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2011

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Linux Mint 100 %. .: , 2011. 240 .: . ( 100 %).
ISBN 978-5-49807-803-8

100 % Linux Mint GNU/Linux. From freedom came elegance ( )

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, 2011

1. Linux

2. Linux Mint

23

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73

4.

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115

5. Linux Mint

148

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212

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17

19

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24

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104

111

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115

116

123

130

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131

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134

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135

137

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140

143

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5. Linux Mint
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148
149

151

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166

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173

181

183

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184

184

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194

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195

198

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199

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202

204

207

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209
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6. Linux Mint

212

213

Ethernet-

216

218

222

Linux Mint

224

228

228

229

230

232

Mozilla Thunderbird

232

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233

234

234

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236

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238

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 2. Linux Mint

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 2. Linux Mint

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 2. Linux Mint

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 2. Linux Mint

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 2. Linux Mint

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, .

 2. Linux Mint

. 2.3. GNOME Linux Mint

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 2. Linux Mint

Linux Mint 9 2013 .,

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Start Linux Mint in Russian [ru].

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APIC (. Advanced Programmable Interrupt Controller ).

 Linux Mint

. 2.6. Linux Mint

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.

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 2. Linux Mint

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 2. Linux Mint

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 2. Linux Mint

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 2. Linux Mint

. 2.13. Live USB-Creator

Linux. Windows, ,
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www.pendrivelinux.com/downloads/Universal-USB-Installer.
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USB -, ,
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UNetbootin (. 2.15),
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http://unetbootin.sourceforge.net/.

. 2.15. UNetbootin

 2. Linux Mint

UNetbootin Universal USB Installer:

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.

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title Linux Mint
root (hd0,0)
kernel /casper/vmlinuz init=/linuxrc looptype=squashfs unionfs
doload=squashfs, unionfs loop=/filesystem.squashfs file=/cdrom/
preseed/mint.seed boot=casper initrd=/casper/initrd.lz locale=ru
quiet splash -initrd /casper/initrd.lz
quiet
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, . , .
, ,
.
,
MBR (Master Boot Record),
( ). MBR
512 . (. Partition Table). 64 , , ( , ).
.
, 1 . .
446 -.
(512 ), Boot Record. -, MBR,
, , , , .
512 ,
. ,
.

 2. Linux Mint

Linux LILO (Linux LOader) GRUB

(GRand Unified Bootloader). Linux Mint
, . http://www.gnu.org/software/grub/.
1995 . Hurd , , .
, Hurd - -, (. Multiboot Specification), . , ,
. 1999 . GRUB GNU,
2000 . GRUB .
GRUB 2,
.
.

GRUB 1 /boot/grub/grub.conf
.

Linux Mint
GRUB /boot/grub/grub.cfg.
, (. 2.16)
$ cat /boot/grub/grub.cfg
GRUB , /boot/grub/grub.cfg, 1 ,
. DO NOT EDIT
THIS FILE ( . ) . /usr/sbin/grub-mkconfig ,
/etc/grub.d, /etc/default/grub.
GRUB , /boot/grub/grub.cfg.
, , ,
.

# DO NOT EDIT THIS FILE

# It is automatically generated by /usr/sbin/grub-mkconfig using

templates

 GNU GRUB

. 2.i6. GRUB v.2

# from /etc/grub.d and settings from /etc/default/grub

### BEGIN /etc/grub.d/00_header ###

if [ -s /boot/grub/grubenv ]; then
have_grubenv=true
load_env
fi
set default="0"
s e t d e f a u l t , , 0 ,
menuentry. Linux Mint 9, 2.6.32-21-generic (dev/sda1).

 2. Linux Mint

insmod reiserfs
set root=(hd0,5)
ReiserFS ,
GRUB.
if [ ${recordfail} = 1 ]; then
set timeout=-1
else
set timeout=10

### END / e t c / g r u b . d / 0 0 _ h e a d e r ###

set timeout , .
. PNG/boot/grub/linuxmint.png.
### BEGIN / e t c / g r u b . d / 0 5 _ d e b i a n _ t h e m e ###
set menu_color_normal=white/black
set menu_color_highlight=black/white
### END / e t c / g r u b . d / 0 5 _ d e b i a n _ t h e m e ###
### BEGIN / e t c / g r u b . d / 0 6 _ m i n t _ t h e m e ###
insmod reiserfs
set root=(hd0,5)
search --no-floppy --fs-uuid --set
c4f455bb0ba3

ff8becfc-d3c4-4956-afbO-

insmod png
if background_image /boot/grub/linuxmint.png ; then
set color_normal=white/black
set color_highlight=white/light-gray

 GNU GRUB

else
set menu_color_normal=white/black
set menu_color_highlight=white/light-gray

### END /etc/grub.d/06_mint_theme ###

, :
### BEGIN /etc/grub.d/10_linux ###
menuentry "Linux Mint 9, 2.6.32-21-generic (/dev/sda1)" {
recordfail=1
if [ -n ${have_grubenv} ]; then save_env recordfail; fi
set quiet=l
insmod reiserfs
set root=(hd0,5)
search no-floppy fs-uuid s e t ff8becfc-d3c4-4956afb0-c4f455bb0ba3
linux /boot/vmlinuz-2.6.32-21-generic root=UUID=5bc61bd938b5-43a4-b3e8-11f9fd8ab389 ro
quiet splash
initrd

/boot/initrd.img-2.6.32-21-generic

### END /etc/grub.d/10_linux ###

### BEGIN /etc/grub.d/20_memtest86+ ###
menuentry "Memory test (memtest86+)" {
linuxl6 /boot/memtest86+.bin
}
### END /etc/grub.d/20_memtest86+ ###
### BEGIN /etc/grub.d/30_os-prober ###

 2. Linux Mint

menuentry "Microsoft Windows XP Home Edition (on /dev/sdal)" {

set root=(hd0,1)
chainloader +1

### END /etc/grub.d/30_os-prober ###

, menuentry,
. 10 ,
, s e t d e f a u l t .

linux /boot/vmlinuz-2.6.32-21-generic root=UUID=ff8becfc-d3c44956-afb0-c4f455bb0ba3 ro quiet splash

/boot/vmlinuz-2.6.32-21-generic ,
. root .
, UUID, .

Initrd (Initial RAM Disk) ,

,
, , .

, /boot/grub/grub.cfg . ,
.
/etc/default/grub,
cat :
$ cat /etc/default/grub
# If you change this file, run `update-grub afterwards to update
# /boot/grub/grub.cfg.
GRUB_DEFAULT=0
GRUB_HIDDEN_TIMEOUT=0
GRUB_HIDDEN_TIMEOUT_QUIET=true
GRUB_TIMEOUT="10"
GRUB DISTRIBUTOR=`lsb release -i -s 2> /dev/null || echo Debian`

 GNU GRUB

GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX_DEFAULT="quiet splash"
GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX=""
# Uncomment to disable graphical terminal (grub-pc only)
#GRUB_TERMINAL=console
# The resolution used on graphical terminal
# note that you can use only modes which your graphic card supports via VBE
# you can see them in real GRUB with the command 4vbeinfo'
#GRUB_GFXMODE=640x480
# Uncomment if you don't want GRUB to pass "root=UUID=xxx" parameter to Linux
#GRUB_DISABLE_LINUX_UUID=true
# Uncomment to disable generation of recovery mode menu entrys
#GRUB_DISABLE_LINUX_RECOVERY="true"
. , , ,
="". , #,
. , ,
, . /boot/grub/grub.cfg . ,
GRUB_DE FAULT=0
set def ault="0", , ,
. saved,
, .
, menuentry. :
GRUB_DEFAULT="Linux Mint 9 Isadora,
(/dev/sda5)"

linux 2.6.32-21-generic

GRUB_TIMEOUT="10",
. -1,
, , .

 2. Linux Mint

GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX_DEFAULT="quiet splash"
.
.
.
. -
,
noapic, nolapic, noacpi, acpi=off, pci=noacpi, nopcmcia ( pcmcia), irqpoll, all generic ide. ,
nVidia nForce noapic nolapic, .
, , . , vga=7 91, 1024 768 64 , vga=7 90 1024 768 32 , vga=787
800 600.
ro s i n g l e
,
.
/etc/grub.d . , , ls (. 2.17):
$ ls /etc/grub.d
00 header

06 mint theme

20 memtest86+

40 custom

05_debian_theme

10_linux

30_os-prober

README

. 2.17. /etc/grub.d

, /boot/grub/grub.cfg,
:
### BEGIN /etc/grub.d/30_os-prober ###
### END /etc/grub.d/30_os-prober ###

 GNU GRUB

10_linux 30_os-prober Linux , .

20_memtest86+ , . , 40_custom . , - .

40_custom , .

/etc/default/grub /etc/grub.d
/boot/grub/grub.cfg
$ sudo update-grub

GRUB 1 2
upgrade-from-grub-legacy, .

, , Linux Mint
, GRUB,
(. 2.18).

. 2.18. GRUB

 2. Linux Mint

, , ,
.
. .

Windows
- Linux
Windows. Linux Mint
,
. ,
Windows, Linux Mint , Windows MBR, , , , GRUB.
Linux :
1) MBR GRUB , Windows MBR;
2) GRUB.
Linux -.
, Linux ( UNIX-)
,
. dd (. dataset definition ) .
512 , MBR, :
$ dd if=/dev/sda of=mbr.bin bs=512 count=1
, ? mbr.bin MBR.
Windows - - MBR

$ sudo dd if=mbr.bin of=/dev/sda bs=512 count=l
cat:
$ sudo cat mbr.bin > /dev/sda
, dd , .
,
-, . dd
Windows, http://www.chrysocome.net/dd.

 GNU GRUB

. rescue, ,

. , , Linux, , , , . ,
. , LiveCD Ubuntu , Linux Mint.
GRUB . , , . , Linux Mint - LiveCD-, , . , LiveCD-, Menu .
, Linux Mint, f d i s k :
$ sudo f d i s k / d e v / s d a
, , q.
, Palimpsest (. 2.19),
Menu p a l i m p s e s t .

. 2.19. Palimpsest

 2. Linux Mint

, Linux Mint , , /dev/sda5:

$ sudo mount - t e x t 3 / d e v / h d a 5 /mnt
$ sudo mount - t p r o c p r o c / m n t / p r o c
$ sudo mount - t s y s f s s y s / m n t / s y s
$ sudo mount - o b i n d / d e v / m n t / d e v
chroot-
$ c h r o o t /mnt / b i n / b a s h
. GRUB g r u b i n s t a l l , :
$ sudo g r u b - i n s t a l l / d e v / s d a
, , ,
, . r e c h e c k , .
LiveCD, , GRUB. grubmkrescue (. 2.20)
$ sudo g r u b - m k r e s c u e - i m a g e - t y p e = c d r o m i s o / g r u b . i s o
iso ISO- grub.iso,
Brasero ,
ISO-.

