100 %:
Linux Mint
Linux Mint
- - - -
-- - - -
- -
2011
32.973.2-018.2
004.451
72
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Linux Mint 100 %. .: , 2011. 240 .: . ( 100 %).
ISBN 978-5-49807-803-8
. .
, , ,
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ISBN 978-5-49807-803-8
, 2011
1. Linux
2. Linux Mint
23
3. Linux Mint
73
4.
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115
5. Linux Mint
148
6. Linux Mint
212
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Linux ?
10
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14
17
19
Linux Mint
20
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23
24
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24
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25
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26
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27
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36
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43
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46
55
55
58
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59
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68
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71
3. Linux Mint
73
GNOME
76
84
88
4.
91
96
104
111
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112
Linux
Mint
115
116
123
130
mount
131
/etc/fstab
134
/home
135
137
procfs
140
143
145
5. Linux Mint
Linux
148
149
151
aptitude
161
166
Linux Mint
173
181
183
, Linux Mint
184
184
GIMP
194
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195
198
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199
VLC
202
204
207
ID-
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209
210
6. Linux Mint
212
213
Ethernet-
216
218
222
Linux Mint
224
228
228
229
230
232
Mozilla Thunderbird
232
Evolution
233
234
234
235
236
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238
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239
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2. Linux Mint
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, ISO-
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Check the integrity of the CD. Check
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Memory Test, memtest ,
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- usbcreator, usb-creator-kde, usb-creator-gtk. ,
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- ISO, . USB- ,
, . BIOS
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Universal USB Installer (. 2.14), Pendrivelinux. http://
www.pendrivelinux.com/downloads/Universal-USB-Installer.
. Universal-USB-Installer-v1.5.1.exe
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Browse , Linux Mint.
USB -, ,
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UNetbootin (. 2.15),
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, Windows 2000/XP/Vista/7 Linux.
http://unetbootin.sourceforge.net/.
. 2.15. UNetbootin
2. Linux Mint
-
,
- -, .
GRUB. Linux Mint . Windows GRUB grub4dos (http://grub4dos.sourceforge.net).
. ISO- .
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/mnt:
$ sudo mount /dev/sdal /linuxmint
$ sudo cp -vR /mnt/* /linuxmint
, , ( GRUB
),
initrd-, isolinux.cfg, isolinux ISO-:
title Linux Mint
root (hd0,0)
kernel /casper/vmlinuz init=/linuxrc looptype=squashfs unionfs
doload=squashfs, unionfs loop=/filesystem.squashfs file=/cdrom/
preseed/mint.seed boot=casper initrd=/casper/initrd.lz locale=ru
quiet splash -initrd /casper/initrd.lz
quiet
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2. Linux Mint
GRUB 1 /boot/grub/grub.conf
.
Linux Mint
GRUB /boot/grub/grub.cfg.
, (. 2.16)
$ cat /boot/grub/grub.cfg
GRUB , /boot/grub/grub.cfg, 1 ,
. DO NOT EDIT
THIS FILE ( . ) . /usr/sbin/grub-mkconfig ,
/etc/grub.d, /etc/default/grub.
GRUB , /boot/grub/grub.cfg.
, , ,
.
GNU GRUB
2. Linux Mint
insmod reiserfs
set root=(hd0,5)
ReiserFS ,
GRUB.
if [ ${recordfail} = 1 ]; then
set timeout=-1
else
set timeout=10
ff8becfc-d3c4-4956-afbO-
insmod png
if background_image /boot/grub/linuxmint.png ; then
set color_normal=white/black
set color_highlight=white/light-gray
GNU GRUB
else
set menu_color_normal=white/black
set menu_color_highlight=white/light-gray
/boot/initrd.img-2.6.32-21-generic
2. Linux Mint
, /boot/grub/grub.cfg . ,
.
/etc/default/grub,
cat :
$ cat /etc/default/grub
# If you change this file, run `update-grub afterwards to update
# /boot/grub/grub.cfg.
GRUB_DEFAULT=0
GRUB_HIDDEN_TIMEOUT=0
GRUB_HIDDEN_TIMEOUT_QUIET=true
GRUB_TIMEOUT="10"
GRUB DISTRIBUTOR=`lsb release -i -s 2> /dev/null || echo Debian`
GNU GRUB
GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX_DEFAULT="quiet splash"
GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX=""
# Uncomment to disable graphical terminal (grub-pc only)
#GRUB_TERMINAL=console
# The resolution used on graphical terminal
# note that you can use only modes which your graphic card supports via VBE
# you can see them in real GRUB with the command 4vbeinfo'
#GRUB_GFXMODE=640x480
# Uncomment if you don't want GRUB to pass "root=UUID=xxx" parameter to Linux
#GRUB_DISABLE_LINUX_UUID=true
# Uncomment to disable generation of recovery mode menu entrys
#GRUB_DISABLE_LINUX_RECOVERY="true"
. , , ,
="". , #,
. , ,
, . /boot/grub/grub.cfg . ,
GRUB_DE FAULT=0
set def ault="0", , ,
. saved,
, .
, menuentry. :
GRUB_DEFAULT="Linux Mint 9 Isadora,
(/dev/sda5)"
linux 2.6.32-21-generic
GRUB_TIMEOUT="10",
. -1,
, , .
2. Linux Mint
GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX_DEFAULT="quiet splash"
.
.
.
. -
,
noapic, nolapic, noacpi, acpi=off, pci=noacpi, nopcmcia ( pcmcia), irqpoll, all generic ide. ,
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, , . , vga=7 91, 1024 768 64 , vga=7 90 1024 768 32 , vga=787
800 600.
ro s i n g l e
,
.
/etc/grub.d . , , ls (. 2.17):
$ ls /etc/grub.d
00 header
06 mint theme
20 memtest86+
40 custom
05_debian_theme
10_linux
30_os-prober
README
. 2.17. /etc/grub.d
, /boot/grub/grub.cfg,
:
### BEGIN /etc/grub.d/30_os-prober ###
### END /etc/grub.d/30_os-prober ###
GNU GRUB
40_custom , .
/etc/default/grub /etc/grub.d
/boot/grub/grub.cfg
$ sudo update-grub
GRUB 1 2
upgrade-from-grub-legacy, .
, , Linux Mint
, GRUB,
(. 2.18).
. 2.18. GRUB
2. Linux Mint
, , ,
.
. .
Windows
- Linux
Windows. Linux Mint
,
. ,
Windows, Linux Mint , Windows MBR, , , , GRUB.
Linux :
1) MBR GRUB , Windows MBR;
2) GRUB.
Linux -.
, Linux ( UNIX-)
,
. dd (. dataset definition ) .
512 , MBR, :
$ dd if=/dev/sda of=mbr.bin bs=512 count=1
, ? mbr.bin MBR.
Windows - - MBR
$ sudo dd if=mbr.bin of=/dev/sda bs=512 count=l
cat:
$ sudo cat mbr.bin > /dev/sda
, dd , .
,
-, . dd
Windows, http://www.chrysocome.net/dd.
GNU GRUB
. rescue, ,
. , , Linux, , , , . ,
. , LiveCD Ubuntu , Linux Mint.
GRUB . , , . , Linux Mint - LiveCD-, , . , LiveCD-, Menu .
, Linux Mint, f d i s k :
$ sudo f d i s k / d e v / s d a
, , q.
, Palimpsest (. 2.19),
Menu p a l i m p s e s t .
. 2.19. Palimpsest
2. Linux Mint
GRUB:
grub>
GNU GRUB
, , , , :
grub> root (hd0,4)
GRUB ,
Tab. , , Tab
.
Linux
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, . ,
GRUB , .
MBR- . , , Windows,
. .
2. Linux Mint
Linux Mint
GNOME
3. Linux Mint
, ,
, , Linux Mint,
. ,
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(. GNOME Display Manager, http://projects.gnome.org/gdm/) , (. 3.1).
. 3.1. GDM
, ,
.
, ,
, .
. ,
. GNOME ( ),
, GNOME (), , , xterm
, X Window
(. 3.2).
3. Linux Mint
. 3.2. xterm
, GNOME
( ), , , ( ,
, , . .)
.
, ,
, /tmp . ,
.
, ,
.
, Gedit,
Linux Mint,
$ gedit
3. Linux Mint
,
. ,
,
$ sudo gedit
Gedit ,
, .
xterm ,
exit.
, , . , .
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. sync,
.
. , .
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, , ( ) . , X Window , , , .
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, , , ,
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, , ,
.
, .
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.
KDE, Xfce GNOME. , , . ,
, . , ,
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GNOME ( GNU Network Object Model Environment,
GNU, . 3.3) GNU.
. 3.3. GNOME
3. Linux Mint
GNOME
, ,
.
. , , , http://www.gnome.org/.
, , ,
. KDE GNOME
.
GNOME (. GNOME Human Interface Guidelines, HIG), . HIG http://developer.gnome.
org/projects/gup/hig/. HIG , , . GNOME . KDE,
, GNOME .
Linux Mint 9
GNOME 2.30.0. , (. . 3.3),
- .
GNOME 60 ,
99 % .
GNOME
GNOME GNOME,
, () (. 3.4).
GNOME , , .
( ) . , Windows,
Linux Mint ,
Windows. GNOME ,
.
