Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
Microbial surface active agents. Capable of changing surface active phenomena as lowering of surface & interfacial tensions, Other functions.
Characteristics of biosurfactants
Biodegradability. Low toxicity. Biocompatibility. Cheaper raw materials. Production economics. Application in environmental control. Specificity Effectiveness at extreme conditions.
Classification of biosurfactants
According to- 1. structure 2. source . According to source- Enzyme synthesized - Microbial synthesized
Other lipids
Trehalose lipids. Glucose lipids. Sucrose lipids. Ornithin containing lipids. Surfactin Pentasaccharide lipids. Exopolysaccharide bioemulsifiers
High affinity for oil water interface Emulsan-Acinetobacter calcoaeticus RAG-1
Other biosurfactants.
2. Mannosylerythrotol lipids
C.antartica , total lipids reached 40g/litre Reduces surface tension against n-tetradecane to 28mN/m.
Disadvantage
High enzyme costs, difficulty in solubilizing hydrophilic and hydrophobic substrates.
Media formulation
Carbon source :
N alkane or vegetable oil Psuedomonas in rhamnolipid production. Mixture of CH & hydrocarbons-Candida in sophorose lipids
Whey concentrate & rapeseed oil Candida bombicola.
Nitrogen source:
Nitrogen exhausion- increased rhamnolipid & Sophorose production. C/N ratio- controls production Nitrate maximum production in Rhodococcus sp
Phosphate source :
Phosphate reduction caused increased production. Iron and manganese salts : Increased surfactin yield in B. subtilis. Experimental conditions-pH , temperature, DO, ionic strength Oxygen limited conditions 3 fold higher yield by Bacillus & psuedomonas. Inexpensive substrate P.aeruginosa GS3 rhamnolipid production- molasses as C source and corn steep liquor as N source.
Fermentation
Batch /continuous fermentations Air lift fermentors, aqueous 2 phase fermentors Solid state fermentations 2 stage fed batch fermentors
Product recovery
Depends on ionic charge and solubility in water, whether extracellular or cell bound.
Solvent extraction commonly used for purification using chloroform, methanol, acetic acid, ether , ethylacetate etc. Precipitation, Organic extraction, adsorption chromatography used Concentration technique- water soluble surfactant Methanol precipitation- biosurfactant from Nocardia sp Acidification and chloroform/methanol extraction rhamnolipids by Pseudomonas sp. Ultracentrifugation and isoelectric precipitation surfactin by B. subtilis. Foam fractionation- lichenysin production by B. licheniformis.
Applications
Metals industry Paper industry Paint and protective coating Petroleum products Textiles Building and construction Agriculture Plastics Food and beverages Industrial cleaning Cosmetics and pharmaceuticals Pollution control.