. 2.20. ISO- GRUB

GRUB:
grub>

 GNU GRUB

, , , , :
grub> root (hd0,4)

Filesystem type is ext2fs, partition type 0x83

, :
grub> find /boot/grub/stage1
:
grub> configfile /boot/grub/grub.cfg
.
GRUB .
grub> setup (hd0)
:
grub> quit
,
.

GRUB ,
Tab. , , Tab
.

Linux
, Linux , , , .
. Linux Mint GRUB
, . ,
GRUB , .
MBR- . , , Windows,

. .

 2. Linux Mint

Microsoft Windows 95, Windows 98 Windows Me,

> f d i s k /mbr
MBR. NT, Windows Windows Vista,
R, . fixmbr,
MBR.

Linux Mint
GNOME

 3. Linux Mint

, ,
, , Linux Mint,
. ,
GDM
(. GNOME Display Manager, http://projects.gnome.org/gdm/) , (. 3.1).

. 3.1. GDM

, ,
.

, ,
, .
. ,
. GNOME ( ),
, GNOME (), , , xterm
, X Window
(. 3.2).

 3. Linux Mint

. 3.2. xterm

, GNOME
( ), , , ( ,
, , . .)
.

, ,
, /tmp . ,
.

, ,
.
, Gedit,
Linux Mint,
$ gedit

 3. Linux Mint

,
. ,
,
$ sudo gedit
Gedit ,
, .

xterm ,
exit.

, , . , .

Linux
. Linux , , . , USB, , ,
. sync,
.
. , .

GNOME
Windows, Linux
( )
, ,
. , X Window System,
, , ( ) . , X Window , , , .

Linux , ,
, , , ,
, ,
, .

 GNOME

, , ,
.
, .
. Linux kwm ( KDE),
Metacity ( GNOME), twm ( XFree86), Xfwm ( Xfce), IceWM, Fluxbox, Openbox, fvwm, WindowMaker, Enlightenment
. , , . , ,
, . Linux
.
KDE, Xfce GNOME. , , . ,
, . , ,
, Linux.
GNOME ( GNU Network Object Model Environment,
GNU, . 3.3) GNU.

. 3.3. GNOME

 3. Linux Mint

GNOME
, ,
.
. , , , http://www.gnome.org/.
, , ,
. KDE GNOME
.

GNOME (. GNOME Human Interface Guidelines, HIG), . HIG http://developer.gnome.
org/projects/gup/hig/. HIG , , . GNOME . KDE,
, GNOME .

GNOME KDE, Qt,

Qt ,
, . ,
. 1997 . Qt GNU GPL .

Linux Mint 9
GNOME 2.30.0. , (. . 3.3),
- .

GNOME 60 ,
99 % .

GNOME , . , , Windows. GNOME just work, , . ,

, .

 GNOME

GNOME GNOME,
, () (. 3.4).
GNOME , , .

. 3.4. GNOME CentOS

( ) . , Windows,
Linux Mint ,
Windows. GNOME ,
.

GNOME
http://library.gnome.org/users/user-guide/.

Linux Mint. , .
, .

 3. Linux Mint

. Nautilus, (. 3.5), - , .

. 3.5.

Windows, . 2,
, ,
.

Nautilus
, ,
. , Windows
(. 3.6).
,
, .
USB -,
Nautilus. , - . , Linux Mint
GNOME. GNOME , , .
(, ) . , . -,
,

 GNOME

, , . , , , Linux

. .
, Nautilus,
~/-.gconf/apps/nautilus/preferences/. , Linux Mint .

, , Linux
. , (Ctrl + ).

, ,
. , , .
,
, , .
GNOME
, ,
.

. 3.6. Windows Nautilus

 3. Linux Mint

,
- . Linux Mint ,
.

,
, - , . .
- , DVD,
.

, , , , , , , ( , Bluetooth, -),
, .

, . Nautilus
. Nautilus ,
.

Nautilus Linux Mint Nautilus Actions Configurations Tools,

.

Menu, , , Linux Mint (. 3.7). , Windows Linux

, , . , , DVD,
, Linux Mint .
. 5.
.
.
, , .
.
, .
. -

 GNOME
, , , , -

, , . . :
. , . : Brasero CD DVD.

. 3.7. Linux Mint

. , : ,
. ,
, , , ,
. Linux ,
.
. , , , , , , . .
, , (. . 3.1),
, . ,
/etc/bash.bashrc:
$ sudo g e d i t / e t c / b a s h . b a s h r c

 3. Linux Mint

/usr/bin/mint-fortune
, #,
. fortunes-ru:
$ sudo apt-get install fortunes-ru
, Linux Mint, . 5 , ,
Linux Mint.

, .
, .
, ,
GNOME (. 3.8). ,
,
, ,
.
. , , , , , .

, . ,
.
.

, ,
.

, (gnome-terminal). ,
, gnome-control-center.
. , . , .

. 3.8.

Linux Mint Ubuntu , . ,

Linux Mint
, .
mint Install ( ) ,
, ,
Synaptic.
mintUpdate ( ) , , ,
. ,
.
mintDesktop ,
: , , (. 3.9).

 3. Linux Mint

. 3.9. mintDesktop

mintUpload ( ) , FTP, SFTP SCP

. ,
(. 3.10).
: (mintupload), (mintupload-manager) (mintupload-file-uploader).

. 3.10.

Mint-Space mintUpload,
.

mintWifi
. , sudo mintwifi.

minNanny ( ) ,
,
(. 3.11).

. 3.11. mintNanny

mintMenu , , GNOME. .
mintBackup ( ) ,

,
(. 3.12).

. 3.12. mintBackup

mintWelcome ,
.

 3. Linux Mint

mintAssistant,
mintDisk mintConfig, , GNOME. Linux Mint
, .
.

MIME
. ,
.

MIME (. Multipurpose Internet Mail Extension,

) , , .

,
, , . . ,
, , (. 3.13).

. 3.13.

, .
, ,
.
, m Totem, . , Nautilus
( ),
(. 3.14).

. 3.14. - Totem

Rhythmbox, , , .
Linux Mint
, , . ,
, , (. 3.15), ,

 3. Linux Mint

. , - .

. 3.15.

. , Debian, Linux
Mint . , .

, /etc/alternatives/.
, , ls:
$ ls -al /etc/alternatives/
lrwxrwxrwx
1 root root
-> /usr/bin/firefox
lrwxrwxrwx
1 root root
editor -> /usr/bin/gedit

16 2010-05-22 13:13 x-www-browser

14 2010-05-22 13:13 gnome-text-

, . .

, less,
Is - al I less.

/etc/alternatives/
. , , -
/etc/alternatives/x-www-browser, Mozilla
Firefox, /usr/bin/firefox.
.
, update-alternatives.
$ sudo update-alternatives --config x-www-browser
2 x-www-browser (
/usr/bin/x-www-browser).

* 0

/usr/bin/epiphany-browser

85

/usr/bin/epiphany-browser

85

/usr/bin/firefox

40

, : Firefox Epiphany.
Epiphany . Firefox.
,
enter, [*],
:
, 2.
update-alternatives: `/usr/bin/firefox `/usr/bin/x-www-browser (x-www-browser)

, .
sudo update-alternatives --all, .

, . , ,
, ,

. ,

 3. Linux Mint

: , (. 3.16), . , . ,
, .
Linux Mint Shiki-Wise,
, .

. 3.16. GNOME

http://art.gnome.org/,
,
. , , , ,
, . , Go, . ,
(. 3.17) -

. , .

. 3.17.

http://art.gnome.org/ ,
,
, . . . , ( ),
.
, . , . 5.

,
.
Linux Mint Compiz Fusion
(http://www.compiz.org/) . Compiz Fusion
OpenGL D- . ,

 3. Linux Mint

, .
, ,
,
5 % ( ), . , ,
, . , ,
. Linux
, , 3D
Linux ,
.
- .
Compiz Fusion Beryl (
) Compiz
Compiz Extras.
. , D-. ,
, . , (. 3.18).
,
.

. 3.18.


: , , .

.
, .
, CompizConfig (simple-ccsm, . 3.19).

. 3.19. CompizConfig

,
(, .), , ,
( ),

. , Compiz
Fusion, CompizConfig
(. 3.20).
(GNOME KDE), , .
,
, .
-

, . , ,
,
. , ,
.

 3. Linux Mint

. 3.20. CompizConfig CompizFusion

, .
GSwitchIt,
, GNOME.
,
, , . ,
, . . , ,
: , , ,

. .

.
, . (. 3.21), ; ,
.

. 3.21.

, /
. , ,
, , ,
,
. (. 3.22),
(Alt, Windows, CapsLock, Ctrl)
, ,
. ()
(, Shift + Alt). ,
, , .
, , ,
.
Linux ,
. ,
-
. ,
(gnome-keybind-

ing-properties, . 3.23),
.

 3. Linux Mint

. 3.22.

. 2.23.

, XF86,
.

- , , . . .

,
.

- -, , , , , . -
, . Linux
( ) X Window.
, xev, -. , Event Tester, , (. 3.24):
$ xev

KeyRelease event, serial 31, synthetic NO, window 0x3e00001,

root 0x67, subw 0x0,
root:(1104,687),

time 27 9734 67 6,

(311 , 61 1 ),

state 0x2000, keycode 236 (keysym 0xl008ffl9, XF86Mail),

same_screen YES,
XLookupString gives 0 bytes:
XFilterEvent returns: False
.
,
Event Tester. KeyRelease,
keycode -,
. 236,
-, keysym,
XF86Mail (
).

 3. Linux Mint

. 3.24. -

, , - .
, -, , , . -
, dmesg :
Use `setkeycodes 0xec <keycode> to make it known.
-
s e t k e y c o d e s . keycode ,
(
) 128. 0=236, 364. - , getkeycodes dumpkeys.
$ getkeycodes | grep < >
, , .
xev , -, ,
showkey getkeycodes:
$ showkey
( 10
)...
00 0x6 00 0
, ,
.

- X Window
, - , -,
, .
XF86keysym.h.
- ,
x11proto-core-dev, XF86keysym.h
/usr/include/. , , GIT freedesktop.org (http://cgit.freedesktop.org/
xorg/proto/x11proto/tree/XF86keysym.h). :
$ cat /usr/include/Xll/XF86keysym.h
#define XF86XK_Back
#define XF86XK_Forward
#define XF86XK_Mail

0xl008FF26

/* Like back on a browser

*/

0xl008FF27

/* Like forward on a browser */

0xl008FF19

. xev, , keycode 236 keysym 0xl008ff19, XF86Mail (

_). ,
, /usr/share/X11/XKeysymDB.
:
Xmodmap. ,
. ~/.Xmodmap /etc/Xll/Xmodmap,
.
$ gedit

Xmodmap

keycode 161 XF86Calculator

keycode 174 XF86AudioLowerVolume
keycode 176 XF86AudioRaiseVolume
keycode 162 XF8 6AudioPause

, .

, . , ,
.

 3. Linux Mint

~/.Xmodmap /etc/X11/Xmodmap , Linux . , , , sudo

grep -iR xmodmap /etc.

, ,
.

