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Beyond the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) and High Human Development
Richard Leete, PhD UN Resident Coordinator UNDP Resident Representative for Malaysia, Singapore and Brunei Darussalam UNFPA Representative
Wawasan Brunei 2035; Beyond the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) and High Human Development
Where does Brunei stand in relation to human development and the MDGs?
- Population of about 370,000 of whom 2 in 3 persons are Brunei citizens
Wawasan Brunei 2035; Beyond the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) and High Human Development
Wawasan Brunei 2035; Beyond the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) and High Human Development
Wawasan Brunei 2035; Beyond the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) and High Human Development
HDI highly correlated with GDP per capita but dispersion high at lower GDP per capita levels
HD Index 2005 1.0
Malta Iceland Singapore
Qatar
Malaysia
Brunei Darussalam
China Botswana Equatorial Guinea Swaziland
India
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
Wawasan Brunei 2035; Beyond the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) and High Human Development
(%) 100
Brunei Darussalams progress relative to worlds top 5 HDI countries: to leapfrog other countries requires big increase in education
Life expectancy Index GDP Index
95
HDI
90
Education Index
85
Top five countries in 2005: 1) Iceland 2) Norway 3) Australia 4) Canada 5) Ireland
80
75
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
Wawasan Brunei 2035; Beyond the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) and High Human Development
Perlis 0.785
Terengganu 0.813
Pahang 0.776 N. Sembilan 0.801 Melaka 0.810 Johor 0.804 BRUNEI DARUSSALAM 0.894
Sabah 0.735
Singapore 0.922
High HD: > 0.8 Medium HD: 0.5 to 0.8 Bruneis 2005 HDI: 0.894 Malaysias 2005 HDI: 0.811 Singapores 2005 HDI: 0.922
Sarawak 0.763
Wawasan Brunei 2035; Beyond the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) and High Human Development
Wawasan Brunei 2035; Beyond the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) and High Human Development
Agriculture, hunting, forestry and fishing Mining and quarrying Manufacturing Electricity, gas and water supply Construction Wholesale and retail trade, hotels and restaurants Transport, storage and communications Finance, insurance, real estate, renting and business activities Community, social and personal services
1981
'91
2001
Wawasan Brunei 2035; Beyond the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) and High Human Development
While almost all Brunei children enroll in primary and secondary school, tertiary enrolment remains low
(%) 100 90 Net enrolment ratio 80 70 60 50
Secondary School Total Boys Girls Primary school
2001
By 2001 most Bruneians had attended school and the majority had attained secondary level or above a generation ago, about one third had never attended 1971
Never attended school 31% Primary 73% Ever attended school 69% Secondary 36% Tertiary 1% 114.4 thousand
2001
Primary 47% Never attended school 6% 298.6 thousand
Ever attended school 94%
Wawasan Brunei 2035; Beyond the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) and High Human Development
Small differences in enrollments of boys and girls at primary and secondary schooling contrasts with large differences at the tertiary level
1971
81
91
2001
Wawasan Brunei 2035; Beyond the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) and High Human Development
80
2001 Female 2001
60
1991
40
20
Wawasan Brunei 2035; Beyond the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) and High Human Development
Infant and child mortality levels now extremely low in Brunei Darussalam
45 mortality rate per 1,000 live births 40 35 Infant mortality 30 25 20 Under-5 mortality 15 10 5 0 1970 '75 '80 '85 '90 (3 year moving average) '95 2000 '03
Wawasan Brunei 2035; Beyond the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) and High Human Development
1992
Poliomyelitis
Hepatitis B
Wawasan Brunei 2035; Beyond the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) and High Human Development
Conclusions
BD has high HD and achieved MDGs. Compared to top 5 countries, BDs achievements in health exemplary: education and per capita GDP, however, lagging
- Experience of Singapore suggests that with human capital investments in knowledge, innovation and ideas, leapfrogging is possible - Further human capital investments essential for k-economy
Experience of Malta and Luxembourg shows that having a small population size does not preclude having high human development and robust economic development Economic diversification requires continuous reassessment of policy direction and the human development required to support it