Anatomy & Physiology Chapter :- 1

Presented by :Dr. Bidhya Bhusan Tamrakar (MD) 2009/10

Anatomy
Anatomy is a medical science which studies the structures of different part of human body. Herophillus of Chalceden is the father of anatomy. Sub-division :1. Surface or Topographic Anatomy, 2. Living Anatomy, 3. Histology, 4. Radiology, 5. Embryology & others.

Anatomy contd.
Anatomical Positions: Supine (Lying face upward), Prone (Lying face downward), Lateral (Lying away from the median and sagittal plane of a body), Lithotomy (A position lying on your back with knees bent and thighs apart; assumed for vaginal or rectal examination), Dorsal Recumbent & Sims.

Terms of Relationship:1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Anterior, (Front, nearer or towards front) Posterior, ( Behind or back) Superior, ( Cephalic or above) Inferior, (Below or lower part) Medial, ( Median plane) Lateral & (Away from median plane) Intermediate (between 2 structures).

Terms of Comparison:1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Proximal (nearest to point of attachment), Distal ( far away from trunk), Superficial (Near to skin surface), Deep (Far or inner from the skin surface), Interior (Inside, inner or near to the centre), Exterior (Outside, outer ,far from the centre), Ipsilateral (On or relating to the same side (of the body) & 8. Contralateral (Opposite side) .

Terms of Movement:1. Flexion (Bending or making an angle between the bones or parts), 2. Extension (Stretching of a bent part or joint), 3. Abduction (moving of a part from the centre), 4. Adduction (moving toward the centre ), 5. Opposition (the thumb pad is brought to a finger), 6. Reposition (place into another position), 7. Protraction (movement forward),

Terms of Movement:- contd.

08. Elevation( lifting up), 09. Depression (moving inferiorly), 10. Rotation (Turning or revolving of a part of long axis), 11. Eversion (The position of being turned outward), eg. Foot is eversed. 12. Inversion (The act of turning inside out), 13. Supination (Rotation of the hands and forearms so that the palms face upward) & 14. Pronation (Rotation of the hands and forearms so that the palms face downward).