. 128, 0 127:
$ setkeycodes 0 118
.
Linux Mint /etc/console-setup/cached.kmap.gz.

, Debian, /etc/console-setup/
boottime.kmap.gz.

, ,
. , , /etc/init.d/rc.local.
.
, X. man keymaps (5) keycode :
{ plain | <cmodifier sequence> } keycode keynumber = keysym
, :
keycode 105 = Decr_Console
,
105.
Alt
106:
alt keycode 106 = Incr_Console
, :
keycode 120 = F100
string F100 = "/sbin/shutdown -h now\n"

, 120 ,
F100, . F100,
, .
/etc/console-setup/
cached.kmap.gz, /etc/init/console-setup.conf.

, , , ,
. ,
. , , (hibernate)
.

, ,
, . ,
- , , .

, Linux Mint
. , ,
, ,
. .

, sudo /etc/acpi/hibernate.sh.

ACPI acpid,
/proc/acpi/event.

Linux (. daemons), , .

/etc/acpi/events/ ,
. /etc/acpi
, .

, Linux Mint,
http://linuxmint.com/wiki/index.php/Linux_Mint_friendly_Laptops.

, ,
/etc/acpi/powerbtn.sh: ,

 3. Linux Mint

(. 3.25), , (, ),
/sbin/shutdown -h now "Power button pressed"
. , , .

Linux
Bash Reference Manual (http://www.gnu.org/software/bash/manual/bashref.html)
Advanced Bash-Scripting Guide (http://www.tldp.org/LDP/abs/abs-guide.pdO,
http://www.opennet.ru/docs/RUS/bash_scripting_guide/.

. 3.25. Linux Mint

cat /etc/acpi/lid.sh.
acpid:
$ sudo /etc/init.d/acpid restart

, .
Linux Mint, , , Linux,
.
,
(. 3.26).
|

. 3.26. ,

, , .
, .
. ,
,
.
, . . GNOME. , .

,
. , , ,
, , , -
, . ,
rcconf sys-rc-conf.

,
$ sudo apt-get install rcconf

$ sudo apt-get install sys-rc-conf

 3. Linux Mint

, . ,
, :
$ sudo s y s - r c - c o n f
(. 3.27) . , - (), + =. .

. 3.27. sysv-rc-conf

, q.
rcconf .
$ sudo r c c o n f

(. 3.28).

. 3.28. rcconf

,
. , , .

Linux Mint , - Unix System V.
.
, , , /etc/init.d , .
, .
, , , ,
. , ,
/etc/init/d/networking. ,
( ),
$ sudo /etc/init/d/networking restart

 3. Linux Mint

, , restart force-reload .

, , start, stop, restart force-reload.

/etc/init.d, ,
. , , . : ?
. Unix- : /etc/init.d
, ,
. Linux Mint . /etc
, rc /etc/rc.local,/etc/rc0.d,/etc/rc1.d,
/etc/rc2.d, /etc/rc3.d, /etc/rc4.d, /etc/rc5.d, /etc/rc6.d /etc/rcS.d.
, ,
/etc/init.d. , /etc/rc5.d/.
I s .
$ ls -al /etc/rc2.d/
lrwxrwxrwx
1 root root
-> ../init.d/fancontrol

20 2010-05-22 13:14 K20fancontrol

lrwxrwxrwx
1 root root
-> ../init.d/hddtemp

17 2010-05-22 13:14 S20hddtemp

lrwxrwxrwx
1 root root
-> ../init.d/bluetooth

19 2010-05-22 13:14 S25bluetooth

lrwxrwxrwx
1 root root
-> ../init.d/rc.local

18 2010-05-22 13:14 S99rc.local

, /etc/rc5.d/K20fancontrol
/etc/init.d/fancontrol.

, . (.)
, (..) .

, . /etc/rcS.d
, .
(runlevels) Linux,
. , .

1. , , , .
- .
2.

,
.
3. ,
, .
4. / .
5.

,
.
: 0 6 .
,
( ,
. .). , , ,
. Linux Mint, ,
2 - 5 . runlevel, Linux Mint, 2 :
$ runlevel

,
who -r.

, Linux Mint 2,
/etc/rc2.d/.
, S , . .
, . ,
, : ,
, . ,
. ,
, 99. ,
99 /etc/init.d/rc.local. /etc/rc.local
, .
,

 3. Linux Mint

.
:
$ ln -s /etc/init.d/samba /etc/rc2.d/S20samba
S (start) , , (Kill) .
, ,
, S :
$ sudo mv /etc/rc2.d/S20hddtemp /etc/rc5.d/K20hddtemp
, ,
. , , .
. Linux Mint update-rc.d, .
man, ,

$ man update-rc.d
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$ sudo update-rc.d program remove

,
, -n. -f .
d e f a u l t s .
$ sudo update-rc.d program defaults
:
$ sudo update-rc.d program start 20 2 3 4 5 . stop 20 0 1 6 .
2 - 5 0,1
6. 20 , S
, S20 20.

insservis
LSB- , .
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. ,
,
. , ,
.

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, http://library.gnome.org/admin/systemadmin-guide/stable/.

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, ( )
~/gtkrc-2.0. .
$ gedit ~/gtkrc-2.0
# , , 100
gtk-menu-popup-delay

# , ,

gtk-menu-popdown-delay

#
gtk-menu-bar-delay = 0
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http://library.gnome.org/devel/gtk/2.20/GtkSettings.html. .
:
$ echo "find /usr/share/pixmaps/ | xargs cat > /dev/null" >> ~/
mystart
$ echo "find /usr/share/icons/shiki-wise/ | xargs cat > /dev/
null" >> ~/mystart

 3. Linux Mint

:
$ chmod + ~/mystart
, : , -

. .

GConf
GConf, GNOME. GConf , gconfd-2, , gconftool-2. Windows,
, XML-. , , , .
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$ gconftool-2 -s /desktop/gnome/peripherals/keyboard/general/
disable_indicator -t bool true
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:
$ gconftool-2 --type bool --set /apps/metacity/general/reduced_
resources true
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. ,
. enable_animations
false.

GConf, , XML-,
~/.gconf ~/.gconfd, - /etc/
gconf.

$ gconftool-2 --type bool --set /apps/panel/global/enable_animations false


, ,
:

$ gconftool-2 --type string --set /apps/panel/global/panel_animation_speed panel-speed-fast

GNOME,
,
. , 100 :
$ gconftool-2 --type integer --set /apps/metacity/general/auto_
raise_delay 100
, ,
. ,
GConf .
Linux Mint GConf-editor
(. 3.29). , :
$ gconf-editor

. 3.29. GNOME GConf-editor

 3. Linux Mint

,
- regedit Windows.
,
. . , , ,
. , , .,
Desktop Settings,
Apps Nautilus Desktop. -

Desktop.

gTweakUI
(http://gtweakui.sourceforge.net),
. gTweakUI
,

$ sudo apt-get install gtweakui

. 3.30.
gTweakUI

: gtweakui-galeon, gtweakui-menus, gtweakuisession (. 3.30) gtweakui-nautilus,

.

Linux Mint

 4. Linux Mint

, ,
Linux, , .

Unix- , ,
, . ,
, . ,
/home/grinder/temp , , .
, /home/grinder/temp/.
.
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, , , , (. 4.1),
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,
file.
$ file /

/: directory
$ file /bin/bash
/bin/bash: ELF 32-bit LSB executable, Intel 80386, version 1
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libs), for GNU/Linux 2.2.0, stripped
file ls -l
stat (. 4.2). ls .
$ ls -l /dev/
crw-rw

1 root audio 14, 4 2008-05-01 10:55 audio

drwxr-xr-x 3 root root 60 2008-05-01 13:54 bus

118

4. Linux Mint

lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 3 2008-05-01 13:55 cdrom -> hdc

brw-rw---- 1 root disk 3, 0 2008-05-01 13:54 had

. 4.1. Nautilus

. 4.2. stat

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l (. link);

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:
$ ls -l /home/grinder/symlink
lrwxrwxrwx 1 grinder grinder 7 2010-05-01 20:58 /home/grinder/
symlink -> file

 4. Linux Mint

, , , 7 .
( ),
rwxrwxrwx. ,
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.

du
. , b, .

, , ,
.
.
. ,
. .
ln, :
$ ln file /home/grinder/hardlink

ls:
$ ls -l /home/grinder/hardlink
-rw-r--r-- 2 grinder grinder 52219904 2010-05-22 14:33 /home/
grinder/hardlink
2. , , , , ,
. .
Linux .
, ,
. - ,
inode i ls. ,
g z i p ZIP,
(LZ77). Linux
, inode:
$ ls -i /bin/gunzip /bin/gzip
25256 /bin/gunzip

25256 /bin/gzip.

, inode ,
. ls -l
/bin/gzip. ,
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25256 /bin/gunzip
25256 /bin/gzip
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25256 /bin/zcat
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, . .
, . ,
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brw-rw

1 r o o t d i s k 8,

0 2010-05-22 16:20 / d e v / s d a

b ls .
, , .
. . (. 4.3).

 4. Linux Mint

. 4.3. Linux

.
FIFO (. First Input First Output , ),
, f,
. FIFO ,
.
FIFO , . , ,
FIFO. :
( . socket ). ,
, . , clamd
ClamAV MySQL , .
, , . - FIFO, .
$ ls -al /dev/* | grep ^s
srw-rw-rw-

1 root

root

0 2008-06-25 13:21 /dev/log

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.
grep , s ( ^
).
.
, . major () minor (),

. major ,
a minor . ,
$

ls

-l

/dev/sda

brw-rw---- 1 r o o t d i s k 8,

0 2010-06-25 16:20 / d e v / s d a

8 major, a 0 minor. /dev/

sda1, , ,
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, , , . mknod ( . make node ) MAKEDEV.

, man mknod.

mknod, major minor .

:
mknod

/dev/_

{ | b } MAJOR MINOR

b , :
. major ,
lsdev. major minor devices.txt, Documentation .

,
Linux. . Linux,
, , , , : (user owner) - (group owner). (other), ,
. ,
(primary),
(supplementary).
. , Linux Mint,
cdrom.
:
, .

 4. Linux Mint

, , - , .

Unix - - , .

ls -l, :
$ ls -l sound.m
-rw-r--r-- 1 grinder grinder 6706501 2010-05-11 00:29 sound.m
;
-rw-r--r--, . ( grinder grinder)
- .
, chown,
.
:
$ sudo chown new_owner file1 file2 ...
,
, , -R. , , :
$ sudo chown -R user *
user. chown -.

:
$ sudo chown R sergej:video *
:
$ sudochown R :video *.
chown
c h g r p , :
$ chgrp audio /home/user/*

,
.
. ( ). , ,
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. , , .
chmod.
: , , , (
). . , , . 4.1.
4.1. chmod

0001
0002
0004
0010
0020
0040
0100
0200

125

 4. Linux Mint
4.1 ()

0400
1000
2000
4000

, , SGID
, , SUID

,
$ chmod 755 f i l e
: ,
( ,
), .