GNOME
http://library.gnome.org/users/user-guide/.
Linux Mint. , .
, .
3. Linux Mint
. Nautilus, (. 3.5), - , .
. 3.5.
Windows, . 2,
, ,
.
Nautilus
, ,
. , Windows
(. 3.6).
,
, .
USB -,
Nautilus. , - . , Linux Mint
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(, ) . , . -,
,
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. .
, Nautilus,
~/-.gconf/apps/nautilus/preferences/. , Linux Mint .
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. , (Ctrl + ).
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. , , .
,
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.
3. Linux Mint
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. , . : Brasero CD DVD.
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. , , , , , , . .
, , (. . 3.1),
, . ,
/etc/bash.bashrc:
$ sudo g e d i t / e t c / b a s h . b a s h r c
3. Linux Mint
/usr/bin/mint-fortune
, #,
. fortunes-ru:
$ sudo apt-get install fortunes-ru
, Linux Mint, . 5 , ,
Linux Mint.
, .
, .
, ,
GNOME (. 3.8). ,
,
, ,
.
. , , , , , .
, . ,
.
.
, ,
.
, (gnome-terminal). ,
, gnome-control-center.
. , . , .
. 3.8.
3. Linux Mint
. 3.9. mintDesktop
. 3.10.
Mint-Space mintUpload,
.
mintWifi
. , sudo mintwifi.
minNanny ( ) ,
,
(. 3.11).
. 3.11. mintNanny
mintMenu , , GNOME. .
mintBackup ( ) ,
,
(. 3.12).
. 3.12. mintBackup
mintWelcome ,
.
3. Linux Mint
mintAssistant,
mintDisk mintConfig, , GNOME. Linux Mint
, .
.
MIME
. ,
.
,
, , . . ,
, , (. 3.13).
. 3.13.
, .
, ,
.
, m Totem, . , Nautilus
( ),
(. 3.14).
. 3.14. - Totem
Rhythmbox, , , .
Linux Mint
, , . ,
, , (. 3.15), ,
3. Linux Mint
. , - .
. 3.15.
. , Debian, Linux
Mint . , .
, /etc/alternatives/.
, , ls:
$ ls -al /etc/alternatives/
lrwxrwxrwx
1 root root
-> /usr/bin/firefox
lrwxrwxrwx
1 root root
editor -> /usr/bin/gedit
, . .
, less,
Is - al I less.
/etc/alternatives/
. , , -
/etc/alternatives/x-www-browser, Mozilla
Firefox, /usr/bin/firefox.
.
, update-alternatives.
$ sudo update-alternatives --config x-www-browser
2 x-www-browser (
/usr/bin/x-www-browser).
* 0
/usr/bin/epiphany-browser
85
/usr/bin/epiphany-browser
85
/usr/bin/firefox
40
, : Firefox Epiphany.
Epiphany . Firefox.
,
enter, [*],
:
, 2.
update-alternatives: `/usr/bin/firefox `/usr/bin/x-www-browser (x-www-browser)
, .
sudo update-alternatives --all, .
, . , ,
, ,
. ,
3. Linux Mint
: , (. 3.16), . , . ,
, .
Linux Mint Shiki-Wise,
, .
. 3.16. GNOME
http://art.gnome.org/,
,
. , , , ,
, . , Go, . ,
(. 3.17) -
. , .
. 3.17.
http://art.gnome.org/ ,
,
, . . . , ( ),
.
, . , . 5.
,
.
Linux Mint Compiz Fusion
(http://www.compiz.org/) . Compiz Fusion
OpenGL D- . ,
3. Linux Mint
, .
, ,
,
5 % ( ), . , ,
, . , ,
. Linux
, , 3D
Linux ,
.
- .
Compiz Fusion Beryl (
) Compiz
Compiz Extras.
. , D-. ,
, . , (. 3.18).
,
.
. 3.18.
: , , .
.
, .
, CompizConfig (simple-ccsm, . 3.19).
. 3.19. CompizConfig
,
(, .), , ,
( ),
. , Compiz
Fusion, CompizConfig
(. 3.20).
(GNOME KDE), , .
,
, .
-
, . , ,
,
. , ,
.
3. Linux Mint
, .
GSwitchIt,
, GNOME.
,
, , . ,
, . . , ,
: , , ,
. .
.
, . (. 3.21), ; ,
.
. 3.21.
, /
. , ,
, , ,
,
. (. 3.22),
(Alt, Windows, CapsLock, Ctrl)
, ,
. ()
(, Shift + Alt). ,
, , .
, , ,
.
Linux ,
. ,
-
. ,
(gnome-keybind-
ing-properties, . 3.23),
.
3. Linux Mint
. 3.22.
. 2.23.
, XF86,
.
- , , . . .
,
.
- -, , , , , . -
, . Linux
( ) X Window.
, xev, -. , Event Tester, , (. 3.24):
$ xev
time 27 9734 67 6,
(311 , 61 1 ),
3. Linux Mint
. 3.24. -
, , - .
, -, , , . -
, dmesg :
Use `setkeycodes 0xec <keycode> to make it known.
-
s e t k e y c o d e s . keycode ,
(
) 128. 0=236, 364. - , getkeycodes dumpkeys.
$ getkeycodes | grep < >
, , .
xev , -, ,
showkey getkeycodes:
$ showkey
( 10
)...
00 0x6 00 0
, ,
.
- X Window
, - , -,
, .
XF86keysym.h.
- ,
x11proto-core-dev, XF86keysym.h
/usr/include/. , , GIT freedesktop.org (http://cgit.freedesktop.org/
xorg/proto/x11proto/tree/XF86keysym.h). :
$ cat /usr/include/Xll/XF86keysym.h
#define XF86XK_Back
#define XF86XK_Forward
#define XF86XK_Mail
0xl008FF26
*/
0xl008FF27
0xl008FF19
Xmodmap
, .
, . , ,
.
3. Linux Mint
, ,
.
. 128, 0 127:
$ setkeycodes 0 118
.
Linux Mint /etc/console-setup/cached.kmap.gz.
, Debian, /etc/console-setup/
boottime.kmap.gz.
, ,
. , , /etc/init.d/rc.local.
.
, X. man keymaps (5) keycode :
{ plain | <cmodifier sequence> } keycode keynumber = keysym
, :
keycode 105 = Decr_Console
,
105.
Alt
106:
alt keycode 106 = Incr_Console
, :
keycode 120 = F100
string F100 = "/sbin/shutdown -h now\n"
, 120 ,
F100, . F100,
, .
/etc/console-setup/
cached.kmap.gz, /etc/init/console-setup.conf.
, , , ,
. ,
. , , (hibernate)
.
, ,
, . ,
- , , .
, Linux Mint
. , ,
, ,
. .
, sudo /etc/acpi/hibernate.sh.
ACPI acpid,
/proc/acpi/event.
Linux (. daemons), , .
/etc/acpi/events/ ,
. /etc/acpi
, .
, Linux Mint,
http://linuxmint.com/wiki/index.php/Linux_Mint_friendly_Laptops.
, ,
/etc/acpi/powerbtn.sh: ,
3. Linux Mint
(. 3.25), , (, ),
/sbin/shutdown -h now "Power button pressed"
. , , .
Linux
Bash Reference Manual (http://www.gnu.org/software/bash/manual/bashref.html)
Advanced Bash-Scripting Guide (http://www.tldp.org/LDP/abs/abs-guide.pdO,
http://www.opennet.ru/docs/RUS/bash_scripting_guide/.
cat /etc/acpi/lid.sh.
acpid:
$ sudo /etc/init.d/acpid restart
, .
Linux Mint, , , Linux,
.
,
(. 3.26).
|
. 3.26. ,
, , .
, .
. ,
,
.
, . . GNOME. , .
,
. , , ,
, , , -
, . ,
rcconf sys-rc-conf.
,
$ sudo apt-get install rcconf
3. Linux Mint
, . ,
, :
$ sudo s y s - r c - c o n f
(. 3.27) . , - (), + =. .
. 3.27. sysv-rc-conf
, q.
rcconf .
$ sudo r c c o n f
(. 3.28).
. 3.28. rcconf
,
. , , .
Linux Mint , - Unix System V.
.
, , , /etc/init.d , .
, .
, , , ,
. , ,
/etc/init/d/networking. ,
( ),
$ sudo /etc/init/d/networking restart
3. Linux Mint
, , restart force-reload .
/etc/init.d, ,
. , , . : ?
. Unix- : /etc/init.d
, ,
. Linux Mint . /etc
, rc /etc/rc.local,/etc/rc0.d,/etc/rc1.d,
/etc/rc2.d, /etc/rc3.d, /etc/rc4.d, /etc/rc5.d, /etc/rc6.d /etc/rcS.d.
, ,
/etc/init.d. , /etc/rc5.d/.
I s .
$ ls -al /etc/rc2.d/
lrwxrwxrwx
1 root root
-> ../init.d/fancontrol
lrwxrwxrwx
1 root root
-> ../init.d/hddtemp
lrwxrwxrwx
1 root root
-> ../init.d/bluetooth
lrwxrwxrwx
1 root root
-> ../init.d/rc.local
, /etc/rc5.d/K20fancontrol
/etc/init.d/fancontrol.
, . (.)
