A\p-]a hy‡nXzw

ssa°vƒ F®v. lm¿´v

ssa°¬ F®v. l¿´ns‚ The 100- A Ranking of the Most influencial personalities in History F∂
hnJymX {KŸ-Ønse apl-ΩZv \_n-sb-°p-dn® A[ym-b-amWv Nph-sS. Ncn-{X-Øn¬ G‰-hp-
a-[nIw kzm[o\w sNep-Ønb \qdp-t]-cn¬ apl-ΩZv \_nsb {]Y-a-ÿm-\Øv {]Xn-jvTn®
{KŸ-I¿Ømhv AXns‚ Imc-W-߃ CXn¬ hni-Zo-I-cn-°p-∂p.

temI-Ønse G‰hpw kzm[o-\-i-‡n-bp≈ hy‡n-I-fpsS ]´nI \bn-°p-hm≥ Rm≥

apl-Ω-Zns\ Xnc-s™-Sp-°p-∂Xv Nne hmb-\-°msc AZv`p-X-s∏-Sp-Øn-tb-°pw. Nne¿
AXns\ tNmZyw sNbvtX-°pw. F∂m¬ aX-]-chpw `uXn-I-hp-amb Xe-ß-fn¬ Ncn-
{X-Øn¬ G‰hpw ]c-a-amb hnPbw ssIh-cn® hy‡n At±lw am{X-am-bn-cp-∂p.
Ffnb {]mcw-`t- ØmsS apl-ΩZv temI-Ønse al-Ømb aX-ßf - n-sem∂v ÿm]n-
°p-Ibpw {]t_m-[\w sNøp-Ibpw AXn-{]m-]vX-\mb cmjv{Sob t\Xm-hm-bn-Øo-cp-
Ibpw sNbvXp. At±-l-Øns‚ ac-W-Øn\v ]Xn-aq∂v \q‰m-≠p-Iƒ°p-ti-jhpw At±-
l-Øns‚ kzm[o\w C∂pw i‡hpw k¿h-hym-]-I-hp-am-bn-ØpScp-I-bm-Wv.
Cu {KŸ-Øn¬ ]cm-a¿in-°-s∏-Sp∂ `qcn-]£w t]¿°pw \mK-cnI tI{µ-ß-
fntem D∂X ssh⁄m-\n-I-tijn-bp-≈tXm cmjv{So-b-ambn X{¥-{][m-\-am-btXm
Bb cmjv{S-ßfntem P\n-°p-Ibpw hf-cp-Ibpw sNbvXp F∂ B\p-Iq-ey-ap-≠m-bn-
cp-∂p. F∂m¬ temI-Ønse ]n∂m-°-{]-tZ-i-am-bn-cp∂, hyh-km-b-Øn-s‚bpw Ie-
bp-sSbpw hn⁄m-\Ø - ns‚bpw tI{µ-ßf - n¬\n∂v AI-se-bm-bn-cp∂ a°-bn-em-bn-cp∂p
571˛¬ apl-ΩZv ]nd-∂-Xv. Bdmw hb- n¬ A\m-Y-\mb At±lw A\p-≤-X-amb Np‰p-
]m-Sn-em-bn-cp-∂p hf¿Ø-s∏-´-Xv. At±lw A£-c-⁄m-\-an-√m-Ø-h-\m-bn-cp∂p-sh∂v
Ckvem-an-I-N-cn{Xw \tΩmSp ]d-bp-∂p. Ccp-]-Ø©mw hb- n¬ Hcp kº∂ hn[-
hsb hnhmlw sNbvX-tXmsS At±-l-Øns‚ kmº-ØnI \ne ]ptcm-K-an-®p. F¶n-
epw, \m¬]Xmw hb-t m-S-Sp-Ø-t∏m-gpw, At±-l-samcp {it≤-b-amb hy‡n-bm-bn-Øo-
cp-sa-∂-Xn\v _mly-amb kqN-\-I-sfm-∂p-an-√m-bn-cp-∂p.