( , g , , ), (r , w , ) , (+ , , = )
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.
, , , /
etc/group.
cdrom::24:grinder

cdrom, grinder.
user,
:
cdrom::24:grinder,user

24 GID (group id) .

 4. Linux Mint

addgroup, adduser.

Linux Mint ,
(. 4.5).

. 4.5.

.
/etc/passwd. :
username::uid:gid:uid

:shell

:
grinder::1000:1000:grinder,,,:/home/grinder:/bin/bash

UID 1000.

, . , , :
$ ls -l /dev/dsp
crw-rw----+ 1 root audio 14, 3 2010-06-10 11:59 /dev/dsp
root ,
audio. , ,
, .
, ,
, . , , , , s h e l l , RID RGID
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SUID , a SGID -.
s ls -l , SUID, root, , ,
,
. ,
( ) . , ,
, .
SUID/SGID s,
sticky bit - t , l

 4. Linux Mint

, .

sticky bit /tmp. ,

, . SGID , , .

. 2, , .
.
, Windows Linux
Mint . , .
. ,
Nautilus,
, . , , Windows- ( SMB, Server Message Block), Windows (. 4.6),
, , .

. 4.6.

.
Nautilus (. . 4.6). , , ,
. ,

.
, .
.

mount
mount , . ,
( root ):
$ mount
/dev/sdal on / type ext4 (rw,errors=remount-ro)
proc on /proc type proc (rw,noexec,nosuid,nodev)
none on /sys type sysfs (rw,noexec,nosuid,nodev)
none on /sys/fs/fuse/connections type fusectl (rw)
none on /sys/kernel/debug type debugfs (rw)
none on /sys/kernel/security type securityfs (rw)
none on /dev type devtmpfs (rw,mode=0755)
none on /dev/pts type devpts (rw,noexec,nosuid,gid=5,mode=0620)
none on /dev/shm type tmpfs (rw,nosuid,nodev)
none on /var/run type tmpfs (rw,nosuid,mode=0755)
none on /var/lock type tmpfs (rw,noexec,nosuid,nodev)
none on /lib/init/rw type tmpfs (rw,nosuid,mode=0755)
binfmt_misc on /r/sys/fs/binfmt_misc
(rw,noexec, nosuid,nodev)

type binfmt_misc

gvfs-fuse-daemon on /home/grinder/.gvfs type fuse.gvfs-fusedaemon (rw,nosuid,nodev,user=grinder)

 4. Linux Mint

,
, none ( ) , ,
gvfs-fuse-daemon. , .

, /etc/mtab.

mount,
. , /dev/sdb2
/home/grinder/audio:
$ sudo mount /dev/sdb2 /home/grinder/audio
, /home/grinder/audio, .
, ,
.

,
d f - h .

, , - t :
$ sudo mount -t ext3 /dev/sdb2 /home/grinder/audio
ext3. :

-t ext2, -t ext3, -t ext4, -t reiser, -t xfs

;

-t ntfs-3g NTFS;

-t vfat FAT32;

-t iso9660 - ISO-;

-t smbfs -t cifs Windows.

,
dmesg mount.*. : mount.
.

-t man mount.

-o. / - rw,
- r. :
$ sudo mount -t ext3 - rw /dev/sdb2 /home/grinder/audio

mount.

, ,
. :
$ sudo mount -t ext3 - rw,iocharset=utf8,codepage=866 /dev/sdb2
/home/grinder/audio
- iocharset=utf 8 , Linux
Mint ut f 8, a codepage=8 66 .
- force
, mount .
-, , .
:
$ sudo mount -t iso9660 - ro /dev/cdrom /mnt
Ho mount , ISO- .
- loop.
$ sudo mount -t iso9660 - loop ~/file.iso /home/iso
, ,
:

$ sudo umount /dev/sdb2

$ sudo umount /home/grinder/audio

. .
, ,
, . smbfs:
$ sudo aptitude install smbfs

133

134

4. Linux Mint

$ sudo mount -t smbfs - =,password=apo //server/Video /home/grinder/video

IP- .

/etc/fstab
, ,
. . , /etc/fstab. ,
, # ,
.
mount. :
$ cat /etc/fstab
# <file system> <mount point> <type> <options> <dump> <pass>
# /dev/sda1 no UUID, ext4
UUID=5bc61bd9-38b5-43a4-b3e8-11f9fd8ab389 /ext4
ro 0

errors=remount-

# /dev/sda2 ReiserFS
/dev/sda2 / reiserfs notail,relatime 0 1
# swap a /dev/sda5
UUID=34ef4987-4f77-42f5-9794-fc57d822b05d none swap

sw

, ,
, - :
/dev/cdrom /media/cdrom iso9660,udf r,noauto,user,exec 0 0
, noauto.
, /etc/fstab ,
,
. NTFS NTFS-3g:
/dev/sda6 /mnt/windows ntfs-3g defaults 0 0

/home
,
() .
, . ,

, .
,
.

, X Window,
FIFO ( ).
, .

, . /home.
. -R
, - , . , , .
/home /dev/sda5. mount
, .
, /dev/sda5:
$ sudo mkdir /mnt/home
/dev/sda5 /mnt/home:
$ sudo mount /dev/sda5 /mnt/home
/home /mnt/home.
, .
$ sudo -a /home /mnt/home
- (--archive)
. , , , .
, , /.

 4. Linux Mint

, - - - o n e - f i l e - s y s t e m , ,
. , . , . , - , GNU (http://www.gnu.org/).

, GNU
GNU's Not Unix (GNU Unix),
UNIX- .
, GNU/Hurd (
1990 . ). GNU GNU/Linux,
GNU Linux.

Linux ,
UNIX- . , - dpR.
$ sudo -dpR /home /mnt/home
tar,
,
.
:
$ sudo (cd /home && tar cf .) | (cd /mnt/home && tar xpvf -)
, tar /home ( , . create ). , ,
tar, ,
( ( . eXtract ).
- ,
.
gunzip ( bzip2). :
$ cd /home; sudo tar czf home.tar.bz .
:
$ cd /mnt/home; sudo tar xzf home.tar.bz
, , /home:
$ sudo mount /dev/sda5 /home

. ,
/etc/fstab,
( mount fstab ).
,
. , , ,
:
$ sudo umount /dev/sda5
:
$ sudo rm -Rf /home/*
, /dev/sda5 .
.
,

.

.

, . ,
.
.
, .
ps (process status).
, , . , - a u x
(. 4.7).
:
USER , ;
PID (Process Identifier) , 1 65 535;
%CPU % ;
STAT ;
COMMAND , , ,
, , w.

 4. Linux Mint

. 4.7.

,
(man ps). : S /
(sleeping), R (run), D
(, /), , Z -, < N
n i c e .
, Z.
, , .
, , ,
. , .
,
? kill,
PID .
, 1234:
$ sudo k i l l 1234

, ,
, k i l l a l l ,
.
$ sudo k i l l a l l mpg123

top (. 4.8).

. 4.8. top

n i c e ,
. root.
- 2 0 ( )
19 ( ) , :
$ sudo n i c e -5 rhythmbox
Linux Mint ,
, (, , )

 4. Linux Mint

.
(. 4.9).

. 4.9.

procfs
,
. procfs, /r, ,
.

procfs http://
procps.sf.net/.

procfs
, . ,
. . . ,

, /r,
. top,
, ps, . /r
,
, .
: ,
, ,
, , .

: c a t , ,
echo . , , procfs
:

, - ;
root , , ;
root ,
.
.
. CFS.
. , /r.
/r,
. procfs
, ,
.
, :
$ sudo c a t / p r o c / a c p i / f a n / F A N / s t a t e
status:

on

echo 0 > / p r o c / a c p i / f a n / F A N / s t a t e
. ,
:
$ sudo c a t / p r o c / a c p i / t h e r m a l _ z o n e / T H R M / t e m p e r a t u r e
t e m p e r a t u r e : 23

 4. Linux Mint

Linux ,
FreeBSD . trip_points :
$ sudo cat /proc/acpi/thermal_zone/THRM/trip_points
critical (S5): 65
passive:

63 : tcl=4 tc2=3 tsp=60 devices=0xdf852338

active[0]: 63 C: devices=0xdf85ff90
: critical ( ,
), passive ( ) active ( ).
0 9, , ,
. :
echo -n
points

"critical:hot:passive:active0:...:activeX"

> trip_

:
$ echo "105:100:100:78:70:60:50" > /proc/acpi/thermal_zone/TZ0/
trip_points

$ sudo cat /proc/acpi/thermal_zone/THRM/cooling_mode
cooling mode: active
,
.
, , /proc/sys. , /proc/sys/fs/filemax, ,
. .
:
$ sudo echo "4096" /r/sys/fs/file-max
/proc/sys/kernel/ctrl-alt-del , ,
Ctrl + Alt + Delete. :

0 ;
1 ,
.
0. /proc/sys/kernel/domainname /r/sys/
kernel/hostname .
/r/sys/net ,
. , /proc/sys/net/core/netdev_max_backlog . , . 300, 1000.
/r/sys/vm . , /proc/sys/vm/swappiness , , . , . Ubuntu
:
$ cat /proc/sys/vm/swappiness

, , ,
100. OpenOffice.org GIMP
,
. .

//sys
, .
. . , . Linux ,
.
Ubuntu /etc/init.d/rc.local.
, . ,
, ,
:

 4. Linux Mint

e c h o "70" > / p r o c / s y s / v m / s w a p p i n e s s
e c h o "4096" / r / s y s / f s / f i l e - m a x
.
sysctl,
. /etc/sysctl.conf, .
. sysctl , .
. , sysctl, //sys. ,
sysctl //sys,
. , /proc/sys/fs/file-max f s / f i l e max. , /proc/sys/fs/file-max,
/etc/sysctl.nf :
f s / f i l e - m a x = 4096
, .
, , , . ,

echo "4096" > / p r o c / s y s / f s / f i l e - m a x
, sysctl :
$ sudo s y s c t r l -w f s . f i l e - m a x = " 4 0 9 6 "
f s . f i l e - m a x = 4096

/etc/sysctl.conf .

, ,
s y s c t l - (. 4.10).
. , , sysctl .
, , /etc/sysctl.conf.

. 4.10.

, . HardInfo ,
, , ,
(. 4.11). :
.
, HTML-.
, . ,
, PCI-, lspci
(. 4.12).
, Debian Ubuntu . lscpi: command not found, ,
. .
pciutils:
$ sudo apt-get install pciutils

 4. Linux Mint

. 4.11. Hardlnfo

. 4.12. Ispci

. , ,
. (. 4.13):
$ cat /proc/cpuinfo
. , ,
lsmod.
, .
, modinf .

. 4.13.

$ modinfo reiserfs
modinfo reiserfs
filename :
/lib/modules/2.6.32-21-generic/kernel/fs/reiserfs/reiserfs.k
license:

GPL

author:

Hans Reiser <reiser@namesys.com>

description:

ReiserFS journaled filesystem

srcversion:

186997D0EA2E7DCB528AE4A

depends:
vermagic:

2.6.32-21-generic SMP mod_unload modversions

description, ,
, .

