(3) Statement " If a code received contains an even number of 1s , there is no error during the transmission under the

even parity scheme" Comment on the correctness of the statement . Justify and give and example to support argument

The statement is true Error detection is the ability to detect the the presence of errors caused by noise or other impairments during transmission from the transmitter to the receiver. Error correction is the additional ability to reconstruct the original, error-free data. A parity bit is an error detection mechanism that can only detect an odd number of errors. The stream of data is broken up into blocks of bits, and the number of 1 bits is counted. Then, a "parity bit" is set ( or cleared) if the number of one bits is odd (or even). (This scheme is called even parity; odd parity can also be used.) If the tested blocks overlap, then the parity bits can be used to isolate the error, and even correct it if the error affects a single bit: this is the principle behind the Hamming code. There is a limitation to parity schemes. A parity bit is only guaranteed to detect an odd number of bit errors ( one, three , five etc ) If an even number of bits (two, four, six and so on) are flipped, the parity bit appears to be correct, even though the data is corrupt. There are two variants of parity bits: even parity bit and odd parity bit. An even parity bit is set to 1 if the number of ones in a given set of bits is odd (making the total number of ones, including the parity bit, even).

Example : Transmission sent using even parity: A wants to transmit: 1001

A computes parity bit value: 1^0^0^1 = 0 A adds parity bit and sends: 10010 *** TRANSMISSION ERROR *** B receives: 11010

B computes overall parity: 1^1^0^1^0 = 1 B reports incorrect transmission after observing unexpected odd result. B's calculated parity value (1) does not match the parity bit (0) in its received value, indicating the bit error. Here's the same example but now the parity bit itself gets corrupted: B receives: 10011

B computes overall parity: 1^0^0^1^1 = 1 B reports incorrect transmission after observing unexpected odd result.