IBA, JU

WMBA Program 2 (continued)

Course Instructor: Dr Swapan Kumar Dhar
Quartiles, Deciles and Percentiles
Median divides the set of observations into two equal parts so that the number of observations less than
median is equal to the number of observations greater than median. Similarly we can divide the set of
observations into a fixed number of equal parts. These are called partitions. The values that divide the set
of observations into different partitions are called partition values or Quantiles. Some of the important
partition values are Quartiles, Deciles and Percentiles.
Quartiles: There are three Quartiles, , , ,
3 2 1
Q Q Q which divide the set of observations into four equal
parts. They are named as first quartile ) (
1
Q , second quartile ) (
2
Q and third quartile ). (
3
Q Of them
2
Q is the median and
1
Q and
3
Q are also called lower and upper quartiles respectively.
(a) From Ungrouped Data:
i
Q Value of the
1
4
iN
th
+
term if N is odd, i = 1, 2, 3.
= Value of
1
1
2 4 4
iN iN
th th
1 _
+ +
1
, ]
observation, if N is even, i= 1, 2, 3.
Example 1: Find the quartiles of the following numbers.

10 72 18 45 32 56 64 27 60
Solution: Arranging the numbers in ascending order of magnitude, we get
10 18 27 32 45 56 60 64 72
Here,
9, n
1 9 1
2.5
4 4
n + +

(2 1) 18 1 (3 1) 27 1
4.75, 7
4 4 4 4
n n + + + +

1
st
quartile ) (
1
Q = value of 2.5
th
term
2 3
2
nd term rd term +

18 27 45
22.5
2 2
+
.
2
Q Value of 4.75 th term = 45.
3
Q Value of 7
th
term = 60.
Example 2: Consider the temperature (in Celsius) of several days during a summer season.
33 33 32 32.5 32 32 31.5 31.5 30.8 31 30.8 30.5 30.8 29.5 29 30

Find (i) maximum temperature of the first 25% lowest temperature days (ii) minimum temperature of the
last 25% high temperature days (iii) median temperature.
Solution: Arranging the numbers in ascending order of magnitude, we get
29 29.5 30 30.5 30.8 30.8 30.8 31 31.5 31.5 32 32 32 32.5 33 33
(i) Maximum temperature of the first 25% lowest temperature days is given by first quartile
1
Q , where
1
Q = Value of
1
1
2 4 4
N N
th th
1 _
+ +
1
, ]
observation as n = 16 and it is even.
= Value of [ ]
1
4 5
2
th th + observation = [ ]
1
30.5 30.8
2
+ =
0
30.65 C
.
(ii) Minimum temperature of the last 25% highest temperature days is given by third quartile
3
Q , where
1
3
Q = Value of
1 3 3
1
2 4 4
N N
th th
1 _
+ +
1
, ]
observation as n = 16 and it is even.
= Value of [ ]
1
12 13
2
th th + observation = [ ]
1
32 32
2
+ =
0
32 C
.
(iii) Median temperature is
Median =
2
Q = Value of
1 2 2
1
2 4 4
N N
th th
1 _
+ +
1
, ]
observation as n = 16 and it is even.
= Value of [ ]
1
8 9
2
th th + observation = [ ]
1
31 31.5
2
+ =
0
31.25 C
.
(b) From Grouped Data or from Frequency Table:
Example 3: Find the quartiles of the following distribution
.
Height (in inches) 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66
Number of Students 15 20 32 35 33 22 20 10 08
Also find the median
Solution:
Height (in inches) Frequency(f) Cumulative frequency
58 15 15
59 20 35
60 32 67
61 35 102
62 33 135
63 22 157
64 20 177
65 10 187
66 8 195
1
Q = Size of
1
4
N + _

,
th item = Size of
195 1
4
+ _

,
th item = 49 th item = 60.
2
Q = Size of 2
1
4
N + _

,
th item = Size of 2
195 1
4
+ _

,
th item = 98 th item = 61.
3
Q = Size of 3
1
4
N + _

,
th item = Size of 3
195 1
4
+ _

,
th item = 147 th item = 63.
Since
2
Q = Median, we can write median = 61.
From Frequency distribution with class interval:
The formula to calculate quartiles is
1
4
i
m
iN
F
Q L C
f