, (..) .
, . /etc/rcS.d
, .
(runlevels) Linux,
. , .
1. , , , .
- .
2.
,
.
3. ,
, .
4. / .
5.
,
.
: 0 6 .
,
( ,
. .). , , ,
. Linux Mint, ,
2 - 5 . runlevel, Linux Mint, 2 :
$ runlevel
,
who -r.
, Linux Mint 2,
/etc/rc2.d/.
, S , . .
, . ,
, : ,
, . ,
. ,
, 99. ,
99 /etc/init.d/rc.local. /etc/rc.local
, .
,
3. Linux Mint
.
:
$ ln -s /etc/init.d/samba /etc/rc2.d/S20samba
S (start) , , (Kill) .
, ,
, S :
$ sudo mv /etc/rc2.d/S20hddtemp /etc/rc5.d/K20hddtemp
, ,
. , , .
. Linux Mint update-rc.d, .
man, ,
$ man update-rc.d
. program ,
insservis
LSB- , .
Linux Mint, .
, GNOME
, . , -.
XML- ( . extensible
Markup Language ),
. ,
,
. , ,
.
GNOME
, http://library.gnome.org/admin/systemadmin-guide/stable/.
Gtk. ,
, ( )
~/gtkrc-2.0. .
$ gedit ~/gtkrc-2.0
# , , 100
gtk-menu-popup-delay
# , ,
gtk-menu-popdown-delay
#
gtk-menu-bar-delay = 0
Gtk
http://library.gnome.org/devel/gtk/2.20/GtkSettings.html. .
:
$ echo "find /usr/share/pixmaps/ | xargs cat > /dev/null" >> ~/
mystart
$ echo "find /usr/share/icons/shiki-wise/ | xargs cat > /dev/
null" >> ~/mystart
3. Linux Mint
:
$ chmod + ~/mystart
, : , -
. .
GConf
GConf, GNOME. GConf , gconfd-2, , gconftool-2. Windows,
, XML-. , , , .
GNOME,
$ gconftool-2 -s /desktop/gnome/peripherals/keyboard/general/
disable_indicator -t bool true
GNOME , g e t . ,
$ gconftool-2 --get /apps/metacity/general/reduced_resources
:
$ gconftool-2 --type bool --set /apps/metacity/general/reduced_
resources true
GNOME Metacity
. ,
. enable_animations
false.
GConf, , XML-,
~/.gconf ~/.gconfd, - /etc/
gconf.
, ,
:
3. Linux Mint
,
- regedit Windows.
,
. . , , ,
. , , .,
Desktop Settings,
Apps Nautilus Desktop. -
Desktop.
gTweakUI
(http://gtweakui.sourceforge.net),
. gTweakUI
,
$ sudo apt-get install gtweakui
. 3.30.
gTweakUI
Linux Mint
4. Linux Mint
, ,
Linux, , .
Unix- , ,
, . ,
, . ,
/home/grinder/temp , , .
, /home/grinder/temp/.
.
, , , .
Linux. .
, , ,
, . ,
, ,
, .
.
, .
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, . , ,
: *, \, &, <, >, ; , (, ), |, .
,
.
, , .
.
, .
.
, .
Linux, ,
, Microsoft Windows. ,
, , OpenOffice.org, , ,
, .
!
, , ($), ,
, (#) root.
,
. , Windows, , ,
. ,
Nautilus Konqueror, . .
!
Linux Mint, sudo,
admin. .
, , , , (. 4.1),
.
,
file.
$ file /
/: directory
$ file /bin/bash
/bin/bash: ELF 32-bit LSB executable, Intel 80386, version 1
(SYSV), for GNU/Linux 2.2.0, dynamically linked (uses shared
libs), for GNU/Linux 2.2.0, stripped
file ls -l
stat (. 4.2). ls .
$ ls -l /dev/
crw-rw
118
4. Linux Mint
. 4.1. Nautilus
. 4.2. stat
. :
- () (, , , .),
;
d (. directory);
l (. link);
b (. block);
(. character);
f FIFO ;
s (. socket).
.
.
Microsoft Windows ,
. Linux .
.
, , ,
, . Linux ( Windows, Windows 2000)
. ( ,
). . , . . ,
FHS,
. .
, .
,
, , .
ls -l l. ,
, (.
).
, . . ln s. ,
symlinks file:
$ ln -s file /home/grinder/symlink
:
$ ls -l /home/grinder/symlink
lrwxrwxrwx 1 grinder grinder 7 2010-05-01 20:58 /home/grinder/
symlink -> file
4. Linux Mint
, , , 7 .
( ),
rwxrwxrwx. ,
, .
.
du
. , b, .
, , ,
.
.
. ,
. .
ln, :
$ ln file /home/grinder/hardlink
ls:
$ ls -l /home/grinder/hardlink
-rw-r--r-- 2 grinder grinder 52219904 2010-05-22 14:33 /home/
grinder/hardlink
2. , , , , ,
. .
Linux .
, ,
. - ,
inode i ls. ,
g z i p ZIP,
(LZ77). Linux
, inode:
$ ls -i /bin/gunzip /bin/gzip
25256 /bin/gunzip
25256 /bin/gzip.
, inode ,
. ls -l
/bin/gzip. ,
g r e p inode.
$ ls -i /bin/* | grep 25256
25256 /bin/gunzip
25256 /bin/gzip
25256 /bin/uncompress
25256 /bin/zcat
, , , , .
, . .
, . ,
. ,
.
. . ,
CD/DVD- , ,
.
,
.
( ) : .
, . ,
. , :
$ ls -l / d e v / s d a
brw-rw
1 r o o t d i s k 8,
0 2010-05-22 16:20 / d e v / s d a
b ls .
, , .
. . (. 4.3).
4. Linux Mint
. 4.3. Linux
.
FIFO (. First Input First Output , ),
, f,
. FIFO ,
.
FIFO , . , ,
FIFO. :
( . socket ). ,
, . , clamd
ClamAV MySQL , .
, , . - FIFO, .
$ ls -al /dev/* | grep ^s
srw-rw-rw-
1 root
root
ls -al grep,
.
grep , s ( ^
).
.
, . major () minor (),
. major ,
a minor . ,
$
ls
-l
/dev/sda
brw-rw---- 1 r o o t d i s k 8,
0 2010-06-25 16:20 / d e v / s d a
, man mknod.
/dev/_
{ | b } MAJOR MINOR
b , :
. major ,
lsdev. major minor devices.txt, Documentation .
,
Linux. . Linux,
, , , , : (user owner) - (group owner). (other), ,
. ,
(primary),
(supplementary).
. , Linux Mint,
cdrom.
:
, .
4. Linux Mint
, , - , .
Unix - - , .
ls -l, :
$ ls -l sound.m
-rw-r--r-- 1 grinder grinder 6706501 2010-05-11 00:29 sound.m
;
-rw-r--r--, . ( grinder grinder)
- .
, chown,
.
:
$ sudo chown new_owner file1 file2 ...
,
, , -R. , , :
$ sudo chown -R user *
user. chown -.
:
$ sudo chown R sergej:video *
:
$ sudochown R :video *.
chown
c h g r p , :
$ chgrp audio /home/user/*
,
.
. ( ). , ,
( , ).
. -,
- , -,
, , , .
,
. :
Read ;
Write ;
eXecute .
, ,
ls -l .
. , , .
chmod.
: , , , (
). . , , . 4.1.
4.1. chmod
0001
0002
0004
0010
0020
0040
0100
0200
125
4. Linux Mint
4.1 ()
0400
1000
2000
4000
, , SGID
, , SUID
,
$ chmod 755 f i l e
: ,
( ,
), .
( , g , , ), (r , w , ) , (+ , , = )
. ,
$ s u d o chmod u+w,
ug+r,
a+x f i l e
,
, , , .
= , , ,
.
, , ,
(. 4.4).
. ,
, , , . ,
, . ,
, .
, . , -
dark directory, , ,
.
, ,
.
. 4.4.
.
: , , - .
, , ,
, , ,
-, , ,
, . , , ,
.
, , , /
etc/group.
cdrom::24:grinder
cdrom, grinder.
user,
:
cdrom::24:grinder,user
4. Linux Mint
addgroup, adduser.
Linux Mint ,
(. 4.5).
. 4.5.
.
/etc/passwd. :
username::uid:gid:uid
:shell
:
grinder::1000:1000:grinder,,,:/home/grinder:/bin/bash
UID 1000.
, . , , :
$ ls -l /dev/dsp
crw-rw----+ 1 root audio 14, 3 2010-06-10 11:59 /dev/dsp
root ,
audio. , ,
, .
, ,
, . , , , , s h e l l , RID RGID
. ,
(), ,
RID RGID.
: (stisky
bit), SUID SGID. stisky bit ,
.
,
.
SUID SGID () (),
, . ,
, ,
. . ,
root, , ,
, .
SUID , a SGID -.
s ls -l , SUID, root, , ,
,
. ,
( ) . , ,
, .
SUID/SGID s,
sticky bit - t , l
4. Linux Mint
, .
. 2, , .
.
, Windows Linux
Mint . , .
. ,
Nautilus,
, . , , Windows- ( SMB, Server Message Block), Windows (. 4.6),
, , .
. 4.6.
.