Linux Mint
Linux
, Linux Mint



ID3-
OpenShot

 Linux

, ,
Linux Mint, . : , , . ,
. ? , ? ? .

Linux
Linux
- , Windows.
, .
,
. .
Unix- KISS ( Keep It Simple Stupid
). - , , , , , ,
. . , Windows
.
, ,
. , ;
, ,
. , ,
, ,
. ,

. Linux -.
, .
GNU GPL, :
, GNU GPL.
, . , , .
. , Linux
,
, , . Linux? ,
, ,

 5. Linux Mint

. -.
, Player
Kplayer, KMplayer, smplayer, Freevo .
, ,
, .
. ,
Brasero (. 5.1).

. 5.1. Brasero

, , , ,
,
. ,
:

(hard) , , ,
;

(soft) , , ,
, (, ).

 Linux

, soft- .
, (
Linux ), ,
.
, . Windows, , Linux
, . ,
Linux , ,
- . , . ,
,
, , .

,
20 .
, , .
, , Linux, . , , , ,
, Linux Debian,
Ubuntu, RedHat/Fedora, Slackware . ,
.
:
, ;
,
, , .
.
Linux :
deb , Debian ,
Ubuntu, Linux
Mint ;

 5. Linux Mint

rpm (Red Hat Packages Manager) ,

RedHat,
(Fedora, Mandriva, ALTLinux .);

tar.gz , Slackware.

. ,
. tar.gz ( , )
, Slackware . ,
.
, : , ,
, .

. , , , , .
,
, ,
, .
.

, Linux Mint deb,
dpkg,
. , , ( ), ,
dpkg.
, ,
(, ,
. .).
:
gnome-mplayer-0.9.4-l_amd64.deb,

gnome-mplayer ; 0.9.4-1 ; amd64 , , 64 , 32- i386, i586 i686 .

 Linux

, , src. ,
, , noarch.
, deb- ,
, .
ubuntu, debian . .

, , maintainer,
. ,
. , .
, , .

, , , , rpm.
deb-, - i :
$ sudo dpkg - i p a c k a g e _ n a m e . d e b
CD-
DVD-, - . ,
-R (--recursive), ,
:
$ sudo dpkg -R /usr/local/src
:
$ sudo dpkg -i *.deb
deb-, .

Linux, --help.

, . ,
, mplayer, :
$ sudo dpkg -i *mplayer*.deb

 5. Linux Mint

dpkg - r ( --remove),
(. 5.2), .

. 5.2.

Debian Policy Manual ( , , , )

,
, .
, apt-get --no-install-recommends;
, APT::
Install-Recommends "false"; /etc/apt/apt.conf. , .

, ,
, , . !

, , -:
$ sudo dpkg - xchat
--force --ignore-depends
, , ,
- . .
, -l (--list)
(. 5.3).
, . installed, ,

 Linux

. config-files,
. man-, ,
man dpkg.
, :
$ sudo dpkg -l > i n s t a l l . t x t
. , less:
$ sudo dpkg

-l

| less

.
, - .
,
grep. , , video:
$ sudo dpkg

-l

g r e p -i v i d e o

. 5.3.

 5. Linux Mint

, , . d p k g - - c o n f i g u r e _ d p k g reconfigure.

Midnight
Commander (. 5.4), sudo apt-get install mc.
, F3 (),
, , Enter INSTALL,
.

. 5.4. Midnight Commander

dpkg - GDebi, Linux

Mint. , GDebi.
(. 5.5). ,
, .
: , ,
. Linux Mint ,
, .

 Linux

. 5.5. Linux Mint GDebi

, , .
, . , ,
? . ,
.
, ,
,
, .
Linux , Windows.
, , ,
?
, dpkg , , dselect (. 5.6), , .
$ sudo apt-get install dselect
:
$ sudo dselect

 5. Linux Mint

. 5.6. dpkg dselect

,
,
, , , , .
. dselect
, APT aptitude.

, ,
, .
APT (Advanced Packaging Tool).
Debian deb, ,
rpm ( ALTLinux Connectiva).
APT tgz- Slackware slapt-get.

apt-get Linux Mint

, APT, Ubuntu, Debian, MEPIS, Linspire/Freespire,
ALTLinux APT.

 Linux

APT ,
apt-get apt-cache. APT .
,
$ sudo a p t - g e t u p d a t e
, ,
.

$ sudo a p t - g e t u p g r a d e

$ sudo a p t - g e t d i s t - u p g r a d e
,
$ sudo a p t - g e t i n s t a l l _
, i n s t a l l u p d a t e . . ,
, , , APT .
, , -, a p t - c a c h e , , :
$ sudo a p t - c a c h e s e a r c h mp3
.
, , , , ,
(. 5.7).

. 5.7. ,

 5. Linux Mint

, , ,
$ sudo a p t - g e t b u i l d - d e p _
. (./configure;
make), make i n s t a l l
a p t - g e t i n s t a l l c h e c k i n s t a l l ,
( . ). , ,
, s o u r c e :
$ sudo a p t - g e t s o u r c e _
/var/cache/apt/archives,
.

$ sudo a p t - g e t a u t o c l e a n
clean . autoremove,
:
$ sudo a p t - g e t a u t o r e m o v e

apt-get , , apt-get moo (. 5.8), ,

APT .

. 5.8. APT

 Linux

aptitude
Debian Ubuntu aptitude, Linux Mint.
aptitude dpkg
, . APT,
, libapt.
aptitude APT, ,

. aptitude , . , aptitude.
aptitude ,
:
$ sudo aptitude
(. 5.9), , ,
.
:
, , .
, , (. 5.10). , ,
+, -, ( ) =,
.

. : + - ,
, g.
aptitude . , :
Security Updates ;
, ;

 5. Linux Mint

. 5.9. aptitude

. 5.10. aptitude

 Linux

New packages , Ubuntu, , f;

, ;
, ,
;
, ;
, .
,
( , ,
. .), ( ).
, , , .
Linux , . , , .
,
. , . ,
, . , . , Ubuntu
ubuntu-desktop,
900 (. 5.11).
.
: i (install) ; (purge) ; (clean)
v (virtual) .
: A (Auto) (); h ( hold) ; u (unpacked)
, ; ; , ; (bad) .
, , , .
,
, ,
. aptitude
APT. , apt-get:
$ sudo a p t i t u d e u p d a t e

 5. Linux Mint

. 5.11.

, , s e a r c h :
$ sudo a p t i t u d e s e a r c h _
, (. 5.12):
$ aptitude search video
apt-cache a p t i t u d e ,
. , show:
$ a p t i t u d e show v i d e o t r a n s
, , , , , ,
,
. . (. 5.13).
, :
$ sudo a p t i t u d e i n s t a l l v i d e o t r a n s
, apt-get install,
aptitude . , aptitude
(recommends) . (suggest) .

 Linux

. 5.12. aptitude

. 5.13.

 5. Linux Mint

aptitude , -R. ,
~/.aptitude/config aptitude::Recommends-lmportant "false".

:
$ sudo a p t i t u d e r e i n s t a l l _
, remove:
$ sudo a p t i t u d e remove _
, , remove p u r g e .
aptitude APT, ( ), , , ,
. m a r k a u t o unmarkauto
a u t o , .

aptitude man aptitude.

Linux, , ,
.
, . Linux Mint
. (mintinstall) (synaptic),
.
mintinstall
. , , (. 5.14).
, .
. , , , ,
. ,
, : , . ,
(. 5.15). ,
, .

 Linux

, ,
.

. 5.14. mintinstall

. 5.15.

 5. Linux Mint

,
. ,
, , . , ,
. , .
mintinstall ,
.
.
Linux Mint, ( ) . , ,
( ). (. 5.16) GPG-, .

. 5.16. mintinstall

. .
(Synaptic Package Manager) , Debian, -

 Linux

APT dpkg. Synaptic Gtk+

, GNOME. Synaptic , mintinstall,
.
, ,
.
, ,
.
(. 5.17). , , , , ,
. , , , .
.
, ,
. ,
, , .

. 5.17. Synaptic

 5. Linux Mint

,
. ,
(. . 5.17) , ,
, , . . , , , . , . ,
, .
.
. (. 5.18). ,
, , .

,
.

. 5.18. Synaptic

, ,
(. . 5.18). , , (-

 Linux

purge). ,
( ), ( ),
. CD-ROM
, . , -
, ,
, . , .
dpkg
.

Synaptic, mintinstall, .
,
(. 5.19).

. 5.19. Synaptic

, .
Linux Mint , . , ( ,
, ). I
, , ,

 5. Linux Mint

. mintUpdate, . , .
, .
15 , . .
, , .
, , mintUpdate
. , mintUpdate
. (. 5.20).

. 5.20. mintUpdate

,
. , 1 , Linux Mint. ,
. 2 , Ubuntu . 3
Ubuntu , Linux Mint, . , 3- ,
4 5 .
4 5 ,
, Linux. ,
, .

 Linux

, Linux Mint , Windows, , ,

.
Linux Mint ,
.
Ubuntu Debian, Linux Mint.
, .

Linux Mint
,
.
/etc/pt/sources.list. .
$ cat /etc/apt/sources.list
deb http://packages.linuxmint.com/ isadora main upstream import
deb http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/
universe multiverse

lucid main

restricted

deb http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ lucid-updates main restricted universe multiverse

deb http://security.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ lucid-security main restricted universe multiverse
deb http://archive.canonical.com/ubuntu/ lucid partner
deb http://packages.medibuntu.org/ lucid free non-free
#deb http://archive.getdeb.net/ubuntu lucid-getdeb apps
#deb http://archive.getdeb.net/ubuntu lucid-getdeb games
, . , . ,
deb , . ,
deb-src,
. , deb- deb-src-, :
deb http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/
universe multiverse

lucid main

restricted

 5. Linux Mint

deb-src http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/
ed universe multiverse

l u c i d main r e s t r i c t -

, , /etc/pt/sources.list.

, . sudo apt-get update.

10 , , / , , d e b - s r c , .
, , , #.
.
, .
Linux Mint :
http://packages.linuxmint.com/.

, , . ,
( , -,
), /etc/apt/sources.list
.

,
Ubuntu. , Medibuntu (Multimedia, Entertainment & Distractions
In Ubuntu) , Ubuntu. , - , Adobe Acrobat, Google Earth . http://
medibuntu.org. GetDeb , Ubuntu, .
, Ubuntu, ,
,
. ,
http://ru.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/, http://ua.archive.ubuntu.com/

ubuntu/. . , ,
. , , http://gb.archive.ubuntu.

 Linux

com/ubuntu/, , ,
.
Ubuntu https://wiki.ubuntu.
com/Mirrors?action=show&redirect=Archive.

.
isadora Linux Mint lucid Ubuntu.
, , .
Ubuntu :
backports , ;
proposed , ;
security ;
updates , proposed.
, main
backports.

http://
packages.linuxmint.com/.