+
.Where
L = Lower limit of the quartile class
N = Total frequency
1
F = Cumulative frequency for the class just above the quartile class
m
f Frequency of the quartile class.
C = Class interval of the quartile class.
i = 1, 2, 3.
The quartile class is that class for which cumulative frequency
4
iN
.
2
Example 4: The following distribution represents the monthly salary of a group of industrial workers:
Salary (in Taka) Number of Workers (f) Cumulative Frequency
< 1500 18 18
1500 1700 42 60
1700 1900 65 125
1900 2100 150 275
2100 2300 70 345
2300 2500 45 390
2500 > 20 410
(i) Find the maximum salary of the first 25% low paid workers.
(ii) Find maximum salary of the last 25% high paid workers.
(iii) Represent the above two values by an appropriate diagram.
(iv) How many workers have income less than 2100 Taka?
Solution: (i) The maximum salary of the first 25% low paid workers is calculated by
1
Q . For calculating
1
st
quartile it is necessary to obtain the quartile class. Since
4
N
=102.5 lies in the class 1700 1900
(Cumulative frequency 102.5), the quartile class is 1700 1900. So, it is given by
1
1
410
60
4 4
1700 200 1830.77
65
m
N
F
Q L C
f

+ +
Taka.
(ii) The minimum salary of the last 25% high paid workers is calculated by
3
Q and it is given by
1
3
3
307.5 275
4
2100 200 2192.86
70

+ +
m
N
F
Q L C
f
Taka. Here
3
Q lies in the class 2100
2300, because cumulative frequency of the class is greater than or equal to
3
4
N
= 307.5.
(iii) The two values of
1
Q and
3
Q can be well represented by Box and Whisker plot as given below:
The value of
2
Q is
1
2
2
205 125
4
1900 200 2006.67
150

+ +
m
N
F
Q L C
f
Taka.
1
Q
2
Q
3
Q

<1500 1700 1900 2100 2300 2500>
Figure: Box and Whisker plot to represent the values of quartiles.
(iv) From the cumulative frequency it is observed that 275 workers salary is less than 2100 Taka.
Example 5: Marks obtained by 25 students are given below:
Marks obtained 0-10 10-20 20-30 30-40 40-50
Number of students 3 4 8 6 4
3
Find the quartiles of the above distribution.
Solution: Calculations of Quartiles
Marks Frequency (f) Cumulative frequency
0-10 3 3
10-20 4 7
20-30 8 15
30-40 6 21
40-50 4 25
Total N = 25 -
Calculation of :
1
Q
6.25
4
N
lies between C.F. 3 and C.F. 7 and the corresponding class is 10 - 20.
1
1
25
3
4 4
10 10 18.125.
4

+ +
m
N
F
Q L C
f
Calculation of :
2
Q
5 . 12
2

N
lies between C.F. 7 and C.F. 15 and their corresponding upper class is 20 - 30.
1
2
2
12.50 7
4
20 10 26.875.
8

+ +
m
N
F
Q L C
f
Calculation of :
3
Q
3
18.75
4
N
lies between C.F. 15 and C.F. 21 and the corresponding upper classes are 30 - 40.
1
3
3
18.75 15
4
30 10 36.25.
6

+ +
m
N
F
Q L C
f
Deciles: Deciles divide the set of observations into ten equal parts and there are nine deciles, denoted by
. ..., , ,
9 2 1
D D D
(a) For Ungrouped Data: First arrange the data in ascending or descending order of magnitude.
i
D Value of the
( 1)
10
i N
th
+
term if N is odd, i = 1, 2,,9.
= Value of
1
1
2 10 10
iN iN
th th
1 _
+ +
1
, ]
observation, if N is even, i= 1, 2, 3,,9.
Example 6: Repeat the Example 2.
(i) Find maximum temperature of the first 10 per cent lowest temperature days (ii) Find the minimum
temperature of the last 20% high temperature days.
Solution: (i) Maximum temperature of the first 10% lowest temperature days is given by first decile
1
D ,
where
1
D = Value of
1
1
2 10 10
N N
th th
1 _
+ +
1
, ]
observation as N = 16 and it is even.
4
= Value of [ ]
1
1.6 2.6
2
th th + observation = [ ]
1
29.5 30.0
2
+ =
0
29.75 C
.
(ii) Minimum temperature of the last 20% high temperature days is given by third decile
8
D , where
8
D = Value of
1 8 8
1
2 10 10
+ +
_ 1