Nautilus (. . 4.6). , , ,
. ,
.
, .
.
mount
mount , . ,
( root ):
$ mount
/dev/sdal on / type ext4 (rw,errors=remount-ro)
proc on /proc type proc (rw,noexec,nosuid,nodev)
none on /sys type sysfs (rw,noexec,nosuid,nodev)
none on /sys/fs/fuse/connections type fusectl (rw)
none on /sys/kernel/debug type debugfs (rw)
none on /sys/kernel/security type securityfs (rw)
none on /dev type devtmpfs (rw,mode=0755)
none on /dev/pts type devpts (rw,noexec,nosuid,gid=5,mode=0620)
none on /dev/shm type tmpfs (rw,nosuid,nodev)
none on /var/run type tmpfs (rw,nosuid,mode=0755)
none on /var/lock type tmpfs (rw,noexec,nosuid,nodev)
none on /lib/init/rw type tmpfs (rw,nosuid,mode=0755)
binfmt_misc on /r/sys/fs/binfmt_misc
(rw,noexec, nosuid,nodev)
type binfmt_misc
4. Linux Mint
,
, none ( ) , ,
gvfs-fuse-daemon. , .
, /etc/mtab.
mount,
. , /dev/sdb2
/home/grinder/audio:
$ sudo mount /dev/sdb2 /home/grinder/audio
, /home/grinder/audio, .
, ,
.
,
d f - h .
, , - t :
$ sudo mount -t ext3 /dev/sdb2 /home/grinder/audio
ext3. :
-t ntfs-3g NTFS;
-t vfat FAT32;
-t iso9660 - ISO-;
,
dmesg mount.*. : mount.
.
-t man mount.
-o. / - rw,
- r. :
$ sudo mount -t ext3 - rw /dev/sdb2 /home/grinder/audio
mount.
, ,
. :
$ sudo mount -t ext3 - rw,iocharset=utf8,codepage=866 /dev/sdb2
/home/grinder/audio
- iocharset=utf 8 , Linux
Mint ut f 8, a codepage=8 66 .
- force
, mount .
-, , .
:
$ sudo mount -t iso9660 - ro /dev/cdrom /mnt
Ho mount , ISO- .
- loop.
$ sudo mount -t iso9660 - loop ~/file.iso /home/iso
, ,
:
133
134
4. Linux Mint
$ sudo mount -t smbfs - =,password=apo //server/Video /home/grinder/video
IP- .
/etc/fstab
, ,
. . , /etc/fstab. ,
, # ,
.
mount. :
$ cat /etc/fstab
# <file system> <mount point> <type> <options> <dump> <pass>
# /dev/sda1 no UUID, ext4
UUID=5bc61bd9-38b5-43a4-b3e8-11f9fd8ab389 /ext4
ro 0
errors=remount-
# /dev/sda2 ReiserFS
/dev/sda2 / reiserfs notail,relatime 0 1
# swap a /dev/sda5
UUID=34ef4987-4f77-42f5-9794-fc57d822b05d none swap
sw
, ,
, - :
/dev/cdrom /media/cdrom iso9660,udf r,noauto,user,exec 0 0
, noauto.
, /etc/fstab ,
,
. NTFS NTFS-3g:
/dev/sda6 /mnt/windows ntfs-3g defaults 0 0
/home
,
() .
, . ,
, .
,
.
, X Window,
FIFO ( ).
, .
, . /home.
. -R
, - , . , , .
/home /dev/sda5. mount
, .
, /dev/sda5:
$ sudo mkdir /mnt/home
/dev/sda5 /mnt/home:
$ sudo mount /dev/sda5 /mnt/home
/home /mnt/home.
, .
$ sudo -a /home /mnt/home
- (--archive)
. , , , .
, , /.
4. Linux Mint
, - - - o n e - f i l e - s y s t e m , ,
. , . , . , - , GNU (http://www.gnu.org/).
, GNU
GNU's Not Unix (GNU Unix),
UNIX- .
, GNU/Hurd (
1990 . ). GNU GNU/Linux,
GNU Linux.
Linux ,
UNIX- . , - dpR.
$ sudo -dpR /home /mnt/home
tar,
,
.
:
$ sudo (cd /home && tar cf .) | (cd /mnt/home && tar xpvf -)
, tar /home ( , . create ). , ,
tar, ,
( ( . eXtract ).
- ,
.
gunzip ( bzip2). :
$ cd /home; sudo tar czf home.tar.bz .
:
$ cd /mnt/home; sudo tar xzf home.tar.bz
, , /home:
$ sudo mount /dev/sda5 /home
. ,
/etc/fstab,
( mount fstab ).
,
. , , ,
:
$ sudo umount /dev/sda5
:
$ sudo rm -Rf /home/*
, /dev/sda5 .
.
,
.
.
, . ,
.
.
, .
ps (process status).
, , . , - a u x
(. 4.7).
:
USER , ;
PID (Process Identifier) , 1 65 535;
%CPU % ;
STAT ;
COMMAND , , ,
, , w.
4. Linux Mint
. 4.7.
,
(man ps). : S /
(sleeping), R (run), D
(, /), , Z -, < N
n i c e .
, Z.
, , .
, , ,
. , .
,
? kill,
PID .
, 1234:
$ sudo k i l l 1234
, ,
, k i l l a l l ,
.
$ sudo k i l l a l l mpg123
top (. 4.8).
. 4.8. top
n i c e ,
. root.
- 2 0 ( )
19 ( ) , :
$ sudo n i c e -5 rhythmbox
Linux Mint ,
, (, , )
4. Linux Mint
.
(. 4.9).
. 4.9.
procfs
,
. procfs, /r, ,
.
procfs http://
procps.sf.net/.
procfs
, . ,
. . . ,
, /r,
. top,
, ps, . /r
,
, .
: ,
, ,
, , .
: c a t , ,
echo . , , procfs
:
, - ;
root , , ;
root ,
.
.
. CFS.
. , /r.
/r,
. procfs
, ,
.
, :
$ sudo c a t / p r o c / a c p i / f a n / F A N / s t a t e
status:
on
echo 0 > / p r o c / a c p i / f a n / F A N / s t a t e
. ,
:
$ sudo c a t / p r o c / a c p i / t h e r m a l _ z o n e / T H R M / t e m p e r a t u r e
t e m p e r a t u r e : 23
4. Linux Mint
Linux ,
FreeBSD . trip_points :
$ sudo cat /proc/acpi/thermal_zone/THRM/trip_points
critical (S5): 65
passive:
active[0]: 63 C: devices=0xdf85ff90
: critical ( ,
), passive ( ) active ( ).
0 9, , ,
. :
echo -n
points
"critical:hot:passive:active0:...:activeX"
> trip_
:
$ echo "105:100:100:78:70:60:50" > /proc/acpi/thermal_zone/TZ0/
trip_points
$ sudo cat /proc/acpi/thermal_zone/THRM/cooling_mode
cooling mode: active
,
.
, , /proc/sys. , /proc/sys/fs/filemax, ,
. .
:
$ sudo echo "4096" /r/sys/fs/file-max
/proc/sys/kernel/ctrl-alt-del , ,
Ctrl + Alt + Delete. :
0 ;
1 ,
.
0. /proc/sys/kernel/domainname /r/sys/
kernel/hostname .
/r/sys/net ,
. , /proc/sys/net/core/netdev_max_backlog . , . 300, 1000.
/r/sys/vm . , /proc/sys/vm/swappiness , , . , . Ubuntu
:
$ cat /proc/sys/vm/swappiness
, , ,
100. OpenOffice.org GIMP
,
. .
//sys
, .
. . , . Linux ,
.
Ubuntu /etc/init.d/rc.local.
, . ,
, ,
:
4. Linux Mint
e c h o "70" > / p r o c / s y s / v m / s w a p p i n e s s
e c h o "4096" / r / s y s / f s / f i l e - m a x
.
sysctl,
. /etc/sysctl.conf, .
. sysctl , .
. , sysctl, //sys. ,
sysctl //sys,
. , /proc/sys/fs/file-max f s / f i l e max. , /proc/sys/fs/file-max,
/etc/sysctl.nf :
f s / f i l e - m a x = 4096
, .
, , , . ,
echo "4096" > / p r o c / s y s / f s / f i l e - m a x
, sysctl :
$ sudo s y s c t r l -w f s . f i l e - m a x = " 4 0 9 6 "
f s . f i l e - m a x = 4096
/etc/sysctl.conf .
, ,
s y s c t l - (. 4.10).
. , , sysctl .
, , /etc/sysctl.conf.
. 4.10.
, . HardInfo ,
, , ,
(. 4.11). :
.
, HTML-.
, . ,
, PCI-, lspci
(. 4.12).
, Debian Ubuntu . lscpi: command not found, ,
. .
pciutils:
$ sudo apt-get install pciutils
4. Linux Mint
. 4.11. Hardlnfo
. 4.12. Ispci
. , ,
. (. 4.13):
$ cat /proc/cpuinfo
. , ,
lsmod.
, .
, modinf .
. 4.13.
$ modinfo reiserfs
modinfo reiserfs
filename :
/lib/modules/2.6.32-21-generic/kernel/fs/reiserfs/reiserfs.k
license:
GPL
author:
description:
srcversion:
186997D0EA2E7DCB528AE4A
depends:
vermagic:
description, ,
, .
