + s 32 2 (t ) + s 33 3 (t ) =
s 4 (t ) = s 1 (t ) + s 3 (t ) =

T
3

1 (t ) +

T
3

2 (t )

T
3
T
3

2 (t ) +

2 (t ) +

T
3

T
3

3 (t )

3 (t )

T
3
s1 = 0
0

T
3
s 2 = T3

0
s 3 = T3

T3

s4 =

T
3
T
3
T
3

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s 1 (t ) =

T
3

1 (t )

s 2 (t ) =

T
3

1 (t ) +

T
3

2 (t )

s 3 (t ) =

T
3

2 (t ) +

T
3

3 (t )

s 4 ( t ) = s 1 (t ) + s 3 (t )

9.3

{s1(t),s2(t),s3(t).sM(t)} T M ( T/M)

s1 (t ), s2 (t ), s3 (t )

s4 (t )

s4 (t ) = s2 (t ) + s3 (t )

s1 ( t ), s 2 ( t ), s 3 ( t )

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Chapter 9

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11

1. s1 ( t )

T/3

E1 = s12 ( t )dt =
S11 = E1 =

2
T
(1) dt = 3

T
3

s 1 (t )

1 (t ) =

E1

=
0

2. s 21 , E2

3
T

0 t T3
elsewhere

2 (t )
T

s 21 = s 2 ( t )1 ( t )dt
0
T/3

= (1) 3
T
0

dt

T
3

s2 (t )
T

E2 = s 22 (t )dt =

2T / 3

(1)

dt =

2T
3

s ( t ) s 211 ( t )
2 (t ) = 2
2
E2 s 21
3
= T
0

T t 2T
3
3

elsewhere

s22
T

s 22 = s 2 ( t ) 2 ( t )dt
=

0
2T / 3

T/3

3 dt
T

= T3

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3. s 31 , s 32 , f 3 ( t )

3 (t )
T

s 31 = s 3 (t ) 1 (t )dt
0

=0
T

s 32 = s 3 (t ) 2 (t )dt
0

=0

f 3 (t )
f 3 (t ) = s 3 (t ) s 31 1 (t ) s 32 2 (t )
1
=
0

2T
3

t T
elsewhere

3 (t ) =

f 3 (t )
T

2
f 3 ( t )dt

3
= T
0

2T t T
3

elsewhere

s33
T

s 33 = s 3 ( t ) 3 ( t )dt
=

0
T

2T / 3

3 dt
T

= T3

4.

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Chapter 9

Pass-Band Digital Transmission

13

s 1 (t ) = s11 1 (t ) =

T
3

1 (t )

s 2 (t ) = s 21 1 (t ) + s 22 2 (t ) =

T
3

1 (t ) + T3 2 (t )

s 3 (t ) = s 31 1 (t ) + s 32 2 (t ) + s 33 3 (t ) =
s 4 (t ) = s 2 (t ) + s 3 (t ) =

T
3

T
3

3 (t )

1 (t ) + T3 2 (t ) + T3 3 (t )

s 1 (t ) =

T
3

1 (t )

s 2 (t ) =

T
3

1 (t ) +

s 3 (t ) =

T
3

3 (t )

s 4 (t ) =

T
3

1 (t ) +

T
3

2 (t )

T
3

2 (t ) +

T
3

3 (t )

9.3 (Phase-Shift Keying, PSK)

9.3.1 Binary Phase-Shift Keying (BPSK)

BPSK
s1 ( t ) =

2 Eb
cos c t
Tb

s 2 (t ) =

2 Eb
cos( c t + )
Tb

(9.12)

(9.13)

2 Eb
=
cos c t
Tb

2 Eb
Tb

Eb

s1 (t ) s2 (t ) 1 0
-
1 (t ) =

2
cos c t ;
T

0 t Tb

(9.14)

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s1 ( t ) = s111 ( t )

s11 =

Tb

s1 ( t )1 ( t )

(9.15)

s11 = Eb

s 21 =

Tb

(9.16)

s 2 ( t )1 ( t ) = Eb

s1 (t) = s11 1 (t) =

E b 1 (t )

s2 (t) = s21 1 (t) =

Eb 1 (t )

0 t Tb

0
0

s 21 = Eb

s11 = Eb

Binary PSK

9.4 BPSK BPSK

BPSK 1 0
+ E E s1 (t) s2 (t)
1 0

f ( z | s1 )

f ( z | s2 )

s21

Pe 1

s 21 = Eb

s11 = Eb

s11

Pe 0

9.5 BPSK

s 2 (t )

z1 1 z(t)
z1 =

Tb

z(t) 1 (t)dt z

(9.18)

