Cơ Kĩ Thuật

SO GIO DUC VA AO TAO HA NOI
GIO TRNH
CO KY THUAT
Sch dng trong cc trung THCN H Noi

NHA XUAT BAN HA NOI

2
Th.s. NGUYEN QUANG TUYEN (chu bien)
Ks. NGUYEN THI THACH

Gl TRlNH Gl TRlNH Gl TRlNH Gl TRlNH
CO KY THUAT

Sch dng trong cc trung THCN H Noi

TRUNG TRUNG HOC CONG NGHIEP HA NOI BIEN SOAN
MUC LUC

Li gioi thieu...................................................................................................6
Li ni dau......................................................................................................7
Phan I: Co hoc vat ran tuyet doi ..................................................................8
A: Tinh hoc .....................................................................................................8
Chuong 1: Nhng khi niem co ban v cc tien de tinh hoc .......................8
1.1 Nhng khi niem co ban....................................................................8
1.2 Cc dinh luat tinh hoc ........................................................................9
1.3 Lien ket v phan luc lien ket ............................................................10
1.4 Cc lien ket thung gap....................................................................11
Chuong II He luc phang.............................................................................13
2.1 He luc phang dong quy....................................................................13
2.1.1 Cc khi niem ...............................................................................13
2.2 Ngau luc...........................................................................................17
2.3 He luc phang bat ky .........................................................................20
2.5 Ma st v bi ton can bang khi c ma st ......................................23
Chuong 3: He luc khong gian ....................................................................27
3.1 Vc to chnh, vc to momen chnh cua he luc khong gian: .............27
3.2 Thu gon he luc khong gian ..............................................................29
3.3 ieu kien can bang cua he luc khong gian......................................29
B: ong hoc .................................................................................................31
Chuong 4: ong hoc diem.........................................................................31
4.1 Cc khi niem co ban.......................................................................31
4.2 Cc phuong php xc dinh chuyen dong cua diem..........................32
4.3 Khao st chuyen dong theo phuong php tu nhien. .........................33
4.4 Khao st chuyen dong theo phuong php toa do ............................36
Chuong V: Chuyen dong co ban cua vat ran .............................................37
5.1 Chuyen dong tinh tien cua vat ran. ..................................................37
5.2 Chuyen dong quay cua vat ran quanh mot truc co dinh. .................37
5.3 Khao st chuyen dong......................................................................38
5.4 Chuyen dong cua diem thuoc vat quay quanh mot truc co dinh......39
Chuong VI: Chuyen dong song phang cua vat ran ....................................41
6.1 Khi niem chung. .............................................................................41
6.2 Khao st chuyen dong song phang ..................................................41
6.3.3 Khao st chuyen dong bang phuong php quay tam tc thi. ......44
Chuong VII: Chuyen dong tong hop cua vat ran .......................................46
7.1 Khi niem.........................................................................................46
7.2 Khao st chuyen dong tong hop cua diem. ......................................47
7.2 Khi niem ve chuyen dong tong hop cua vat ran.............................48
7.3 Hop hai chuyen dong quay cng chieu c hai truc song song.........49
7.4 Hai chuyen dong quay nguoc chieu.................................................50

4
7.5 Hop hai chuyen dong quay c truc giao nhau. ................................51
Phan II: Co hoc vat ran bien dang.............................................................53
Chuong VIII: Nhng khi niem.................................................................53
8.1. Nhiem vu v doi tuong nghien cu cua mon hoc: ..........................53
8.2. Khi niem ve thanh: ........................................................................53
8.3. Noi luc - ng suat:...........................................................................54
8.4. Cc thnh phan noi luc tren mat cat ngang.....................................57
8.5. Quan he gia noi luc v ng suat tren mat cat ngang. ....................58
8.6. Bien dang: .......................................................................................59
8.7. Cc gia thuyet co ban ve vat lieu: ...................................................60
Chuong 9: Ko v nn dng tam................................................................61
Chuong 9: Ko v nn dng tam................................................................62
9.1. inh nghia: .....................................................................................62
9.2. Bieu do noi luc: ...............................................................................62
9.3. ng suat php tren mat cat ngang:..................................................63
9.4. Bien dang, tnh do gin di cua thanh:............................................65
9.5. ieu kien ben: .................................................................................66
9.6. V du - Bi tap: ................................................................................67
Chuong 10: CAT DP ............................................................................69
10.1. Cat. ................................................................................................69
10.2. Dap:...............................................................................................70
10.3. Bi tap p dung: ............................................................................71
Chuong 11: Xoan thuan tu cua thanh thang.............................................73
11.1. inh nghia: ...................................................................................73
11.2. Mo men xoan - Bieu do mo men xoan..........................................73
11.3. Thiet lap cong thc ng suat tiep tren mat cat ngang cua thanh trn
chiu xoan thuan tu................................................................................75
11.4. Bien dang cua thanh trn chiu xoan..............................................78
11.5. ieu kien ben v dieu kien cng...................................................79
11.6. Khi niem ve mat cat ngang hop l: .............................................80
11.7. Bi tap p dung: ............................................................................81
Chuong 12 Uon phang cua thanh thang.....................................................83
12.1. inh nghia v phan loai: ...............................................................83
12.2. Noi luc v bieu do noi luc. ............................................................84
12.3. Bieu do noi luc: .............................................................................85
12.3. Dam chiu uon thuan tu phang:....................................................91
12.4. Uon ngang phang. .........................................................................97
Chuong 13 thanh chiu luc phc tap..........................................................105
13.1. Thanh uon xien: ..........................................................................105
13.2. Uon v ko - nn dong thi.........................................................110
13.3. Ko nn lech tam: .......................................................................112
13.4. Xoan v uon dong thi. ...............................................................114
13.5. Thanh chiu luc tong qut. ...........................................................116
Phan 3 Nguyen l my...............................................................................120

5
Chuong 14: Cau trc co cau.....................................................................120
14.1 Khi niem v dinh nghia..............................................................120
Chuong 15: Co cau phang ton khp thap ...............................................125
15.1 Khi niem chung..........................................................................125
15.2 Co cau phang ton khp thap.......................................................126
15.3 Cc co cau phang ton khp thap thong dung .............................126
Chuong16 Can bang my v ma st trong cc khp dong.......................131
16.1 Can bang my ..............................................................................131
16.2 Ma st trong cc khp truot .........................................................132
Chuong 17 Co cau bnh rang...................................................................137
17.1 Khi niem.....................................................................................137
17.2 Co cau bnh rang phang...............................................................137
17.3 Co cau bnh rang khong gian ......................................................142
17.4 He bnh rang................................................................................145
Chuong 18: Co cau cam, co cau dai v cc co cau truyen dong dac biet 148
18.1 Co cau cam...................................................................................148
18.2 Co cau dai ....................................................................................149
18.3 Truyen dong dai ...........................................................................151
18.4 Mot so co cau dac biet .................................................................152
Ti lieu tham khao:....................................................................................154

6
LI GII THIEU

Thuc hien chu truong cua lnh dao thnh pho H Noi v thuc hien mot
trong nhng chuong trnh muc tieu cua So Gio duc v o tao H Noi, giai
doan t nay den 2005 v tiep den 2010, de day manh do tao nhan luc bac
trung hoc chuyen nghiep v day nghe phuc vu cong nghiep ho, hien dai ho
thu do, d l: Bien soan bo chuong trnh giang day v gio trnh cc mon hoc
trong cc trung trung hoc chuyen nghiep H Noi. Bo chuong trnh v gio
trnh s duoc su dung trong he thong cc trung trung hoc chuyen nghiep
cong lap, bn cong, dan lap v tu thuc H Noi.
Trung Trung hoc Cong nghiep H Noi d to chc bien soan mot so gio
trnh cho ngnh "Sua cha, khai thc thiet bi co kh", chuyen ngnh Cat got
kim loai v chuyen ngnh sua cha: day l mot co gang ln cua cc Cn bo
v gio vien cua trung cng ngnh gio duc chuyen nghiep thnh pho tng
buc thong nhat noi dung day v hoc o cc trung trung hoc chuyen nghiep
tren dia bn H Noi.
Noi dung cua cc gio trnh duoc xay dung tren co so ke tha nhng noi
dung d duoc giang day gan 30 nam o trung THCN H Noi v mot so
trung ban c do tao cng chuyen ngnh, ket hop vi nhng noi dung mi
nham dp ng yeu cau nang cao chat luong do tao. Cc gio trnh duoc xay
dung tren co so ''Chuong trnh do tao trung hoc chuyen nghiep ngnh Sua
cha, khai thc thiet bi co kh, chuyen ngnh cat got kim loai v sua cha'' d
duoc Hoi dong tham dinh cua Bo Gio duc v do tao thong qua ngy
12/4/2002.
Gio trnh do cc nh gio c nhieu kinh nghiem giang day cua trung
trung hoc Cong nghiep H Noi bien soan, theo dinh hung co ban, ph hop
cap hoc, cap nhat kien thc mi v c tnh den tnh da ngnh v tnh lien
thong: cc gio trnh duoc trnh bay ngan gon, de hieu ph hop vi doi tuong
hoc sinh trung hoc v cng rat bo ch doi vi doi ng k thuat vien v cong
nhan k thuat de nang cao kien thc v tay nghe.
Tuy cc tc gia d c nhieu co gang khi bien soan, song gio trnh chac
chan khong trch khoi nhng kiem khuyet. Hy vong nhan duoc su gp cc
dong nghiep khc o cc trung v ban doc de nhng gio trnh duoc bien
soan tiep hoac ti ban lan sau c chat luong tot hon.
Moi kien xin gui ve trung trung hoc Cong nghiep H Noi, dia chi 131
pho thi Thinh, Quan ong a, thnh pho H Noi.
Hieu truong
Irung trung hoc Cong nghiep H Aoi

Pham nh Tan

7
LI NI U
Ciao trinh co k thuat nm trong so giao trinh viet theo chu truong cua
So Ciao duc v Do tao H Aoi nhm xay dung mot bo giao trinh thong nhat
dng cho ngnh trung hoc chuyen nghiep dong tren dia bn thnh pho.
Co so de bien soan giao trinh l chuong trinh khung do tao k thuat
vien he trung hoc chuyen nghiep ngnh khai thac v sua cha cac thiet bi co
khi d duoc Bo Ciao duc v Do tao thong qua nm 2002.
Aoi dung cua giao trinh d duoc xay dung tren co so ke tha nhng
noi dung dang duoc giang day tai cac trung, ket hop voi dinh huong moi
cho cac k thuat vien trong thi ky cong nghiep hoa v hien dai hoa dat
nuoc. Ciao trinh cng duoc xay dung theo huong lien thong voi cac chuong
trinh do tao Cao dng, Dai hoc k thuat v Su pham k thuat hien hnh
nhm tao dieu kien v co so de ngui hoc tiep tuc hoc tap nang cao sau ny.
De cuong cua giao trinh d duoc su tham gia dong gop y kien cua cac
chuyen gia dang giang day trong cac trung dai hoc, cao dng v cac trung
trung hoc chuyen nghiep cng nhu cua cac doanh nghiep tai hoi nghi thong
qua chuong trinh khung cho ngnh do tao.
Ciao trinh duoc bien soan cho ngnh khai thac v sua cha cac thiet
bi co khi chu yeu l chuyen ngnh gia cong ct got kim loai v sua cha may
cong cu. \oi cac ngnh hoc cac chuyen ngnh khac khi su dung can co su
dieu cho chinh ph hop voi yeu cau cua ngnh hoc.
Ciao trinh do cac giao vien d giang day nhieu nm trong cac trung
dai hoc v trung hoc chuyen nghiep bien soan. Qua trinh bien soan giao
trinh d nhan duoc su dong gop y kien cua tap the giao vien trung Irung
hoc Cong nghiep H Aoi, dc biet l Ban Ly thuyet Co so.
Iuy cac tac gia d co nhieu co gng song lan dau xuat ban giao trinh
khong the tranh khoi nhng khiem khuyet nhat dinh. Cac tac gia hy vong
nhan duoc su dong gop y kien cua cac trung cng nhu cua ban doc de co
the hon thien giao trinh hon na. Moi dong gop xin gui ve Ah Xuat Ban H
Aoi, So Ciao duc v Do tao H Aoi hoc ban Ly thuyet Co so trung Irung
hoc Cong nghiep H Aoi.
Xin chan thnh cam on

CC TC GIA
Ciao trinh Co k thuat Ahng khai niem co ban v cac tien de tinh hoc

8
PHN I: CO HOC VAT RAN TUYET OI
A: TINH HOC
Chuong 1: Nhung khi niem co ban v cc tien de tinh hoc
1/ Muc dich:
Trang bi cc khi niem co ban ve luc, momen, ngau luc, cc dinh luat
tinh hoc v he qua cua chng.
Gii thieu cho hoc sinh mot so cc lien ket thung gap trong k thuat,
di song.
2/ eu cau:
Nam vng cc khi niem co ban ve luc, ngau luc. Nam vng cc dinh
luat tinh hoc v van dung duoc cc he qua cua chng mot cch vng vng.
Nam vng phan luc lien ket cho tng loai, cch xc dinh chng.
1.1 Nhung khi niem co ban
1.1.1 Mot so dinh ngha
Co hoc l thuyet l mon hoc nghien cu cc dinh luat tong qut nhat
ve can bang v chuyen dong cua cc vat the.
Theo tnh chat cua bi ton ngui ta chia co hoc l thuyet ra lm 3
phan tinh hoc dong hoc v dong luc hoc. Nhiem vu cu the cua tng phan nhu
sau:
Tinh hoc nghien cu ve su can bang cua vat the.
ong hoc nghien cu cc quy luat cua chuyen dong m khong xt den
nguyen nhan gay ra cc chuyen dong d..
ong luc hoc nghien cu cc quy luat chuyen dong dui tc dung cua
cc luc.
Co hoc l thuyet mo duug cho viec nghien cu cc mon co so k
thuat hien dai nhu sc ben vat lieu, chi tit my, nguyen l my v.v.
oi tuong nghien cu cua co hoc l thuyet l vat the hay cn goi l vat
ran. Trong thuc te tat ca cc vat the trong khong gian chiu su tc dong tuong
ho vi cc vat the khc do d chng t nhieu bi bien dang. Nhung doi vi cc
chi tiet my hay cc ket cau cong trnh ngui ta phai tnh ton v thiet ke sao
cho su bien dang d khong anh huong ti chc nang cua my hay cong trnh,
c nghia l su bien dang d phai coi nhu khong dng ke. Trong trung hop
ny chng duoc coi nhu khong bi bien dang, ni cch khc l ran tuyet doi.
Vay vat ran tuyet doi l mot vat the m khoang cch gia hai diem bat ky
thuoc vat luon luon khong doi.
Tinh hoc l mot phan cua mon co hoc vat ran tuyet doi nghien cu ve
cc luc v dieu kien can bang cua cc vat the dui tc dung cua cc luc.
Luc
oi tuong nghien cu th nhat cua tinh hoc l cc luc duoc hieu nhu
mot dai luong dac chung cho su tc dung tuong ho gia cc vat the m ket
qua l gay nen su thay doi trang thi hay vi tr cua cc vat the d.
e xc dinh duoc mot luc ta can c ba yeu to:

9
iem dat cua luc l noi luc tc dong vo.
Hung chi phuong v chieu tc dung cua luc.
Cung do tc dong hay cn goi l tri so bieu thi do manh hay yeu cua
luc.
oi chieu vi cc khi niem ton hoc d biet ta thay ve mat hnh hoc
c the bieu dien luc dui dang mot vc to trong d:
Goc cua vc to l diem dat luc.
Phuong v chieu cua vc to l phuong v chieu cua luc
Chieu di vc to l tri so cua luc duoc lay theo mot ty le nhat dinh.
on vi do luc l Niuton (N) v cc boi so cua n.
\at rn can bng
oi tuong nghien cu th hai cua tinh hoc l vat ran can bang. Vat ran
o trang thi can bang neu n nam yen hay chuyen dong thang deu so vi he
truc toa do d duoc chon lm chuan.
Ngoi cc khi niem tren de tien cho viec nghien cu ngui ta cng
can xc lap mot so cc khi niem khc:
He luc: l ton the cc luc tc dong len cng mot vat the.
He luc can bang l he luc gi cho vat the o trang thi can bang, cn ni
l chng can bang lan nhau.
He luc tuong duong: Hai he luc duoc goi l tuong duong neu chng
cng gay cho mot vat the cc tc dung nhu nhau.
K hieu: F R
Hop luc: Mot luc duoc goi l hop luc cua he neu n tuong duong vi
he luc d.