Linux Mint
Linux
, Linux Mint
ID3-
OpenShot
Linux
, ,
Linux Mint, . : , , . ,
. ? , ? ? .
Linux
Linux
- , Windows.
, .
,
. .
Unix- KISS ( Keep It Simple Stupid
). - , , , , , ,
. . , Windows
.
, ,
. , ;
, ,
. , ,
, ,
. ,
. Linux -.
, .
GNU GPL, :
, GNU GPL.
, . , , .
. , Linux
,
, , . Linux? ,
, ,
5. Linux Mint
. -.
, Player
Kplayer, KMplayer, smplayer, Freevo .
, ,
, .
. ,
Brasero (. 5.1).
. 5.1. Brasero
, , , ,
,
. ,
:
(hard) , , ,
;
(soft) , , ,
, (, ).
Linux
, soft- .
, (
Linux ), ,
.
, . Windows, , Linux
, . ,
Linux , ,
- . , . ,
,
, , .
,
20 .
, , .
, , Linux, . , , , ,
, Linux Debian,
Ubuntu, RedHat/Fedora, Slackware . ,
.
:
, ;
,
, , .
.
Linux :
deb , Debian ,
Ubuntu, Linux
Mint ;
5. Linux Mint
tar.gz , Slackware.
. ,
. tar.gz ( , )
, Slackware . ,
.
, : , ,
, .
. , , , , .
,
, ,
, .
.
, Linux Mint deb,
dpkg,
. , , ( ), ,
dpkg.
, ,
(, ,
. .).
:
gnome-mplayer-0.9.4-l_amd64.deb,
Linux
, , src. ,
, , noarch.
, deb- ,
, .
ubuntu, debian . .
, , maintainer,
. ,
. , .
, , .
, , , , rpm.
deb-, - i :
$ sudo dpkg - i p a c k a g e _ n a m e . d e b
CD-
DVD-, - . ,
-R (--recursive), ,
:
$ sudo dpkg -R /usr/local/src
:
$ sudo dpkg -i *.deb
deb-, .
Linux, --help.
, . ,
, mplayer, :
$ sudo dpkg -i *mplayer*.deb
5. Linux Mint
dpkg - r ( --remove),
(. 5.2), .
. 5.2.
, ,
, , . !
, , -:
$ sudo dpkg - xchat
--force --ignore-depends
, , ,
- . .
, -l (--list)
(. 5.3).
, . installed, ,
Linux
. config-files,
. man-, ,
man dpkg.
, :
$ sudo dpkg -l > i n s t a l l . t x t
. , less:
$ sudo dpkg
-l
| less
.
, - .
,
grep. , , video:
$ sudo dpkg
-l
g r e p -i v i d e o
. 5.3.
5. Linux Mint
, , . d p k g - - c o n f i g u r e _ d p k g reconfigure.
Midnight
Commander (. 5.4), sudo apt-get install mc.
, F3 (),
, , Enter INSTALL,
.
Linux
, , .
, . , ,
? . ,
.
, ,
,
, .
Linux , Windows.
, , ,
?
, dpkg , , dselect (. 5.6), , .
$ sudo apt-get install dselect
:
$ sudo dselect
5. Linux Mint
,
,
, , , , .
. dselect
, APT aptitude.
, ,
, .
APT (Advanced Packaging Tool).
Debian deb, ,
rpm ( ALTLinux Connectiva).
APT tgz- Slackware slapt-get.
Linux
APT ,
apt-get apt-cache. APT .
,
$ sudo a p t - g e t u p d a t e
, ,
.
$ sudo a p t - g e t u p g r a d e
$ sudo a p t - g e t d i s t - u p g r a d e
,
$ sudo a p t - g e t i n s t a l l _
, i n s t a l l u p d a t e . . ,
, , , APT .
, , -, a p t - c a c h e , , :
$ sudo a p t - c a c h e s e a r c h mp3
.
, , , , ,
(. 5.7).
. 5.7. ,
5. Linux Mint
, , ,
$ sudo a p t - g e t b u i l d - d e p _
. (./configure;
make), make i n s t a l l
a p t - g e t i n s t a l l c h e c k i n s t a l l ,
( . ). , ,
, s o u r c e :
$ sudo a p t - g e t s o u r c e _
/var/cache/apt/archives,
.
$ sudo a p t - g e t a u t o c l e a n
clean . autoremove,
:
$ sudo a p t - g e t a u t o r e m o v e
. 5.8. APT
Linux
aptitude
Debian Ubuntu aptitude, Linux Mint.
aptitude dpkg
, . APT,
, libapt.
aptitude APT, ,
. aptitude , . , aptitude.
aptitude ,
:
$ sudo aptitude
(. 5.9), , ,
.
:
, , .
, , (. 5.10). , ,
+, -, ( ) =,
.
. : + - ,
, g.
aptitude . , :
Security Updates ;
, ;
5. Linux Mint
. 5.9. aptitude
. 5.10. aptitude
Linux
5. Linux Mint
. 5.11.
, , s e a r c h :
$ sudo a p t i t u d e s e a r c h _
, (. 5.12):
$ aptitude search video
apt-cache a p t i t u d e ,
. , show:
$ a p t i t u d e show v i d e o t r a n s
, , , , , ,
,
. . (. 5.13).
, :
$ sudo a p t i t u d e i n s t a l l v i d e o t r a n s
, apt-get install,
aptitude . , aptitude
(recommends) . (suggest) .
Linux
. 5.12. aptitude
. 5.13.
5. Linux Mint
aptitude , -R. ,
~/.aptitude/config aptitude::Recommends-lmportant "false".
:
$ sudo a p t i t u d e r e i n s t a l l _
, remove:
$ sudo a p t i t u d e remove _
, , remove p u r g e .
aptitude APT, ( ), , , ,
. m a r k a u t o unmarkauto
a u t o , .
Linux, , ,
.
, . Linux Mint
. (mintinstall) (synaptic),
.
mintinstall
. , , (. 5.14).
, .
. , , , ,
. ,
, : , . ,
(. 5.15). ,
, .
Linux
, ,
.
. 5.14. mintinstall
. 5.15.
5. Linux Mint
,
. ,
, , . , ,
. , .
mintinstall ,
.
.
Linux Mint, ( ) . , ,
( ). (. 5.16) GPG-, .
. 5.16. mintinstall
. .
(Synaptic Package Manager) , Debian, -
Linux
. 5.17. Synaptic
5. Linux Mint
,
. ,
(. . 5.17) , ,
, , . . , , , . , . ,
, .
.
. (. 5.18). ,
, , .
,
.
. 5.18. Synaptic
, ,
(. . 5.18). , , (-
Linux
purge). ,
( ), ( ),
. CD-ROM
, . , -
, ,
, . , .
dpkg
.
Synaptic, mintinstall, .
,
(. 5.19).
. 5.19. Synaptic
, .
Linux Mint , . , ( ,
, ). I
, , ,
5. Linux Mint
. mintUpdate, . , .
, .
15 , . .
, , .
, , mintUpdate
. , mintUpdate
. (. 5.20).
. 5.20. mintUpdate
,
. , 1 , Linux Mint. ,
. 2 , Ubuntu . 3
Ubuntu , Linux Mint, . , 3- ,
4 5 .
4 5 ,
, Linux. ,
, .
Linux
Linux Mint
,
.
/etc/pt/sources.list. .
$ cat /etc/apt/sources.list
deb http://packages.linuxmint.com/ isadora main upstream import
deb http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/
universe multiverse
lucid main
restricted
lucid main
restricted
5. Linux Mint
deb-src http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/
ed universe multiverse
l u c i d main r e s t r i c t -
, , /etc/pt/sources.list.
10 , , / , , d e b - s r c , .
, , , #.
.
, .
Linux Mint :
http://packages.linuxmint.com/.
, , . ,
( , -,
), /etc/apt/sources.list
.
,
Ubuntu. , Medibuntu (Multimedia, Entertainment & Distractions
In Ubuntu) , Ubuntu. , - , Adobe Acrobat, Google Earth . http://
medibuntu.org. GetDeb , Ubuntu, .
, Ubuntu, ,
,
. ,
http://ru.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/, http://ua.archive.ubuntu.com/
ubuntu/. . , ,
. , , http://gb.archive.ubuntu.
Linux
com/ubuntu/, , ,
.
Ubuntu https://wiki.ubuntu.
com/Mirrors?action=show&redirect=Archive.
.
isadora Linux Mint lucid Ubuntu.
, , .
Ubuntu :
backports , ;
proposed , ;
security ;
updates , proposed.
, main
backports.
http://
packages.linuxmint.com/.
, ,
:
main ,
Ubuntu;
universe ,
;
multiverse ,
;
restricted , ,
.
Linux Mint : main, upstream, import, backport romeo
(. 5.21). , , , , .
, , pool (Linux M i n t ) dists (Ubuntu).
5. Linux Mint
, ,
. , . : ,
i386, AMD64?
? .
/etc/apt/apt.conf.d/01ubuntu APT :
Architecture "amd64";
:
APT::Architecture "amd64";
,
. amd64, .