1
, ]
N N
th th observation as N = 16 and it is even.
= Value of [ ]
1
12.8 13.8
2
th th + observation = [ ]
1
32.0 32.5
2
+ =
0
32.25 C
.
(b) Grouped frequency distribution:
Example 7: The following data represent the distribution of Jack fruit trees by number of Jack fruits in the
tree:
No. of Jack fruit 10 15 18 19 20 25 30 32 40 45 50
No of trees 5 18 22 36 15 42 12 18 27 08 10
Cumulative Frequency 5 23 45 81 96 138 150 168 195 203 213
(i) Find the maximum number of jack fruits in first 30% lower producing trees.
(ii) Find the minimum number of jack fruits in last 30% high producing trees.
Solution: (i) Maximum number of jack fruits in first 30% lower producing trees is obtained from
3
D , where
3
D = Value of
3( 1)
10
+ N
th observation = Value of 64.2 th observation = 19 [C.F. > 64.2 or 65 is 81]
(ii) Minimum number of jack fruits in last 30% high producing trees is calculated by
7
D , where

7
D = Value of
7( 1)
10
+ N
th observation = Value of 149.8 th observation = 30 [C.F. > 149.8 is 150].
From Frequency distribution with class interval:
The formula to calculate deciles is
1
10
i
m
iN
F
D L C
f

+
.Where
L = Lower limit of the decile class
N = Total frequency
1
F = Cumulative frequency for the class just above the decile class
m
f Frequency of the decile class.
C = Class interval of the decile class.
i = 1, 2, ,9.
The decile class is that class for which cumulative frequency
10
iN
.
Percentiles: Percentiles divide the set of observations into 100 equal parts and there are 99 percentiles,
denoted by
1 2 99
P, P , ..., P .
(a) Ungrouped Data:
i
P Value of the
( 1)
100
i N
th
+
term if N is odd, i = 1, 2, ,99.
= Value of
1
1
2 100 100
+ +
_ 1

1
, ]
iN iN
th th observation, if N is even, i= 1, 2, ,99.
(b) Grouped Data without Class Intervals:
1
P value of the
N 1
th
100
+
term
2
P value of the
2(N 1)
th
100
+
term
. . . . . .. . .
5
k
P value of the
k(N 1)
100
th
+
term
(k 1, 2, ..., 99)
(b) Grouped frequency distribution with class interval:
The formula to calculate percentiles is
1
100
i
m
iN
F
P L C
f

+
.Where
L = Lower limit of the percentile class
N = Total frequency
1
F = Cumulative frequency for the class just above the percentile class
m
f Frequency of the percentile class.
C = Class interval of the percentile class.
i = 1, 2, ,99.
The decile class is that class for which cumulative frequency
100

iN
.
Example 8: The following are the marks obtained by 50 students in Statistics:
Marks Number of students
10 marks and less 2
20 marks and less 7
30 marks and less 17
40 marks and less 29
50 marks and less 38
60 marks and less 45
70 marks and less 50
If 54% of the students pass the test, find the minimum pass marks.
Solution: 54% students pass the test, i.e. 46% students fail in the test. In other words 46% of the student
get less than pass marks, which is the 46
th
percentile. So, we have to calculate 46
th
percentile
46
. P
46
P =
1
46
100
m
N
F
L C
f

+
Calculation of Percentile
Marks Frequency Cumulative frequency
00 - 10 2 2
10 - 20 5 7
20 - 30 10 17
30 - 40 12 29
40 - 50 09 38
50 - 60 07 45
60 - 70 05 50
To find the percentile class, we have to calculate
46
100
N
, which is 23. So blocked row is the percentile
class, because 23 lies in this class. According to the formula given,
46
P =
1
46
100

+
m
N
F
L C
f
=
23 17
30 10
12

+ = 35.
Hence, 35 is the pass marks.
6