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T 161-0033
SHINJUKU-KU,
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SHIMO OCHIAI 1-11-7,
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OCHIAI ECO MANSION 301,

tvSL&Sifpm&if;rsm; TOKYO, JAPAN

av;av;(wdu
k sK)d vpOfaiGpm&if;&Si;f wrf; pm 27 ahhara@hotmail.com
mtk@s2.dion.ne.jp
arG;ae‹qak wmif;
4/ 2/ 2005 wGiu f sa&mufrnhf 0vH;k (rzrf;rcsi;f -wdu k sK)d . arG;ae@rSonf aemufEpS af ygi;f 1200 pmrl&iS rf sm;ESiq
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qlemrd/ ppfAdkvfcsKyfrsm;ESifh 2005 a[mpwrf; atmifaZmf


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tifwmeufowif;rsm;

No Democracy, No Human Rights, No Peace in Military runs countries.


xHicf ge²f ,gizf IKHq'dk af zg[u
f v
fk ik ahf zg[q
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MIGRANT KAREN LABOUR UNION
P.O BOX (61), Phasi Charoen (P.O), Bangkok (10160), Thailand
Email- mkluunion@yahoo.com, Mobile- 09- 815 1813

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(4) wdik ;f &if;om;vlrsK;d aygi;f pHk trsK;d om;ndE‡ i_d ;f r_nv D mcH}u;D wGif jynfaxmifpzk mG ;wdik ;f &if;om;rsm;tm;vH;k . aoG;pnf;cdik rf mr_ukd ,dr;f ,dik jf yKuaJG eapjcif;/ Edik if aH &;/
pD;yGm;a&;/ vlra_ &;bufaygi;f pHw k iG 'f uk yQ ifv,fa0aevsu&f o dS nfh jynfaxmifpt k wGi;f qufvufjzpfay:r_rsm; t+y;D wdik af csaysmufcsKy+f ird ;f apa&;twGuf Edik if aH &;enf;
vrf;rsm;ESihf ajz&Si;f Edik &f efnESd i_d ;f rnf?
(5) wdik ;f &if;om;vlrsK;d aygi;f pHk trsK;d om;ndE‡ i_d ;f r_nv D mcH}u;D wGif wdik ;f &if;om;vlrsK;d tm;vH;k ESihf jynfe,ftm;vH;k . pD;yGm;zG@H +zKd ;wd;k wufa&;/ ud, k yf ikd pf may/ xH;w k rf;,Of
aus;r_EiS hf bmompum;rsm;pnfyifxeG ;f um;a&;ESihf tjyeftvSet f wGuf cdik rf mwdusaom 0dik ;f 0ef;yHyh ;kd r_/ tmrcHr/_ av;pm;apmifx h ed ;f r_/ &if;ES;D jrKyEf rSH /_ vkyif ef;pOfcs
rSwrf r_ sm;udk azmfxw k rf nf?
(6) wdik ;f &if;om;vlrsK;d aygi;f pHk trsK;d om;ndE‡ i_d ;f r_nv D mcH}u;D . jyXmef;csurf sm;tm; tajccHvrf;nGeZf ,m;rsm;tjzpfvufuikd jf yKvsuf jynfaxmifpzk mG ; wdik ;f &if;om;
tm;vH;k twGuf vlra_ &;&mYvnf;aumif;/ pD;yGm;a&;&mYvnf;aumif;/ Edik if aH &;&mYvnf;aumif; w&m;r#wr_jzpfapum tqift h wef;/ tcGit hf a&;ESihf Oya'oufa&muf
r_w@kd wGif yuwdwn l aD ponft h jyif vl@tcGit hf a&;ESihf vlrv _ w G v f yfrr_ sm;udk tjynft h 0cHpm;apEdik o f nfh jyXmef;csurf sm;/ tmrcHcsurf sm;/ wm0efEiS v hf yk yf ikd cf iG rhf sm;paom
Edik if aH wmf. yko H ¾mefEiS hf &nfreS ;f csurf sm;tm; tcdik t f rm twdtus owfrw S af zmfxw k af om Edik if aH wmfz@JG pnf;yHt k ajccHOya'opfw&yfukd 'Dru kd a&pDwikd ;f jynfjyK
v$waf wmfwiG f ndE‡ i_d ;f a&;qGrJ nf?
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"gww f @kd jzifh 'Drukd a&pDjynfaxmifp}k u;D t"Ge@f &Sn=f umwnfwchH ikd +f raJ &;twGuf wdik ;f &if;om;vlrsK;d tm;vH;k waoG; woH wpdw w f 0rf; vufwrJG jzKwpf wrf; yl;aygi;f &yf
wnfEikd af &;udk tmrcH&ef=uKd ;yrf;rnf?