hf-sc-b[ - nIw Zp¿tZ-hX- a- m-cn¬ hniz-kn-®n-cp-∂h
- c- m-bn-cp-∂p A∂sØ `qcn-]£w
Ad-_n-If - pw. F¶nepw a°-bn¬ A¬]w blq-Zcpw ss{IkvXh - c- p-ap-≠m-bn-cp∂p; k¿h
{]]-©-sØbpw `cn-°p∂, k¿h-i-‡\pw GI-\p-amsbmcp ssZh-sØ-°p-dn®v apl-
ΩZv ]Tn-®Xv \n w-ibw Cu aX-hn-`m-Kß - f - n¬\n-∂m-bn-cp-∂p. \m¬]-Xp-hb -  
- m-bt- ∏mƒ,
bYm¿Y-amb Cu GI-ssZhw (A-√m-lv) Xt∂mSv kwkm-cn-°p-∂p-sh∂pw kXy-hn-
izmkw {]N-cn-∏n-°p-∂-Xn-\mbn Xs∂ sXc-s™-Sp-Øn-cn-°p-∂p-sh∂pw apl-Ω-Zn\v
t_m[y-am-bn.
D‰-h-tcmSpw DS-b-h-tcmSpw am{X-am-bn-cp∂p aq∂p-h¿j-߃ apl-ΩZv aX-{]-t_m-
[\w \S-Øn-bn-cp-∂X - v. ]n∂oSv 613˛t\mS-Sp-Øv At±lw s]mXp-hmb {]t_m-[\w XpS-
ßn. kmh-[m-\-Øn¬ At±lw aX-]-cn-h¿Ø-Isc t\Sn-s°m-≠n-cp-∂-t∏mƒ a°m `c-
Wm-[n-Im-cn-Iƒ At±-lsØ A]-I-S-I-c-amb Hcp iey-ambn ]cn-K-Wn-°m≥ XpS-ßn.
Xs‚ kpc-£n-X-Xz-sØ-°p-dn® `oXn \nanØw apl-ΩZv 622˛¬ a°m-bn¬\n∂v Ccp-
\qdv \mgn-I-b-I-se-bp≈ aZo-\m-\-K-c-Øn-te°v ]em-b\w sNbvXp. AhnsS At±-l-
Øn\v KWy-amb cmjv{So-bm-[n-Imcw hmKvZm\w sNø-s∏-´n-cp-∂p.
{]hm-N-Is‚ Pohn-X-Ønse hgn-Øn-cn-hm-bn-cp∂p "lnPvd' F∂p hnh-cn-°-s∏-

apl-ΩZv \_n hnti-jm¬]-Xn∏v 11

Sp∂ Cu ]em-b-\w. a°-bn¬ At±-l-
Øn\v XpNvOw A\p-bm-bn-Itf D≠m-
bn-cp-∂p-≈q. aZo-\b - n¬ A\p-bm-bn-Iƒ
[mcm-f-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂v am{X-a√,
^e-Øn¬ At±-lsØ "kmXzn-I\ - mb
GIm-[n]-Xn-'bm-°nb (vitual dictator)
Hcp kzm[o-\i - ‡n t\Sn-sb-Sp-°p-Ibpw
sNbvXp. ASpØ Ipd-®p-h¿j-߃°n-
sS, apl-Ω-Zns‚ A\p-bm-bn-Iƒ {ZpX-
K-Xn-bn¬ hf¿∂p-sIm-≠n-cp-∂-t∏mƒ,
a°°pw aZo-\-°p-an-S-bn¬ Hcp bp≤-
irw-Je \S-∂p. 630˛¬ apl-ΩZv tPXm-
hmbn hnP-b-In-coSw NqSn a°-bn-te°v
Xncn-®p-sN-∂-tXmsS Cu bp≤w Ah-
km-\n-®p. XpS¿∂p≈ c≠-ch - ¿jsØ
Xs‚ Pohn- X - Ø n- \ n- S - b n¬, Ad_v
tKm{X-h¿K-߃ Hs∂m-∂mbn io{L-
K-Xn-bn¬ ]pXn-b-a-X-Øn-te°v ]cn-
h¿Ø\w sNbvXp. 632˛¬ apl-ΩZv acn-
®-t∏m-tg°pw Z£nW Atd-_y-bpsS
apgp-h≥ {]_-e-\mb `c-W-I¿Øm-
hmbn amdn-bn-cp∂p At±-lw.