1.2 Cc dinh luat tinh hoc
Truc khi bat dau nghien cu mot mon hoc bat ky ta can xem xt mot
so cc dinh luat (cn goi l tien de) trong linh vuc d. Tinh hoc cng khong
phai l mot ngoai le, o day cng c mot so cc dinh luat ta tha nhan truc
khi nghien cu n.
inh luat 1: dieu kien can v du de vat ran chiu su tc dung cua hai luc
can bang l hai luc d phai c cng tri so, cng dung tc dung l dung noi
gia hai diem dat, v nguoc chieu nhau.
F
1
= F
2
hay (F
1
, F
2
) 0
Hnh 1.1
F
2

F
1


10
inh luat 2: Tc dung cua mot he luc len mot vat ran s khong thay
doi neu ta them vo hay bt di hai luc can bang nhau.
He qua cua tien de 1 v 2: (dinh ly truot luc).
Tc dung cua mot luc len vat ran khong thay doi neu ta truot luc doc
theo dung tc dung cua n.
Chng minh: Gia su c mot vat ran chiu su tc dong cua luc F dat tai
diem A. Tren dung tc dung cua F ta them vo hai luc F
1
, F
2
dat tai diem B
biet rang (F
1
, F
2
) 0 c tri so F
1
= F
2
= F v c cng dung tc dung vi luc
F.
Theo dinh luat 1 ta c (F, F
1
) 0
Theo dinh luat 2 ta c the bo he (F, F
1
), nhu vay chi cn c luc F
2
tc
dung len he.
Ket qua l luc F d duoc ri t vi tr A den vi tr B cua F
2
. inh l d
duoc chng minh.
inh luat 3 (tien de hnh bnh hnh luc):
Hop luc cua hai luc c cng diem dat l mot luc dat tai diem d v xc
dinh bang dung cho hnh bnh hnh lap boi hai luc thnh phan.
R = F
1
+ F
2

Neu bien dien luc l cc vc to th ve mat ton hoc c the ni hop luc
cua hai luc tc dung len cng mot vat the bang tong hnh hoc cua cc luc
thnh phan.
inh luat 4 (luc tuong ho): Luc m hai vat tc dung lan nhau bang
nhau ve tri so, cng phuong v nguoc chieu.
Ve ban chat hai luc ny khong phai l hai luc can bang v chng c
diem dat tai hai vat the khc nhau.
inh luat 5 (tien de ha ran): Neu dui tc dung cua mot he luc no d
m vat bien dang d can bang th khi ho ran lai n van can bang.
nghia: Dui tc dung cua luc vat c the bi bien dang nhung sau khi
bien dang roi n o trang thi can bang th ta c the xem n nhu vat ran dang
o trang thi can bang v tien hnh khao st luc m khong anh huong g den
ket qua. Tien de ny cho php ng dung cc phuong trnh tinh hoc de giai cc
bi ton tm phan luc trong phan co hoc bien dang sau ny.

1.3 Lien ket v phan luc lien ket
\at tu do v vat chiu lien ket
R
Hnh 1.2 Hnh 1.3
F
1

F
2
F
1

F
2
F
B
A

11
Vat tu do l vat khong c lien quan g den cc vat khc v c the thuc
hien duoc moi di chuyen trong khong gian tai thi diem dang xt.
Mot vat trong khong gian ba chieu c the c 6 di chuyen khc nhau
goi l 6 bac tu do (doc theo ba truc v quay quanh ba truc). Moi chuyen dong
cua vat tren thuc te deu c the quy ve su tong hop cua mot trong cc chuyen
dong d.
Vat chiu lien ket l vat c mot hay nhieu phuong di chuyen bi han che
hay can tro boi nhng vat khc.
Tat ca nhng doi tuong c tc dung khong che dich chuyen cua vat
dang khao st duoc goi l cc lien ket.
Nhng luc m cc vat khc tc dung len vat dang khao st lm han che
hay can tro chuyen dong cua n goi l cc phan luc lien ket (luc phan tc
dung do cc lien ket gay ra).
Phan luc lien ket duoc xc dinh theo cc nguyen tac sau:
Phan luc lien ket bao gi cng dat vo vat the khao st tai diem tiep
xc gia n v vat gay lien ket.
Phan luc lien ket cng phuong v nguoc chieu vi chuyen dong bi can
tro. Ni cch khc n vuong gc vi phuong cua chuyen dong.
Tri so cua phan luc lien ket phu thuoc vo cc luc chu dong tc dung
len vat.

1.4 Cc lien ket thung gap
Lien ket tua:
Vat tua len mot mat hay gi tua, con lan .v.v. Luc lien ket hung theo
phuong php tuyen vi be mat tua.
Vat tua len mot diem nhon. Luc lien ket hung theo phuong php
tuyen vi be mat vat.
Lien ket day mem: Phan luc lien ket hung doc theo day.
Lien ket ban le:
Ban le tru: luc lien ket c phuong bat ky di qua tam truc v vuong gc
vi truc quay. Sau ny de tien cho viec khao st ngui ta coi nhu d biet diem
dat luc lien ket v phan tich luc thnh hai thnh phan vuong gc vi nhau
theo mot he truc d chon nam trong mat phang vuong gc vi truc quay.
R
Hnh 1.4
R
Hnh 1.5

12
Ban le cau: Luc lien ket c phuong di qua tam hnh cau. Tuong tu nhu
phan tren de xc dinh tri so cua luc ngui ta phan tch n theo he truc ba
chieu trong khong gian
Lien ket thanh:
Thanh thang: Phan luc lien ket hung doc theo truc cua thanh.
Thanh cong: Phan luc lien ket hung theo dung noi gia tam cua hai
dau ban le.
Iien de giai phong lien ket
Moi vat khong tu do c the xem nhu vat tu do neu ta vt bo moi lien
ket v thay chng bang cc phan luc lien ket.
nghia: Nh tien de ny ta c the chuyen viec xem xt mot bi ton
can bang cua mot vat the bat ky ve bi ton can bang cua mot vat the tu do,
khi d cc phan luc lien ket duoc coi nhu cc ngoai luc do d c the p dung
cc dinh luat ve tinh hoc.
Hnh 1.7
R
Hnh 1.6
T
Hnh 1.9
S
S
Hnh 1.8
Ciao trinh Co k thuat He luc phng

13
Chuong II He luc phang
1/ Muc dich:
Cung cap dang thu gon toi thieu cua he luc phang v cc phuong trnh
can bang cua he luc phang.
Cung cap mot so bi ton dac biet cua tinh hoc.
2/ eu cau:
Lap duoc cc phuong trnh can bang cua he luc phang de xc dinh cc
an so can tm v biet cch giai mot so bi ton dac biet cua tinh hoc.

2.1 He luc phang dong quy
2.1.1 Cc khi niem
He luc phang l he luc m tat ca cc luc deu nam trong cng mot mat
phang.
He luc phang dong quy l mot he luc phang m dung tc dung cua
chng deu dong quy (cat nhau) tai mot diem.
Theo dinh luat 1 v 2 cng dinh l truot luc c the coi he luc phang
dong quy nhu mot he luc c cng chung diem dat l diem dong quy cua he.
Ihu gon mot he luc phng dong quy

inh l: He luc phang dong quy c hop luc. Hop luc R cua he dat tai
diem dong quy.
Chng minh: Gia su ta c he luc (F
1
,F
2
,F
3
, .. .. .. ..,F
n
) dong quy tai
diem .
Theo dinh luat 3 ta de dng chng minh duoc R
1
l hop luc cua F
1
v
F
2
c diem dat tai R
1
(F
1
,F
2
).
Tuong tu nhu vay ta c R
2
(F
3
,R
1
) cng dat tai .
Lm lien tiep cho ti khi ta c R (F
n
,R
n-1
) dat tai . R chnh l hop
luc cua he.
Xac dinh hop luc R bng phuong phap hinh hoc
Quy tac tam gic luc: Hop luc R cua hai luc F
1
v F
2
duoc xc dinh
bang cch dat hai vc to F
1
v F
2
ke tiep nhau gi nguyen phuong chieu v tri
so cua chng sao cho goc cua vc to F
2
trng vi ngon cua vc to F
1
. Hop luc
R cua he s l canh cn lai cua tam gic c diem dat trng vi diem dat cua
F1
F6
F5
F4
F3
F2
Hnh 2.1
R
F6 F5
F4
F3
F1
F2
Hnh 2.2

14
vc to F
1
, ngon trng vi ngon cua vc to F
2
. Ni cch khc R s dng kn
tam gic luc.
Thuc te day chnh l mot pht bieu khc cua dinh luat 3 (quy tac hnh
bnh hnh luc)
Giai tam gic luc ni tren tm tri so cua R
R
2
= F
1
2
+ F
2
2
- 2F
1
.F
2
.cos(180
o
- )
R
2
= F
1
2
+ F
2
2
+ 2F
1
.F
2
.cos
Trong d: R l tri so cua hop luc
F
1
, F
2
l tri so cua hai luc thnh phan
gc hop boi hai luc
De dng suy ra cc trung hop dac biet:
Khi hai luc cng chieu v cng dung tc dung:
= 0 R = F
1
+ F
2

Khi hai luc cng dung tc dung nhung nguoc chieu:
= 180
o
R = F
1
- F
2

Khi hai luc vuong gc vi nhau:
= 90
o

2
2
2
1
F F R + =

Quy tc da giac luc
Cho mot he luc (F
1
,F
2
,F
3
,.. .. .. ..,F
n
) dong quy tai diem . Hop luc R
cua he duoc xc dinh nhu sau:
at F
1
,F
2
,F
3
, .. .. .. F
n
ke tiep nhau sao cho goc cua vc to luc ny trng
vi ngon cua vc to luc kia, van gi nguyen phuong chieu cng tri so cua
chng. Hop luc R cua he s dng kn da gic luc hop boi cc luc thnh phan.
Goc cua R s l diem dong quy, cn ngon trng vi diem ngon cua vc to luc
cuoi cng.
Chng minh: Noi hai diem v 2 ta thay R
1
chnh l vc to 2 dong
thi cng chnh l hop luc cua F
1
,F
2
. Noi vi 3 tuong tu 3 chnh l vc to
R
2
l hop luc cua R
1
v F
3
. C lm nhu vay ti khi R l hop luc cua R
n-1
v
F
n
.
Xac dinh hop luc R bng phuong phap giai tich (hinh chieu)
Truc tien ta s xem xt khi niem ve hnh chieu cua mot vc to luc.
Cho mot luc F nam trong mot mat phang xc dinh boi hai truc toa do
xoy. Gc gia vc to luc F vi chieu duong cua truc ox duoc k hieu l .
Chieu luc F len cc truc toa do bang cch ha cc dung vuong gc t cc
diem mt cua vc to luc xuong cc truc toa do tuong ng.
Goi X l hnh chieu cua luc F tren ox, l hnh chieu cua luc F tren
oy.
Hnh 2.3
R F
1

F
2


15
De thay X = F.cos
= F.sin
Trong d F l tri so cua luc F
oi khi trong thuc te ngui ta xc dinh duoc cc thnh phan X v
cua luc truc, khi d can tm F nhu sau:
ve tri so F
2
= X
2
+
2

hung cua F duoc xc dinh theo gc
Y
X
tg =

bieu thc lay theo ca dau cua X v
Tren co so khi niem ve hnh chieu cua luc ta s xc dinh hop luc R
cua he.
inh l: hnh chieu cua vc to hop luc R cua he tren mot truc toa do
no d bang tong dai so hnh chieu cua tat ca cc vc to luc thnh phan tren
truc ay.
Chng minh:
Cho
n
F F F F R

+ + + + = . ..........
3 2 1

R dng kn da gic luc. Lan luot chieu tat ca cc luc len truc x bat ky
ta thay
F
1x
= ab: F
2x
= bc: F
3x
= cd: F
nx
= - de
R
x
= F
1x
+ F
2x
+ F
3x
+ F
nx

= ab + bc + cd - de
Hay R
x
= ae
d chnh l dieu phai chng minh.
Vay c the viet
i
F R

=

V truc x l truc bat ky nen ta c:
R
x
= F
ix
= X
i

R
y
= F
iy
=
i

Neu k hieu X: l hnh chieu cua hop luc R th
X = X
i

F
Hnh 2.5
a b c e d
R
F
1

F
2

F
3

F
4

Hnh 2.4

X

16
=
i

R
2
= X
2
+
2

2.1.2 Diu kien can bang cua he luc phang dng quy
inh l 1: ieu kien can v du de mot he luc phang dong quy can
bang l da gic luc cua he phai tu dng kn.
0 ......... ..........
3 2 1
+ + +
n
F F F F

Bi tap v du: Mot bnh xe c trong luong G lan khong truot tren mot
mat phang nghieng c gc nghieng l bnh xe duoc gi thang bang bang
mot soi day mem cang // vi mat phang.

inh l 2 :ieu kien can v du de mot he luc phang dong quy o trang
thi can bang l tong dai so cc hnh chieu cua cc luc len hai truc toa do
phai bang 0.
X = X
i
= 0
=
i
= 0

Hnh 2.8
Q
N
T

Hnh 2.6
T
Q
N
P
S
2

S
1

Hnh 2.9
S
2

S
1

P
X

17
Bi tap v du: Mot khung cau treo mot vat nang trong luong P o dau
mt nhu hnh v. Biet gc = 60
o
. Tm cc phan luc tc dung nen cc thanh
Bi c the giai theo hai cch:
Dng phuong php hnh chieu
=
i
= - P + S
1
.sin = 0
sin
1
P
S =

X = X
i
= S
1
.cos - S
2
= 0
sin
cos .
2
P
S =

Dng phuong php hnh hoc
(hnh 2.9)

2.1.3 Dinh l ba luc dng quy can bang
inh l: Neu ta c ba luc phang khong song song can bang th chng
phai dong quy tai mot diem.
Chng minh: gia su ta c (F
1
, F
2
, F
3
) 0
Thay F
1
v F
2
bang R
1
, R
1
dat tai diem l giao diem cua hai dung
tc dung cua cc luc F
1
v F
2
.
Theo dau bi ta c (F
3
, R
1
) 0
Theo dinh luat 1 R
1
v F
3
phai c cng dung tc dung, tc l F
3
cng
phai di qua . inh l d duoc chng minh.

2.2 Ngau luc
2.2.1 Khi niem
Hnh 2.10
F
1

F
3

F
2


18
inh nghia: he luc gom hai luc song song tri chieu cng tri so goi l
mot ngau luc.
Ngau luc c cc tnh chat sau:
Ngau luc khong lm cho vat can bang.
Ngau luc khong tuong duong vi mot luc.
Ngau luc c xu hung lm cho vat chuyen dong quay.
T ba nhan xt tren ta thay de xc dinh duoc mot ngau luc ta can c
cc yeu to :
Mat phang tc dung cua ngau luc l mat phang cha cc luc.
Chieu quay cua ngau luc l chieu quay vng theo chieu tc dung cua
cc luc vi quy uc: chieu duong l chieu thuan chieu kim dong ho, cn
chieu am l chieu quay nguoc vi chieu kim dong ho.
Tri so mo men cua ngau luc: l dai luong xc dinh boi tch so
M = F.d
Trong d d l khoang cch gia hai luc, cn goi l cnh tay dn cua
ngau.
F l tri so cua cc luc.
M l dai luong vo hung c don vi l N.m
Ta thay cc yeu to xc dinh ngau luc gan tuong tu nhu cc yeu to xc
dinh luc
Vay c the ni ngau luc cng l mot dang toi gian cua he luc phang.
Ngui ta cng c the bieu dien ngau luc bang mot vc to sao cho:
Phuong cua vc to ngau luc vuong gc vi mat phang tc dung cua
ngau.
Hung cua vc to sao cho nhn t ngon vc to xuong mat phang tc
dung, ngau luc c xu hung quay theo chieu kim dong ho.
o di cua vc to bieu dien tri so cua momen ngau luc.

2.2.2 Cc dinh l v ngau luc
inh l 1: Hai ngau luc nam trong cng mot mat phang, c cng chieu
quay v tri so momen th tuong duong vi nhau.
Hnh 2.11
F
2

F
1

F
1

M

19
Chng minh: gia su c hai ngau luc (F
1
,F
1
) v (F
2
,F
2
) tc dung tren
cng mot mat phang tuong duong vi nhau, dung tc dung cua chng cat
nhau tai A,B,C,D.
Truot luc F
1
ve A v F
1
ve C
Phan tch cc luc F
1
v F
1
thnh cc luc F
3
,F
4
v F
3
, F
4
sao cho:
F
1
(F
3
,F
4
)
F
1

(F
3
, F
4
)
Trong d F
3
,F
3
c cng dung tc dung vi F
2
v F
2
: F
4
,F
4
hung
theo dung noi AC.
Hien nhien do tnh doi xng ta phai c F
4
= F
4

Nhu vay ngau luc (F
1
,F
1
) (F
3
,F
3
)
Hay m
1
= m
3

Theo gia thiet ta c: m
1
= m
2
= m
2
= m
3

M m
2
= F
2
.d
m
3
= F
3
.d
suy ra: F
2
= F
3

dinh l d duoc chng minh.
inh l 2: Mot ngau luc c the di den mat phang song song m tc
dung cua n khong thay doi.
inh l ny ta tha nhan m khong chng minh. Viec chng minh c
the tham khao theo (4).
Qua hai dinh l tren ta thay viec xc dinh mot ngau luc khong phu
thuoc vo vi tr cu the cua mat phang tc dung cng nhu hnh dang cu the
(phuong, tri so cc luc) cua hai ngau luc d. e c hai ngau luc tuong duong
ta can c:
Mat phang tc dung song song vi nhau.
Cng chieu quay.
Cng tri so.
oi vi nhng ngau luc cng nam trong mat phang th chi can hai yeu
to:
Cng chieu quay.
Cng tri so.
F
2

F
4

C
F
1

F
1

F
2

F
3

F
1

F
4

A
F
1

F
2

F
3

Hnh 2.12

20
Neu coi momen ngau luc l mot gi tri dai so c dau th dieu kien ny
tuong duong vi:
m
1
= m
2

He qua
He qua 1: ngau luc c the di den mot vi tr tuy trong mat phang tc
dung neu gi nguyen chieu quay v tri so momen cua n.
He qua 2:C the thay doi cnh tay dn cng nhu tri so cua luc mot
cch tuy mien l gi nguyen tri so momen v chieu quay cua n.

