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Folosirea tabelului DUAL: o SELECT (319/29) + 12 FROM DUAL Folosirea functiilor pentru siruri de caractere Case-Manipulation Functions o LOWER:

R: LOWER(column | expression) converts alpha characters to lower-case SELECT title FROM d_cds WHERE LOWER(title) = 'carpe diem' o UPPER: UPPER(column | expression) converts alpha characters to upper-case SELECT title FROM d_cds WHERE UPPER(title) = 'CARPE DIEM' o INITCAP: INITCAP(column | expression) converts alpha character values to uppercase for the first letter of each word SELECT title FROM d_cds WHERE INITCAP(title) = 'Carpe Diem' SELECT title FROM d_cds WHERE INITCAP(title) = 'carpe diem' ->afiseaza no data found Character-Manipulation Functions o CONCAT: Joins two values together. SELECT CONCAT('Hello', 'World') FROM DUAL -> HelloWorld SELECT CONCAT('Hello', 'World','Again') FROM DUAL -> invalid number of arguments SELECT CONCAT('Hello ', 'World') FROM DUAL -> Hello World o SUBSTR: Extracts a string of a determined length. SELECT SUBSTR('HelloWorld', 1, 5) FROM DUAL -> Hello SELECT SUBSTR('HelloWorld', 0, 5) FROM DUAL -> Hello SELECT SUBSTR('12345', -1, 5) FROM DUAL -> 5 SELECT SUBSTR('12345', -2, 5) FROM DUAL ->45 SELECT SUBSTR('12345', -5, 5) FROM DUAL -> 12345 SELECT SUBSTR('12345', -6, 5) FROM DUAL -> SELECT SUBSTR('12345', 1, 8) FROM DUAL -> 12345 SELECT SUBSTR('12345', 1, 1000) FROM DUAL -> 12345 SELECT SUBSTR('12345', 1, -1) FROM DUAL -> o LENGTH: Shows the length of a string as a number value SELECT LENGTH('HelloWorld') FROM DUAL -> 10 SELECT LENGTH('0') FROM DUAL -> 1 SELECT LENGTH(' ') FROM DUAL -> 1 SELECT LENGTH('') FROM DUAL-> o INSTR: Finds the numeric position of a named character SELECT INSTR('HelloWorld','W') FROM DUAL -> 6 SELECT INSTR('HelloWorld','H') FROM DUAL -> 1 SELECT INSTR('HelloWorld','h') FROM DUAL -> 0 SELECT INSTR('HelloWorld','ell') FROM DUAL -> 2 SELECT INSTR('HelloWorld','World') FROM DUAL -> 6 SELECT INSTR('HelloWorld','') FROM DUAL -> SELECT INSTR('','a') FROM DUAL -> o LPAD: Pads the left side of a character, resulting in a right-justified value SELECT LPAD('four', 10,'*') FROM DUAL -> ******four SELECT LPAD('four', 100) FROM DUAL -> four (nu face nimic) SELECT LPAD('four', 10,'AB') FROM DUAL -> ABABABfour o RPAD: Pads the right-hand side of a character, resulting in a left-justified value. SELECT RPAD('four', 10,'*') FROM DUAL -> four******

o TRIM: Removes all specified characters from either the beginning or the ending of a string. The syntax for the trim function is: TRIM( [ leading | trailing | both [character(s) to be removed ] ] string to trim) SELECT TRIM('H' FROM 'HelloWorld') FROM DUAL -> elloWorld SELECT TRIM('' FROM 'HelloWorld') FROM DUAL -> SELECT TRIM('Hello' FROM 'HelloWorld') FROM DUAL -> trim set should have only one
character