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Chapter 9

Pass-Band Digital Transmission

15


1 ( z s )2
1
e N 0 1 21
N 0

f ( z1 | s2 ) =

N 0

(9.19)

N1 ( z1 + Eb )2
0

Pe 0 =

f Z1 ( z 1 | s 2 )dz 1
1
N 0

1
( z 1 + Eb )
N0

x =

Pe 0 =

N1 ( z1 + Eb )2

dz 1

z1 x

(9.20)

e x dx

Eb / N o

(9.21)

Eb
1

= erfc
N
2
0

erfc Complementary Error Function (erfc: )6

1 0

Pe 0 = Pe 1 =

Eb
1

erfc
N
2
0

(9.22)

( ) 0 =

1 (t ) =

2
cos c t
T

BPSK

s1 (t) =

Eb 1 ( t )

Eb E b
=0
2

s 2 ( t ) = Eb 1 ( t )

Eb

n
fc = c
Tb

nc )

Complementary error function: erfc( z) =

Q Function; Q( z) =

1
2

e
z

2 / 2

e d = 1 erf ( z) erf ( z) =

( )

dz Q z 2 =

1
erfc(z)
2

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+ Eb

Eb
1 (t ) =

2
Tb

cos(2 f c t )

zi

ri (t )

1 (t )

9.6 ) BPSK ) BPSK ()

9.3.2 Quardriphase-Shift Keying (QPSK)

BPSK 1 1
2 4 4
(Symbol) (M=22=4) 00, 10, 10 11
4 0, /2, 3/2 Es
7 Ts
s1 ( t ) =

2 Es
cos c t
Ts

s2 (t ) =

2 Es
cos c t + =
2
Ts

s3 (t ) =

2 Es
2 Es
cos(c t + ) =
cos c t
Ts
Ts

s4 (t ) =

2 Es
2 Es
cos c t + 3 =
sin c t
2
Ts
Ts

(
(

(9.23.1)

2 Es
sin c t
Ts

(9.23.2)
(9.23.3)
(9.23.4)

sine cosine
1 ( t ) =

2
cos c t
Ts

2 (t ) =

2
sin c t
Ts

(9.24)

Ts Tb ( 1 ASK, BFSK,BPSK, Ts = Tb )

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Chapter 9

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17


s1 ( t ) = Es 1 ( t ) = s111 ( t )
s 2 ( t ) = Es 2 ( t ) = s 22 1 ( t )
s 3 ( t ) = Es 1 ( t )
s 4 ( t ) = Es 2 ( t )

s11 = Es

s12 = 0

s 21 = 0

s 22 = Es

s 31 =
s 41 =

Ts

s 3 ( t )1 ( t ) = Es

0
Ts

s 32 =

Ts

s 3 ( t ) 2 ( t )0 = 0

s 4 ( t )1 ( t ) = 0

s 42 =

Ts

s 4 ( t ) 2 ( t ) = Es

Es

Es

Es
Es

9.7 QPSK QPSK (4-psk) si (t) =

QPSK
si (t)
s i (t ) =

2 Es
cos 2 f c t + ( 2 i 1) 4
Ts

2 Es
cos c t + (i 1) 2
Ts

/ 4

(9.25)

QPSK ( 2 ) {si1 , si 2 }
/ 2 ()

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()

()

s1(t)

10

s2(t)

si1

si2

/4

+ E/ 2

E/ 2

00

3/4

E/ 2

E/ 2

s3(t)

01

5/4

E/ 2

+ E/ 2

s4(t)

11

7/4

+ E/ 2

+ E/ 2

4 (
) n(t) ( n(t)
N 0 / 2 )
(9.26)

x(t ) = s i (t ) + n(t )

2 x1 x2
T

x 1 = x(t ) 1 (t ) dt
0

(9.27)

= E cos ( 2 i 1) 4 + n1

x 2 = x(t ) 1 (t ) dt
0

(9.28)

= E sin ( 2 i 1) 4 + n 2

E/ 2

E/ 2
E

E/ 2

E/ 2
E/2

E/2

E/2

E/2

9.8 QPSK

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Chapter 9

Pass-Band Digital Transmission

19

 s 4 (t) Z4 (
0 / 2
X1 X2
E / 2 x 1 > 0 x 2 > 0 Pc
( s 4 (t) )
Pc =

N 0

2
e ( x1 E / 2 ) / N o dx 1

N 0

( x2 E / 2 )2 / N o

dx 2

(9.29)

(x1 E / 2 ) 2
No

(x2 E / 2 )2
No

=z

2
1
Pc =
e ( z ) dz

E/ 2

(9.30)

Complement error function (erfc)

1

2
E
e ( z ) dz = 1 21 erfc
2N0
E/ 2

(9.31)