, /etc/apt/apt.conf ,
/etc/pt/apt.nf.d/, APT . , /etc/apt/apt.conf.d/01autoremove ,
.
, . , , ,
-.
/etc/apt/apt.conf.d/99proxy :
Linux
$ sudo g e d i t / e t c / a p t / a p t . c o n f . d / 9 9 p r o x y
Acquire::http::proxy
Proxy " t r u e " ;
"http://192.168.0.1:3128/"/Acquire::
- 3128
IP- 192.168.0.1. - ,
:
Acquire::http::proxy
"http://user:password@192.168.0.1:3128/";
/etc/profile :
export H T T P _ P R O X Y = " h t t p : / / 1 9 2 . 1 6 8 . 0 . 1 : 3 1 2 8 / " e x p o r t
"ftp://192.168.0.1:3128/"
FTP_PROXY=
, :
export H T T P _ P R O X Y = " h t t p : / / u s e r : p a s s w d @ l 9 2 . 1 6 8 . 0 . 1 : 3 1 2 8 / " e x p o r t
FTP_PROXY="ftp://user:passwd@192.168.0.1:3128/"
- Ubuntu
, (
, ).
$ sudo a p t - c d r o m add
, Enter.
/etc/apt/sources.list , d e b cdrom.
APT . ( ) /etc/apt/sources.list .
, ,
.
(Synaptic), -
.
, . GPG,
5. Linux Mint
. , , , ,
, .
apt-key. ,
gpg- wget APT:
$ wget http://seveas.imbrandon.com/1135D466.gpg -- | sudo aptkey add , .
$ sudo apt-get update
/var/lib/apt/lists
, .
$ ls /var/lib/apt/lists
archive.canonical.com_ubuntu_dists_lucid_partner_binary-amd64_
Packages
, . ,
. , sudo aptcache showpkg gcc gcc.
.
, , Linux Mint. , ,
, . debmirror (
debmirror):
$ /usr/bin/debmirror --nosource -m --passive --host=archive.
ubuntulinux.org --root=ubuntu --method=ftp --progress
dist=lucid,lucid-security,lucid-updates,lucid-backports --ignore-release-gpg --section=main,restricted,multiverse,univers
e --arch=amd64
.
1 . -
Linux
,
, apt-get. , dpkg-scanpackages, dpkg-dev. :
$ sudo apt-get install dpkg-dev
, :
$ mkdir archives
:
$ cd archives
$ dpkg-scanpackages . /dev/null | gzip -9 > Packages.gz
. sources.list,
, :
deb file:/home/grinder/archives ./
sudo a p t - g e t u p d a t e . /var/lib/apt/lists
, .
. ,
.
, CD/DVD, . Linux Mint
APTonCD (http://aptoncd.
sourceforge.net), - , APT (. 5.22) ,
APT .
.
. /var/cache/apt/archives, . . , (. 5.23).
, .deb, . ,
, CD DVD. , ISO-.
,
5. Linux Mint
. 5.22 APTonCD
. 5.23. APTonCD
Linux
. ,
.
, . ,
, , (. 5.24).
. 5.24. APTonCD
. (. . 5.22).
, . ISO-, ,
. .
, ,
.
, , . ? .
5. Linux Mint
, ,
.
,
, . . , , , i386, Intel 80386,
1985 . i486, i586 (Pentium ) i686 (Pentium Pro). ,
, . , (
) 10 200 % ,
. , ; , .
, ,
Linux.
, ,
Linux. , , ,
. .
!
, GCC,
GNU Make .
. Linux Mint, Ubuntu
, sudo apt-get install buildessential.
, . ,
, ,
. t a r . g z . t a r . b z 2 p r o g r a m - x . , program - , . .
. :
tar
xzvf
program-x..tar.gz
tar
xjvf
program-x.xx.tar.bz2
. ,
INSTALL README, ,
,
. . / c o n f i g u r e . -
Linux
. , , makefile,
. , ,
. , .
, , -
.
. , , . , ,
-
. ,
. ,
- h e l p :
$ ./configure --help
--prefix, ,
( /usr/local/). ,
makefile. make, . make
, (
, ).
(root),
, sudo:
$ sudo make i n s t a l l
,
make u n i n s t a l l ,
.
,
. , ,
,
. , , , - ,
.
. ( ,
5. Linux Mint
, .) .
; Linux Mint alien (http://kitenet.
net/programs/alien/). :
$ sudo apt-get install alien
, rpm- deb,
$ alien --to-deb package.rpm
, deb rpm:
$ alien --to-rpm package.deb
alien .
,
Linux Mint
, Linux, . , Microsoft Office, Adobe
Photoshop, WinAmp, Qip , Windows. , Linux ,
Windows, Mozilla Firefox, Opera, Mozilla
Thunderbird, FileZilla .
Linux ,
, , . .
. , , , , Linux Mint .
Linux-.
http://linuxprogs.org.ua/, http://rus-linux.net/, http://www.nixp.ru/ .
, Linux 10 , Microsoft Office. , , , ,
. , Linux ,
, ,
, Linux Mint
, . , Sun Microsystems
StarOffice LGPL.
OpenOffice.org,
, Linux. , , , .
OpenOffice.org
OpenOffice.org ,
Oracle Corporation ( Sun Microsystems. Inc),
OpenOffice.org.
StarOffice
Linux, OpenOffice.org , . , , Microsoft Office.
OpenOffice.org Linux Mint .
, OpenOffice.org
, , ,
Microsoft Office . .
, , ,
Microsoft Office, , , .
OpenOffice , OpenOffice.org.
OpenOffice.org , , .
OpenOffice.org :
OpenOffice.org (OpenOffice.org Writer) (. 5.25) , , Microsoft Word;
OpenOffice.org (OpenOffice.org Calc)
(. 5.26), Microsoft Excel;
OpenOffice.org (OpenOffice.org Draw) (. 5.27), PDF ;
5. Linux Mint
, Linux Mint
. 5.27. OpenOffice.org
5. Linux Mint
. , , OpenOffice.org , Word.
, (. 5.28).
. 5.28.
PDF. , , ,
OpenOffice.org -.
, Microsoft. , Writer.
,
, .
,
OpenOffice.org.
, Linux Mint
, OpenOffice.org, . , Writer
( , myspell-ru),
.
, ,
, , .
Calc
. ,
Word. , ,
. ,
. , , Microsoft
Word.
Calc Excel. , ,
. , ,
.
OpenOffice.org
, ,
. /
, ,
.
, , . (. 5.29), ,
OpenOffice.org, ,
.
OpenOffice.org
. , Writer StarWriterTeam F3, . Calc "=Game("StarWars")",
Enter , .
Cacl -,
1: "=Game(A1:C3;"TicTacToe")". .
OpenOffice.org , Firefox. .
5. Linux Mint
. 5.29. OpenOffice.org
, , ,
, 256 .
.
, Linux Mint
AbiWord (http://live.gnome.org/AbiWord)
, .
Microsoft Word, , ,
.
Gnumeric (http://www.gnumeric.org/) , .
,
Microsoft Excel (. 5.30).
. 5.30. Gnumeric
Evince (http://live.gnome.org/evince)
PDF (. 5.31), PostScript, DjVu, TIFF DVI,
GNOME
. .
Evolution (http://live.gnome.org/Evolution) , .
5. Linux Mint
. 5.31. Evince
Gedit
Linux Mint , -
, Linux Mint
. Linux Mint
Gedit, Gtk+, http://www.gnome.org/projects/gedit/.
(. 5.32).
. 5.32. Gedit
Gedit , , , ++, #, Java, Pascal, HTML, LaTeX, PHP, Perl, Python, Ruby
.
. ,
. , . ,
.
, , , ,
, .
5. Linux Mint
GIMP
1995 .
(Spenser Kimball) (Peter Mattis)
. ,
GNU.
GIMP ,
, GNU GPL.
.
http://www.gimp.org/, GIMP Linux. Linux Mint GIMP
. GIMP .
, , , , , , - , ,
,
. GIMP
( , , -, , , .). BMP, GIF, JPEG,
PNG, TIFF, MNG, PCX, PDF, PS, PSD, SVG, TGA, XPM, ABR .
,
(, , ).
, , ,
.
.
. . GIMP , , .
Adobe Photoshop: PSD, ,
8bf (actions). GIMP ,
, .
http://docs.gimp.
org/ru/. http://www.
gimp.ru/ , , .
, Linux Mint
, Adobe Photoshop,
.
(. 5.33).
. 5.33. GIMP
, GIMP , ,
.
. , GIMP : Mozilla Firefox,
OpenOffice.org KDE, GNOME .
, Linux .
F-Spot
.
F-Spot (http://f-spot.org/), Linux Mint .
5. Linux Mint
. 5.34. F-Spot
F-Spot ,
GNU GPL. . , , . ,
.
, Photos,
.
, .
, Linux Mint
,
.
, F-Spot .
,
. , .
. , ,
(, ), . , , ,
.
F-Spot ,
.
.
, (. 5.35).
. 5.35. F-Spot
, 4 x 3 (), 4 x 6 (), 5 7 , 8 1 0
. .
5. Linux Mint
.
, . ,
F-Spot .
, . -,
,
.
,
. ,
. . , ,
,
. ,
, .
, ,
.
, F-Spot .
: , ,
, . . , , . , .