Ad_v tKm{X-h¿K-°m¿°v Icp-
Ø- c mb tbm≤m- ° - s f∂ _lp-
aXnbp≠m-bn-cp-∂p. ]t£, Ah-cpsS
AwK-kwJy sNdp-Xm-bn-cp∂p; A¥x-
On-{Zhpw Ass\-Iyhpw hn\m-iI - c- a- mw-
hn[w Ahsc _m[n-®n-cp-∂-Xn-\m¬
DØ- c - ` m- K - ß - f nse kpÿn- c - a mb
Im¿jnI `q{]-tZ-i-ß-fn-ep-≠m-bn-cp∂
cmP-kz-cq-]-ß-fpsS ssk\y-ß-fp-ambn
Ah¿s°m-cn-°epw InS-\n¬°m≥ Ign-
bp-am-bn-cp-∂n-√. F∂m¬, Ncn-{X-Øn-em-
Zy-am-bn, apl-ΩZ- n-\m¬ GIo-Ir-Xc- mbn
kXy-amb Hcp ssZh-Øn-ep≈ Xß-
fpsS ZrV-hn-izm-kØ - m¬ t{]cn-Xc- mbn
Cu sNdnb Ad_v ssk\y- ß ƒ,
a\pjy Ncn-{X-Ønse G‰hpw AZv`p-
X-Ic- a- mb ZnKzn-Pb irwJ-eI - f - n-sem-∂n-
s∂m-cpßn∏pd-s∏-´p. Atd-_y-bpsS
DØ-c-]q¿h `mKØv kmkm-\n-I-fpsS
{]hn- i m- e - a mb \ntbm t]¿jy≥
km{am-Py-am-bn-cp∂p InS-∂n-cp-∂-Xv.
DØc ]›na `mK-Øv, tIm¨Ãm‚n-
t\m∏nƒ tI{µ-ambn ss_k-ss‚≥
AYhm ]q¿h-tdmam km{amPyw ÿnXn-
sN-bvXn-cp-∂p. AwK-kw-Jy-bn¬ Ad-
_n-Iƒ Xß-fpsS i{Xp-°-tfmSp InS-
]n-Sn-°m≥ tijn-bn-√m-Øh - c- m-bn-cp-∂p.
F∂n´pw bp≤-°-f-Øn¬ DtØ-Pn-X-
cmb Cu Ad-_n-Iƒ satkm-s]m-t´m-
an-bbpw kndn-bbpw ^e-kvXzo\pw apgp-
h≥ £Ww-sIm≠v Pbn-®-S-°n. 642
Bb-t∏m-tg°pw ss_k-ss‚≥ km{am-
12 apl-ΩZv \_n hnti-jm¬]-Xn∏v
apl-Ω-Zm-bn-cp∂p Ckvem-ans‚ sshZn-I-im-kv{X-Øn-s‚bpw AXns‚
{][m\ [m¿anI kZm-Nmc \nb-a-ß-fp-sSbpw DØ-c-hm-Zn. am{X-hp-a-√,
]pXnb hnizm-k-Øn-te°v A\p-bm-bn-Isf t\Sn-sb-Sp-°p-∂-Xnepw aXm-
\p-jTv m-\ß
- ƒ ÿm]n-°p-∂X- nepw {][m\ ]¶p-hl
- n-®Xpw At±lw Xs∂-
bm-bn-cp-∂p.
Py-Øn¬\n∂v CuPn]vXv ]nSn-®S- ° - s- ∏-
´p. 637˛se JmZn-knøm bp≤-Ønepw
642˛se \\mhµv bp≤-Ønepw sh®v
t]¿jy≥ ssk\y-߃ XI¿°-s∏-Sp-
Ibpw sNbvXp. apl-Ω-Zns‚ ASpØ
kvt\ln-X-∑mcpw BZym-\p-bm-bn-I-fp-
ambncp∂ A_q-_-°-dn-s‚bpw Da-dp-
_v \ p¬ JØm- _ n- s ‚bpw t\Xr-
XzØn¬ \-S-Ø-s∏´ Cu h≥ ZnKzn-P-
b-߃ F¶nepw Ad_v apt∂-‰Øns‚
]cn-k-am]vXn Ipdn-®n-√. 711 Bb-t∏m-
tg°pw Ad_v ssk\y-߃ DØcm-
{^n° sXm´v A‰vem‚nIv kap{Zw hsc
apgp-h\ - mbpw XqØp-hm-cn-bn-cp-∂p. Ahn-
sS-\n∂v Ah¿ hS-t°m´v Xn-cn™v
Pn{_mƒ´¿ IS-en-Sp°pw IS∂v kvs]-
bn-\nse hnkn-tKm-Øn°v (visigothic)
cmPyhpw {Kkn-®pI-f-™p.
apkvenw-Iƒ ss{IkvX-h- bq-tdm-
∏ns\ H∂msI hngp-ßn-°-f-t™-°p-
sa∂v Hcp L´-Øn¬ tXm∂n-bn-cp-∂p.