2.2.3 Hop ngau luc trong cng mat phang:
inh l: He ngau luc phang tuong duong vi mot ngau luc tong hop c
tri so momen bang tong dai so cc momen ngau luc thnh phan thuoc he.
m (m
1
,m
2
,m
3
,.. .. .. .. ..,m
n
) = m = m
1
+ m
2
+ m
3
+ .. .. .. .. +m
n

Chng minh: Gia su tren mot mat phang c mot he ngau luc m
i
tc
dung. Chon mot doan AB lm cnh tay dn chung
Theo he qua 1 ta c the thay m
1
= F
1
v F
1
lan luot dat tai A,B c
phuong vuong gc vi AB c tri so:
AB
m
F F
1 '
1 1
= =

Tuong tu ta c the thay the cc ngau luc m
1
,m
3
, ,m
i
bang cc cap luc
F
i
v F
i
lan luot dat tai A v B.
Tnh cc hop luc R = F
i
v R= F
i

Do tnh doi xng nen ve mat tri so ta c R = R
He ngau d duoc thay the bang mot he ngau mi
M = R.AB
Thay R = F
i
=m = F
i
.AB = m
i

2.3 He luc phang bat ky
2.3.1 Vc to chnh, momen chnh cua he luc phang
\c to chinh cua he luc phng
inh nghia: vc to R goi l vc to chnh cua he luc phang F
i
neu n l
tong cua cc vc to luc thuoc he.
i n
F F F F F R

= + + + + = .........
3 2 1

F
1

F
3

A
F
2

m
1

m
3

m
2

F
1

F
2

B
F
3

Hnh 2.13

21
Xc dinh vc to chnh
Phuong php hnh hoc (v)
Bat dau t goc toa do lan luot dat cc luc F
1
,F
2
, .. .. .. ..,F
n
noi tiep nhau
goc cua vc to ny trng vi ngon cua vc to kia, gi nguyen phuong chieu
cng tri so cua chng. Vc to R s dng kn da gic luc hop boi cc luc thnh
phan.
Phuong php hnh chieu
Hon ton tuong tu nhu doi vi he luc phang dong quy ta c.
R
x
= F
ix
= X
i

R
y
= F
iy
=
i

Trong d: R
x
, R
y
l hnh chieu cua vc to chnh cua he luc
F
i
l hnh chieu cua cc vc cua cc luc trong he

2.3.2 Momen chnh cua he luc phang doi vi 1 diem
Momen cua mot luc doi vi 1 diem
inh nghia: momen cua mot luc doi vi 1 diem l luong dai so c tri
so bang tch so gia tri so cua luc vi khoang cch t diem den dung tc
dung cua luc v c dau duong neu chieu quay cua luc nguoc chieu quay cua
kim dong ho so vi diem d, dau am khi quay theo chieu nguoc lai.

m
o
(F) = F.h
Trong d: m
o
(F) goi l momen cua luc F lay doi vi diem
diem goi l tam
h goi l cnh tay dn cua luc.
Momen chnh cua he luc phang lay doi vi diem
inh nghia: Momen chnh cua mot he luc phang lay doi vi mot diem
l tong dai so momen cua tat ca cc luc thuoc he doi vi diem d.
) (
i o o
F m M =

Trong d M
o
l momen chnh cua he luc phang lay doi vi diem
M
o
(F
i
) momen cua luc F
i
lay doi vi diem
2.3.3 Thu gon he luc phang
Dinh ly di luc song song
inh l thuan: Mot luc F tc dung tai diem A c the di song song den
diem B m tc dung cua n khong thay doi neu ta them vo d mot ngau luc
Hnh 2.14

h
F
A
Hnh 2.14
B
F
F F
m

22
phu. Momen cua ngau luc phu bang momen cua ngau luc lay doi vi diem
dinh di den.

F (F v M
B
(F))
Chng minh: gia su c luc F dat tai diem A
Tai diem dinh di den B ta them vo d mot he luc can bang gom hai
luc F v F vi dieu kien:
F v F c tri so bang nhau v bang tri so cua luc F.
F v F c phuong song song vi luc F.
Theo dinh luat 2 ta c F (F, F v F) F v (F, F)
M (F, F) l mot ngau luc c momen m = m
B
(F)
dinh l d duoc chung minh.
inh l dao: Mot luc v mot ngau luc dat cng trong mot mat phang
th tuong duong vi mot luc.
inh l ny ta tha nhan khong chng minh. Tuy nhien khi can c the
tham khao chng minh trong (4).
Ihu gon he luc phng ve mot tam
inh l: Mot he luc phang bat ky c the thu ve mot tam tuy thnh
mot luc v mot ngau luc. Luc dat tai diem v c vc to bang vc to chnh
cua he. Ngau luc nam trong mat phang cha luc v c momen bang momen
chnh cua he lay doi vi diem .
Chng minh: Lan luot thu cc luc F
i
ve tam ta thu duoc cc luc F
i

v cc momen m
o
(F
i
)
Cc luc F
1
,F
2
, .. .. .. ..,F
n
l cc luc dong quy chng tuong duong vi
mot hop luc R,
R (F
1
,F
2
,.. . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. F
n
.. )
Cac dang chuan cua he luc phng
Theo dinh l tren ta thay khi thu he ngau luc ve mot tam c the xay ra
mot trong cc tung hop sau:
He luc can bang, Vc to chnh bang khong va momen chnh bang
khong.
R = 0
m
o
= m
o
(F
i
) = 0
He luc tuong duong vi mot luc, Hop luc dat tai tam v bang vc to
chnh cua he.
R (F
1
, F
2
, F
3
, .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. ..F
n
): R = F
i

He luc tuong duong vi mot ngau (F
1
, F
2
,.. .. .. .. ... .. ., F
n
) m
o
(F
i
)
R = 0: m
o
= m
o
(F
i
)
He luc tuong duong vi mot luc v mot momen
R 0: m
0
0
Cc dang tren goi l trung hop toi gian cua he luc phang.


23
2.3.4 Diu kien can bang, phuong trnh can bang cua he luc phang
Dieu kien can bng
inh l: ieu kien can v du de mot he luc phang bat ky can bang l
vc to chnh cua he v momen chnh cua he lay doi vi mot tam bat ky phai
dong thi bang khong.
Tc l: vi mot diem bat ky ta phai c:
R = 0 v M
o
= 0
Phuong trinh can bng cua he luc phng:
Thuc t cho thay khi thu mot he luc phang ve mot tam ta duoc mot he
luc phang dong quy v mot momen ngau luc. p dung dieu kien can bang
cua he luc phang dong quy ket hop vi dieu kien ve ngau luc ta c ba dang
phuong trnh can bang sau:
Dang 1:ieu kien can v du de he luc phang can bang l tong hnh
chieu cua cc luc nen hai truc toa do vuong gc vi nhau v tong momen cua
cc luc lay doi vi mot diem bat ky tren mat phang phai dong thi bang 0.
Bieu dien dui dang ton hoc dieu kien ny tuong duong vi:
X = X
i
= 0
=
i
= 0
M
o
(F
i
) = m
o
(F
i
) = 0
Trong d: X, l hnh chieu tren hai truc x,y cua hop luc R
X
i
,
i
l hnh chieu cua cc luc F
i
tren hai truc toa do x, y.
M
o
l momen lay doi vi tam cua cc luc.
Dang 2: ieu kien can v du de he luc phang can bang l tong hnh
chieu cua cc luc nen mot truc bat ky v tong momen cua cc luc lay doi vi
hai tam tuy phai dong thi bang 0. Vi dieu kien dung noi hai tam khong
vuong gc vi truc chieu.
X = X
i
= 0
M
A
(F
i
) = m
A
(F
i
) = 0
M
B
(F
i
) = m
B
(F
i
) = 0
Dang 3: ieu kien can v du de he luc phang can bang l tong momen
cua cc luc lay doi vi ba tam bat ky khong thang hng phai dong thi bang
khong.
m
A
(F
i
) = m
B
(F
i
) = m
C
(F
i
) = 0
Phan chng minh ba dang ny c the tm thay trong (4).

2.5 Ma st v bi ton can bang khi c ma st
Tat ca cc bi ton can bang truc day deu xay dung tren co so gia
thiet be mat vat tron nhn v cc phan luc lien ket hung theo phuong php
tuyen vi be mat tua hoac vat tua. Tren thuc te dieu ny khong dng v nhieu
khi ket qua tnh ton khc kh xa so vi thuc te. V du khi mot vat nam
khong truot tren mot mat phang nghieng mot gc so vi mat nam ngang.
Theo dinh luat giai phng lien ket d hoc phan luc lien ket phai hung theo
phuong vuong gc vi mat nghieng. Mat khc ta cng biet trong luong G cua

24
vat bao gi cng hung xuong theo phuong thang dng. R rng rang neu chi
c hai luc ny vat khong the o trang thi can bang m phai chuyen dong.
ieu ny khong dng trong thuc te l vat van dng yen. Chi c the giai thch
duoc hien tuong tren neu gia su rang ngoi phan luc N hung vuong gc vi
mat nghieng cn mot luc khc c xu hung can tro chuyen dong cua vat sao
cho hop luc cua n vi phan luc N can bang vi trong luong G cua vat. Luc
can tro chuyen dong ny goi l luc ma st.

2.5.1 Ma st truot
Ihi nghiem Cu Long
Cho mot vat nam tren mat phang nam ngang. Mot luc F tc dong vo
vat theo phuong ngang. Tang dan gi tri cua luc F ta nhan thay vat chi bat
dau chuyen dong truot khi luc F dat den mot gi tri nhat dinh F
max
. T d suy
ra rang luc ma st truot c the c mot gi tri bat ky trong khoang xc dinh:
max
max
0 F F F
ms ms
=

Dinh luat ma sat truot:
Luc ma st truot ln nhat ty le thuan vi phan luc php tuyen cua vat.
F
ms
= .N
Trong d : N phan luc php tuyen tc dung len vat.
he so ty le cn goi l he so ma st truot.
Cc th nghiem cng chi ra rang he so ma st truot phu thuoc vo
nhieu yeu to nhu vat lieu, trang thi be mat tiep xc, nhiet do .v.v. Cc he so
ny c the tra trong cc so tay k thuat.
Coc ma sat
Xt mot vat chiu tc dung cua mot luc F nam ngang. Hop luc R cua
phan luc php tuyen N v luc ma st truot ln nhat s hop vi phuong thang
dng mot gc
ms
.gc ny goi l gc ma st. de dng thay rang
tg
ms
= hay arctg =
ms

Bi toan can bng khi ke den ma sat truot
Theo dinh luat 1 khi vat ran can bang th hop luc cua cc luc dat vo
vat phai bang khong. Hay ni cch khc ta phai c bieu thc:

F
ms

R
N
G
V
Hnh2.16

25
0 = + + + = =
ms i
F G N F F R

ay chnh l phuong trnh can bang cua vat trong dieu kien c ma st.
trong d: R l hop luc cua he.
N phan luc php tuyen dat tai diem tep xc.
G trong luong cua ban than vat.
F Tong cc ngoai luc tc dong len vat vo thi diem dang
xt.
F
ms
l luc ma st gi cho vat can bang
Mat khc neu coi kha nang truot cua vat theo tat ca cc phuong ngang
l nhu nhau gc ma st d ni o phan tren s v nen mot hnh nn c gc o
dinh l 2
ms
. De thay khi hop luc cua cc luc dat vo vat nam ben trong hnh
nn ma st th vat can bang, nghia l vat bi tu hm.
ieu kien de vat bi tu hm l hop luc cua cc luc dat vo vat cat nam
ben trong hnh nn ma st.

2.5.2 Ma st lan
Tuong tu nhu ma st truot ma st lan l hien tuong can tro chuyen
dong khi mot vat lan hoac c xu hung lan doi vi mot vat khc.
Ban chat cua ma sat ln
Mot vat c xu hung lan tren mot mat phang. Do vat lieu c tnh dn
hoi nen hai vat tiep xc vi nhau khong phai theo diem m theo mot dung
hoac mot mat. Do d xuat hien khong phai mot phan luc lien ket m l mot
he cc phan luc phan bo tren dung hoac mat tiep xc d. Su phan bo cua cc
luc ny khong deu nhung deu c diem chung l hung theo phuong php
tuyen, tc l hung vo tam cua vat lan. Hop cc phan luc R s hung vo
tam v c diem dat bi lech ra ngoi truc doi xng. Phan tch luc d thnh hai
thnh phan theo phuong thang dng N v phuong nam ngang F
ms
.
V vat van cn o trang thi can bang nen khi chieu tat ca cc luc len
truc thang dng ta c:
N = - P
N v P hop thnh mot ngau luc c tri so momen M goi l ngau luc ma
st
Bang th nghiem tuong tu nhu ma st truot c the xc dinh duoc rang
ngau luc ma st c the c tri so bat ky trong khoang t 0 den m
max
v ty le
thuan vi tri so cua luc php tuyen N.
max
0
ms ms
m m

Dinh luat ma sat ln:
tuong tu nhu doi vi ma st truot ngui ta xc dinh duoc rang
N k m
ms
.
max
=

Trong d: m l momen ma st lan

26
k l he so ty le phu thuoc vo vat lieu, trang thi be mat, do bien dang
cua be mat tiep xc. So vi he so ma st truot th he so k c gi tri nho hon
nhieu.
Ve nghia c the coi k l cnh tay dn cua ngau luc ma st, tc l
khoang cch gia hai luc P v N.
Can bng vat khi ke den ma sat ln
e vat can bang ta phai c tong cc ngau luc tc dong nen vat bang
khong. Tc l:
0 . = + = N k m m
i

Trong d m l momen ngoai luc lm vat c xu hung lan.
ay cng chnh l phuong trnh can bang cua vat lan khi c ma st.
T d suy ra dieu kien de vat khong lan l:
m k.N
Ket hop hai trung hop ma st lan v ma st truot ta c dieu kien de
mot vat lan khong truot tren mot vat khc s l:
F .N
M k.N
Hnh 3.14
P
N
F
Ciao trinh Co k thuat He luc khong gian

27
Chuong 3: He luc khong gian
1/ Muc dich:
Cung cap kien thc ve he luc khong gian, dang thu gon cua he luc
khong gian, cc phuong trnh can bang cua he luc khong gian.
2/ eu cau:
Biet phuong php thu gon he luc khong gian, lap duoc cc phuong
trnh can bang v giai cc an so cua he luc khong gian.
3.1 Vc to chnh, vc to momen chnh cua he luc khong gian:
3.1.1 vc to chnh
inh nghia: vc to chnh cua he luc khong gian l vc to tong cua cc
vc to luc thnh phan.

Gia su c he luc khong gian gom n luc F
1
,F
2
,F
3
, .. .. .. .. .. F
n
. Vc to R
s duoc xc dinh nhu sau:
k n
F F F F F R

= + + + = ....... ..........
3 2 1

Tuong tu nhu doi vi he luc phang viec xc dinh vc to chnh c the
theo hai phuong php:
Phuong phap hinh hoc (ve)
Chon mot diem bat ky lm tam (thong thung ngui ta chon goc toa
do) dat lan luot cc luc ke tiep nhau, gi nguyen phuong chieu v tri so cua
chng. Vc to R dng kn da gic luc hop boi cc luc thnh phan s l vc to
chnh cua he.
Phuong phap giai tich (Phuong phap hinh chieu)
Gia su X
i
,
i
,
i
lan luot l hnh chieu cua cc luc Fi tren ba truc toa
do, Tong dai so cua cc hnh chieu cua cc luc tren moi truc chnh l hnh
chieu cua vc to chnh cua he tren truc toa do d.
R
x
= X
i
= X
1
+ X
2
+ X
3
+ .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. + X
n

F3
F4
F3
F5
F1
F1
R
F2
F2

x
y
Hnh 3.1


28
R
y
=
i
=
1
+
2
+
3
+ .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. +
n

R
=
i
=
1
+
2
+
3
+.. ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .+
n

Tri so cua R s l:
2 2 2
z y x
R R R R + + =

Neu goi , , l gc gia vc to R vi cc truc toa do xy s c:
R
R
x
= cos
R
R
y
= cos
R
R
z
= cos
3.1.2 Mo men chnh cua he luc khong gian
Trong phan he luc phang momen cua mot luc doi vi mot diem l
luong dai so xc dinh bang tch so gia tri so cua luc v khoang cch t diem
d den dung tc dung cua luc. Momen c tri so duong neu n quay theo
chieu kim dong ho v c dau am trong trung hop nguoc lai.
Can c vo diem tren c the bieu dien momen bang mot vc to vi quy
uc sau:
iem dat cua vc to l diem can lay momen.
Phuong cua vc to vuong gc vi mat phang cha luc v diem
Chieu cua vc to momen sao cho t ngon vc to nhn xuong luc c xu
hung quay theo chieu kim dong ho.
Momen cua mot luc doi voi mot truc
inh nghia: Momen cua mot luc doi vi mot truc l mot luong dai so
xc dinh bang tch so gia hnh chieu cua luc len mat phang vuong gc vi
truc v khoang cch gia diem l giao diem cua mat phang vi truc den
hnh chieu cua luc len mat phang d.
M
x
(F) = m
o
(F) = F.d
Theo dinh nghia tren ta thy: Neu F song song vi truc hoac cat truc
th momen cua n vi truc s bang khong (c nghia l neu truc v luc dong
phang th momen cua luc vi truc s bang khong).
inh l: Momen cua mot luc doi vi mot truc bang hnh chieu tren
truc cua vc to momen cua luc lay doi vi diem nam tren truc.
M
x
(F) = M
ox
(F)
Momen chinh cua he luc khong gian doi voi mot diem.
Hnh 3.2
F
1

F
1

Mo


29
Momen chnh cua he luc khong gian doi vi mot diem l mot vc to
xc dinh bang tong cc vc to momen cua cc luc thuoc he lay doi vi diem
d.
) ( ..... .......... )......... ( ) ( ) ( ) (
3 2 1 n o o o o i o o
F m F m F m F m F m M