E
Pc = 1 21 erfc

N
2
0

E
= 1 erfc
2N
0

E
+ erfc 2
4

2N
0

(9.32)

Pe = 1 Pc

E
= erfc
2N
0

E
>> 1
2N 0

E
erfc 2
4

2N
0

(9.33)

QPSK

2 E = Es = 2 Eb
Eb

Pe = erfc
N
0

(9.34)

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 QPSK De-multiplexor
( I-Channel Q-Channel)
Polar NRZ ( 1 + Eb 0 Eb )
1 (t ) = T2 cos( 2 f c t ) 1 (t ) = T2 sin( 2 f c t )
s

multiplexor
+ Eb
Eb

2
Ts

cos( 2 f c t )

2
Ts

sin( 2 f c t )
+ Eb
Eb

2Tb

Tb

3Tb

4Tb

QPSK

QPSK

1 (t )
MPX

2 (t )

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Chapter 9

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21

 1 (t )
Ts

2 (t )

9.9 ) QPSK )
) ) -

9.3.3 M-ary Phase-Shift Keying (M-ary PSK)

QPSK 2 k
M = 2 k ( M-Ary )
1 ( k ) Es
Ts 2/M

si ( t ) =

2 Es
2 ( i 1)
cos c t +

Ts

i = 1,2 ,3......M

(9.35)

QPSK
1 ( t ) =

2
cos c t
Ts

0 t Ts

(9.36)

2 (t ) =

2
sin c t
Ts

0 t Ts

(9.37)

1 (t) 2 (t)
E 2/M
2 Eb

Pe = erfc
sin M
N

( )

(9.38)

k = 3 k = 4

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Es

Es

Es

Es

Es

Es

Es

Es

9.10 M-ary PSK (M=8, M=16)

9.4 (Frequency-Shift Keying, FSK)

9.4.1 Binary Frequency-Shift Keying (BFSK)

BPSK 2
s1 ( t ) =

2 Eb
cos 1t
Tb

(9.39.1)

s 2 (t ) =

2 Eb
cos 2 t
Tb

(9.39.2)

Eb 1 s1 (t ) s2 (t )
0 1
1 ( t ) =

2
cos 1t ;
T

0 t Tb

(9.40.1)

2 (t ) =

2
cos 2 t ;
T

0 t Tb

(9.40.2)

s11 = s 22 = Eb

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Chapter 9

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23

Es

Es

9.10 BFSK BFSK

2

Es

Es

9.11 BPSK

s 2 (t )

z1 1 z2
0 z(t)
x = z1 z2

(9.41)

Z1 Z2 z1 z2 1
E[X | 1] = E[Z 1 | 1] E[Z 2 | 1] = + Eb

(9.42)

0
E[X | 0] = E[Z 1 | 0] E[Z 2 | 0] = Eb

(9.43)

X
N o / 2
Var[X ] = Var[Z 1 ] + Var[Z 2 ] = N 0

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 s2
f ( x | s2 ) =

1 ( x+
1
e 2 N0
2 N 0

Eb )2

(9.44)

z 1 > z 2 x > 0

Pe 0 =

f X ( x | s 2 )dx

z =

1
( x + Eb )
2N0
Pe 0 =

1
2 N 0

2 N1 ( x + Eb )2
0

(9.45)
dx

x1 z

e z dz

Eb / N o

Eb
1
= erfc
2N
2
0

(9.46)

Q Complementary Error Function (erfc: , )

1 0

Pe 0 = Pe 1 =

Eb
1
erfc
2N
2
0

(9.47)

(9.22) (9.47) BFSK BPSK

BFSK BPSK
2
BFSK 9.12
+ Eb
1 (t ) =

2
Tb

cos( 2f 1t )

BFSK

2 (t ) = T2 cos( 2f 2 t )
b

)
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25

z1

1 (t )

2 (t )

ri (t )

z2

T = Tb

T = Tb

9.12 ) BFSK ) BFSK ()

) BFSK ( -)
9.4.2 M-ary Frequency-Shift Keying (M-ary FSK)

BFSK 2
k M
M = 2 k
si ( t ) =

2 Es
cos i t
Ts

i = 1,2 ,3......M

(9.48)

M
i (t ) =

2
cos i t ;
T

0 t Tb

i = 1,2 ,3......M

(9.49)

sM =

(9.50)

s1 =

Es

0
0

..
0

s2 =

0
Es

..
0

s3 =

0
0

Es

..
0

0
0

..
Es

Es

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Digital Communications

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9.5 (Quadrature Amplitude Modulation)