F¶nepw 732˛¬ {^m≥kns‚ lrZ-b-
`m- K - t Ø°v \oßnb Hcp apkv e nw
ssk\ysØ Xu¿knse {]kn-≤-amb
bp≤- c w- K - Ø p- s h®v (Battle of Tours)
{^m¶p-Iƒ (Franks) ]cm-P-b-s∏-Sp-Øn.
F∂mepw hnc-fa- mb bp≤-Øn-t‚-Xmb
Hcp \q‰m-≠n-\n-S-bn¬, {]hm-N-I-h-N-\-
ß-fm¬ DtØ-Pn-X-cmb Cu _Zhn
tKm{X-h¿K-߃ C¥y≥ AXn¿Øn-
Iƒ apX¬ A‰vem‚n-Ivk-ap{Zw hsc
]c- ∂ p- I n- S - ° p∂ Hcp km{amPyw
sImØn-sb-Sp-Øn-cp-∂p. temIw I≠-
Xn¬sh®v G‰hpw henb km{am-Py-am-
bn-cp∂p AXv. am{X-a-√, ssk\y-߃
Fhn-sS-sb√mw Iog-S-°ntbm Ahn-sS-
sb√mw ]pXnb hnizm-kØ - n-te°p P\-
߃ {]h-ln-®p-sIm-≠n-cp-∂p.
Cu ZnKzn-P-b-ß-sf-√m-sam∂pw
ÿnc-am-bn-cp-∂n-√. t]¿jy-°m¿ {]hm-
N-Is‚ aX-Øn¬ ]q¿W-amb hniz-
kvXX ]pe¿Øp-∂-tXm-sSm∏w Xs∂
Ad-_n-I-fn¬\n∂v Ah¿ kzmX{¥yw
Xncn-®p-t\-Sn. kvs]bn-\n¬ Ggp \q‰m-
≠p-Iƒ \o≠p-\n∂ bp≤-Øn-\p-tijw
ss{IkvX-h¿ apgp-h≥ D]-`q-J-fihpw
Xncn-®p-]n-Sn®p F¶nepw ]ucm-WnI
\mK-cn-I-X-bpsS c≠p Ifn-sØm-´n-ep-
I-fmb CuPn]vXpw saskm-s∏m-t´m-an-
bbpw Ad_v cmPy-ß-fm-bn-Øs∂
Ah-ti-jn-®n-cn-°p-∂p. DØc B{^n-
°-bpsS apgp-h≥ Xochpw C{]-Imcw
Xs∂-bm-Wv. F∂n´pw ]pXnb aXw
XpS¿∂p-h∂ \q‰m-≠p-I-fn¬, apkvenw-
Iƒ Pbn-®S- ° - nb AXn¿Øn-Iƒ°n-∏p-
d-tØ°pw {]N-cn-®p-sIm-t≠-bn-cp-∂p.
Ct∏m-gX - n\p B{^n-°b - nepw at[y-jy-
bnepw am{X- a √ ]mIn- k v X m- \ nepw
DØc C¥y-bnepw Ct¥m-t\-jy-bnepw
iX-an-ey≥ IW-°n¬ A\p-bm-bn-I-fp-
≠v. Ct¥m-t\-jy-bn¬ Cu ]pXnb aX-
hn-izmkw Hcp GIo-I-c-W-i-‡n-bmbn
`hn-®p. F¶nepw C¥y≥ D]-`q-J-fi-
Øn¬ lnµp-˛-apkvenw kv]¿[ sFIy-
Øns‚ apºn¬ C∂pw hnLm-X-ambn
\ne-sIm-≈p-∂p.
Ct∏mƒ, a\p- j y- N - c n- { X- Ø n¬
apl-ΩZv t\Snb k¿h-hym-]-I-amb
kzm[o-\sØ Fßs\ hne-bn-cpØmw?