u|Eykf w f @kd onf Adv k cf sKyaf tmifqef;ESiw hf uG Edik if aH &;acgi;f aqmif}u;D rsm; jyKpyk sK;d axmifcahJ om jynfaxmifpjk refrmEdik if aH wmf}u;D xGe;f um;&ef tajccHtw k jf rpfjzpfonfh
yifvpkH w d "f gw&f iS o f efz@HG +zKd ;a&;twGuv f nf;aumif;/ 'Dru kd a&pDta&;tcif;wGif aoG;ajrusc&hJ aom ausmif;om;vli,f &[ef;&Siv f rl sm;.opPmudk apmifo h ad omtm;jzifh
vl@tcGifhta&;rsm;udk tmrcHonfh ppfrSefaom'Drdkua&pD&&Sdvmonftxdvnf;aumif; ZGJowWdwdk@jzifh nDnDnGwfnGwf}udK;yrf;oGm;=urnf[k tav;teuf
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AdaE<mq&mawGvJ rsm;vS+y?D ya,m*eJ@ r[kwyf gb;l ? ckusKyaf jymwJh iSuu f sm;u ao;ao; +y;D awmhrcS yfa0;a0; q&mr}u;D a':jrpdef
vJ prf;+y;D jy?D awmusD;uef;atmfwm b,frSm av;As/ pmuav;xuf eJeb J }J u;D r,f? wk@d jcbH uf o&ufyif}u;D awGqD ajymif;
usKyf acgif;ukdufaewm =um+yD? om,mvkd@vJ? bkwfqkdwJhtaumif tjzLeJ@teufusm;w,f? taumifvS oGm;w,f? ol@toHuav;ukd cyfoo hJ hJ
aysmufz@dk aeaeomom oufomw,f atmfwma&m ylyl ylyel @J tvug;bJ? oavmuf toHomw,fAsm? awmh =um;ae&wH;k bJ?
awmif r&Sb d ;l ? iSuq f ;dk qkw
d ahJ ugiu f awmh ajymrae t&if usKyfwkd@em;ywf0ef;usifrSm tJvadk v; cyfoo hJ =hJ um;ae&wmvJ
trav;æ trav;æ uku d v f u dk f eJ@awmh/wpfww D ;l vJ usuo f a&r&Sbd ;l ? iSuu f sm;r&Sb d ;l As? onfaumif b,fu wrsK;d pdw0f ifpm;p&m aumif;wmbJ? tJ
wJ h a cgif ; æ? augif ; augif ; rtd y f & / pmuav;awGvrJ edyzf ;l ? quf&uf ae b,fvadk &mufvmovJ rodb;l ? [kd tyifa&mufomG ;awmhvJ aw;oGm;
aumif;aumif;rpm;&wmvJ =umyg+y?D qk=d um;bl;w,fr[kwv f m;? vufyyH if iSufusm;uav;awG[m eHeuft awGu ajymif;oGm;wmbJ?
onfawmh usew f ahJ &m*g aygi;f pHu k vJ quf&ufusovkb d J qkw d mav? em;rcH apm}u;D xwwfw,f? +y;D awmh omom aw;oGm;wckudk q,fcgavmuf qkd
0ifvm+y?D usKyaf wmh jrefjrefaobk@d bJ omatmif qlnHaewmukd ajymwmr ,m,m oDcsi;f qkad ewwf=u w,f? +yD ; &if topf w rsd K ;ajymif ; wmbJ ?
&Sad wmhwmbJ? [kwv f m;æ? tyifwyifrSmem;r,f/ tJonfrSm aumif;w,fAsmæ/ odyaf umif;wmbJ?
cufwmu jrefjrefvJraoEkdifbl;? tJ'ga=umifhajymwmaygh? aus;iSuf pdwf&Sdvuf&Sd tm;&atmifqkdr,f? tD aemuf av;ig;ajcmuf rdepfavmuf
acgi;f uvJuu dk ?f wjcm;a0'emawGu om&ugwkd@ wGefusL;wkdif;vnf; om oGm;&if aemufwyifajymif;r,f? tJ'rD mS vJaea&m toHwdwfoGm;w,f? tJ
vJ pkcaH e&wmqkad wmh trav;æ }u;D ,mwmawmhr[kwzf ;l As? vJ ususeet=um}u;D oDcsi;f qkrd ,f? onfxufa0;wJah e&mukd yso H mG ;+yeD @J wl
vku d w f thJ ukov dk ?f =oiSuu f av;awGu vGr;f bk@d augi;f 'gol@tusifhbJ? w,f?
t&ifb0u usKyb f mvkycf rhJ yd gvrd ?hf w,f? rk;d apGiu S u f av;awG atmfwm eHeufwidk ;f ol 'gudk vkyrf mS bJ? olem; 'gqkdaocsm+yD? aemufae@awGvJ
tm;æ uku d vf u dk w f m uku d v
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onfvedk @J bJ wnukecf jhJ yef+y?D csKd;uav;awG ulwmvJ om,m }u;D wwfw,f? olocD si;f qkb d @kd e,fajr owfrw S wf meJ@
rk;d vif;OD;awmhr,f? t±k%w f uf+y?D wmbJ? eHeufwidk ;f olem;aeus oDcsi;f qkad e wlw,f?
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a[m'gbmoHv?J cgwidk ;f =um;aeus em;axmifvkd@augif;wJh iSufoHuav; tdyw f t hJ cef;u oH;k xyftjrifrh mS usKyf aumifawGu olw@dk qkad eus ae&mawG