+ + = =

Tuong tu nhu vc to chnh, vc to momen chnh cua he c the xc dinh
bang phuong php hnh hoc hoac phuong php giai tch.
M
x
=m
x
(F
i
)= m
x
(F
1
) + m
x
(F
2
) + m
x
(F
3
) + + m
x
(F
n
)
M
y
=m
y
(F
i
)= m
y
(F
1
) + m
y
(F
2
) + m
y
(F
3
) + + m
y
(F
n
)
M
= m
(F
i
)= m
(F
1
) + m
(F
2
) + m
(F
3
) + + m
(F
n
)

3.2 Thu gon he luc khong gian
Trong phan he luc phang mot luc c the di den mot diem bat ky v
tuong duong vi mot luc v mot momen. Neu bieu dien momen d dui dang
mot vc to ta c dinhl: Mot luc dat tai diem A s tuong duong vi mot luc
song song v cng chieu vi n dat tai diem B v mot vc to momen bang vi
vc to cua luc lay doi vi diem B.
Chng minh dinh l ny tuong tu nhu chng minh dinh l di luc
trong he phang.
Thu gon mot he luc khong gian v mot tam
inh l: He luc khong gian tuong duong vi mot luc v mot ngau luc
dat tai mot diem bat ky. Luc c vc to bang vc to chnh cua he dat tai
diem . Momen c vc to bang vc to momen chnh cua he lay doi vi diem
.
) , ( ) ,........ , , (
3 2 1 o n
m R F F F F

Chng minh dinh l ny tuong doi don gian. Thay the moi luc F
i
bang
mot vc to luc F
i
v mot vc to momen m
o
(F
i
) dat tai diem . Ket qua l he
luc khong gian bat ky d duoc thay the bang mot he cc vc to luc v vc to
momen dong quy tai diem .
n i
F F F F F R

+ + + + = = ....... ..........
3 2 1

) ( ....... .......... ) ( ) ( ) (
2 1 n o o o i o o
F m F m f m F m m

+ + + = =

3.3 ieu kien can bang cua he luc khong gian
3.3.1 Diu kien
ieu kien can v du de mot he luc khong gian can bang l vc to chnh
v momen chnh cua he lay doi vi diem bat ky phai dong thi bang
khong.
0 = =
i
F R

0 ) ( = =
i o o
F m M


30
3.3.2 Phuong trnh can bang cua he luc khong gian
T dieu kien can bang tren neu chieu cc vc to luc v vc to momen
len he truc toa do th tong dai so cua chng cng phai bang khong.
0
1
=
n
kx
F

0
1
=
n
ky
F

0
1
=
n
kz
F

=
n
k x
F m
1
0 ) (

=
n
k y
F m
1
0 ) (

=
n
k z
F m
1
0 ) (

ay cng chnh l he phuong trnh can bang cua mot he luc trong
khong gian.
T he phuong trnh tren c the suy ra he phuong trnh can bang cua he
luc dong quy, he luc phang v he luc song song.
Ciao trinh Co k thuat Dong hoc diem

31
B: ONG HOC
Chuong 4: ong hoc diem
1/ Muc dich:
Cung cap nhng phuong php khao st chuyen dong cua chat diem
thung duoc su dung: Phuong php vc to, phuong php toa do de cc,
phuong php toa do tu nhien, trong he quy chieu d xc dinh. ong thi cung
cap nhng chuyen dong thung gap trong k thuat.
2/ eu cau:
Giai duoc nhng bi ton khao st chuyen dong cua diem (vat) gap
trong k thuat.

4.1 Cc khi niem co ban.
Dong hoc:
L mot phan cua mon co hoc l thuyet nghien cu cc dac tnh hnh
hoc cua chuyen dong m khong xt den cc nguyen nhan gay ra chng.
He quy chieu:
He toa do gan vi mot vat (chuan) ngui ta dng de xt chuyen dong
cua cc vat khc tuong doi so vi n goi l mot he quy chieu.
Trong co hoc l thuyet vat chuan thung duoc chon l mat dat.
Khong gian, thi diem v thi gian.
Khong gian trong co hoc l khong gian ocolt ba chieu. trong d cc
dai luong do lung xc dinh theo phuong php hnh hoc ocolt m chng ta
d hoc.
Thi gian trong co hoc l thuyet l mot dai luong vo hung luon luon
bien doi v duoc xem nhu l bien so doc lap. Tat ca cc dai luong bien doi
khc deu duoc coi l mot hm so cua thi gian (van toc, gia toc .v.v)
Thi gian xay ra nhu nhau doi vi moi he quy chieu
e tnh thi gian ta phai chon mot thi diem no d lm thi diem dau
(t=0), thi diem t l thi gian ke t thi diem dau den thi diem dang xt,
gia hai thi diem lien tiep l mot khoang thi gian. Tat ca cc gi tri khao
st deu chi dng cho mot thi diem v trong mot khoang thi gian nhat dinh.
Qu dao:
ung cong lien tuc m dong diem vach trong khong gian duoc goi l
qu dao chuyen dong cua diem (khi niem chuyen dong thang, chuyen dong
cong).
Phuong trinh chuyen dong.
e xc dinh vi tr cua vat trong khong gian ngui ta phai dng mot so
thong so no d (V du: toa do, gc, cc thong so ny goi l cc thong so
dinh vi)
Mot chuyen dong duoc coi l xc dinh khi tai bat c thi diem no c
the xc dinh vi tr cua n trong khong gian, tc l biet duoc cc thong so dinh
vi cua n.

32
Phuong trnh bieu dien su bien doi cua cc thong so dinh vi theo thi
gian goi l phuong trnh chuyen dong.
\an toc:
l dai luong bieu dien cho phuong, chieu v toc do chuyen dong cua
dong diem
e c the bieu dien van toc tai mot diem ngui ta dng mot vcto V
trong d:
Phuong cua vcto V l phuong tiep tuyen vi qu dao chuyen dong tai
thi diem dang xt.
Chieu cua vcto V trng vi chieu chuyen dong.
Tri so cua vcto V l gi tri van toc tai thi diem d.
Gia toc: l dai luong bieu thi cho su bien thien cua van toc
ay l dai luong vcto k hieu
a

4.2 Cc phuong php xc dinh chuyen dong cua diem.
4.2.1 Phuong php vc to:
Vi tr cua diem M trong khong gian hon ton c the duoc xc dinh
bang mot vcto r goc l mot diem co dinh bn knh M O

. Khi vi tr cua diem
M thay doi theo thi gian th vcto r thay doi ca ve phuong, chieu v tri so.
Nhu vay, de xc dinh vi tr cua diem M ta can biet quy luat bien thien cua
vcto r theo thi gian ni cch khc l ta can c phuong trnh:
r = r (t)

4.2.2 Phuong php toa do:
Tuong tu nhu trung hop tren vi tr cua mot diem M tai mot thi diem
hon ton c the xc dinh bang toa do cua n tren mot he truc toa do co dinh
xy. Ni cch khc can phai c phung trnh:
x = x (t) : y = y (t) : = (t)
Trong d x(t), y(t), (t) l cc hm so bieu dien su bien thien toa do
cua dong diem.

4.2.3 Phuong php tu nhien:
Khc vi hai phuong php tren phuong php tu nhien duoc su dung khi
d biet qu dao chuyen dong cua diem. Tren qu dao ngui ta lay mot diem
0 lm goc v quy dinh hai chieu am duong cua chuyen dong. Vi tr cua diem
M tai mot thi diem c the xc dinh neu biet do di dai so cung M (cn goi
l toa do cong). Vay chuyen dong goi l xc dinh neu ta biet quy luat bien
thien cua doan dung s = M theo thi gian. Tc l ta can c phuong trnh:
s = s (t)

33

y
- 0 +

x

s
(t)
M
Hnh 4.1

4.3 Khao st chuyen dong theo phuong php tu nhien.
4.3.1 Khao st chuyen dong.
Nhu tren d trnh by de xc dinh mot chuyen dong theo phuong php
tu nhien ngui ta can phai biet.
Qu dao chuyen dong.
Goc toa do bat dau khao st chuyen dong v quy dinh chieu.
Phuong trnh chuyen dong s = s (t)
Can c vo cc yeu to d ta phai tm nhng dai luong dac trung cn lai
cua chuyen dong l van toc V v gia toc a.

4.3.2 Xc dinh van toc.
Cho mot chuyen dong c phuong trnh s = s (t)
Gia su trong mot thi gian t rat nho t = t
2
- t
1
, diem di chuyen duoc
mot doan
1 2
M M = s = s
2
- s
1

Van toc trung bnh cua diem tren doan dang xt s l:
t
s
t t
s s
V
b t
=
1 2
1 2

Neu lay gii han cong thc t0 ta s duoc van toc tc thi cua diem
tai thi diem t.
,
0
lim s
dt
ds
t
s
V
t
= =
=

Hnh 4.2

s

0
1
M
M
2

34
Ket luan: Van toc tc thi cua dong diem tai thi diem t c gi tri bang
dao hm bac nhat cua phuong trnh chuyen dong theo thi gian t tai thi
diem d.
4.3.3 Xc dinh gia toc
Viec chng minh cong thc xc dinh gia toc cua diem chuyen dong
theo phuong php tu nhien tuong doi phc tap, ta c the tham khao trong cc
gio trnh khc (4) o day ta tha nhan m khong chng minh cc diem sau:
Gia toc a cua dong diem tai mot thi diem t bao gi cng nam trong
mat phang hop boi tiep tuyen v php tuyen n vi dung cong qu dao tai
thi diem dang xt.
Gia toc a bao gi cng c the phan tch thnh hai thnh phan:
a
l thnh phan tiep tuyen cn goi l gia toc tiep

a
n
l thnh phan gia toc php tuyen hay goi tat l gia toc php

n
a a a

+ =

" ' s v
dt
dv
a = = =

2
v
a
n
=

v a
v a
n
vuong gc vi nhau nen ta c:
2 2
n
a a a + =

Trong d v l van toc cua dong diem.
v l dao hm bac nhat cua van toc.

M
0
V
M
V
1
1
Hnh 4.3
0
M
2
M
a
t
a
n
V
Hnh 4.4

35
l bn knh cong cua qu dao chuyen dong tai thi diem dang xt.
nghia vat l cua a
v a
n
:
a
dac chung cho su bien thien cua gia toc tri so

a
n
dac chung cho su bien thien cua gia toc ve hung.
Ahan xt:
V a
l dao hm bac nhat cua van toc v dao hm bac hai cua qung
dung nen do quy luat bien thien cua cc dai luong ny m n c the c cc
gi tri duong, am hoac bang khong.
Neu a

cng dau vi v ta c hai vc to a

v v cng chieu v chuyen
dong dang khao st l chuyen dong nhanh dan. Nguoc lai neu a
khc dau vi
v ta c hai vc to nguoc chieu v chuyen dong l chuyen dong cham dan.
Neu nhu a
= 0 suy ra v = const ta c chuyen dong deu.

Gi tri a
n
luon ln hon khong v luon luon c hung vo pha tam cua
dung cong.
Cac chuyen dong thung gp
Chuyen dong thang: =
Rt ra ta c a
n
= 0
a = a
= v = s
chuyen dong thang deu: = , v = const
Thay vo cc bieu thc pha tren ta c
a
n
= 0
a
= 0
a = 0
s = v.t + s
o

Chuyen dong thang bien doi deu: = , a = const
V = a.t + v
o

o o
s t v
t a
s + + = .
2
.
2

Chuyen dong trn: = R = const
Chuyen dong trn deu: = R = const, v = const
Khi d a
= v = 0
a
n
= v
2
/R = const
a = a
n

s= s
o
+ v.t
Chuyen dong trn bien doi deu: = R = const, a
= const
Khi d v = v
o
+ a
.t
o o
s t v
t a
s + + = .
2
.
2

Trong tat ca cc cong thc tren v
o
v s
o
l van toc v qung dung ban
dau cua chuyen dong. Neu ta lay thi diem bat dau khao st l t = 0 th thong
thung qung dung s
o
s bang khong.

36

4.4 Khao st chuyen dong theo phuong php toa do
Trong phuong php toa do vi tr cua diem trong khong gian hon ton
xc dinh duoc neu biet r quy luat bien thien toa do cua n. Nghia l neu biet
3 phuong trnh chuyen dong:
X = x(t)
= y(t)
= (t)
Neu goi x, y, l toc do bien thien cc toa do cua dong diem M
theo thi gian t th hien nhien ta c:
v
x
= x(t)
v
y
= y(t)
v
= (t)
Ngui ta cng chng minh duoc rang tai moi thi diem t th cc dai
luong v
x
, v
y
, v
chnh l hnh chieu cua van toc v tai thi diem d tren he truc
toa do. V vay:
2 2 2
z y x
v v v v + + =

Gia toc: tuong tu nhu trung hop xc dinh van toc, doi vi gia toc ta
c:
a
x
= v
x
= x
a
y
= v
y
= y
a

= v
=
2 2 2
z y x
a a a a + + =

Ciao trinh Co k thuat Chuyen dong co ban cua vat rn

37
Chuong V: Chuyen dong co ban cua vat ran
1/ Muc dich:
Trang bi nhng kien thc ve chuyen dong co ban cua vat ran, cua chat
diem thuoc vat ran.
2/ eu cau:
Tnh ton duoc cc chuyen dong thung gap trong k thuat.

5.1 Chuyen dong tinh tien cua vat ran.
Dinh nghia:
Chuyen dong tinh tien l chuyen dong cua vat ran trong d bat ky
dung thang no thuoc vat deu chuyen dong song song vi chnh n.
Ch :
Khong nham lan chuyen dong tinh tien vi chuyen dong thang
Iinh chat:
Vi chuyen dong tinh tien ta c dinh l sau day:
Trong chuyen dong tinh tien moi diem cua vat v len nhng qu dao
dong nhat v o moi thi diem chng c van toc v gia toc nhu nhau.
Ket luan:
Nhu vay de khao st chuyen dong tinh tien cua vat ran ta chi can khao
st chuyen dong cua mot diem thuoc vat.

5.2 Chuyen dong quay cua vat ran quanh mot truc co dinh.
Dinh nghia:
Chuyen dong quay cua vat ran l chuyen dong trong d c hai diem
no d thuoc vat (hoac gan lien vi vat) luon luon co dinh trong suot thi
gian chuyen dong
Hnh 5.1
II
B
A
I

38
De dng thay rang neu noi lien hai diem co dinh A,B th moi diem tren
doan AB s luon luon co dinh trong suot thi gian chuyen dong (vat ran tuyet
doi).
AB goi l truc quay.
Neu lay mot diem M thuoc vat ha dung MC vuong gc vi truc quay
AB, C nam tren truc. C the thay rang do doan CM khong doi nen diem M s
nam tren vng trn bn knh CM thuoc mat phang vuong gc AB tai C.
Ket luan:
Tat ca cc diem tren vat ran deu chuyen dong quay trn tren mat
phang vuong gc vi truc v c tam nam ngay tren truc quay.

5.3 Khao st chuyen dong
5.3.1 Phuong trnh chuyen dong.
e xc dinh vi tr cua vat the ngui ta lm nhu sau: Dng hai mat
phang, mat phang 1 co dinh qua truc, mat phang 2 cat qua truc gan lien vi
vat v quay cng vi vat. Gc gia hai mat phang k hieu l
R rng vi moi vi tr cua gc ta c mot vi tr xc dinh cua vat the.
Nhu vay de bieu dien duoc quy luat bien thien cua vat the ngui ta chi
can biet duoc phuong trnh bieu dien su bien thien cua gc theo thi gian t.
= (t) tnh ra radian
ay chnh l phuong trnh chuyen dong cua vat quay.
Dau cua duoc quy dinh nhu sau:
0 neu nhn t truc vat c xu hung quay nguoc chieu kim dong
ho. 0 neu nguoc lai.
5.3.2 Van toc cua chuyen dong (Van toc gc)
e xc dinh toc do bien thien cua gc theo thi gian ngui ta dng
mot dai luong dac trung l goi l van toc gc. Cng nhu cc trung hop
khc khi xc dinh van toc gc ngui ta dng cong thc.
'
= =
dt
d
(rad/s)
Trong k thuat van toc gc thung tnh bang vng/pht gia hai don vi
ton tai moi lien he:
30 60
2 n n
= =
(rad/s)
Van toc gc c the c gi tri duong hoac am v n cho biet chieu
quay cua vat the.
Neu 0 vat quay theo chieu duong.
Neu 0 vat quay theo chieu am.
5.3.3 Gia toc gc:
Vat ran c the quay nhanh, cham hay khong doi ni cch khc van toc
gc c the duong, am hoac bang khong tuy theo tng thi diem cua thi

39
gian. ai luong dac trung cho su bien thien cua van toc gc theo thi gian
goi l gia toc gc .
)
1
( " '
2
2
s dt
d
dt
d

= = = =

e dnh gi mot chuyen dong quay can phai can c vo ca hai gi tri
v .
Neu v cng dau vat c chuyen dong nhanh dan.
Neu v nguoc dau vat c chuyen dong cham dan.

Cac chuyen dong quay thung gp.
Chuyen dong quay deu: = const
= d/dt=0
d = .dt
=
0
+t
Chuyen dong quay bien doi deu: = const
d = dt
=
0
+t
d = dt
=
0
+
0
t + .t
2
/2
Trong cc cong thc tren , , l gc quay, van toc gc v gia toc
gc cua chuyen dong.
o
,
o
,
o
gc quay, van toc gc v gia toc gc ban dau khi khao st

5.4 Chuyen dong cua diem thuoc vat quay quanh mot truc co dinh
5.4.1 Quy dao chuyen dong.
Phan tren ta d trnh by v chng minh mot diem M bat ky thuoc vat
deu chuyen dong trong mat phang vuong gc vi truc quay v quay trn
quanh truc vi tam quay nam ngay tren truc. Vay qu dao cua diem M s l
mot vng trn bn knh R.