F√m aX-ßs- fbpw t]mse Ckvemapw
AXns‚ A\p- b m- b n- I - f n¬ hºn®
kzm[o\w {]tbm-Kn-°p-∂p. C°m-c-W-
ØmemWv temI-Ønse al-Ømb aX-
ß-fpsS ÿm]-I-∑m-sc-√m-hcpw Cu
{KŸ-Øn¬ {][m\ hy‡n-Xz-ß-fmbn
]c- m a¿in- X - c m- b - X v . temI- Ø n¬
ss{Ikv X - h ¿ apkv e nw- I - f psS GI-
tZiw Cc-´n-bp-≠v. CXn-\m¬ tbip-{In-
kv X p- h n- s \°mfpw D∂- X - a mb Hcp
ÿm\w apl-ΩZ- n\v \¬Ip-∂Xv BZyw
A¤p-X-I-c-ambn tXm∂n-tb-°mw. Cu
Xocp-am-\Ø - n\v {][m-\a- mb c≠p Imc-
W- ß - f m- W p- ≈ - X v . H∂m- a - X m- b n,
ss{Ikv X - h - X - b psS ]ptcm- K - X n°v
tbip sNbvX-Xn-s\-°m-fp-sa-{Xtbm
{][m-\-s∏´ Hcp ]¶mWv Ckvem-ans‚
]ptcm-K-Xn-bn¬ apl-ΩZv hln-®-Xv.
ss{IkvXh aX-Øns‚ {][m\ kZm-
Nmc \nb- a - ß - f p- s Sbpw (Pq- X - a - X -
Øn¬\n∂pw Ch hyXy-kvXs- a∂ \ne-
bn¬) DØ-c-hmZn tbip-{In-kvXp-hm-bn-
cp-∂p-sh-¶nepw {InkvXy≥ sshZn-Ii - m-
kv{XsØ {][m-\a- mbpw hf¿Øn-s°m-
≠p- h - ∂ Xv sk‚ v t ]m- f m- b n- c p- ∂ p.
{Inkv X p- a - X - Ø n- t e- ° p≈ aX- ] - c n-
h¿Ø- \ - ß - f psS {][m\ DØ- c - h m-
Znbpw ]pXnb \nb-a-Øn¬ Hcp henb
`mK-Øns‚ cN-bn-Xmhpw sk‚ v t]mfm-
bn-cp-∂p.
F∂m¬ apl- Ω - Z m- b n- c p∂p
Ckv e m- a ns‚ sshZn- I - i m- k v { X- Ø n-
s‚bpw AXns‚ {][m\ [m¿anI kZm-
Nmc \nb-a-ß-fp-sSbpw DØ-c-hm-Zn.
am{X-hp-a-√, ]pXnb hnizm-k-Øn-te°v
A\p-bm-bn-Isf t\Sn-sb-Sp-°p-∂X - nepw
aXm-\p-jvTm-\ß - ƒ ÿm]n-°p-∂X - nepw
{][m\ ]¶p-hl - n-®Xpw At±lw Xs∂-
bm-bn-cp-∂p. CXn\pw ]pdsa apkvenw
hnip-≤-{K-Ÿ-ß-fpsS AY-hm, ssZhw
X\n°v Ah-X-cn-∏n-®p-X-∂-Xm-sW∂v
apl-ΩZv hniz-kn® At±-l-Øns‚
Nne Dƒ°m-gvN-I-fpsS kam-lm-c-amb
Jp¿-B-\ns‚ {KŸ-I¿Øm-hp-am-W-t±-
lw. Cu D®-cn-Xh - N
- \
- ß- s- f√mw Xs∂
apl-Ω-Zns‚ Pohn-X-Im-eØv Gdntbm
Ipdt™m hniz-kvX-ambn ]I¿Ø-s∏-
Sp-Ibpw ac-W-Øn-\p-tijw Gsd-°-
gnbpw apºp-Xs∂ B[n-Im-cnI coXn-
bn¬ H∂n®p kam-l-cn-°-s∏-Sp-Ibpw
sNbvXp. Jp¿-B≥ C°m-c-W-Øm¬,
apl-Ω-Zns‚ Bi-b-ß-sfbpw A[ym-
]-\-ß-sf-bpw, Hcp {][m\ ]cn-[n-hsc
At±-l-Øns‚ bYm¿Y-amb ]Z-ß-
sfbpw ASp-Øh - n[w {]Xn-\n-[o-Ic- n-°p-
\ap°v a\- n-em-°p-hm≥ Ign-bp-∂-Xv, Ggmw \q‰m-≠nse Ad_v ZnKzn-P-
b-߃ a\p-jy-N-cn-{X-Øn¬ Ct∂mfw kp{]-[m-\-amb Hcp ]¶p-h-ln-®n-
´p-s≠-∂m-Wv. a\p-jy-N-cn-{X-Øn¬ G‰hpw kzm[o-\-ap≈ Htc-sbmcp
hy‡n-bmbn apl-Ω-Zns\ hne-bn-cp-Øm≥ Fs∂ _m[y-ÿ-\m-°p-∂Xp
apl-Ω-Zns‚ A\p-]-a-amb Cu aX-˛-`u-XnI kwtbm-P-\-am-Wv.