, ,
. , .
Linux Mint Ubuntu .
, VCD
DVD-. Totem
(http://www.gnome.org/projects/totem/, . 5.36),
GNOME ( , ,
KDE), GNOME 2.10, .
, Totem GNOME
Nautilus. GStreamer,
Xine.
. 5.36. Totem
, DVD-,
VCD- CD-, .
, - , , , , ,
LIRC, , . Mozilla. ( ).
( GNOME).
Totem , Linux Mint
. Menu
GNOME MPlayer, VLC.
MPlayer
GNOME MPlayer (. 5.37, http://code.google.com/p/gnomemplayer/)
5. Linux Mint
MPlayer. Gtk+,
GNOME, . , , CD, DVD VCD,
.
. , , .
Amazon.com.
- geckomediaplayer, Linux Mint .
MPlayer . 2000 .
(Arpad Gereffy), .
http://www.mplayerhq.hu/. MPlayer - ,
. CD, DVD, Video CD; AVI, ASF/WMV/WMA,
Q T / M O V / M P 4 , RealMedia, Ogg Vorbis, Matroska, ,
MEncoder,
, . sudo aptitude install mencoder.
-
libavcodec, MPlayer.
FFmpeg,
DVD- . MPlayer
- DLL.
, dll /usr/lib/codecs .
12 (MicroDVD, SubRip,
OGM, SubViewer, Sami, VPlayer, RT, SSA ( ASS), AQTitle, JACOsub, PJS
MPsub) DVD ( SPU, VOBsub Closed
Captions), , .
MPlayer
, X11, Quartz Compositor, DirectX, VESA, SDL, VIDIX, DGA,
Framebuffer, GGI, , ASCII-Art
Color ASCII-Art. ,
. , ,
( LIRC Linux Infrared Remote Control, http://www.lirc.org/).
.
, m p l a y e r
_.
(. 5.38)
, , .
5. Linux Mint
. 5.38. MPlayer
VLC
VLC (http://www.videolan.org/) ,
- . , ,
20 .
VLC , : ,
DVD-,
-.
.
(. 5.39).
(. 5.40).
, .
,
, ,
LIRC. -
- ,
.
, telnet, . ,
VLM .
. 5.39. VLC
. 5.40. VLC
5. Linux Mint
. ,
:
$
vlc
videofile.mpg
, . , , IP-, :
$
vlc
-vvv v i d e o f i l e . a v i --sout u d p : / / 1 9 2 . 1 6 8 . 1 . 2 - - t t l 1
Linux Mint Rhythmbox (http://projects.gnome.org/rhythmbox/, . 5.41), , (, - )
. GNOME,
Nautilus, Pidgin, XChat .
. . , ID-.
, . .
,
( ).
Rhythmbox , , ,
. , . ,
AudioCD,
Rhythmbox LIRC, . .
, Rhythmbox iPod.
. , Rhythmbox
Linux Mint Linux. Rhythmbox,
. Winamp XMMS (X Multimedia System),
. .
Audacious (. 5.42), , Media Player (BMP) XMMS2. ,
Audacious (http://audacious-media-player.org/Main_Page) -
XMMS GTK+ 2. .
. 5.41. Rhythmbox
. 5.42. Audacious
5. Linux Mint
, .
XMMS, ( ) Winamp 2.
( wsz) http://www.
winamp.com/skins ~/.audacious/Skins, . .
last.fm, LIRC,
. Alarm.
Linux Mint audacious .
$ sudo a p t i t u d e i n s t a l l a u d a c i o u s
, XMMS/Winamp, Audacious -
.
,
.
, Linux Mint .
, ( i486)
mpgl23 (http://www.mpgl23.org/)
mpg321 (http://mpg321.depooter.org/project/). , , mpg123 . / * . m p 3 , , .
, , . , , Winamp, mpg123
-. Ogg Vorbisogg123. , . , mp3blaster (http://mp3blaster.sourceforge.net/)
(. 5.43),
, Ogg Vorbis, WAV SID. ,
, . .
mp3blaster playmp31ist (http://rucus.ru.ac.
za/~urban/projects/playmp3list/) (Music On Console, http://moc.daper.net/),
- mpg123.
MythTV
Freevo, .
. 5.43. mp3blaster
CD DVD
. , .
sudo aptitude search burn . - mkisofs, cdrecord dvd+rw-tools.
, . Linux
. ISO-:
mkisofs -r - cd_image.iso __
- :
$ cdrecord -v dev=0,0,0 speed=4 -data cd_image
dev .
, cdrecord -scanbus. cdrecord
:
$ cdrecord -v speed=4 dev=0,0,0 -audio trackl.wav track2.wav
DVD :
$ growisofs -Z /dev/dvd=disk.iso
growisoft , :
5. Linux Mint
. 5.44. Brasero
. , . Brasero
, . i s o
.cue, -. . Brasero .
ID3-
. -
. , , ,
, ID3-,
. , . Linux Mint
, ID3-, :
$ sudo a p t - c a c h e s e a r c h i d 3
, . Easy Tag
(http://easytag.sourceforge.net/) , 2, FLAC, MusePack, 4/, Monkey Audio
Ogg Vorbis , Gtk+ (. 5.45). , :
$ sudo a p t i t u d e i n s t a l l e a s y t a g
Easy Tag ,
.
Easy Tag , : ,
, , , , , , ,
, , (URL), .
, ,
, . , , ., .
(, ,
, .). CDDB,
CDDB.
. .
5. Linux Mint
. 5.45. EasyTAG
, ,
.
. ,
. , , .
( )
. M3U ,
.
.
OpenShot
XX Linux , .
. , ,
OpenShot
, , . Linux Mint
Avidemux, Kino, Cinelerra, Kdenlive, PiTiVi OpenShot (http://
www.openshotvideo.com/). . , 2008 .,
Ubuntu, , .
. ,
.
. 5.46. OpenShot
(. 5.46),
. , ,
(, , , ,
. .), . GNOME,
.
.
Linux Mint
Linux Mint
ICQ, IRC Jabber
Linux Mint
-,
, . . , , .
Ethernet WiFi,
Linux Mint .
DHCP ( ) Avahi. Avahi (http://avahi.org/)
, Mac OS X
.
DHCP (. Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol ) , IP- (IP- , DNS- .), TCP/IP.
, ,
. . 3, lshw,
(. 6.1):
$ sudo l s h w - n e t w o r k
l o g i c a l name: e t h 0
,
. , :
$ i f c o n f i g -
eth0
Link encap:Ethernet
HWaddr
00:0:29:4e:7f:7d
inet
addr:192.168.17.146
Mask:255.255.255.0
inet6
addr:
Beast:192.168.17.255
fe80::20c:29ff:fe4e:7f7d/64
MTU:1500
Scope:Link
Metric:1
6. Linux Mint
. 6.1.
- (HWaddr,
), IP- ( i n e t ) ,
, .
, ,
:
GNOME NetworkManager,
Linux Mint.
NetworkManager , .
,
NetworkManager, .
,
(. 6.2), , VPN, DSL G-.
. 6.2. NetworkManager
.
. , VPN- . , . ,
- , ,
IPv4 IP-, , ( , . 6.3).
DHCP, ,
, . , . ( ) VPN.
, ,
. :
6. Linux Mint
. 6.3.
Advanced, ,
, - (. 6.4).
. .
NetworkManager .
, .
, - .
Linux Mint
dip.
Ethernet-
/etc/
network/interfaces. ,
. , , eth0 IP-
DHCP:
iface eth0 inet dhcp
. 6.4. -
IP eth1 :
iface ethl inet static
address 192.168.0.25
network 192.168.0.0
gateway 192.168.0.1
netmask 255.255.255.0
mtu 1492
IP-, ,
IP- . . , /etc/resolv.conf
DNS- ( ), :
$ sudo g e d i t / e t c / r e s o l v . c o n f
nameserver
8.8.8.8
nameserver
8.8.4.4
6. Linux Mint
:
$ sudo ifconfig ethO down
$ sudo ifconfig ethO up
IP-
i f c o n f i g :
$ sudo ifconfig ethO 192.168.0.1 netmask 255.255.255.0 up
ifconfig , .
-
(Point-to-Point Protocol over Ethernet)
Ethernet-, /,
xDSL ,
.
- pppd.
, DSL.
, . , .
: /etc/ppp/pap-secrets ( /etc/ppp/chap-secrets,
-, ) /etc/
ppp/peers/dsl-provider. pon
.
Linux Mint pppoeconf. sudo pppoeconf, (. 6.5).
,
. Ethernet-, PADI ( Active Discovery
Initiation), .
pppoeconf dsl-provider.
, , ,
, .
/usr/bin/pon. n
:
pon [OPTIONS] [provider] [arguments]
p r o v i d e r /etc/ppp/peers,
:
$ n dsl-provider
. 6.5. pppoeconf
/etc/ppp/pap-secrets ( chap-secrets). ,
( pppoeconf)
:
user
password
6. Linux Mint
, pppoeconf . /etc/ppp/peers/dsl-provider.
/etc/ppp/pap-secrets /etc/ppp/peers/dsl-provider (, ,
)
, .
, .