5.4.2 Van toc.
Van toc chuyen dong cua diem M khi d biet qu dao duoc xc dinh
theo cong thc cua chuyen dong trn.
V = ds/dt
Neu biet gc quay v bn knh R ta c the tnh duoc qung dung s
theo cong thc.
s = R.
Vay V= ds/dt = R. d/dt = R.

40
e phan biet vi van toc gc ngui ta goi van toc V cua M l van toc
di.
V tai cng mot thi diem vat chi c mot gi tri xc dinh cua van toc
gc nen theo cong thc tren suy ra:
Van toc cua cc diem thuoc vat quay ty le thuan vi khoang cch cua
chng ti truc quay.
5.4.3 Gia toc.
Theo phuong php tu nhien ta chia gia toc a thnh hai phan: a = a
t
+a
n
Ta lai c
dt
dV
a
t
=
Ket hop v = R. ta c:
. R
dt
d
R
dt
dV
a
t
= = =

2
2 2 2
.
R
R
R V
a
n
= = =

2 4 2 2 4 2
+ = + = R R R a
Hnh 5.2
v
0
a
n
t
a R
Ciao trinh Co k thuat Chuyen dong song phng cua vat rn

41
Chuong VI: Chuyen dong song phang cua vat ran
1/ Muc dich:
Trang bi nhng kien thc khi khao st mot dang chuyen dong phc
tap nhung thung gap trong thuc te k thuat d l chuyen dong song phang
(hay goi l chuyen dong phang).
2/ eu cau:
Giai quyet duoc cc bi ton lien quan den chuyen dong cua mot so co
cau, bo phan cua my, thiet bi c chuyen dong song phang.
6.1 Khi niem chung.
Dinh nghia:
Chuyen dong song phang cua vat ran l chuyen dong m tat ca cc
diem thuoc vat trong suot qu trnh chuyen dong deu song song (gi nguyen
khoang cch) vi mat phang co dinh no d.

Iinh chat:
Neu ta dng mot mat phang xy song song vi P cat vat ran theo mot
tiet dien S th:
Trong qu trnh chuyen dong dien tch S luon nam trong mat phang
xoy d chon.
Vi tr cua tat ca cc diem cn lai tren vat the deu c the xc dinh duoc
neu ta xc dinh duoc vi tr cua tiet dien S tren mat phang xy song song vi
mat chuan.

6.2 Khao st chuyen dong song phang
6.2.1 Thuc chat cua chuyen dong.
Dinh ly 1
Hnh 5.3
P
0
y
x

42
Chuyen dong song phang cua vat ran thuc chat l mot su thuc hien
dong thi chuyen dong tinh tien cua vat cng vi mot diem no d goi l
cuc v chuyen dong quay quanh cuc.
Chung minh:
Gia su tai thi diem t vat c vi tr nhu doan thang AB, sang thi diem t
1

vat c vi tr khc v doan AB s gi vi tr A
1
B
1

Neu lay A lm cuc v coi chuyen dong cua A l xc dinh ta c the di
chuyen vat t vi tr t den t
1
nhu sau:
Tinh tien vat theo A den vi tr A
1
khi d B s o vi tr B
1
.
Quay vat quanh A
1
cho den khi B
1
trng vi B
1
gc quay k hieu l
Neu biet su bien thien vi tr cua A de xc dinh vi tr cc diem cn lai ta
chi can biet them su phu thuoc cua gc quay theo thi gian tc l can phai
c phuong trnh :
=(t)
Dinh ly 2:
Trong mot chuyen dong song phang tai cng mot thi diem neu ta
chon cuc khc nhau s c cc chuyen dong tinh tien khc nhau nhung
chuyen dong quay quanh cuc thuc hien giong nhu nhau (cc chuyen dong
quay khong phu thuoc vo cuc)

Hnh 5.4
B
A
B'
A
B
1
1
1
Hnh 5.5
M
C
1
1
D
M
D
C

43
Chung minh:
C the chng minh de dng nhu sau: T C k CM//AB gc gia CM v
CD l . V vat ran nen khong doi trong suot qu trnh chuyen dong
Khi di t vi tr t den t
1
, AB phai quay di mot gc . Hien nhien CM
cng quay di mot gc . e gi cho D
1
C
1
M
1
= r rng CD cng phai quay
di mot gc . inh l d duoc chng minh.
6.2.2 Van toc cua mot diem thuoc vat.
Dinh ly 1:
Van toc cua moi diem M thuoc vat the trong chuyen dong song phang
bang tong hnh hoc van toc cua diem cuc v van toc cua diem M trong
chuyen dong quay quanh cuc
V
M
=V
+V
M

Ch :
V
M
l van toc quay cua diem M quanh (cuc viet sau)
Chung minh:
Van dung kien thc d hoc ta c the chng minh nhu sau:
Gan vo mot he truc x
1
y
1
song song vi he dau. Ta thay diem
chuyen dong tinh tien so vi he truc xy. iem M trong he x
1
y
1
chuyen
dong quay M=const. Vay chuyen dong cua he x
1
y
1
l chuyen dong theo,
chuyen dong cua M trong he x
1
y
1
l chuyen dong tuong doi.
V
td
=V
M
=V
tgd
+V
t
=V
M
+V
0
Ch :V diem khong ni cu the nen ta c the chon lm cuc bat ky
diem no m ta biet van toc. Van toc quay M c the xc dinh bang cong
thc:
V
M
=.M
Chieu cua V
M
phu thuoc vo chieu quay cua
Dinh ly 2:
Hnh chieu van toc cua hai diem bat ky trong chuyen dong song phang
len dung thang noi 2 diem dat cua chng phai bang nhau.
Neu chon lm cuc: V
M
=V
+V
M

Chieu len M ta duoc: (V
M
)
0M
= (V
)
M
= suy ra (V
M
)
0M
= V
)
M
6.2.3 Gia toc cua mot diem thuoc vat.
Dinh ly:
Gia toc cua moi diem M trong chuyen dong song phang bang tong
hnh hoc gia toc cua diem cuc A v gia toc cua diem M trong chuyen dong
quay quanh A.
MA A m
a a a + =

Chung minh:
Tuong tu nhu doi vi van toc nen ta c:
n
MA MA MA
a a a + =

. AM a
MA
=
hung theo

44
2
. AM a
n
MA
=

6.3.3 Khao st chuyen dong bang phuong php quay tam tc thi.
Dinh nghia:
iem P thuoc mat cat tiet dien S duoc goi l tam van toc tc thi trong
chuyen dong song phang neu van toc cua n bang tai thi diem khao st.
Ch : iem P khong nhat thiet phai thuoc vat.
Chng minh su ton tai cua P.
Neu chon 0 lm cuc th tat ca moi diem thuoc vat deu c:
V
M
=V
+V
M

Hien nhien c the chon M P sao cho:
V
P
=V
+V
P
=0 suy ra V
P
=-V

Tc l van toc cua P quay quanh 0 nguoc chieu vi neu V
P
=. P
Ta rt ra cch xc dinh P neu biet V
v
Su phan bo van toc
inh l: Van toc cua moi diem trong chuyen dong song phang tai mot
thi diem phan bo giong nhu l vat d dang quay quanh tam van toc tc thi
tai thi diem d.
Chng minh:
Tai thi diem d chon lay P lm diem cuc V
P
=0
Vay V
M
=V
MP
=MP.
R rng V
M
vuong gc vi M
P
ph hop vi chieu quay
Cch xc dinh tam van toc tc thi P.
Khi biet V
A
v ta ni o phan tren.
Khi biet V
A
v V
B
( V
A
v V
B
khong song song) ta c:
V
A
=PA. P nam tren dung vuong gc vi V
A
tai A.
V
B
=PB. P nam tren dung vuong gc vi V
B
tai

B
P nam tren giao diem cua hai dung vuong gc tai A v B
Neu biet V
A
v V
B
, V
A
//V
B
v vuong gc vi AB ta c
V
A
=PA.
V
B
=PB.
Rt ta c:
PB
PA
V
V
B
A
=
Ty le tren chng to P l giao diem gia AB l dung noi gia hai dau
mt cua V
A
v V
B

Khi biet V
A
v V
B
, V
A
// V
B
v khong vuong gc vi AB V
A
= V
B
ta
c chuyen dong tinh tien tc thi.


45

A
B
v
A
v
B
P
Hnh 5.8
Hnh 5.7
A
B
A
v
v
B
P
Ciao trinh Co k thuat Chuyen dong tong hop cua diem

46
Chuong VII: Chuyen dong tong hop cua vat ran
1/ Muc dich:
Trang bi nhng kien thc ve chuyen dong co ban cua vat ran, cua chat
diem thuoc vat ran. T d ng dung vo mot so chuyen dong don gian gap
trong k thuat, trong mot so co cau my.
2/ eu cau:
Tnh ton duoc cc chuyen dong thung gap trong k thuat.

7.1 Khi niem.
T truc den nay khi khao st chuyen dong ta chi xem xt doi vi mot
he quy chieu v thung l he co dinh. Nhung trong nhieu trung hop qu dao
chuyen dong het sc phc tap v viec khao st nhu vay gap rat nhieu kh
khan, bi ton s don gian hon nhieu neu nhu ta dng them mot he quy chieu
na chuyen dong tuong doi so vi he th nhat v khao st viec chuyen dong
so vi he ny.

V du : Mot ngui di t tam ra ngoi doc theo dung knh cua mot
chiec du quay. Qu dao chuyen dong cua ngui d s l mot dung cong
aximt rat phc tap. Bi ton ny s don gian hon nhieu neu ta lay mot truc
toa do co dinh cn he truc th hai di qua tam quay v c mot truc hung theo
dng bn knh di cua ngui d. Ta thay he th hai quay quanh he th nhat vi
van toc quay cua du quay, ngui chuyen dong thang so vi he th hai m ca
hai he chuyen dong ny ta deu d biet cch khao st.
Can c vo viec chon he quy chieu v xt xem chuyen dong cua diem
doi vi he quy chieu no ta c cc khi niem.
Chuyen dong tuyet doi: l chuyen dong cua diem M so vi he quy
chieu co dinh. Tuong ng trong trung hop ny ta c qu dao, van toc, gia
toc tuyet doi
Hnh 7.1
0
0
M
x
y
1

47
Chuyen dong tuong doi: l chuyen dong cua diem M so vi he quy
chieu chuyen dong.Tuong ng ta c qu dao, van toc, gia toc tuong doi.
Chuyen dong theo: l chuyen dong cua he quy chieu dong so vi he
quy chieu co dinh.

7.2 Khao st chuyen dong tong hop cua diem.
7.2.1 Hai bi ton co ban:
Bi ton tong hop chuyen dong: khi biet chuyen dong cua diem so vi
he quy chieu chuyen dong v chuyen dong cua he dong so vi he tinh can
xc dinh chuyen dong cua diem so vi he co dinh.
Bi ton phan tch chuyen dong: Trong thuc te, dac biet trong k thuat
doi khi ngui ta chi biet chuyen dong cuoi cng t d ngui ta phai xc dinh
cc chuyen dong hop thnh chuyen dong d. Trong trung hop ny ta c bi
ton phan tch chuyen dong.
7.2.2 Dinh l hop van toc.
Neu ta k hieu V
td
l van toc tuyet doi, V
tgd
l van toc tuong doi, V
t
l
van toc theo ta c dinh l sau:
Van toc tuyet doi cua diem bang tong hnh hoc cc van toc tuong doi
v van toc theo.
V
td
=V
tgd
+V
t

inh l ny ta tha nhan khong chng minh.
Theo dinh l tren neu ta biet V
tgd
v V
t
th c the xc dinh gi tri cua
V
td
theo dinh l cosin:
V
2
td
= V
2
tgd
+V
2
t
-2V
tgd
.V
t
cos(-)
= V
2
tgd
+V
t
+2V
tgd
.V
t
.cos
Chieu cua vecto V
td
phai xc dinh theo nguyen tac hnh bnh hnh
7.2.2 Dinh l hop gia toc.
Gia toc tuyet doi cua diem bang tong hnh hoc cc gia toc tuong doi,
gia toc theo v coriloit
a
td
=a
tgd
+a
t
+a
c
.
Hnh 7.2

v
tgd
td
v
t
v

48
Trong d gia toc coriloit duoc xc dinh nhu sau:
Tri so: a
c
=2
t
.V
tgd
.sin
Trong d:
t
: van toc gc trong chuyen dong theo
V
tgd
: van toc tuong doi
: gc xen gia
t
v V
tgd

Thong thung gc thung bang 90
0
khi d ta c
a
c
= 2.
t
V
tgd

Chieu: ta quay V
tgd
di mot gc /2 theo dng chieu quay cua
t
Cc bi ton ng dung: xem hnh ben

7.2 Khi niem ve chuyen dong tong hop cua vat ran.
7.2.1 Phan loai cc chuyen dong theo cch chon he quy chieu .
Tuong tu nhu doi vi trung hop cua diem tuy theo trung hop ta xt
chuyen dong cua vat ran so vi he quy chieu no m ta c chuyen dong
tuyet doi, chuyen dong tuong doi v chuyen dong theo.

7.2.2 Khi niem v vcto van toc gc.
Van toc gc cua mot chuyen dong quay l mot dai luong vcto
hung doc theo truc quay, c gi tri bang gi tri cua v c chieu sao cho
nhn t ngon vecto xuong ta thay vat quay nguoc chieu kim dong ho.

Hnh 7.6
Hnh 7.4

h

V =
td
V, , h
Hnh 7.3

a = const
xd : V
td
Hnh 7.5


49
7.3 Hop hai chuyen dong quay cng chieu c hai truc song song.
Gia su c mot dia quay quanh truc II v truc II quay quanh truc I nhu
hnh v.
Chon he quy chieu co dinh gan vi truc I v he quy chieu di dong gan
vi truc II.
Mat phang cua dia c the coi nhu mot chuyen dong song phang lay
diem A lm cuc.
Nhu tren d ni mat phang dia thuc hien chuyen dong song phang.
Vay tai mot thi diem t no d phai ton tai diem C sao cho Vc=0 tc l tam
van toc tc thi cua chuyen dong.
Nhung theo cong thc hop van toc th.

V
ct
= V
C
.tg + V
ct
=0

e V
C
= 0 V
C
.tg v V
CT
phai cng tri so v nguoc chieu. V
1
v
2
cng chieu nen .
ieu ny chi xay ra neu C nam tren doan noi A v khi d:

V
C
.tg = AC.
2

V
CT
= C
1
Hnh 7.7

2

A
1

B
Hnh 7.8

2

A C
1

=
1
+
2


50

Rt ra :
AC
OC
=
2
1

Goi l van toc gc tong hop trong chuyen dong song phang ta s c:
V
A
=AC.
Nhung A l diem cuc trong chuyen dong theo v V
A
=A.
1

Nen AC.=A.
1

Hay
AC
OA
=
1
2

Tren ta c:
AC
AO
AC
OC
=
+
=
1
1 2
1
2

So snh 2.33 v 2.34 rt ra: =
1
+
2

Ket luan:
Hop hai chuyen dong quay c truc song song cng chieu l mot
chuyen dong song phang c cng chieu vi hai chuyen dong d c truc van
toc tc thi C nam trong doan noi hai truc v chia doan thang d ra lm hai
doan ty le nghich vi gi tri van toc gc d cho. Van toc gc cua chuyen
dong tong hop bang tong hai van toc gc tao thnh

7.4 Hai chuyen dong quay nguoc chieu.
Hon ton tuong tu nhu tren ta c the chng minh nhu sau:
Hop hai chuyen dong quay c truc song song nguoc chieu l mot
chuyen dong song phang c van toc gc bang hieu hai van toc gc d cho, c
chieu cng chieu vi chieu chuyen dong cua van tc gc ln hon, tam van toc
gc tc thi nam tren doan thang noi hai truc ko di v chia doan thang do
thnh hai doan ty le nghich vi van toc gc d cho.

Cong thuc \ilit.
Hnh 7.9

2

0

51
Cho hai bnh xe lan khong truot tren nhau cng gan tren mot tay quay.
Van toc gc bnh th nhat l
1
, bnh th hai l
2
, tay quay l
0
. Tm moi
lien he gia chng.

Neu tay quay co dinh
o
=0. ay l hop hai van toc song song ta c
1
2
2
1
R
R
=

Neu tay quay chuyen dong
0
0
e c the p dung cong thc tren ta phai quay ca he mot van toc gc
bang -
0
. Khi d:
1
=
1
-
0

0
=
0
-
0
=0
2
=
2
-
0

V ta p dung
0 2
0 1
1
2
'
2
'
1

= =
R
R

Cong thc tren goi l cong thc Vilt duoc lay km theo dau:
Dau (+) neu an khp ngoi
Dau (-) neu an khp trong.
Trong co cau tren neu bnh xe mot co dinh goi l co cau hnh tinh,
neu khong goi l co cau vi sai

7.5 Hop hai chuyen dong quay c truc giao nhau.
inh l: Hop hai chuyen quay c truc giao nhau s l mot chuyen
dong quay c truc di qua giao diem v c vecto van toc gc bang tong hnh
hoc cc vcto van toc gc d biet.
Hnh 7.10

A
1

C
2

0
Hnh 7.11

1

P
2


52
Neu nhu trong chuyen dong d biet mot diem c tam van toc tc thi
bang 0 tai mot thi diem no d th c the coi rang tai thi diem d truc quay
cua chuyen dong tong hop di qua giao diem v diem ay.
inh l ny ta tha nhan khong chng minh.