∂p. {InkvXp-hns‚ A[ym-]-\-ß-fpsS
C{Xbpw kqIvjva-amb kam-l-cWw
AXn- P o- h n- ® n- ´ n- √ . ss{Ikv X - h ¿°v
ss__nƒ F{X-tØmfw {][m-\-amWv
A{X-tØmfw {][m-\-amWv apkvenw-
Iƒ°v Jp¿-B≥ F∂-Xn-\m¬ Cu
Jp¿-Bs- \∂ am[y-aØ - n-eqsS apl-ΩZv
sNep-Ønb kzm[o\w hºn-®-Xm-Wv.
B\p-]m-Xn-I-am-bn, apl-Ω-Zn\v Ckvem-
an- e p≈ kzm[o\w {Inkv X p- h n\pw
sk‚ vt]m-fn\pw IqSn {InÃym-\n-‰n-bn-
ep≈ kzm[o- \ - Ø n- t ‚- X n- t \- ° mfpw
hen-b-Xm-Imw. At∏mƒ XnI®pw aX-
]-c-amb Xe-Øn¬ apl-ΩZv a\p-jy-N-
cn-{X-Øn¬ tbip-hn-s‚-b{X kzm[o-\-
ap≈ hy‡n-bm-bn-cp∂p F∂p ImWm-
hp-∂-Xm-Wv.
CXn-s\√mw ]pd-sa, {InkvXp-hn¬
\n∂pw hn`n-∂-am-bn, apl-ΩZv Hcp aX-
t\-Xm-sh-∂-t]mse euIn-I\pw IqSn-
bm- b n- c p- ∂ p. bYm¿Y- Ø n¬ Ad_v
ssP{X- b m- { X- I - f psS t{]c- I - i - ‡ n-
sb∂ \ne- b n¬ apl- Ω Zv F°m- e -
sØbpw G‰hpw kzm[o-\-i-‡n-bp≈
cmjv{Sob t\Xm-hm-Wv.
]e {][m\ Ncn-{X-kw-`-h-ß-sf-
°p-dn-®pw, Hcp {]tXyI cmjv{Sob
t\Xm-hns‚ am¿K-Z¿i-\-an-√m-bn-cp-∂p-
sh-¶n¬Ø-s∂bpw Ah kw`-hn-°p-am-
bn-cp-∂p-sh∂v Hcmƒ°v ]d-bm-hp-∂X - m-
Wv. DZm-l-c-W-am-bn, sska¨ t_mfn-
h¿ P\n-®n-√m-bn-cp-∂p-sh-¶n¬t]mepw
an°-hmdpw kuØv Ata-cn-°≥ tImf-
\n-Iƒ kvs]bn-\n¬\n∂pw kzmX{¥yw
t\Sp-am-bn-cp-∂p. F∂m¬ Ad_v Pbn-
®-S-°-ep-I-sf-°p-dn®v Cßs\ ]d-bp-
hm≥ Ign-bn-√. apl-Ω-Zn-\p-apºv CXp-
t]m-se-sbm∂v kw`-hn-®n-cp-∂n√; At±-
l-an-√m-sX-Xs∂ Ad-_n-Iƒ B ZnKzn-
P-bß - ƒ \S-Øp-am-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂v hniz-
kn-°p-hm≥ bp‡n-]-c-amb ]gp-Xp-an-√.