$ sudo g e d i t / e t c / p p p / p e e r s / d s l - p r o v i d e r
# ,
p t " / u s r / s b i n / - I e t h o - 8 0 - m 1452"
noipdefault
#
defaultroute
replacedefaultroute
hide-password
# l c p - e c h o - i n t e r v a l 30
#lcp-echo-failure 4
noauth
#
persist
#
1492
mtu 1492
usepeerdns
/etc/
network/interfaces, :
auto dsl-provider
iface dsl-provider inet ppp
provider dsl-provider
auto ethO
iface ethO inet manual
pre-up /sbin/ifconfig ethO up
-
$ ifconfig 0
0 Link encap:Point-to-Point Protocol
inet addr:157.33.34.178 P-t-P:192.168.101.1
Mask:255.255.255.255
/var/log/messages.
$ tail -f /var/log/messages
, , , . , route -n, , . ,
default, 0. , route add
default 0 , .
-
, , , (, , VPN .).
, ,
. , . ,
pap-secrets .
. /etc/ppp/pap-secrets
* . :
user
serverl
passwordl
user
server2
password2
6. Linux Mint
, dsl-provider,
name remotename :
name u s e r
remotename
serverl
. , ,
.
Linux Mint
RP-PPPoE.
: pppoe-relay, pppoe-setup, pppoe-start, pppoe-stop, pppoe-connect, pppoeserver, pppoe-sniff, pppoe-status, pppoe-wrapper tkpppoe.
, pppoe-start, pppoestop, pppoe-status, pppoe-setup.
VPN- (Point-to-Point Tunneling
Protocol) .
Linux -
,
.
, ,
GUI. , , :
$ sudo a p t - c a c h e s e a r c h p p t p
Client (http://pptpclient.sourceforge.
net), , :
Windows VPN, Linux , Cisco PIX . Linux Mint.
:
$ sudo g e d i t / e t c / p p p / o p t i o n s . p p t p
l o c k n o a u t h nobsdcomp n o d e f l a t e
#
refuse-pap
refuse-eap
#refuse-chap
refuse-mschap
persist
#
maxfail 10
defaultroute
replacedefaultroute
/etc/ppp/chap-secrets :
user pptp password *
:
domainWuser pptp password *
, :
$ sudo gedit /etc/ppp/peers/pptp
#
pty "pptp 10.100.0.1 --nolaunchpppd"
connect /bin/true
name user
# chap-secrets
remotename pptp
#
file /etc/ppp/options.pptp
#require-mppe-128
require-mppe-40
ipparam pptp
6. Linux Mint
, , .
$ n pptp
i f c o n f i g . , , . :
$ n pptp debug dump logfd 2 nodetach
. , /etc/network/
interfaces:
Linux Mint
Linux Netfilter
(http://www.netfilter.org/),
Netfilter Core Team. iptables, .
,
, .
netfilter/iptables ,
, , .
(Firewall, Firewall
Builder, Firestarter .), .
Ubuntu, 8.04, netfilter
UFW (Uncomplicated firewall), , . UFW , Linux Mint. , UFW iptables,
. -
Linux Mint
. . ,
,
.
UFW /etc/ufw,
, iptables (. 6.6).
. 6.6. UFW
UFW ,
, /etc/ufw/ufw.conf
ENABLED=no
ENABLED=yes
$ sudo /etc/init.d/ufw start
6. Linux Mint
* S k i p p i n g f i r e w a l l : ufw
(not e n a b l e d ) . .
ufw. , uwf ,
:
$ sudo ufw e n a b l e
F i r e w a l l s t a r t e d and e n a b l e d o n s y s t e m s t a r t u p
:
$ sudo ufw d i s a b l e
F i r e w a l l s t o p p e d and d i s a b l e d o n s y s t e m s t a r t u p
: .
$ sudo ufw d e f a u l t a l l o w
i n c o m i n g ` a l l o w
( )
,
$ sudo ufw d e f a u l t deny
ufw
, /etc/services, /.
:
ufw a l l o w | d e n y
[service]
, -,
80- , :
$ sudo ufw a l l o w 8 0 / t c p
iptables , - - d r y - r u n . s t a t u s UFW
iptables:
$ sudo ufw s t a t u s
Linux Mint
:
$ sudo ufw delete allow 80/tcp
, allow
deny:
$ sudo ufw deny 53
53- . ,
, , ,
. ,
.
. ,
:
$ cat /etc/services | less
:
$ sudo ufw allow ssh
UFW IP- ( ). ,
192.168.1.0/24, :
$ sudo ufw allow 192.168.1.0/24
:
$ sudo ufw deny from 10.20.30.40
. SSH
IP-:
$ sudo ufw allow from 192.168.0.20 to any port 22
/ logging. :
$ sudo ufw logging on
/etc/ufw/sysctl.conf ( /etc/sysctl.conf). , ,
net/ipv4/ip_forward=1
6. Linux Mint
, .
, ,
.
Linux ,
,
, . , ,
, .
, Linux ,
, Windows,
. ,
,
, , . .
Windows Mozilla Mozilla Firefox
( ), Opera Google Chrome.
Windows,
.
s u d o a p t i t u d e s e a r c h b r o w s e r Linux Mint
, .
, , .
, HTML-,
. . GNU
. Lynx Links. ( links2),
, X Window.
Lynx, ,
. , , . , .
, ,
. ,
. , -dump
( ), , ,
,
. - s o u r c e
.
Links (. 6.8) ,
, . Lynx.
6. Linux Mint
Linux Mint Firefox. GNOME Epiphany (
. ). Epiphany (http://www.gnome.org/projects/epiphany/)
2002 . Galeon ,
.
Galeon , , Epiphany, . Gecko, Firefox, SeaMonkey, K-Meleon .
Epiphany - Firefox,
Cookies, . ,
, , WebKit.
. 6.9. Epiphany
, , Epiphany
, .
.
, .
Epiphany : ,
. , , . ,
.
Firefox, Epiphany .
. Linux Mint Epiphany
epiphany-extensions.
6. Linux Mint
. , -,
, . Linux Mint
.
, (Mozilla,
Opera) . GNOME KDE
,
. , Linux Mint
Mozilla Thunderbird.
Mozilla Thunderbird
-
, Mozilla Thunderbird (http://www.mozillamessaging.com/ru/thunderbird/)
Mozilla. : SMTP, , IMAP, NNTP RSS. Thunderbird, Mozilla Firefox, XUL, Mozilla Foundation.
,
,
(. 6.10).
( ), .
Outlook
Express, . https://addons.
mozilla.org/thunderbird/themes/ ,
Thunderbird . , . . ,
,
e n i g m a i l .
Thunderbird, .
.
.
, .
.
, HTML.
. .. Mozilla Thunderbird
Evolution
GNOME Evolution (http://www.gnome.
org/projects/evolution/). Novell,
2004 . GNOME. Evolution GNOME, . , -
Evolution (. 6.11) , .
Sylpheed (http://sylpheed.sraoss.jp/en/)
Linux , , GTK.
,
,
. GMailWatch (http://www.employees.org/~ashokn/gmailwatch/),
KCheckGMail (http://kcheckgmail.sourceforge.net/), GNOME CheckGmail (http://
checkgmail.sourceforge.net/), mailtc (http://mailtc.sourceforge.net/), GNUbiff ( h t t p : / /
gnubiff.sourceforge.net/) .
6. Linux Mint
. . . Evolution
, ,
, Opera Firefox, . Firefox FlashGot (http://www.flashgot.net/),
,
. Linux FlashGot , Aria, cURL, Gnome Gwget, KDE Kget
Downloader 4 X.
GNU wget, , ,
Linux. Wget
$ wget http://linuxforge.ru/
.
, - . :
$ wget - http://linuxforge.ru/file.rar
-r , -l . , 10:
$ wget -r -110 http://linuxforge.ru/
.wgetrc, . . , 02:00 (, atd).
$ at 0200
at> wget - http://server.org/file.rar
at> Ctrl+D
cURL (http://curl.haxx.se/), : FTP, FTPS, HTTP, HTTPS, SCP, SFTP, TFTP,
TELNET, DICT, FILE LDAP. SSL, , Cookies, .
D4X (Downloader for X). D4X, , GTK+
(. 6.12), . ,
Download Master, D4X,
, .
. D4X FTP
HTTP, , ,
-.
6. Linux Mint
. 6.12. D4X
, HTTP, FTP- , .
, , .
. 6.13. XChat
. 6.14. Pidgin
6. Linux Mint
, .
Pidgin GTK+ AOL
Instant Messenger. AOL , Gaim. AOL
AIM, .
. Gaim ,
Pidgin, libgaim libpurple, gaim-text Finch.
, , ,
( , .). . -, .
.
. ,
, , , . . , .
, ,
.
VoIP Ekiga
IP- GNOME
Ekiga (http://
www.ekiga.org/, . 6.15).
GnomeMeeting,
. Ekiga
GNOME, .
. 6.15. Ekiga
. SIP.
, Ekiga, , Video4Linux, ,
FireWire. , , Ekiga SIP, , .
Gwibber
Twitter (http://twitter.com/)
Linux. . Gwibber (http://live.gnome.org/
Gwibber, . 6.16), Python GTK.
$ sudo aptitude install gwibber gwibber-themes
. 6.i6. Gwibber
.
.
.
JI.
. , .
. , .
:
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