2

1

1

2
Hnh 7.12
Ciao trinh Co k thuat Co hoc vat rn bien dang: Ahng khai niem

53
PHN II: CO HOC VAT RAN BIEN DANG
Chuong VIII: Nhung khi niem
1/ Muc dich:
Cung cap nhng khi niem co ban nhu: Noi luc, ng suat v cc gia
thiet co ban ve vat lieu.
2/ eu cau:
Nam vng cc khi niem co ban ve noi luc, ng suat, bien dang de lm
co so cho cc phan tnh ton o cc chuong sau.

8.1. Nhiem vu v doi tuong nghien cu cua mon hoc:
8.1.1. Nhiem vu:
Co hoc vat ran bien dang nghien cu cc hnh thc bien dang cua vat
thuc, de tm ra nhng kch thuc thch dng cho moi co cau hoac tiet my
sao cho ben nhat v r nhat.
Trong ngnh che tao my hoac trong cc cong trnh, cc vat lieu nhu
thp gang, be tong.... l cc vat ran thuc. Nghia l vat the s bien dang, bi ph
huy dui tc dung cua ngoai luc, nhiet do.
Khi thiet ke cc bo phan cong trnh hoac cc chi tiet my ra phai dam bao:
- Chi tiet my khong bi ph huy tc l du ben.
- Chi tiet my khong bi bien dang qu ln tc l du cng.
- Chi tiet my luon gi duoc hnh dang can bang ban dau tc l dam
bao dieu kien on dinh.
Mon co hoc vat ran bien dang c nhiem vu dua ra cc phuong php
tnh ton do ben, do cng v do on dinh cua cc bo phan cong trnh hoac cc
chi tiet my.
8.1.2. Doi tuong nghien cu cua mon hoc l vat ran bien dang, m chu
yeu l cc thanh.

8.2. Khi niem ve thanh:
Thanh l mot vat the duoc tao ra do mot hnh phang F c tiet dien l
hnh trn hay hnh ch nhat... di chuyen trong khong gian sao cho trong tam

F

F

Truc thanh
Hinh 8-1
Truc thanh


54
C cua n luon luon o tren mot doan dung cong trong khong gian, cn
hnh phang th luon vuong gc vi dung cong . Chieu di dung cong
ln gap nhieu lan so vi kch thuc cua tiet dien F. Khi di chuyen nhu vay
hnh phang F dung len trong khong gian mot vat the goi l Thanh (Hnh 8-1).
- oan dung cong duoc goi l truc cua thanh. Hnh phang F duoc
goi l mat cat cua thanh.
- Truc thanh v mat cat ngang cua thanh l hai yeu to dac trung cho
khi niem thanh.
- Thanh c mat cat ngang khong thay doi hoac thay doi theo tng
doan. Trong tnh ton ta thung bieu dien thanh bang dung truc cua n (truc
thanh c the l dung thang hoac dung cong).
- Tm lai, dua theo kch thuc theo ba phuong: thanh l vat the c kch
thuc theo hai phuong nho so vi phuong th ba.

8.3. Noi luc - ng suat:
8.3.1. Ngoai luc:
Nhng luc tc dong t moi trung ben ngoi hay t cc vat khc len
vat the dang xt goi l ngoai luc. Ngoai luc bao gom tai trong tc dong v
phan luc tai cc lien ket. Can c vo hnh thc tc dung, ngoai luc duoc phan
ra luc tap trung v luc phan bo.
- Luc tap trung l luc tc dung tren mot dien tch truyen luc b, c the
coi l mot diem tren vat (luc P).
- Luc phan bo l luc tc dung tren mot doan di hay tren mot dien tch
truyen luc dng ke cua vat (hnh 8-2).

z

q()
p
Hnh 8-2

8.3.2. Noi luc:
Dui tc dong cua ngoai luc, vat the bi bien dang, cc luc lien ket gia
cc phan to cua vat tang len de chong lai su bien dang cua vat. o tang cua
luc lien ket chong lai su bien dang cua vat duoc goi l noi luc. Neu tang dan
ngoai luc th noi luc cng tang dan de can bang vi ngoai luc. Tuy tng loai
vat lieu, noi luc chi tang den mot gii han nhat dinh. Neu tang ngoai luc qu
ln, noi luc khong du sc chong lai, vat lieu s bi ph hong.

55

C

B

A

P
2
P
1
P
3
P
4

A

P
2
P
1
Hinh 8-3 Hinh 8-4

Muon xc dinh noi luc ta dng phuong php mat cat. Xt vat the chiu
luc o trang thi can bang (hnh 8-3). e tm noi luc tai diem C no d ta
tuong tuong dng mot mat phang qua C. Cat vat the ra lm hai phan A v
B. Ta xt mot phan no d. V du phan A (hnh 8-4), phan A can bang dui
tc dung cau cc ngoai luc tc dong len n (P1, P2) v he luc tuong ho phan
bo tren mat cat tc dong t phan B len phan A. He luc d chnh l noi luc
tren mat cat . T d ta c the xc dinh duoc noi luc qua gi tri cua ngoai
luc o phan A.

8.3.3. ng suat:
Tri so noi luc tren mot don vi dien tch cua mat cat duoc goi l ng
suat. Th nguyen cua ng suat l N/cm
2
, KN/cm
2
, k hieu P .
- Gia su lay mot diem C
no d tren mat cat phan A. Ta lay
mot dien tch F cha C. Tren dien
tch F c noi luc phan bo vi hop luc
c vc to P : ta c:
tb
P
F
P
=

tb
P : duoc goi l ng suat trung
bnh tai C.

Hinh 8-5
A

P

C

F

Chieu cua vc to
tb
P cng chieu vi vc to P . Neu F tien den khong
th
tb
P tien den mot gii han. Gii han d duoc goi l ng suat ton phan tai
diem C. K hieu P .
P = lim
F
P

F 0
Trong tnh ton ngui ta phan ng suat ton phan ra lm hai thnh
phan (Hnh 8-5).
- Thnh phan vuong gc vi mat cat duoc goi l ng suat php: k hieu

56
- Thnh phan nam trong mat cat duoc goi l ng suat tiep. K hieu: .
Nhu vay:
2 2
6 + = P
Nhng dieu va phan tch o tren doi vi A cng lm tuong tu nhu phan B

Hinh 8-6

P

C

B

F

T nay ve sau ta quy uc ve dau v cch viet ng suat nhu sau:
- ng suat php duoc coi l duong khi vc to bieu dien c chieu cng
vi chieu duong php tuyen ngoi mat cat. K hieu:
x
.
- ng suat tiep duoc coi l duong khi php tuyen ngoi cua mat cat
quay mot gc 90
o
theo chieu quay cua kim dong ho s trng vi chieu cua
ng suat tiep (hnh 8-7)

xy

x

z

xy
>

>

Mat cat
x

y

x

Hnh 8-8 Hnh 8-7

ng suat tiep km theo hai chi so. Chi so th nhat chi chieu php tuyen
ngoi, chi so th hai chi chieu ng suat tiep. V du:
x
,
xy
, (hnh 8-8).

8.3.4. Trang thi ng suat:
Neu qua C xt cc mat cat khc nhau th tuong ng vi moi vi tr cua
mat cat ta duoc mot vc to P c gi tri khc nhau. Tap hop moi ng suat P
ng vi tat ca cc mat cat qua C duoc goi l trang thi ng suat.

57
Ngui ta d chng
minh duoc: Qua mot diem
ta luon tm duoc ba mat cat
vuong gc vi nhau. Tren ba
mat cat d thnh phan ng
suat tiep = 0. Cc mat cat d
duoc goi l mat cat chnh,
ng suat tren mat cat d
duoc goi l ng suat chnh.
z
y
x
Q
p
F

Hnh 8-9
oi vi ba mat chnh xay ra ba trung hop:
- Trang thi ng suat don: Tren mot mat chnh c ng suat php. Tren
hai mat chnh cn lai ng suat php bang khong (hnh 8-8).
- Trang thi ng suat phang: Tren hai mat chnh c ng suat php.
Tren mot mat chnh cn lai ng suat php bang khong (hnh 8-9).
- Trang thi ng suat khoi: Tren ba mat chnh deu c ng suat php
(hnh 8-10).

Hnh 8-9
1

Hnh 8-8 Hnh 8-10
1

- Cc ng suat chnh duoc quy uc
1
,
2
,
3
(v gi tri dai so)
8.4. Cc thnh phan noi luc tren mat cat ngang.
Muon xc dinh noi luc ta phai dng phuong php mat cat (d trnh by
o muc 8.3).
Gia su xt su can bang cua phan phai hop luc cua he noi luc dac trung
cho tc dung cua phan tri len phan phai duoc bieu dien bang vc to P dat tai
kiem K no d (hnh 8-11)

58
.

My

Z

Y

X

Z

Y

R

K

X

Nz

Qy

Mx

Qx

Hnh 8-11 Hnh 8-12

Thu gon hop luc P dat tai diem K ve trong tam 0 cua mat cat ngang.
Ta s duoc mot luc R c vc to bang R v mot ngau luc c mo men M (vc
to chnh v mo men chnh cua he noi luc).
Luc R v M c phuong chieu bat ky trong khong gian. e thuan loi ta
phan R lm ba thnh phan tren he truc toa do vuong gc chon nhu hnh 8-12.
- Thnh phan nam tren truc goi l luc doc.
K hieu: N
- Thnh phan nam tren cc truc X v trong mat cat ngang goi l luc
cat. K hieu Qx, Qy. Ngau luc M cng duoc phan lm ba thnh phan.
- Thnh phan mo men quay xung quanh cc truc X, (tc dung trong
cc mat phang v X vuong gc vi mat cat ngang) goi l mo men
uon. K hieu M
x
v M
y
.
- Thnh phan mo men quay xung quanh truc (tc dung trong mat
phang cua mat cat ngang) goi l mo men xon. K hieu M
(hnh 8-12).
N
, Q
x
, Q
y
, M
x
, M
y
, M
l su thnh phan noi luc tren mat cat ngang.

Chng duoc xc dinh t dieu kien can bang tinh hoc de xc dinh noi luc dui
tc dung cua ngoai luc.

8.5. Quan he giua noi luc v ng suat tren mat cat ngang.
Goi ng suat tai mot
diem M(X,) bat ky tren mat
cat ngang (hnh 8-13) cc thnh
phan hnh chieu cua P l:
- ng suat php

- ng suat tiep duoc
phan tch lm hai thnh phan
x
,
y
.
Lay mot dien tch
phan to dF bao quanh M. Cc
luc phan to do cc ng suat gay
ra l
, dF,
y
dF,
x
dF.
Y

X

dF

M(xy)

zy

zx

z

Hnh 8-13


59
Tong cong tat ca cc tc dung cua cc luc phan to d tren ton the mat
cat, chnh l cc thnh phan noi luc tren mat cat ngang. T nghia d ta c
cc bieu thc lien he gia ng suat v cc thnh phan noi luc nhu sau:

dF Nz
F
z
.
}
= :

}
=
F
z
YdF Mx . :

}
=
F
z
XdF My .
(8-1) (8-2) (8-3)

}
=
F
zy
dF Qy ;
}
=
F
zy
dF Qx
(8-4) (8-5)

}
=
F
zx zy
dF Y X Mz ) ( (8-6)
- Rieng mat cat ngang trn tai diem M ta phan ra lm hai thnh phan:
- Mot thnh phan vuong gc
vi bn knh. K hieu
.
- Mot thnh phan hung theo
bn knh. K hieu
r
.
Ta c:
}
=
F
dF Mz

dF

M
z
r

Hnh 8-14

8.6. Bien dang:

8.6.1. Bien dang di:
Xt mot doan thang vi phan,
d tai diem C. Sau khi bien dang
doan vi phan d ny di ra doan d
+ d. Ta goi d l do dn di
tuyet doi cua doan d (hnh 8-14).
Ty so =
dz
dz
goi l do dn di ty
doi.

dz

-

-

dz +

dz

Hnh 8.15

60
8.6.2. Bien dang gc:

Gia su trong mat phang
X, ta lay hai doan thang vi phan
dx v dy vuong gc tai C (hnh 8-15).
Sau khi bien dang dx v dy tro thnh
dx' v dy': hnh chieu dx' v dy' tren
mat phang X khong vuong gc
vi nhau na m hop lai vi nhau
mot gc bang (
2
-
xy
). Ta goi
xy
l
bien dang gc trong mat phang X
tai diem C.

K hieu do bien dang gc l khong theo hai chi so chi mat phang xt
bien dang gc.

8.7. Cc gia thuyet co ban ve vat lieu:
8.7.1. Tnh dn hi cua vat the:
Dui tc dung cua ngoai luc hay nhiet do, vat the deu bi bien dang.
Qua th nghiem chng to rang, doi vi moi loai vat lieu, neu luc tc dung
chua vuot qu mot gii han xc dinh, khi bo luc vat the tro lai hnh dang v
kch thuc ban dau, tc l bien dang bi mat di. Ta ni vat the bi bien dang
dn hoi, nhng vat the c tnh chat bien dang nhu vay duoc goi l vat the dn
hoi hon ton.
- Neu luc tc dung vuot qu mot gii han xc dinh ni tren, th khi bo
luc, vat the khong tro lai hnh dang v kch thuc ban dau. Ta ni cc vat the
ny duoc goi l vat the dn hoi khong hon ton.
- Phan bien dang khong phuc hoi duoc goi l bien dang du.
8.7.2. Cc gia thuyet co ban v vat lieu:
Gia thuyet 1: Vat lieu c tnh chat dong nhat v dang hung, nghia l:
- The tch cua vat the c vat lieu, khong c khe ho.
- Tnh chat cua vat lieu o moi noi trong vat the deu giong nhau.
- Tnh chat vat lieu theo moi phuong deu nhu nhau (gia thuyet ny
dng vi vat lieu l kim loai, cn go, gach, be tong l khong dng).
Gia thuyet 2: Vat lieu c tnh chat dn hoi hon ton khi c luc tc
dung vat the bi bien dang, khi thoi tc dung luc vat the tro lai hnh dang v
kch thuc ban dau. Nhu vay vat the lm viec trong mien dn hoi. Trong
mien ny theo dinh luat Hc ta c: Bien dang cua vat the ty le bac nhat vi
luc gay ra bien dang.
- Thuc te gia thuyet ny chi dng vi kim loai.
Bieu thc ton hoc cua dinh luat Hc c dang sau:
- Trang thi ng suat don - ko dn theo mot truc:
z z
E

1
= (8-8)
x
y
o
dx
dy
C
A
B
C

2

xy
Hnh 8-16

61
- Trang thi truot thuan tu - chi c bien dang truot:
y x xy
G
.
1
= (8-9)

P

L

P

Hnh 8-17
L

L
Ciao trinh Co k thuat Co hoc vat rn bien dang: Ko nn dung tam

62
Chuong 9: Ko v nn dng tam
1/Muc dich:
Cung cap nhng kien thc khi khao st cc thanh chiu ko (nn) dng
tam: noi luc, ng suat, bien dang v xt dieu kien ben cua thanh.
2/ eu cau:
V duoc bieu do noi luc cua thanh, xc dinh duoc loai v gi tri ng
suat trong thanh. Tnh duoc do gin di cua thanh, xt dieu kien ben cua
thanh.
9.1. inh nghia:
Mot thanh goi l chiu ko hoac nn dng tam khi tren mat cat ngang
cua thanh chi c mot thnh phan noi luc l luc doc.
9.2. Bieu do noi luc:
Noi luc trong thanh chiu ko hoac nn l luc doc z N vuong gc vi mat cat.
- Bieu do noi luc l dung bieu dien su bien thien cua luc doc theo truc cua
thanh.
- Quy uc dau:
Luc doc duong khi thanh chiu ko (hnh 9-1)
Luc doc am khi thanh chiu nn (hnh 9-2)
V du 1: V bieu do luc doc cua mot thanh chiu luc nhu hnh v (H.9-
3) biet P
1
= 5.10
4
N: P
2
= 3.10
4
N: P
3
= 2.10
4
N
e v bieu do ta chia thanh lm hai doan l
1
v l
2
.
N 0 N 0
Hnh 9.2

2

P
1
P
1
P
2
P
3
P
2
1

P
1
N

z1

1

2

N
z2

2.10
4

5.10
4

Hnh 9-3
L
2
L
1

63
- Xt doan l
1
: Dng mat cat 1-1, khao st su can bang ben tri ta c:
= P
1
- N
1
= 0
P
1
= N
1
= 5.10
4
N
Khi mat cat 1-1 bien thien trong doan l
1
(0
1
l
1
) luc doc N1
khong doi v bang 5.10
4
N.
- Xt doan l
2
: dng mat cat 2-2, khao st su can bang ben tri. Ta c:
= P
1
- N
2
- P
2
= 0 N2 = P
1
- P
2

N
2
= 5.10
4
- 3.10
4
= 2.10
4
N.
Khi mat cat 2-2 bien thien trong doan l
2
(0
2
l
2
) luc doc N
2

khong doi v bang 2.10
4
.
- Bieu do luc doc tren suot chieu di thanh duoc bieu dien tren (H.9-3).
Honh do bieu dien truc thanh, tung do bieu dien luc doc tuong ng vi mat
cat tren truc cua thanh.