SELECT TRIM('d' FROM 'HelloWorld') FROM DUAL -> HelloWorl SELECT TRIM('a' FROM 'abracadabra') FROM DUAL -> bracadabr SELECT TRIM(both 'a' FROM 'abracadabra') FROM DUAL -> bracadabr SELECT TRIM(leading 'a' FROM 'abracadabra') FROM DUAL -> bracadabra SELECT TRIM(trailing 'a' FROM 'abracadabra') FROM DUAL -> abracadabr SELECT TRIM(both 'a' FROM 'maiaaa') FROM DUAL -> mai SELECT TRIM(both 'a' FROM 'maiaada') FROM DUAL -> maiaad SELECT TRIM(both 'a' FROM 'aaaa') FROM DUAL -> o REPLACE: Replaces a sequence of characters in a string with another set of characters. The syntax for the REPLACE function is: REPLACE (string1, string_to_replace, [replacement_string] ) REPLACE (aici, asta, cu_asta) SELECT REPLACE('JACK and JUE','J','BL') FROM DUAL -> BLACK and BLUE SELECT REPLACE('laura','l','') FROM DUAL -> aura SELECT REPLACE('laura','L','') FROM DUAL -> laura SELECT REPLACE('laura','l','L') FROM DUAL -> Laura SELECT REPLACE('laura','','L') FROM DUAL -> laura SELECT REPLACE('abracadabra','a','') FROM DUAL -> brcdbr SELECT REPLACE('abracadabra','a','A') FROM DUAL -> AbrAcAdAbrA SELECT REPLACE('','a','A') FROM DUAL -> Folosirea Aliasului in lucrul cu functii: o SELECT LOWER (last_name)||LOWER(SUBSTR(first_name,1,1)) AS "User Name" FROM f_staffs

SELECT LOWER (last_name)||LOWER(SUBSTR(first_name,1,1)) FROM f_staffs.

Substitution Variables o SELECT first_name, last_name, salary, department_id FROM employees WHERE department_id = :dept_id SELECT first_name, last_name, salary, department_id FROM employees WHERE department_id = :dept_id ->

Folosirea functiilor pentru valori numerice: o ROUND can be used with both numbers and dates. It is mainly used to round numbers to a specified number of decimal places, but it can also be used to round numbers to the left of the decimal point. Syntax: ROUND(column|expression, decimal places) SELECT ROUND(45.926,2) FROM DUAL -> 45.93 SELECT ROUND (45.926) FROM DUAL -> 46 SELECT ROUND(45.926,-1) FROM DUAL -> 50 SELECT ROUND(3.1415,1) FROM DUAL ->3.1 SELECT ROUND(3.5415,1) FROM DUAL ->3.4 SELECT ROUND(3.5515,1) FROM DUAL->3.6 SELECT ROUND(3.5515,-1) FROM DUAL -> 0 SELECT ROUND(50.5515,-1) FROM DUAL -> 50 SELECT ROUND(50.5515,-2) FROM DUAL -> 100 SELECT ROUND(50.5515,-3) FROM DUAL -> 0 SELECT ROUND(500.5515,-3) FROM DUAL -> 1000 o TRUNC: can be used with both numbers and dates. It is mainly used to terminate the column, expression, or value to a specified number of decimal places. When TRUNC is used, if the number of decimal places is not specified, then the specified number defaults to zero. Syntax: TRUNC(column|expression, decimal places) SELECT TRUNC (45.926, 2) FROM DUAL ->45.92 SELECT TRUNC (45.926, 0) FROM DUAL ->45 SELECT TRUNC (45.926, 0) FROM DUAL -> 45 SELECT TRUNC (45.92,10) FROM DUAL -> 45.92 SELECT TRUNC (45.92,2) FROM DUAL -> 45.92 o MOD: The MOD function finds the remainder of one value divided by another value. SELECT MOD(1600,500) FROM DUAL -> 100 SELECT MOD(7,2) FROM DUAL -> 1 SELECT MOD(10,2) FROM DUAL -> 0

Functii de lucru cu date calendaristice: SELECT last_name, hire_date + 60 FROM employees -> adauga 60 zile SELECT last_name, (SYSDATE hire_date)/7 FROM employees -> afiseaza nr de saptamani de la angajare

Folosirea SYSDATE impreuna cu functiile pentru date calendaristice SELECT SYSDATE FROM DUAL -> 27-JAN-13 (data de azi in format DD-MON-YY)

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