(open

source).

..
. .

.
.

: , ,
,
JEL-: O31, O34, D29, D64


(open source),
,
, .
,
(open source),
,
.
, Wikipedia, OpenStreetMap, RepRap.
,
. ,
. ,
open source,
, , .
(von Krogh & von Hippel, 2006). ,
open source . (Benkler, 2006). Open
source
. ,
open source ,
,
.
, ,
, .
,
,
open source.
,
,
.

 1.
open source .
open source.
, .

open

source

1980-

()
.

,
() ,
( , ).
open source
.
2002 . . (Lerner & Tirole, 2002).
,
, , ,
, , , ..
(open source)
, , ,
,
:

,
(Free Software Foundation, FSF)1 ,
, Open Source Initiative (OSI)2.
,
(, ,
1
2

http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/free-sw.html
http://www.opensource.org/docs/osd.

 ), ,
.
open source ,
,

.
, open source (
, ),
( ) -
. , ,
- .
, open
source, .
, open source,
,

(copyleft).

(,
) ,
.
, ,
( ).
.
, ,
open source.
open source. ,
:
1. ( )
2. open source.

. ,
.
,
,
. 1) (
), 2) ( , ,
4

 , ..) 3) (,
, ..),
(Bitzer, et al., 2004); (Hars & Ou, 2001); (Lakhani & Wolf, 2005); (Lerner & Tirole, 2002)
(Hertel, et al., 2003)). , ,
, .
, ,
, open source.

( ). , ,
.
.
: , /, ,
.
,
(, ,
). ,
, , (
) ,
, ,
.
, open
source -
(Bitzer, et al., 2004), (Lakhani & Wolf, 2005)
(

).

PERL, Apache (Hars

& Ou, 2001, p. 4). , , 1)
, 2) (
open source ).
, open source
,
. ,
( ) ,
.

, - (
). , ,
.
.

,
.
3. ,
( , ,
,
), , ,
:

, open source

, .

.
,
, (
).
. ,
, /. ,
. (Lakhani & Wolf,
2005)
( ,
, ).

, (
, ,
.) (Bitzer, et al., 2004).
,
3

,
(, , ) .
open
source . open source.

 /. ,
,
(
) (

, )4
, ,
. , ,
, .
.
(open source)
, .
.
open source.
,
( ),
(
), (
).
(
).
,
, . , ,
, .

open source .
,
. ,
.

, Creative Commons
, open source.

.5 open source.
,
( / ).

.
,
, :
, , .
, .

).
,
, - (
), .
,
.
,
.
. ,
, ,
(
.docx, ,
, ,
Microsoft , ).
.
, .
,

open source .

, open source . ,
,
, , ,
.

 open source .
.

( open source ),
, .
. open
source ( , ).
,
.
(
). ,
(,
). ,
,
( ),
.
( ). ,
. ,
(
), (
). ,
(, ,
), .
Google Android Linux (open
source), ,
, ,
.
,
.
( )
(-, ). ,
(
),
( ).

 , , -.
, (
).
, open source ,
, ,
open source ,
( ).

,
, ,
,
. , ,
(, ).
. ,
( ,
), Wikipedia ,
, (
)
. .
. ,
.
()
. , ,
, (
, ) ,
.
, , , , ,
. , , ,
,
. ,
,
, , .
.
,
.

10

 open source open

source . (Raymond, 2001) ,
.
, ,
( ,
) , ,
, , , .
,
.
, , ,
, ,
. ,
( ). .

, open
source, ,
.

.
,
( )
. , ,
, ,
( ),
, , ,
.
, ,
.

.

open source
,
, ,

11

 (, ),
.
(
, , ,
). .
, , ,
,
(, ).

.
,
, . , ,
(, , )
.
, .
,
( ),
, .
, .

, , , ,
. , ,

, .
, , ,
, .
Quake id Software. ,
( )
,
. .
,
( ),
.

12

 open source .
,
,
.
, ,
.
,
.
( ),
. ,
, , .
.
.

,
.
.
, ( ),

, , ,
.
, ,
, ,
. -
( ), (
).
, open source
(
)

13

 1.

vs. open source

(
vs.
)6
Open source

vs. open source

( vs. +
)
Open

source

(+

vs. Open
source ( .

vs. open source vs.

.
(
vs.
vs.
)

vs. Open

source ( . 1 +

vs. . 2)

)
Open source vs.
vs.

(. 1 vs. .
2 vs.

Open source vs.

vs.
(.
1 +
vs. .
2 vs.
)

, .
, ,
,
, open source.
6

, .

14


. , ,
( ,
),
,
open source -
. ,
,
, open source,

. 1 ,
, .

Open source
open source.
open source ,
:

( ).

, ,
.

.
open source
,
. , open source
. open source 7,
. (Stiglitz, 1999) ,
open source ,
, ,
, (
7

, , .

15

) . ,
,
.
, , (Bitzer, et al.,
2004). , , ,
,
, ,
, ,
( ), .
. .
open source . ,
,
,
.
, .
, (),
. "" .
. . , ,
, . (von Hippel &
von Krogh, 2003, pp. 216-217) (private-collective model of innovation).
, ,
.
( ) open
source, , ,
open source ,
. open
source (
).

16

.
, ,
open source,
, (
). .
, , open source
. , ,
()

open source.

, ,
. open source c
.

,
, .
, ,
open source
.
Open source, ,
, open source
. ,
, ,
.

17


Benkler, Y., 2006. The wealth of networks : how social production transforms markets and freedom.
New Haven and London: Yale University Press.
Bitzer, J., Schrettl, W. & Schrder, P., 2004. Intrinsic motivation in open source software
development, Berlin: School of Business & Economics Discussion Paper: Economics.
Hars, A. & Ou, S., 2001. Working for Free? Motivations of Participating in Open Source Projects.
.., Proceedings of the 34th Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences.
Hertel, G., Niedner, S. & Herrmann, S., 2003. Motivation of software developers in Open Source
projects: an Internet-based survey of contributors to the Linux kernel. Research Policy, 32(7), p.
11591177.
Lakhani, K. & Wolf, R., 2005. Why Hackers Do What They Do: UnderstandingMotivation and
Effort in Free/Open Source Software Projects. : J. Feller, B. Fitzgerald, S. Hissam & K.
Lakhani, . Perspectives on Free and Open Source Software. Cambridge, Massachusetts;
London, England,: The MIT Press, pp. 3-23.
Lerner, J. & Tirole, J., 2002. Some Simple Economics of Open Source. The Journal of Industrial
Economics, June, 50(2), pp. 197-234.
Raymond, E., 2001. The Cathedral and the Bazaar: Musings On Linux And Open Source By An
Accidental Revolutionary. Sebastopol, CA: O'Reilly Media.
Stiglitz, J., 1999. Knowledge as a global public good. : I. Kaul, I. Grunberg & M. A. Stern, .
Global Public Goods: International Cooperation in the 21st Century. New York: Oxford
University Press, pp. 308-325.
von Hippel, E. & von Krogh, G., 2003. Open Source Software and the "Private-Collective"
Innovation Model: Issues for Organization Science. Organization Science, 14(2), pp. 209-223.
von Krogh, G. & von Hippel, E., 2006. The Promise of Research on Open Source Software.
Management Science, 52(7), pp. 975-983.

18