9.3. ng suat php tren mat cat ngang:
9.3.1. Quan st mau th nghiem chiu ko.
Mau l mot thanh c mat cat l hnh ch nhat, truc khi lm th
nghiem ta k cc dung vach song song v vuong gc vi truc thanh tren be
mat thanh (H.9-4). Nhng vach vuong gc vi truc thanh xem l vet cua mat
cat ngang. Khi thanh chiu ko hay nn ta nhan thay:

P

P

z

Hnh 9-4

- Truc thanh van thang.
- Nhng vach song song vi truc thanh van thang v song song vi truc
thanh.
- Nhng vach vuong gc vi truc thanh van thang v vuong gc vi
truc thanh, nhung khoang cch gia cc vach d c su thay doi. Khi chiu ko
cc vach cch xa nhau ra, khi chiu nn cc vach st gan nhau.
a) I cac nhan xt tren ta tha nhan hai gia thiet sau:
Gia thiet ve mat cat ngang phang: Trong qu trnh bien dang mat cat
ngang cua thanh luon luon phang v vuong gc vi truc thanh.
Gia thiet ve cc th doc: Trong qu trnh bien dang cc th doc khong
p len nhau v cng khong day xa nhau. Theo gia thiet ny ta tha nhan gia
cc th doc vi nhau khong pht sinh ng suat php (tc
x
=
y
= 0).
b) Ket luan: Dua vo hai gia thiet tren ta thay tren mat cat ngang cua
thanh chi c thnh phan ng suat php
cn thnh phan ng suat tiep bang

khong.

64
9.3.2. Dinh luat Hc:
Ta tch mot phan to boi hai mat cat ngang cch nhau mot doan d v
cc mat song song vi truc thanh (hnh 9-5). Phan to o trang thi ng suat
don.
- inh luat Hc: Khi vat the
lm viec trong mien dn hoi, ng
suat (
) ty le vi do bien dang ti doi
= .
(: mo dun dn ho cua vat lieu)

don vi: N/m
2
: MN/m
2
.
9.3.3. Bieu thc lien he giua ng suat php v luc doc.
T bieu thc o 5 ta c:
} }
= = =
F
z
F
z z z
F dF dF N .

Hay
F
Nz
z
=
N: luc doc - don vi l Niu Ton, k hieu: N, MN...
F: dien tch mat cat cua thanh - don vi l m
2
.
: ng suat php tren mat cat ngang - don vi l N/cm

2
hoac
2
m
MN

Dau (+) khi thanh chiu ko, dau (-) khi thanh chiu nn.
V du 2: Hy tnh ng suat trong thanh chiu luc nhu hnh 9-3. Biet
P
1
=5.10
4
N: P
2
=3.10
4
N: P
3
=2.10
4
N: F = 0,5.10
-2
cm
2
.

P
3
5.10
4

Hnh 9-4
2.10
4

P
2
P
1
A
B
C

Bi giai:
- Bieu do luc doc d duoc v o v du 1.
- Nhn tren bieu do luc doc ta thay tren doan AB c gi tri luc doc ln
nhat. N
AB
= 5.10
4
N, dong thi mat cat ngang khong doi (F =0,5.10
-2
cm
2
) nen
ng suat php ln nhat s xuat hien tai mat cat trong doan AB.
Ta c:
2 4 2
2 2
4
max
/ 10 / 107
10 . 5 , 0
10 . 5
cm KN cm N
cm
N
z
= = =

- Trong doan BC c N
Bc
= 2.10
4
N
Vay ng suat trong doan BC l:
d


65
2 6
2
4
/ 10 . 4
10 . 5 , 0
10 . 2
cm N
F
Nz
BC
ZBC
= = =

9.4. Bien dang, tnh do gian di cua thanh:
Goi l l chieu di ban dau cua thanh, khi chiu ko thanh di ra mot
doan l. Nguoc lai khi chiu nn thanh co lai. Ta goi l l do dn di tuyet doi
cua thanh. K hieu: l.
- o dn di tuyet doi cua thanh l = L
1
- L
- o bien dang ty doi
L
l
z
=
Theo dinh luat Hc: Khi luc tc dung chua vuot qu mot gii han nhat
dinh th do dn di tuyet doi ty le thuan vi luc tc dung (H.9-5).
P = N: F (dien mat cat tren suot chieu di thanh). Ta c:
F E
L Nz
L
.
.
= (m)
N: luc doc(N)
F: dien tch mat cat (cm
2
, m
2
)
: mo dun dn hoi cua vat lieu (N/cm
2
)
V du: Tnh do bien dang di tuyet doi c bac chiu luc nhu H.9-6.

P

P

Hnh 9-5
L
1
L

Hnh 9-6
P
1
P
3
A

B

C

E

D

2kN
N
3kN
N
4kN
N
P
2
L
2
L
1
L
3
L
4

66
Biet l
1
= 50cm: l
2
= 60cm: l
3
= 20cm: l
4
= 60cm: F
1
= 10cm
2
: F
2
=
20cm
2
:
= 2.10
4
KN/cm
2
. P
1
= 2KN: P
2
= 5KN, P
8
= 7KN
Bi giai:
Bieu do luc doc duoc v tren hnh 9-6 chia thanh lm 4 doan AB, BC,
CD v D. Trong moi doan ty so N/F l hang so. Ta c:
4
4 4
3
3 3
2
2 2
1 1
1 1
EF
l N
EF
l N
EF
l N
F E
l Nz
l + + + =
20 . 10 . 2
60 . 4
20 . 10 . 2
20 . 3
10 . 10 . 2
20 . 3
10 . 10 . 2
50 . 2
4 4 4 4
+ = l
l = - 0,5 . 10
-4
cm
Nhu vay cot bi co lai.

9.5. ieu kien ben:
9.5.1. ng suat cho php:
Khi tnh sc ben cc chi tiet, cc ket qua tnh ton phai dam bao cho
chng khong bi ph hong. Muon vay ng suat tnh ton ln nhat tai mot diem
no d trong qu trnh chiu luc khong duoc vuot qu mot gii han quy dinh
cho tng loai vat lieu. Ta goi d l ng suat gii han nguy hiem. Trong bi
ton ko, nn dng tam, doi vi vat lieu gin ta chon ng suat nguy hiem l
gii han ben (
B
). Vat lieu do ta chon ng suat nguy hiem l gii han chay
(
chay
).
- e dam bao an ton trong thuc te ngui ta thung su dung mot gi tri
ng suat b hon ng suat nguy hiem goi l ng suat cho php. K hieu .
- oi vi vat lieu do:
K
=
n
=
n
ch

- oi vi vat lieu gin, kha nang chiu nn tot hon chiu ko, nen ta c:
n
] [ =
n n
K
B
K
n
B

= ] [

- n: l he so an ton, c gi tri ln hon 1.
9.5.2. Diu kien bn cua thanh chiu ko - nn dng tam:
oi vi vat lieu do: ] [
max
=
F
N
z

oi vi vat lieu gin: ] [ ; ] [
min max n
z
K
z
F
N
F
N
= =
Trong d:
max
: ng suat ko ln nhat
min
: ng suat ko nn c tri so b nhat
(hay c gi tri tuyet doi ln nhat khi nn)

67
nghia: phuong php tm nhng diem c tri so ng suat php ln nhat
khi ko hoac khi nn cho php xc dinh cc diem nguy hiem. Khi diem nguy
hiem d thoa mn dieu kien ben th tat ca cc diem cn lai deu thoa mn. R
rng phuong php kiem tra l don gian nhung do an ton ln.
- T dieu kien ben ta suy ra ba bi ton co ban sau:
a) Kiem tra ben:
Gia su biet vat lieu (biet ng suat cho php) biet kch thuc mat cat (F)
v luc tc dung, ta c the kiem tra duoc do ben cua thanh theo cong thc:
] [
max
=
F
N
z

Thoa mn dieu kien ny, ta ket luan l thanh du ben.
b) Chon kich thuoc mt ct ngang:
] [
z
N
F
c) Xac dinh tai trong cho php:
N
max
F.

9.6. V du - Bi tap:
V du 4: Kiem tra ben cua thanh chiu nn hnh 9-6 bang thp xay dung
c mat cat F
1
= 10cm
2
, F
2
= 20cm
2
: = 1,4.10
2
MN/m
2
.
Bi giai:
O v du 3 chng ta d v duoc bieu do luc doc cua thanh c:
N
1max
= 3KN: N
2max
= - 4KN
T cong thc dieu kien ben: ] [
max
=
F
N
z
ta c ng suat trong thanh
l:
2 2
1
1
1
/ 4 , 1 / 3 , 0
10
3
cm KN cm KN
F
N
z
= = =
- Vat lieu do:
n K
] [ ] [ = = 1,4 . 10
2
MN/m
2
= 1,4.KN/cm
2
.
2
2
2
2
20
4
cm F
Nz
= = = 0,2KN/cm
2
1,4KN/cm
2
.
Ket luan: Thanh du ben.
V du 5: Thanh thp trn 1 v 2 bat ban le vo tung thang dng. Tai
nt ban le B tc dung luc thang dng P = 10KN, = 30
o
: = 60
o
. Xc dinh
dung knh cua thanh biet
K
=
n
= 100MN/m
2
.
Bi giai:
9.6.1. Xc dinh cc luc P
1
v P
2
tc dung len cc thanh 1 v 2
P
1
= P.tg = KN 78 , 5
3
3
. 10 =
P
2
= KN
Sin
P
5 , 11
3
3 20
= =


68
9.6.2. Xc dinh kch thuc thanh 1
Thanh 1 chiu luc ko P
1
. T cong thc dieu kien ben ta c:
100
10 . 78 , 5
4 100
10 . 78 , 5
] [ ] [
3 2
1
3
1 1
1

= =
d P Nz
F
K K

d
1
= 8,6.10
-3
m = 8,6m
9.6.3. Xc dinh kch thuc thanh 2:
Thanh 2 chiu nn, ta c:
100
10 . 5 , 11
4
;
] [ ] [
3
2 2 2
2
=
d P Nz
F
n n

d
2
1,22.10
-2
m = 12,2mm
V du 6: Mot day cp ben bang 36 day nho, dung knh moi day dL =
2cm. Hoi tai trong tc dung bang bao nhieu de day cp duoc an ton, biet
K
cua cp l 60MN/m
2
.
Bi giai:
p dung cong thc bi ton co ban 3 xc dinh tai trong cho php:
MN F P
K
68 , 0 60 . 36 .
4
) 10 . 2 (
] .[
2
= =

Vay day cp chiu tai trong ln nhat l 680kN.

P
1
P

P
2
A

C

B

Hnh 9-7
1

2

Ciao trinh Co k thuat Ct dap

69
Chuong 10: CAT - DAP
1/Muc dich:
Cung cap nhng kien thc de khao st cc thanh chiu cat, dap: Noi luc,
ng suat, bien dang v xt dieu kien ben cua thanh.
2/ eu cau:
V duoc bieu do noi luc cua thanh, xc dinh duoc loai v gi tri ng
suat trong thanh. Xt duoc dieu kien ben cua thanh.

10.1. Cat.
10.1.1. Dinh ngha:
Mot thanh goi l chiu cat khi
ngoai luc tc dung l hai luc song
song nguoc chieu, c cng tri so v
nam tren hai mat cat rat gan nhau cua
thanh.
Moi ghp bang dinh tn (Hnh
10-1) l mot th du don gian ve thanh
chiu cat. Moi dinh tn l mot thanh
chiu cat.

P

P

Hnh 10-1

10.1.2. ng suat - Bien dang:
Dui tc dong cua luc P moi
dinh tn chiu tc dung cua hai luc
bang nhau
n
P
P =
1
(n l so dinh). Tc
dung cua luc
1
P
muon cat dinh tn

Hnh 10-2
m
n

P
d
P
d

Lm doi theo mat phang gip nhau m -n (hnh 10 - 2) cua hai tam
ghp. Luc cat tren mat cat ny l Q = P
1
. V noi luc l luc cat Q nam tren mat
cat nen ng suat cat l ng suat tiep . Vi gia thiet ng suat cat phan bo deu
tren mat cat ta c:
c
. F
c
= Q
Hay
c
c
F
Q
= (10 - 1)
Trong d: Q
t
l luc cat: F
c
l dien tch mat cat.
- Bien dang: Trong qu trnh chiu cat, hai mat cat gan nhau pht sinh
hien tuong truot.
o truot tuyet doi S=Cc' = dd'

70
o truot tuong doi
ac
S
=
P

P

a
c
c
d
d
b
Hnh 10-3

- inh luat Hc ve cat: Khi luc chua vuot qu mot gii han nhat dinh,
ng suat cat
c
ty le thuan vi do truot tuong doi:
c
= .G
G: Mo dun dn hoi truot, don vi do l MN/m
2
.
10.1.3. Diu kien bn cua thanh chiu cat:
Mot thanh chiu cat bao dam dieu kien ben khi
c
ln nhat pht sinh
trong thanh nho hon
c

c
= ] [
c
c
F
Q
(10 - 2)
- T dieu kien ben (10 - 2) ta c ba bi ton co ban ve cat:
- Kiem tra ben
- Chon kch thuc mat cat
- Chon tai trong cho php
10.2. Dap:
10.2.1. Dinh ngha:
Dap l hien tuong nn cuc bo xay ra tren mot dien tch truyen luc
tuong doi nho cua hai cau kien p vo nhau.

V du: Than dinh chiu dap do
thnh lo p vo n.
Nhu vay tai moi ghp
dinh tn ngoi chiu cat cn chiu
dap vi luc dap:
n
P
P
d
= (n: so dinh)

P
d
d

d

P
d
b

Hnh 10.4


71
10.2.2. ng suat:
Dui tc dung cua luc dap ta quy uc, mat cat doc truc b-d cua dinh tn
pht sinh ng suat dap. Gia thiet ng suat dap
d
phan bo deu tren mat cat ta
c:
d
d
d
F
P
= (10 - 3)
Trong d: P
d
l luc dap
F
d
l hnh chieu cua dien tch mat bi dap len mat phang
vuong gc vi luc dap (F
d
= d.b).
10.2.3. Diu kien bn cua thanh chiu dap:
Mot thanh chiu dap dam bao dieu kien ben khi ng suat dap ln nhat
pht sinh trong thanh chiu dap nho hon ng suat dap cho php.
d
d
d
F
P
=
d
(10 - 4)
T dieu kien ben (10 - 4) ta cng c ba bi ton co ban ve dap:
- Kiem tra ben
- Chon kch thuc mat cat
- Chon tai trong cho php
10.3. Bi tap p dung:
Bi giai:
Moi dinh tn chiu luc cat: KN
n
P
Q 5
3
15
= = =
Chiu luc dap KN
n
P
P
d
5
3
15
= = =
Kiem tra ben cat, p dung cong thc 10 - 2 ta c:
2
3
3
/ 7 , 63
2
) 10 . 10 ( 14 , 3
10 . 5
m MN
F
Q
c
c
= =
c
= 63,7MN/m
2
80MN/m
2
, moi ghp dinh tn chiu ben cat.
Kiem tra ben dap, p dung cong thc (10 - 4)
3 3
3
10 . 10 . 10 . 20
10 . 5

= =
d
d
d
F
P
= 25MN/m
2
.
V du 1: Moi
ghp gom 3 dinh tn chiu
tc dung boi luc P =
15KN. Kiem tra ben moi
ghp, biet chieu dy moi
tam ghp l 10mm, dung
knh dinh tn d=10mm
d
=30MN/m
2
:
c
= 80MN/m
2
.

P

P

Hnh 10-1


72
d
= 25MN/m
2
30MN/m
2
moi ghp dam bao ben dap.
V du 2: Tnh so dinh tn can thiet cho moi ghp dinh tn chiu tai
trong P = 720KN. dng loai dinh tn c d = 20mm,
c
= 100MN/m
2
,
d
=
24MN/m
2
.
Bi giai: Tnh so dinh tn chiu cat, p dung cong thc (10 - 2)
[ ]
c
c
c
d
n
P
F
Q

= =
4
2

Rt ra:
[ ]
c
d
P
n
4
2

24
100 .
4
10 . 20
10 . 720
6 2
3
n
Tnh so dinh tn chiu dap, p dung cong thc 10 - 4
[ ]
d
d
d
d
d b
n
P
F
P
= =
.

Rt ra
] [
d
bd
P
n

15
100 . 10 . 10 . 10 . 20
10 . 720
3 3
3
=

n
Nhu vay, neu tnh theo cat di hoi phai 24 dinh tn, cn tnh theo dap
di hoi 15 dinh tn. e thoa mn ca hai dieu kien ben khi cat v khi dap ta
phai chon 24 dinh tn.
Ciao trinh Co k thuat Xon thuan tuy cua thanh thng

73
Chuong 11: Xoan thuan tu cua thanh thang
1/ Muc dich:
Cung cap nhng kien thc khi khao st cc thanh chiu xoan thuan tu
d l: noi luc, bieu do noi luc, ng suat, bien dang v xt dieu kien ben cua
thanh.
2/ eu cau:
Xc dinh duoc noi luc cua thanh, v duoc bieu do noi luc, xc dinh
duoc loai v gi tri ng suat cua thanh. Xc dinh duoc bien dang cua thanh v
giai duoc cc bi ton ben cho thanh.
11.1. inh nghia:
Mot thanh chiu xoan thuan tu khi tren mat cat ngang thanh chi c
mot thnh phan noi luc l mo men xoan M (hnh 11-1).
11.2. Mo men xoan - Bieu do mo men xoan.
11.2.1. Mo men xoan:
e xc dinh mo men xoan noi luc tren cc mat cat ngang cua thanh, ta
dng phuong php mat cat. Dau cua mo men xoan noi luc quy uc nhu sau:
Neu nhn vo mat cat ta thay mo men xoan noi luc quay cng chieu kim
dong ho th n c dau duong ( 0). Nguoc lai l dau (-) ( 0).