9.5.1 Amplitude-Shift Keying (ASK)

ASK
1 0 (
) OOK-ASK On-Off Keying ASK 1
0 b
ASK

9.13 ASK

s11 = Eb

9.14 ASK

2 Es
cos(c t )
s ( t ) =
s i (t ) = 1
Ts
s (t ) = 0
2

0 t Tb

(9.50)

0 t Tb

1 (t ) =

2
cos(c t )
T

(9.50)

Pe 0 = Pe 1 =

Eb
1
erfc
2N
2
0

(9.51)

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27

9.5.2 M-Ary Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM)

(PSK) N = 2 m ( m
) ASK
()
QAM ASK PSK

QAM (rectangular, square lattice)
QAM Sine Cosine
16-QAM
8-QAM
4-QAM
01

011

00

010
001

101
100

10

11

1 Amplitude
4 Phases

000
110
111

2 Amplitudes
4 Phases
4 Amplitudes 8 Phases

16-QAM

16-QAM

3 Amplitudes 12 Phases

2 Amplitudes 8 Phases

9.15 QAM

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Digital Communications

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 9.16 8-QAM (2 4 )

QAM

(in phase, 1 (t ) )

(Quadrature phase, 2 (t ) )
1 (t ) =

2
cos( 2 f c t )
T

0t T

(9.52.1)

2 (t ) =

2
sin( 2 f c t )
T

0t T

(9.52.2)

s i (t ) =

2 E0
a i cos( 2 f c t ) +
T

2 E0
bi sin( 2 f c t )
T

0 t T (9.53)

E0 ai bi
2 16-QAM 4 (
M = 16 L = M = 16 = 4 ) L / 2
i th ai E bi E ai bi
L L 4 4 2 Gray-code (00-3, 01-1,
11+1, 10+3)
3 ,+3 1,+3 +1,+3 +3,+3
3 ,+1 1,+1 + 1,+1 + 3,+1

{ai , bi } =
3 ,1 1,1 + 1,1 + 3,1

3,3 1,3 + 1,3 + 3,3

(9.54)

QAM

3Eavg

erfc
Pe 2 1

2
N
(
M
1
)

(9.55)
2

Eavg Eavg = 2( L

1)E0 2( M 1)E0
=
3
3

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29

 1 (t )
2 (t )

2 (t )

E0
2E0

1 (t )
E0

9.17 16 - QAM (3

12 )

cos( 2 f c t )

sin( 2 f c t )

z2

QAM

cos( 2 f c t )
sin( 2 f c t )

(L-1)

9.18 QAM ) ) ()

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30

Digital Communications

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 9.1

ASK, FSK, 2-PSK

Bit

4-PSK, 4-QAM

Dibit

2N

8-PSK, 8-QAM

Tribit

3N

16-QAM

Quadbit

4N

32-QAM

Pentabit

5N

64-QAM

Hexabit

6N

128-QAM

Septabit

7N

256-QAM

Octabit

8N

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31


1. s1 (t ), s2 (t ), s3 (t )

s4 ( t )

2. s1 (t ), s2 (t ), s3 (t )

s4 ( t )

3. s1 (t )

s2 (t )
s1(t)

s2(t)

4. -

t
0

T/2

T/2

4 /4

5. 1 (t ) =

2
cos c t
T

y(t )

) z(t ) = A cos c t ) z(t ) = A cos(c t + )

BPSK

z(t )

y (t )

1 (t )

zi

t=Tb

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22

Rev.20090126

5.
5.1 MSK (Minimum Shift Keying)
5.2 OFDM
3.3 Spread Spectrum Communication

________________________________________________________________
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23


9 ..........................................................................................................................................................................1
...........................................................................................................................................1
Pass-Band Digital Transmission.....................................................................................................................1
9.1

...................................................................................................1
9.2 (Multi-dimensional Signal & Signal Space).............1
9.2.1 - (Gram-Schmidt) ....................................................................................2
9.2.2 ........................................................................................................10
9.3 (Phase-Shift Keying, PSK) ..............................................................14
9.3.1 Binary Phase-Shift Keying (BPSK) ............................................................................................14
9.3.2 Quardriphase-Shift Keying (QPSK)..........................................................................................17
9.3.3 M-ary Phase-Shift Keying (M-ary PSK)....................................................................................22
9.4 (Frequency-Shift Keying, FSK) .................................................23

9.4.1 Binary Frequency-Shift Keying (BFSK) ....................................................................................23

9.4.2 M-ary Frequency-Shift Keying (M-ary FSK) ...........................................................................26
9.5 (Quadrature Amplitude Modulation) .........................27
9.5.1 Amplitude-Shift Keying (ASK) .................................................................................................27
9.5.2 M-Ary Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM)...............................................................28

...................................................................................................................................................32

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33