toHawGxJur[kwfygbl;? iSuf=um; awGvJ trsm;}u;D &Syd gw,f? tdycf ef;jyLwif;eJ@ oajyyifxyd zf sm;eJ@u ukd odyf trSwo f nm}u;D wm aocsm
uav;waumif vmatmfaewmbJ? iSuu f sm;uav;awGuawmh oD;jcm; tHus? w,f? eufjzef 'Dvb dk J vmrSmbJ?
iSu=f um;uav;awG[m onfvb dk J bJAsm? iSufusm;uav;u oajyyifxdyf aeprf;ygt;kH ? usKyb f mjzpfaewmvJ?
oDcsi;f qko d yd af umif;w,f? trsK;d rsK;d qkd onf a umif u av;awG u awmh zsm;rSmem;+y;D oDcsi;f qkad ewm? usKyt f yd f [mæw,f[w k yf gvm;? usKyf acgi;f
wwfw,f? odyo f o d mw,f? ,muae em;axmifae&wmqkdawmh ruku d af wmhb;l ? usKyaf cgi;f uku d af ewm
wcgeJ@wcgrwlwmrsm;w,f? w iSuu f sm;qkw d m usKyo f wd m ESprf sKd ; odyu f [ dk efusaew,f? aysmufomG ;+y?D usKyaf cgi;f ukd usKyf yxr
u,fcspfzkd@augif;wJh iSuf=um;uav; &Sw
d ,f? t&yfoad ygah v ? usKyaf oaocsmcsm em;axmif=unfh cyfqqeJ v h y_ =f unf/h ESyd =f unf/h cg=unfh
awG b J ? ol w k d @ avc|ef w murS w uJ h iSu}f u;D 0efyw dk @dk / }uKd ;=umwk@d vkd t w,f? aw;oGm;oH;k av;rsKd ; ajymif;+y;D qkd w,f? taugi;f yuwdb?J
*Dwvkb d ?J augi}f u;D }u;D awGxrJ mS vJ iSuu f sm;vk@d w,f? aemufawmh cyf&&J J cyf=urf;=urf; cg
iSufuav;awG atmf=u/ jrnf=u/ ac:wJah umif &Sad o;w,f? tJ'aD ugi}f u;D odycf spzf @dk aumif;wJah umifAsm? ig;rd =unfh vSn=hf unfh ESyd =f unfv h u dk wf ,f?
pg-16
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tkad ubJæ acgi;f ruku d af wmhb;l ? 'g[m wkduf±kdufqufoG,faewJh a':jrpdew f @dk tdrb f ufyso H mG ;a&m usKyf a[m/ vm+y?D wjcm;tukid ;f wckrmS
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wae@vH;k vJ tkad ubJ? v_yv f @dk &Sm; ukoaewJo h abmbJ? odyaf ocsmoGm;+y?D usKyb f 0twGuf aemuf a wmh ol o D c sif ; qk d a eus
vk@d vJ aygyh g;aew,f? av;ig;ajcmufrdepfavmuf pdwf onfiu S f usm;uav;u odyu f dk ta&; tukid ;f ukd ajymif;em;w,f? usKyóf u+y;D
oGm;vk@d / vmvk@d / pm;vk@d / aomufv@dk &Sv d uf&dS oDcsi;f qkt d +y;D iSuu f sm;av; }u;D ae+y?D usKyt f aeeJ@ iSuu f av;&J@ vHk qifxm;wJh yku d t f yk f aqmif;atmufudk
tukeaf umif;w,fAsm? ysH o G m ;wJ h t cgrS m usKyf a cgif ; [m ðcHa&;u odyfta&;}uD;vm+yD? iSufu a&mufae+y?D
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}u;D eJ@'kuaQ &mufaewm av; ig; ajcmuf w,f? wmawG;&+y?D vnfyg? usKyu f cdk iG v hf w $ yf g? usKyf iSuf
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oGm;+y?D nusawmh tapm}u;D tdyaf ysmo f mG ; a=umifw@dk a¹rwk@d pGe&f w J @dk csKd ;odr;f wk@d æ/ [m wu,foem;p&m augi;f aew,f?
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h t hJ oHawGudk qk&d wJt h cg ol@c
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&if b,fE, S v f yk rf vJ? oDcsi;f oH=um;rS acgi;f uku d af ysmufr,f? aps;xJrmS &Sw d t hJ xJu taumif;qH;k em;p&maumif;vku d w f m?
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pg-18
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pg-28

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