, ,
:
main ,
Ubuntu;
universe ,
;
multiverse ,
;
restricted , ,
.
Linux Mint : main, upstream, import, backport romeo
(. 5.21). , , , , .
, , pool (Linux M i n t ) dists (Ubuntu).

 5. Linux Mint

, ,
. , . : ,
i386, AMD64?
? .
/etc/apt/apt.conf.d/01ubuntu APT :
Architecture "amd64";
:
APT::Architecture "amd64";
,
. amd64, .
, /etc/apt/apt.conf ,
/etc/pt/apt.nf.d/, APT . , /etc/apt/apt.conf.d/01autoremove ,
.
, . , , ,
-.
/etc/apt/apt.conf.d/99proxy :

 Linux

$ sudo g e d i t / e t c / a p t / a p t . c o n f . d / 9 9 p r o x y
Acquire::http::proxy
Proxy " t r u e " ;

"http://192.168.0.1:3128/"/Acquire::

- 3128
IP- 192.168.0.1. - ,
:
Acquire::http::proxy

"http://user:password@192.168.0.1:3128/";

/etc/profile :
export H T T P _ P R O X Y = " h t t p : / / 1 9 2 . 1 6 8 . 0 . 1 : 3 1 2 8 / " e x p o r t
"ftp://192.168.0.1:3128/"

FTP_PROXY=

, :
export H T T P _ P R O X Y = " h t t p : / / u s e r : p a s s w d @ l 9 2 . 1 6 8 . 0 . 1 : 3 1 2 8 / " e x p o r t
FTP_PROXY="ftp://user:passwd@192.168.0.1:3128/"
- Ubuntu
, (
, ).
$ sudo a p t - c d r o m add
, Enter.
/etc/apt/sources.list , d e b cdrom.

APT . ( ) /etc/apt/sources.list .
, ,
.
(Synaptic), -

.
, . GPG,

 5. Linux Mint

. , , , ,
, .
apt-key. ,
gpg- wget APT:
$ wget http://seveas.imbrandon.com/1135D466.gpg -- | sudo aptkey add , .
$ sudo apt-get update
/var/lib/apt/lists
, .
$ ls /var/lib/apt/lists
archive.canonical.com_ubuntu_dists_lucid_partner_binary-amd64_
Packages

, . ,
. , sudo aptcache showpkg gcc gcc.

.
, , Linux Mint. , ,
, . debmirror (
debmirror):
$ /usr/bin/debmirror --nosource -m --passive --host=archive.
ubuntulinux.org --root=ubuntu --method=ftp --progress
dist=lucid,lucid-security,lucid-updates,lucid-backports --ignore-release-gpg --section=main,restricted,multiverse,univers
e --arch=amd64
.
1 . -

 Linux

,
, apt-get. , dpkg-scanpackages, dpkg-dev. :
$ sudo apt-get install dpkg-dev
, :
$ mkdir archives
:
$ cd archives

$ dpkg-scanpackages . /dev/null | gzip -9 > Packages.gz
. sources.list,
, :
deb file:/home/grinder/archives ./
sudo a p t - g e t u p d a t e . /var/lib/apt/lists
, .
. ,
.
, CD/DVD, . Linux Mint
APTonCD (http://aptoncd.
sourceforge.net), - , APT (. 5.22) ,
APT .
.
. /var/cache/apt/archives, . . , (. 5.23).
, .deb, . ,
, CD DVD. , ISO-.
,

 5. Linux Mint

. 5.22 APTonCD

. 5.23. APTonCD

 Linux

. ,
.
, . ,
, , (. 5.24).

. 5.24. APTonCD

. (. . 5.22).
, . ISO-, ,
. .

, ,
.

SLS Linux, 1990- . .

,
Linux , . ,
. , Slackware Debian SLS.

, , . ? .

 5. Linux Mint

, ,
.
,
, . . , , , i386, Intel 80386,
1985 . i486, i586 (Pentium ) i686 (Pentium Pro). ,
, . , (
) 10 200 % ,
. , ; , .
, ,
Linux.
, ,
Linux. , , ,
. .
!
, GCC,
GNU Make .
. Linux Mint, Ubuntu
, sudo apt-get install buildessential.

, . ,
, ,
. t a r . g z . t a r . b z 2 p r o g r a m - x . , program - , . .
. :
tar

xzvf

program-x..tar.gz

tar

xjvf

program-x.xx.tar.bz2

. ,
INSTALL README, ,
,
. . / c o n f i g u r e . -

 Linux

. , , makefile,
. , ,
. , .
, , -
.
. , , . , ,
-
. ,
. ,
- h e l p :
$ ./configure --help
--prefix, ,
( /usr/local/). ,
makefile. make, . make
, (
, ).
(root),
, sudo:
$ sudo make i n s t a l l
,
make u n i n s t a l l ,
.

,
. , ,
,
. , , , - ,
.
. ( ,

 5. Linux Mint

, .) .
; Linux Mint alien (http://kitenet.
net/programs/alien/). :
$ sudo apt-get install alien
, rpm- deb,
$ alien --to-deb package.rpm
, deb rpm:
$ alien --to-rpm package.deb
alien .

,
Linux Mint
, Linux, . , Microsoft Office, Adobe
Photoshop, WinAmp, Qip , Windows. , Linux ,
Windows, Mozilla Firefox, Opera, Mozilla
Thunderbird, FileZilla .
Linux ,
, , . .
. , , , , Linux Mint .

Linux-.
http://linuxprogs.org.ua/, http://rus-linux.net/, http://www.nixp.ru/ .

, Linux 10 , Microsoft Office. , , , ,
. , Linux ,
, ,

 , Linux Mint

, . , Sun Microsystems
StarOffice LGPL.
OpenOffice.org,
, Linux. , , , .

OpenOffice.org
OpenOffice.org ,
Oracle Corporation ( Sun Microsystems. Inc),
OpenOffice.org.
StarOffice
Linux, OpenOffice.org , . , , Microsoft Office.
OpenOffice.org Linux Mint .
, OpenOffice.org
, , ,
Microsoft Office . .
, , ,
Microsoft Office, , , .

OpenOffice , OpenOffice.org.

OpenOffice.org , , .
OpenOffice.org :
OpenOffice.org (OpenOffice.org Writer) (. 5.25) , , Microsoft Word;
OpenOffice.org (OpenOffice.org Calc)
(. 5.26), Microsoft Excel;
OpenOffice.org (OpenOffice.org Draw) (. 5.27), PDF ;

 5. Linux Mint

. 5.25. OpenOffice.org Writer

. 5.26. OpenOffice.org Calc

 , Linux Mint

. 5.27. OpenOffice.org

OpenOffice.org (OpenOffice.org Impress)

, Microsoft
PowerPoint;
OpenOffice.org (OpenOffice.org Base)
, Microsoft Access,
11 . ,
Microsoft Access; ,
;
OpenOffice.org Math , Microsoft Equation,
, .
, Microsoft Office,
OpenOffice.org . , . , ,
, .
Microsoft Word:
, , ,
Calc Excel, . ,

 5. Linux Mint

. , , OpenOffice.org , Word.
, (. 5.28).

. 5.28.

http://www.openoffice.org/, http://ru.openoffice.org/. , http://www.i-rs.ru/. ,

,
.

PDF. , , ,
OpenOffice.org -.
, Microsoft. , Writer.
,
, .
,
OpenOffice.org.

 , Linux Mint

, OpenOffice.org, . , Writer
( , myspell-ru),
.
, ,
, , .
Calc
. ,
Word. , ,
. ,
. , , Microsoft
Word.
Calc Excel. , ,
. , ,
.

OpenOffice.org
, ,
. /
, ,
.

, , . (. 5.29), ,
OpenOffice.org, ,
.

OpenOffice.org
. , Writer StarWriterTeam F3, . Calc "=Game("StarWars")",
Enter , .
Cacl -,
1: "=Game(A1:C3;"TicTacToe")". .

OpenOffice.org , Firefox. .

 5. Linux Mint

. 5.29. OpenOffice.org

, , ,
, 256 .
.

GNOME Office KOffice

OpenOffice.org , Linux Mint.
, ,
GNOME Office KOffice. Gtk+
GNOME, , Linux Mint.
Qt KDE,
, KDE Linux Mint.

.
, GNOME Office, . http://live.gnome.org/GnomeOffice. . .

 , Linux Mint

AbiWord (http://live.gnome.org/AbiWord)
, .

Microsoft Word, , ,
.
Gnumeric (http://www.gnumeric.org/) , .
,
Microsoft Excel (. 5.30).

. 5.30. Gnumeric

Evince (http://live.gnome.org/evince)
PDF (. 5.31), PostScript, DjVu, TIFF DVI,
GNOME
. .
Evolution (http://live.gnome.org/Evolution) , .

 5. Linux Mint

. 5.31. Evince

GNOME Office GnuCash (http://www.gnucash.org/), , gLabels (http://www.glabels.org/), Glom

(http://www.glom.org/) Tomboy (http://live.gnome.org/Tomboy).
KDE Office, KOffice, ,
GNU GPL. ,
,
. KWord, KSpread, KPresenter, Kexi, KPlato, Kivio, Krita rbn .
, , http://
www.koffice.org/.

Gedit
Linux Mint , -

 , Linux Mint

. Linux Mint
Gedit, Gtk+, http://www.gnome.org/projects/gedit/.
(. 5.32).

. 5.32. Gedit

Gedit , , , ++, #, Java, Pascal, HTML, LaTeX, PHP, Perl, Python, Ruby
.
. ,
. , . ,
.
, , , ,
, .

 5. Linux Mint

GIMP
1995 .
(Spenser Kimball) (Peter Mattis)
. ,
GNU.

GIMP General Image Manipulation Program,

GNU Image Manipulation Program.

GIMP ,
, GNU GPL.
.
http://www.gimp.org/, GIMP Linux. Linux Mint GIMP
. GIMP .
, , , , , , - , ,
,
. GIMP
( , , -, , , .). BMP, GIF, JPEG,
PNG, TIFF, MNG, PCX, PDF, PS, PSD, SVG, TGA, XPM, ABR .
,
(, , ).
, , ,
.
.
. . GIMP , , .
Adobe Photoshop: PSD, ,
8bf (actions). GIMP ,
, .

http://docs.gimp.
org/ru/. http://www.
gimp.ru/ , , .

 , Linux Mint

, Adobe Photoshop,
.
(. 5.33).

. 5.33. GIMP

, GIMP , ,
.
. , GIMP : Mozilla Firefox,
OpenOffice.org KDE, GNOME .
, Linux .

F-Spot
.
F-Spot (http://f-spot.org/), Linux Mint .

 5. Linux Mint

(. 5.34), . JPEG, GIF,

TIFF, RAW . , iPod.
.
- . F-Spot Mono,
Microsoft.NET.

. 5.34. F-Spot

F-Spot ,
GNU GPL. . , , . ,
.
, Photos,
.
, .

 , Linux Mint

,
.
, F-Spot .
,
. , .
. , ,
(, ), . , , ,
.
F-Spot ,
.
.
, (. 5.35).