Ncn- { X- Ø n¬ Chbv ° p Xpey- a mb
apl-ΩZv \_n hnti-jm¬]-Xn∏v 13
as‰mcp Pbn-®S-°¬ \S-∂Xv ]Xn-
aq∂mw \q‰m-≠n¬ awtKm-fnb∑mcpsS
ssP{X-bm-{X-bm-bn-cp∂p; CXv {]mY-an-
I-ambpw sN¶n-kvJms‚ kzm[o-\-^-e-
am-bn-´m-bn-cp-∂p. Cu ZnKzn-Pb - ß- ƒ Ad-
_n-If - p-tS-Xn-t\-°mƒ henb tXmXn-ep-
≈- h - b m- b n- c p- ∂ p- s h- ¶ nepw Ah-
sbm∂pw ÿnc-ambn \ne-\n¬°p-I-bp-
≠m-bn-√. C∂v awtKm-fn-b-cpsS ssIh-
i-an-cn-°p∂ `q{]-tZ-iß - f- m-Is´ sN¶o-
kv J m\p apºp- X s∂ Ah- c psS
ssI°ep-≈-Xm-Wv. Ad-_n-Iƒ \S-
Ønb ZnKzn-P-b-ß-fn¬\n∂pw AXv
F{Xtbm Gsd hyXy-kvX-a-s{X.
CdmJv apX¬ samtdmt°m hsc
Ad_v cmjv{S-ß-fpsS Hcp Zo¿L-irw-
Je InS-°p-∂p. Ah GIo-I-cn-°-s∏-
´n-cn-°p-∂Xv Xß-fpsS Ckvem-anI
hnizmkw sIm≠v am{X-a-√, Ad-_n-
`mj sIm≠pw Ncn{Xw sIm≠pw
kwkv I mcw sIm≠pw IqSn- b m- W v .
apkvenw aX-Øn¬ Jp¿-B\ - ns‚ tI{µo-
b-ÿm-\hpw Ad-_n-`m-jb - n-emWv AXv
cNn-°-s∏-´n-cn-°p∂sX∂
bmYm¿Yyhpw Ad_n `mjsb ]c-
kv]cw a\- n-em-ImØ {]mtZ-inI
`mj-I-fm°n Ae-t¶m-e-s∏-Sp-ØmsX
kwc-£n-®p. A√m-bn-cp∂p-sh-¶n¬ ]Xn-
aq∂p h¿j- ß ƒ°nsS A{]- I mcw
kw`-hn-°m-s\-{Xtbm Ffp-∏a- m-bn-cp-∂p.
Cu Ad_v cmPy-߃°n-S-bn¬ `n∂-
X-Ifpw hn`-P-\-ßfpw \ne-\n¬°p-∂p-
sh-∂Xv Xo¿®-bmbpw AwKo-Ic- n-°s- ∏-
Sm-hX- m-Wv. F∂m¬ F∂pw \ne-\n-∂p-
t]m∂ sFIy-Øns‚ {][m\ LS-I-
ßsf Adn-™w-Ko-Ic- n-°p-∂X - n¬\n∂v
`mKn-I-amb Ass\-Iy-ß-sf-°p-dn®
t_m[w \sΩ A‘-cm-°-cp-Xv. DZm-l-
c-W-ambn 1973˛'74se FÆ-bp-]-tcm-[-
Øn¬ Ct¥m- t \- j ytbm Cdmt\m
]s¶-Sp-°p-Ib - p-≠m-bn-√. Ad-_vc- m-jv{S-
߃ am{X-amWv D]-tcm-[-Øn¬ ]s¶-
Sp-Ø-sX-∂Xv Hcp bmZr-NvOn-I-X-b-√.
At∏mƒ, \ap°v a\- n-em-°p-
hm≥ Ign-bp-∂-Xv, Ggmw \q‰m-≠nse
Ad_v ZnKzn-P-b-߃ a\p-jy-N-cn-{X-
Øn¬ Ct∂mfw kp{]-[m-\-amb Hcp
]¶p-h-ln-®n-´p-s≠-∂m-Wv. a\p-jy-N-cn-
{X-Øn¬ G‰hpw kzm[o-\-ap≈ Htc-
sbmcp hy‡n-bmbn apl-Ω-Zns\ hne-
bn-cp-Øm≥ Fs∂ _m[y-ÿ-\m-°p-
∂Xp apl-Ω-Zns‚ A\p-]-a-amb Cu
aX-˛-`u-XnI kwtbm-P-\-am-Wv.