. 5.35. F-Spot

, 4 x 3 (), 4 x 6 (), 5 7 , 8 1 0
. .

 5. Linux Mint

.
, . ,
F-Spot .
, . -,
,
.
,
. ,
. . , ,
,
. ,
, .
, ,
.
, F-Spot .
: , ,
, . . , , . , .
, ,

. , .

Linux Mint Ubuntu .
, VCD
DVD-. Totem
(http://www.gnome.org/projects/totem/, . 5.36),
GNOME ( , ,
KDE), GNOME 2.10, .
, Totem GNOME
Nautilus. GStreamer,
Xine.

. 5.36. Totem

, DVD-,
VCD- CD-, .
, - , , , , ,
LIRC, , . Mozilla. ( ).

( GNOME).
Totem , Linux Mint
. Menu
GNOME MPlayer, VLC.

MPlayer
GNOME MPlayer (. 5.37, http://code.google.com/p/gnomemplayer/)

 5. Linux Mint

MPlayer. Gtk+,
GNOME, . , , CD, DVD VCD,
.

. 5.37. GNOME MPlayer

. , , .
Amazon.com.
- geckomediaplayer, Linux Mint .
MPlayer . 2000 .
(Arpad Gereffy), .
http://www.mplayerhq.hu/. MPlayer - ,
. CD, DVD, Video CD; AVI, ASF/WMV/WMA,
Q T / M O V / M P 4 , RealMedia, Ogg Vorbis, Matroska, ,

- DivX, MPEG-1, MPEG-2, MPEG-4, WMV, RealVideo, 264

, Vorbis, RealAudio, /52 (Dolby Digital), AAC,
QuickTime, WM - . H T T P / F T P , R T P / R T S P , M M S /
MMST, MPST SDP.

MEncoder,
, . sudo aptitude install mencoder.

-
libavcodec, MPlayer.
FFmpeg,
DVD- . MPlayer
- DLL.
, dll /usr/lib/codecs .

w64codecs, . MPlayer http://

www.mplayerhq.hu/design7/projects-ru.html.

12 (MicroDVD, SubRip,
OGM, SubViewer, Sami, VPlayer, RT, SSA ( ASS), AQTitle, JACOsub, PJS
MPsub) DVD ( SPU, VOBsub Closed
Captions), , .
MPlayer
, X11, Quartz Compositor, DirectX, VESA, SDL, VIDIX, DGA,
Framebuffer, GGI, , ASCII-Art
Color ASCII-Art. ,
. , ,

( LIRC Linux Infrared Remote Control, http://www.lirc.org/).
.
, m p l a y e r
_.
(. 5.38)
, , .

 5. Linux Mint

. 5.38. MPlayer

VLC
VLC (http://www.videolan.org/) ,
- . , ,
20 .
VLC , : ,
DVD-,
-.
.

(. 5.39).
(. 5.40).
, .
,
, ,
LIRC. -

- ,
.
, telnet, . ,
VLM .

. 5.39. VLC

. 5.40. VLC

 5. Linux Mint

. ,
:
$

vlc

videofile.mpg

, . , , IP-, :
$

vlc

-vvv v i d e o f i l e . a v i --sout u d p : / / 1 9 2 . 1 6 8 . 1 . 2 - - t t l 1

Linux Mint Rhythmbox (http://projects.gnome.org/rhythmbox/, . 5.41), , (, - )
. GNOME,
Nautilus, Pidgin, XChat .
. . , ID-.
, . .
,
( ).
Rhythmbox , , ,
. , . ,
AudioCD,
Rhythmbox LIRC, . .
, Rhythmbox iPod.
. , Rhythmbox
Linux Mint Linux. Rhythmbox,
. Winamp XMMS (X Multimedia System),
. .

Audacious (. 5.42), , Media Player (BMP) XMMS2. ,
Audacious (http://audacious-media-player.org/Main_Page) -

XMMS GTK+ 2. .

. 5.41. Rhythmbox

. 5.42. Audacious

 5. Linux Mint

, .
XMMS, ( ) Winamp 2.
( wsz) http://www.
winamp.com/skins ~/.audacious/Skins, . .
last.fm, LIRC,
. Alarm.
Linux Mint audacious .
$ sudo a p t i t u d e i n s t a l l a u d a c i o u s
, XMMS/Winamp, Audacious -
.
,
.
, Linux Mint .

sudo apt-cache search

sound.

, ( i486)
mpgl23 (http://www.mpgl23.org/)
mpg321 (http://mpg321.depooter.org/project/). , , mpg123 . / * . m p 3 , , .
, , . , , Winamp, mpg123
-. Ogg Vorbisogg123. , . , mp3blaster (http://mp3blaster.sourceforge.net/)
(. 5.43),
, Ogg Vorbis, WAV SID. ,
, . .
mp3blaster playmp31ist (http://rucus.ru.ac.
za/~urban/projects/playmp3list/) (Music On Console, http://moc.daper.net/),
- mpg123.
MythTV
Freevo, .

. 5.43. mp3blaster

CD DVD
. , .
sudo aptitude search burn . - mkisofs, cdrecord dvd+rw-tools.
, . Linux
. ISO-:
mkisofs -r - cd_image.iso __
- :
$ cdrecord -v dev=0,0,0 speed=4 -data cd_image
dev .
, cdrecord -scanbus. cdrecord
:
$ cdrecord -v speed=4 dev=0,0,0 -audio trackl.wav track2.wav
DVD :
$ growisofs -Z /dev/dvd=disk.iso
growisoft , :

 5. Linux Mint

$ growisofs -dvd-compat -Z /dev/dvd -dvd-video ./temp

, DVD CD. , DVD-RW,

$ dvd+rw-format -force=full /dev/dvd
f u l l . CD-RW:
$ cdrecord dev=0,0,0 balnk=fast
,
. , , Linux Mint Brasero (http://projects.gnome.org/brasero/).
, GNOME,
Brasero ,
. , (. 5.44).

. 5.44. Brasero

Audio CD, Video CD DVD, .

. , . Brasero
, . i s o
.cue, -. . Brasero .

ID3-

. -
. , , ,
, ID3-,
. , . Linux Mint
, ID3-, :
$ sudo a p t - c a c h e s e a r c h i d 3

, . Easy Tag
(http://easytag.sourceforge.net/) , 2, FLAC, MusePack, 4/, Monkey Audio
Ogg Vorbis , Gtk+ (. 5.45). , :
$ sudo a p t i t u d e i n s t a l l e a s y t a g
Easy Tag ,
.
Easy Tag , : ,
, , , , , , ,
, , (URL), .

, ,
, . , , ., .
(, ,
, .). CDDB,
CDDB.

. .

 5. Linux Mint

. 5.45. EasyTAG

, ,
.
. ,
. , , .
( )
. M3U ,
.

.

OpenShot
XX Linux , .
. , ,

 OpenShot

, , . Linux Mint
Avidemux, Kino, Cinelerra, Kdenlive, PiTiVi OpenShot (http://
www.openshotvideo.com/). . , 2008 .,
Ubuntu, , .
. ,
.

. 5.46. OpenShot

(. 5.46),
. , ,
(, , , ,
. .), . GNOME,
.
.

Linux Mint

Linux Mint

ICQ, IRC Jabber

Linux Mint
-,
, . . , , .

Ethernet WiFi,
Linux Mint .

DHCP ( ) Avahi. Avahi (http://avahi.org/)

, Mac OS X
.

DHCP (. Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol ) , IP- (IP- , DNS- .), TCP/IP.

, ,
. . 3, lshw,
(. 6.1):
$ sudo l s h w - n e t w o r k

l o g i c a l name: e t h 0

,
. , :
$ i f c o n f i g -
eth0

Link encap:Ethernet

HWaddr

00:0:29:4e:7f:7d

inet
addr:192.168.17.146
Mask:255.255.255.0
inet6

addr:

Beast:192.168.17.255

fe80::20c:29ff:fe4e:7f7d/64

UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST

MTU:1500

Scope:Link
Metric:1

 6. Linux Mint

. 6.1.

RX packets:388210 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0

TX packets:105284 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0
collisions:0 txqueuelen:1000
RX bytes:561037589 (561.0 MB)

TX bytes:8123560 (8.1 MB)

- (HWaddr,
), IP- ( i n e t ) ,
, .
, ,
:

GNOME NetworkManager,
Linux Mint.

NetworkManager , .
,
NetworkManager, .

,
(. 6.2), , VPN, DSL G-.

. 6.2. NetworkManager

.
. , VPN- . , . ,
- , ,
IPv4 IP-, , ( , . 6.3).
DHCP, ,
, . , . ( ) VPN.
, ,
. :

 6. Linux Mint

. 6.3.

Gateway IP- VPN-, ;

User name Password .

Advanced, ,
, - (. 6.4).
. .
NetworkManager .
, .
, - .

Linux Mint
dip.

Ethernet-
/etc/
network/interfaces. ,
. , , eth0 IP-
DHCP:
iface eth0 inet dhcp

. 6.4. -

IP eth1 :
iface ethl inet static
address 192.168.0.25
network 192.168.0.0
gateway 192.168.0.1
netmask 255.255.255.0
mtu 1492
IP-, ,
IP- . . , /etc/resolv.conf
DNS- ( ), :
$ sudo g e d i t / e t c / r e s o l v . c o n f
nameserver

8.8.8.8

nameserver

8.8.4.4

Google Public DNS-, IP-

. ,

$ sudo / e t c / i n i t . d / n e t w o r k i n g f o r c e - r e l o a d

 6. Linux Mint

:
$ sudo ifconfig ethO down
$ sudo ifconfig ethO up
IP-
i f c o n f i g :
$ sudo ifconfig ethO 192.168.0.1 netmask 255.255.255.0 up

ifconfig , .

-
(Point-to-Point Protocol over Ethernet)
Ethernet-, /,
xDSL ,
.
- pppd.
, DSL.

- : , pppoeconf. Linux Mint

.

, . , .
: /etc/ppp/pap-secrets ( /etc/ppp/chap-secrets,
-, ) /etc/
ppp/peers/dsl-provider. pon
.
Linux Mint pppoeconf. sudo pppoeconf, (. 6.5).
,
. Ethernet-, PADI ( Active Discovery

Initiation), .
pppoeconf dsl-provider.
, , ,
, .
/usr/bin/pon. n
:
pon [OPTIONS] [provider] [arguments]
p r o v i d e r /etc/ppp/peers,
:
$ n dsl-provider

. 6.5. pppoeconf

/etc/ppp/pap-secrets ( chap-secrets). ,
( pppoeconf)
:
user

password

 6. Linux Mint

, pppoeconf . /etc/ppp/peers/dsl-provider.

/etc/ppp/pap-secrets /etc/ppp/peers/dsl-provider (, ,
)
, .

, .
$ sudo g e d i t / e t c / p p p / p e e r s / d s l - p r o v i d e r
# ,

p t " / u s r / s b i n / - I e t h o - 8 0 - m 1452"
noipdefault
#

defaultroute
replacedefaultroute
hide-password
# l c p - e c h o - i n t e r v a l 30
#lcp-echo-failure 4
noauth
#
persist
#
1492

mtu 1492
usepeerdns
/etc/
network/interfaces, :

auto dsl-provider
iface dsl-provider inet ppp
provider dsl-provider
auto ethO
iface ethO inet manual
pre-up /sbin/ifconfig ethO up
-
$ ifconfig 0
0 Link encap:Point-to-Point Protocol
inet addr:157.33.34.178 P-t-P:192.168.101.1
Mask:255.255.255.255
/var/log/messages.

$ tail -f /var/log/messages
, , , . , route -n, , . ,
default, 0. , route add
default 0 , .

-
, , , (, , VPN .).
, ,
. , . ,
pap-secrets .
. /etc/ppp/pap-secrets
* . :
user

serverl

passwordl

user

server2

password2

 6. Linux Mint

, dsl-provider,
name remotename :
name u s e r
remotename

serverl

. , ,
.
Linux Mint
RP-PPPoE.
: pppoe-relay, pppoe-setup, pppoe-start, pppoe-stop, pppoe-connect, pppoeserver, pppoe-sniff, pppoe-status, pppoe-wrapper tkpppoe.
, pppoe-start, pppoestop, pppoe-status, pppoe-setup.

VPN- (Point-to-Point Tunneling
Protocol) .
Linux -
,
.

2.6.13, 2.6.14, 2.6.15

.

, ,
GUI. , , :
$ sudo a p t - c a c h e s e a r c h p p t p
Client (http://pptpclient.sourceforge.
net), , :
Windows VPN, Linux , Cisco PIX . Linux Mint.
:
$ sudo g e d i t / e t c / p p p / o p t i o n s . p p t p
l o c k n o a u t h nobsdcomp n o d e f l a t e
#

refuse-pap
refuse-eap
#refuse-chap
refuse-mschap
persist
#
maxfail 10
defaultroute
replacedefaultroute
/etc/ppp/chap-secrets :
user pptp password *
:
domainWuser pptp password *
, :
$ sudo gedit /etc/ppp/peers/pptp
#
pty "pptp 10.100.0.1 --nolaunchpppd"
connect /bin/true
name user
# chap-secrets
remotename pptp
#
file /etc/ppp/options.pptp
#require-mppe-128
require-mppe-40
ipparam pptp

 6. Linux Mint

, , .
$ n pptp
i f c o n f i g . , , . :
$ n pptp debug dump logfd 2 nodetach
. , /etc/network/
interfaces:

$ sudo mcedit /etc/network/interfaces

auto tunnel
iface tunnel inet ppp
provider pptp

Linux Mint -, sudo aptitude search pptp.

Linux Mint
Linux Netfilter
(http://www.netfilter.org/),
Netfilter Core Team. iptables, .
,
, .
netfilter/iptables ,
, , .
(Firewall, Firewall
Builder, Firestarter .), .
Ubuntu, 8.04, netfilter
UFW (Uncomplicated firewall), , . UFW , Linux Mint. , UFW iptables,
. -

 Linux Mint

. . ,
,
.
UFW /etc/ufw,
, iptables (. 6.6).

. 6.6. UFW

UFW ,
, /etc/ufw/ufw.conf

ENABLED=no

ENABLED=yes

$ sudo /etc/init.d/ufw start

 6. Linux Mint

* S k i p p i n g f i r e w a l l : ufw

(not e n a b l e d ) . .

ufw. , uwf ,
:
$ sudo ufw e n a b l e
F i r e w a l l s t a r t e d and e n a b l e d o n s y s t e m s t a r t u p
:
$ sudo ufw d i s a b l e
F i r e w a l l s t o p p e d and d i s a b l e d o n s y s t e m s t a r t u p
: .

$ sudo ufw d e f a u l t a l l o w
i n c o m i n g ` a l l o w
( )
,
$ sudo ufw d e f a u l t deny
ufw
, /etc/services, /.
:
ufw a l l o w | d e n y

[service]

, -,
80- , :
$ sudo ufw a l l o w 8 0 / t c p
iptables , - - d r y - r u n . s t a t u s UFW
iptables:
$ sudo ufw s t a t u s

 Linux Mint

:
$ sudo ufw delete allow 80/tcp
, allow
deny:
$ sudo ufw deny 53
53- . ,
, , ,
. ,
.
. ,
:
$ cat /etc/services | less
:
$ sudo ufw allow ssh
UFW IP- ( ). ,
192.168.1.0/24, :
$ sudo ufw allow 192.168.1.0/24
:
$ sudo ufw deny from 10.20.30.40
. SSH
IP-:
$ sudo ufw allow from 192.168.0.20 to any port 22
/ logging. :
$ sudo ufw logging on
/etc/ufw/sysctl.conf ( /etc/sysctl.conf). , ,

net/ipv4/ip_forward=1

 6. Linux Mint

Linux Mint UFW GUFW (http://

gufw.tuxfamily.org/, . 6.7).

. 6.7. UFW GUFW

, .
, ,
.

Linux ,
,
, . , ,
, .

, Linux ,
, Windows,

. ,
,
, , . .
Windows Mozilla Mozilla Firefox
( ), Opera Google Chrome.
Windows,
.

Opera Linux http://www.opera.com/download/

index.dml?platform=linux.

s u d o a p t i t u d e s e a r c h b r o w s e r Linux Mint
, .

, , .
, HTML-,
. . GNU
. Lynx Links. ( links2),
, X Window.
Lynx, ,
. , , . , .
, ,
. ,
. , -dump
( ), , ,
,
. - s o u r c e
.
Links (. 6.8) ,
, . Lynx.

 6. Linux Mint

. 6.8. http://tux.in.ua/ Links2

Linux Mint Firefox. GNOME Epiphany (
. ). Epiphany (http://www.gnome.org/projects/epiphany/)
2002 . Galeon ,
.
Galeon , , Epiphany, . Gecko, Firefox, SeaMonkey, K-Meleon .
Epiphany - Firefox,
Cookies, . ,
, , WebKit.

WebKit HTML, Apple

Safari, Mac OS X. KHTML KJS
KDE. KDE WebKit 4.1.

GNOME, Epiphany (. 6.9).

( , - .) .

. 6.9. Epiphany

, , Epiphany
, .
.
, .
Epiphany : ,
. , , . ,
.
Firefox, Epiphany .
. Linux Mint Epiphany
epiphany-extensions.

 6. Linux Mint

. , -,
, . Linux Mint
.
, (Mozilla,
Opera) . GNOME KDE
,
. , Linux Mint
Mozilla Thunderbird.

Mozilla Thunderbird
-
, Mozilla Thunderbird (http://www.mozillamessaging.com/ru/thunderbird/)
Mozilla. : SMTP, , IMAP, NNTP RSS. Thunderbird, Mozilla Firefox, XUL, Mozilla Foundation.
,
,
(. 6.10).
( ), .
Outlook
Express, . https://addons.
mozilla.org/thunderbird/themes/ ,
Thunderbird . , . . ,
,
e n i g m a i l .
Thunderbird, .
.
.
, .

.
, HTML.

. .. Mozilla Thunderbird

Evolution
GNOME Evolution (http://www.gnome.
org/projects/evolution/). Novell,
2004 . GNOME. Evolution GNOME, . , -
Evolution (. 6.11) , .
Sylpheed (http://sylpheed.sraoss.jp/en/)
Linux , , GTK.
,
,

. GMailWatch (http://www.employees.org/~ashokn/gmailwatch/),
KCheckGMail (http://kcheckgmail.sourceforge.net/), GNOME CheckGmail (http://
checkgmail.sourceforge.net/), mailtc (http://mailtc.sourceforge.net/), GNUbiff ( h t t p : / /
gnubiff.sourceforge.net/) .

 6. Linux Mint

. . . Evolution

, ,
, Opera Firefox, . Firefox FlashGot (http://www.flashgot.net/),
,
. Linux FlashGot , Aria, cURL, Gnome Gwget, KDE Kget
Downloader 4 X.

GNU wget, , ,
Linux. Wget

H T T P / H T T P S FTP, - HTTP. wget,

. ,
(, Ctrl + D , ).
wget,

$ wget http://linuxforge.ru/
.
, - . :
$ wget - http://linuxforge.ru/file.rar
-r , -l . , 10:
$ wget -r -110 http://linuxforge.ru/

.wgetrc, . . , 02:00 (, atd).
$ at 0200
at> wget - http://server.org/file.rar
at> Ctrl+D
cURL (http://curl.haxx.se/), : FTP, FTPS, HTTP, HTTPS, SCP, SFTP, TFTP,
TELNET, DICT, FILE LDAP. SSL, , Cookies, .

D4X (Downloader for X). D4X, , GTK+
(. 6.12), . ,
Download Master, D4X,
, .
. D4X FTP
HTTP, , ,
-.

 6. Linux Mint

. 6.12. D4X

, HTTP, FTP- , .
, , .

ICQ, IRC Jabber

, .
Linux Mint - IRC- XChat (. 6.13)
Pidgin.
Pidgin (http://pidgin.im/) ,
, , AIM, MSN, Yahoo!,
XMPP (Jabber), ICQ, IRC, SILC, SIP/SIMPLE, Novell Group Wise, Lotus Sametime,
Bonjour, Zephyr, MySpaceIM, Gadu-Gadu QQ.
GTK+, ,
UNIX- . Windows.
GNOME KDE. Pidgin IM- Ubuntu.
ICQ,
.

 ICQ, IRC Jabber

. 6.13. XChat

. 6.14. Pidgin

 6. Linux Mint

, .
Pidgin GTK+ AOL
Instant Messenger. AOL , Gaim. AOL
AIM, .
. Gaim ,
Pidgin, libgaim libpurple, gaim-text Finch.
, , ,

( , .). . -, .
.
. ,
, , , . . , .
, ,
.

VoIP Ekiga
IP- GNOME
Ekiga (http://
www.ekiga.org/, . 6.15).

GnomeMeeting,
. Ekiga
GNOME, .

. 6.15. Ekiga

Ekiga SIP .323 (

n323)
SIP- ,
Microsoft NetMeeting. - .
Novell Evolution -

 ICQ, IRC Jabber

. SIP.
, Ekiga, , Video4Linux, ,
FireWire. , , Ekiga SIP, , .

Gwibber
Twitter (http://twitter.com/)
Linux. . Gwibber (http://live.gnome.org/
Gwibber, . 6.16), Python GTK.
$ sudo aptitude install gwibber gwibber-themes

. 6.i6. Gwibber

Twitter Jaiku, flickr,

Digg Facebook, RSS- Atom- .
, , .
. . .

Linux Mint 100 %

.

.
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JI.
. , .
. , .

14.09.10. 70x100/16. . . . 19,35. 1500. 23837.

, 194044, -, . ., 29.
005-93, 2; 95 3005 .
CtP . . . .
197110, -, ., 15.

 100% Linux Mint

GNU/Linux. From freedom came elegance (
) , Ubuntu
,
, mintinstall, mintUpdate,
mintMenu . . , , ,
.

Linux. , ,
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