Hnh 11-1
y

M
z
x

Hnh 11-2
y

M
z
> 0

x

y

x

M
z
< 0

z
z

z

11.2.2. Bieu d mo men xoan:
V du (11-1) v bieu do mo men xoan cho thanh chiu luc nhu hnh (11-
3) cho biet m
1
= 2387N.m: m
2
= 1432N.m: m
3
= 7162N.m: m
4
= 3343N.m:
- Truc quay deu vi toc do n = 150v/pht

74
m1
m2
m3
m1 m2
m3
m4
m4
1
1
z1
m1
1
1
L3 L2 L1
mz1
Hnh 11-3
Hnh 11-4
A B
A B

Bi giai:
Chia truc lm 3 doan l
1
, l
2
, l
3
.
+ Xt doan l
1
: dng mat cat 1-1 cat thanh o mat cat
1
(0
1
l
1
) v
xt su can bang ben tri ta duoc M
1
= = -m
1
= 2387N.m. Vay noi luc trong
doan l
1
c gi tri khong doi.
+ Xt doan l
2
2
(0
2
l
2
) v
xt su can bang ben tri ta duoc M
2
= -m
1
- m
2
= 2387 + 1432 = 3819 N.m
Mat cat 2-2 dich chuyen trong doan l
2
v noi luc trong doan l
2
c gi
tri khong doi, M
2
= 3819N.m.
+ Xt doan l
3
3
(0
3
l
3
) v
xt su can bang ben tri ta duoc: M
3
=-m
1
- m
2
+ m
3
= - 3819 + 7162 =+
3343Nm

+ Bieu do duoc v tren hnh (11-4).
- Qua bieu do ta thay mat cat tren doan l
2
c mo men xoan noi luc ln
nhat: M
max
= 3819N.m l mat cat nguy hiem.

75
11.2.3. Quan he giua mo men xoan ngoai luc vi cong suat v so vng
quay cua truc truyn:
Cong suat cua dong co truyen den cc truc v mo men xoan ngoai luc
tc dung len cc truc c moi quan he sau:
- Cong A do mo men M thuc hien khi truc quay mot gc trong thi
gian t l:
A = M.
- Cong suat:
. . m
t
M
t
A
N = = = (11-1)
T d rt ra
N
M =
Trong d:
M: l mo men xoan ngoai luc (Nm)
N: cong suat (): : van toc gc (rad/s)
n: so vng quay trong mot pht (v/pht)
- Van toc gc : s rad
n n
/
30
.
60
. 2
=
=
Trong k thuat ngui ta cn su dung cong thc sau: Neu N tnh bang
K ta c: m N
n
N
M . 9500 = (11-2)
Neu N tnh bang m luc ta c: m N
n
N
M . 7162 = (11-3)
11.3. Thiet lap cong thc ng suat tiep tren mat cat ngang cua thanh
trn chiu xoan thuan tu.
Truc khi cho mot thanh trn chiu xoan thuan tu, tren mat ngoi cua
thanh ta k cc vach song song v vuong gc vi truc thanh (hnh 11-5).
Nhng vach vuong gc vi truc thanh duoc xem l cc vet cua mat cat. Sau
khi chiu luc ta thay:
- Cc vach vuong gc vi truc thanh van gi nguyen hnh l dung
trn v vuong gc vi truc thanh, khoang cch gia chng van khong doi.
- Cc dung song song vi truc tro thnh dung xoan oc, mang lui o
vuong tro thnh gan nhu mang lui bnh hnh.

76
11.3.1. Cc gia thuyet:
1. Gia thuyet ve mat cat phang
2. Gia thuyet ve th doc.
Noi dung hai gia thuyet ny nhu o
Chuong 9 (Ko - Nn dng tim)
3. Gia thuyet chieu di khong doi.
Khoang cch gia cc mat cat ngang van
gi nguyen trong qu trnh bien dang

Hnh 11-5
1
1
2
2
2 1
1 2
m
z

dz

4. Gia thuyet ve bn knh thang v khong doi. Sau khi bien dang, bn
knh cua mat cat ngang van thang v c do di khong doi.
Tuong tuong tch ra khoi thanh mot phan to gii han boi hai mat
phang cch nhau mot doan d vo cng b, hai mat tru dong tam c bn knh
v +d, hai mat phang cha truc thanh v hop vi nhau mot gc d.
Sau khi bien dang mat cat 1-1 s xoay di mot gc so vi mat cat
ngm. Mat cat 2-2 c honh do + d s bi xoay di mot gc + d so vi
mat cat ngm. Vay gc xoan tuong doi gia hai mat cat 1-1 v 2-2 l d
(Hnh 11-6b). Theo gia thuyet 1, 2, 3, cc mat cat 1-1 v 2-2 chi xoay di doi
vi nhau nhung van phang v khoang cch khong doi. Ta thay tren mat cat
ngang chi c thnh phan ng suat tiep. Khong c thnh phan ng suat php.
Phan to tch ra nhu tren r rng o trang thi truot thuan tu.
Goi
l gc truot ty doi cua phan to cch truc mot bn knh bang .

T hnh 11-6b ta c:
1
1 2
2
d
q
q
z
d
1
1
q
q
2
2
q
Hnh 11-6
(a)
(b)
dz

77
dz
d
dz
qq
tg

. '
= =

Trong d qq' = d do gia thuyet 1 v 4. Xt vat lieu lm viec trong
mien dn hoi nen bien dang thuc chat l rat b nen ta suy ra:
dz
d
tg

= =
(a)
Theo dinh luat Hc ta c:
. G (b)
T (a) v (b) rt ra:
=
dz
d
G

.
(11-4)
Trong d:
=
dz
d
l hang so doi vi mot mat cat ngang v duoc goi
l gc xoan ty doi.
G: mo dun dn hoi khi truot
Do d tren mat cat ngang ng suat tiep phan bo bac nhat theo
11.3.2. Bieu thc lien he giua ng suat tiep v thnh phan mo men xoan
noi luc:
- Theo (8-7) ta c:
}
=
F
dF Mz .
(a)
Thay gi tri
t bieu thc (11-4) vo (a) ta duoc:

dF
dz
d
G dF
dz
d
G Mz
F F
} }
= =
2 2
.
(b)
dz
d
G Mz =

dF J
F
}
2
chnh l mo men qun tnh doc cuc cua mat cat ngang trn:
4
1 , 0 d J =

T (11-4)
dz
d
G

. =
v (b)
Hnh 11-7

78
Ta rt ra bieu thc ng suat tiep theo noi luc nhu sau:

J
Mz
=
(11-5)
- ng suat tiep ln nhat tai cc diem ngoi chu vi l:
R
J
Mz
=
max

at:
J
w =
l mo dun chong xoan c
W
Mz
=
max
(11-6)
- Mat cat ngang hnh trn:
= 0,2d
3
(11-7)
- Mat cat ngang hnh vnh khan:
= 0,2D
3
(1-)
4
(11-8)

D
d
=
: d: dung knh trong
D: dung knh ngoi
11.4. Bien dang cua thanh trn chiu xoan.
Khi thanh trn chiu xoan bien dang cua thanh duoc dac trung boi:
- Gc xoan ty doi
dz
d
= (11-9)
T (b) ta c
J G
Mz
.
= (11-10)
- Gc xoan tuong doi gia hai mat cat cch nhau mot doan c chieu
di l. K hieu .
T (11-9) ta c: dz
J G
Mz
dz d .
.
= =
Vay
}
= =
l
GJ
l Mz
dz
J G
Mz
0
.
.
(11-11)
G.
: do cng khi xoan

Ty so
G J
Mz
.
khong doi trong suot chieu di l.
- Neu ty so
G J
Mz
.
thay doi trong tng doan cua thanh, ta chia thanh ra
tng doan sao cho trong tng doan
G J
Mz
.
khong doi, khi d
=
n
i i i
i i z
G
l M
1
.
.
(11-12)

79
- Gc tnh bang radian cn theo nguyen cua gc xoan ty doi l
rad/chieu di.

11.5. ieu kien ben v dieu kien cng.
11.5.1. Diu kien bn:
Tai cc diem o ngoi chu vi phan to o trang thi truot thuan tu. Neu
mat cat ngang khong doi th dieu kien ben c dang:
[ ]
=
w
Mz
max
max
(11-13)
Trong d duoc goi l ng suat cho php khi xoan. Tri so ng suat
cho php duoc xc dinh bang thuc nghiem theo tieu chuan.
Neu dung knh cua thanh thay doi, dieu kien ben phai viet:
[ ]
= max ) (
max
w
Mz
(11-14)
- Gia v tuy theo cc thuyet ben c moi quan he sau:
+ Theo thuyet ben ng suat tiep ln nhat:
= /2
+ Theo thuyet ben the nang bien doi hnh dng:
= / 3
11.5.2. Diu kien cng:
Cc chi tiet my chiu xoan khi truyen dong phai c do cng du ln, tc
l gc xoan ty doi ln nhat ve tri so tuyet doi khong duoc qu mot tri so cho
php no d.
(11-15) [ ]

|
|
.
|
\
|
= max
max
GJ
Mz
rad/chieu di.
Trong d l gc xoan ty doi cho php.
= (o,15 2)
o
/m
- Neu cho l do/chieu di th ta phai doi.
rad/chieu di = ] [
180

do/chieu di.
T dieu kien ben v dieu kien cng ta suy ra ba bi ton co ban sau:
Kiem tra thanh thoa mn dieu kien ben v dieu kien cng theo (11-13)
v (11-15).
- Chon kch thuc mat cat ngang
Theo dieu kien ben
] [
Mz
W (11-16)
Theo dieu kien cng
] [
G
Mz
J (11-17)
Ta s chon dung knh c tri so ln.
- Tm tai trong cho php
Theo dieu kien ben M
. (11-18)

80
Theo dieu kien cng M
. (11-19)
T d s chon tai trong b hon, de dam bao mo men xoan noi luc thoa
mn dong thi ca hai bat dang thc tren.
V du: 11-2: Kiem tra ben cua truc chiu xoan AB (Hnh 11-4), cho biet
truc lm bang thp d=65mm. = 80MN/m
2
, G =8.10
4
MN/m
2
.: =
0,18
o
/m.
Bi giai:
Ta d v duoc bieu do noi luc M trong doan l
2
c mo men xoan noi
luc ln nhat. M
max
= 3819N.m. Do d ng suat ln nhat trong doan thanh
ny l ng suat nguy hiem. Gc xoan tuong doi trong doan ny cng l gc
xoan tuong doi ln nhat
max
.
= 0,2d
3
= 0,2(65.10
-3
)
3
= 54.10
-6
m
3
.
a) p dung cong thc 11-13: [ ]
=
w
Mz
max
max

2
6
3
/ 70
10 . 54
10 . 819 , 3
m MN
ax m
= =
= 80MN/m
2

ng suat
max
nho hon ng suat xoan cho php truc AB du ben.
b) Tnh
max
: p dung cong thc 11-15
GJ
M
z
=
max
= 0,1d
4
= 0,1(65.10
-3
)
4
= 1,7.10
-6
m
4
.
m
o
o
/ 159 , 0
180
.
10 . 7 , 1 10 . 8
10 . 819 , 3
6 4
3
max
= =

- Gc xoan trong doan l
2
:
max
= 0,18
o
/m

11.6. Khi niem ve mat cat ngang hop l:
So snh hai mat cat ngang trn v hnh vnh khan, cng dien tch F, ta
thay mat cat ngang hnh vnh khan chong xoan tot hon. Ta ni mat cat ngang
hnh vnh khan hop l hon hnh trn dac. e dnh gi mc do hop l ta dng
mot dai luong khong th nguyen de so snh:
3
F
W
K
m
=
Trong d
: mo men chong xoan

F : dien tch mat cat ngang
Tri so K
m
cng ln mat cat ngang cng hop l. O day ta can ch mot
dieu l ta khong the tang tri so
tuy bang cch cho be dy hnh vnh

khan qu mong. V khi be dy qu mong s lm cho thanh de bi mat on dinh
khi chiu xoan (lc d tren ton thanh s hnh thnh nep nhan).


81
11.7. Bi tap p dung:
Mot truc trn rong chiu luc nhu hnh v. Cc ngoai luc: mo men m
c
= 3KN.m:
m
B
= m
D
= m
= 1kN.m dung knh trong d = 5cm, dung knh ngoi = 1KN.m: D =

10cm, cc doan BC = CD = D = 2cm.
a) Iinh ung suat nguy hiem nhat cua truc.
b) Tnh gc xoan tuong doi ln nhat v gc xoan ton bo cua
truc. Biet G = 8.10
4
MN/m
2
.
Bi giai:
a) \e bieu do noi luc M::
V tiet dien cua thanh khong doi nen doan CD l doan nguy hiem nhat,
c noi luc M
max
= ( 2KN.m( do d ng suat ln nhat trong doan thanh ny l
ng suat nguy hiem nhat. Gc xoan tuong doi trong doan ny cng l gc
xoan tuong doi ln nhat
max
.
b) Tnh
max
: Mo men chong xoan cua mat cat ngang trong doan CD
3 6
4
3 4 3
10 . 5 , 187
1 , 0
05 , 0
1 1 , 0 . 2 , 0 ) 1 ( 2 , 0 m D W

=
(
(
|
.
|
\
|
= =

Vay:
2 2 6
6
3
max
max
/ 10 . 7 , 10 / 10 . 7 , 10
10 . 5 , 187
10 . 2
m MN m N
W
Mz
= = = =

b) Tnh
max
: Mo men qun tnh doc cuc cua mat cat ngang hnh vnh
khan = 0,1D
4
(1-
4
)
4 8
4
4
10 . 5 , 937
1 , 0
05 , 0
1 ) 1 , 0 ( 1 , 0 m J

=
(
(
|
.
|
\
|
=
Trong d:
= =
o
CD
J G
Mz 180
.
10 . 5 , 937 . 10 . 8
10 . 2
.
8 10
3
max

o
153 , 0
max
=

mB
mC
mD
B
mE
E D
C B
1KNm
1KNm
2KNm
Hnh 11.4

82
c) Tnh gc xoan ton bo truc:
o
o
CD
CD
GJ
l Mz
306 2
180
.
max
.
= =

o BC
DE CD
GJ GJ
l Mz
z 153 , 0
10 . 2 .
3
= = =

Vay gc xoan ton phan cua truc l:
B
=
BC
+
CD
+
D
= 0,153
o
- 0,306
o
- 0,153
0
= - 0,306
o
.

Ciao trinh Co k thuat Uon phng cua thanh thng

83
Chuong 12 Uon phang cua thanh thang
1/Muc dich:
Cung cap nhng kien thc khi khao st thanh thang chiu uon thuan
thu d l :noi luc , bieu do noi luc, ng suat v xt dieu kien ben cua thanh
chiu uon thuan thu.
2/ eu cau:
- Xc dinh duoc noi luc cua thanh, v duoc bieu do noi luc, giai duoc
cc bi ton, xt dieu kien ben cho hai trung hop thanh chiu uon phang v
thanh chiu uon ngang phang.
12.1. inh nghia v phan loai:
12.1.1. Dinh ngha:
Thanh bi uon ngang phang l thanh chiu tc dung cua he luc phang
(gom nhng luc vuong gc vi truc thanh hay nhng ngau luc) nam trong
mat phang cha truc thanh v mot truc qun tnh chnh trung tam (mat phang
ny goi l mat phang qun tnh chnh trung tam).

Hnh 12-1
ung tai trong
z
y
Mat phang tai trong
x
P

- Ngoai luc tc dung c the l luc tap trung, luc phan bo hoac mo men
tap trung. Mat phang cha luc goi l mat phang tai trong.
- Thanh chu yeu chiu uon goi l dam.
- Truc cua dam sau khi chiu uon cong van nam trong mot mat phang
qun tnh trung tam th su uon d duoc goi l uon phang.
12.1.2. Phan loai:
Ta chia uon phang lm hai loai:

84
Uon thuan tu phang
Uon ngang phang
12.2. Noi luc v bieu do noi luc.
12.2.1. Noi luc - Quy uc dau cua noi luc.
Xt mot dam chiu luc nhu tren hnh 12 - 2. Ngoai luc tc dung len dam
l luc tap trung P nam trong mat phang qun tnh trung tam .
- au tien phai xc
dinh duoc cc phan luc tai cc goi
A v B.
T phuong trnh can
bang tinh hoc:
M
A
= v
B
.l - P.a = 0
M
B
= - v
A
.l - P.b = 0
Suy ra:
l
a P
V
B
.
=

l
b P
V
A
.
=

V
A

P
P
V
B

B A
V
A

V
B

1
1
V
A

Q
y

M
x

Hnh 12-2
C
b

a

z

z

D

- Dng mat cat 1-1 cat thanh tai diem D. Khao st su can bang cua
phan tri, ta dat vo mat cat nhng noi luc: Qy v Mx.

85
Qy>0
Mx>0
Y
X
Z
Th tren
Th duo
Qy>0
Mx>0
(b ) ( a )
Phan tri Phan phai
Hnh 12-3

Quy uc dau cua noi luc:
- Luc cat Qy duoc coi l duong, neu php tuyen ngoi cua mat cat
ngang quay mot gc 90
o
thuan chieu kim dong ho th gap chieu cua luc cat
Qy.
- Mo men uon duoc coi l duong neu n lm cho tho dui truc dam bi
ko tc l lm cang cc th ve pha duong cua truc y (trong dam chon chieu
duong y hung xuong dui). Cc thnh phan noi luc duoc quy uc l duong
(hnh 12 - 3a v hnh 12 - 3b).
12.3. Bieu do noi luc:
- Bieu do noi luc l do thi bieu dien su bien thien cua luc cat v mo
men uon doc theo truc cua dam. Nh n ta de dng tm duoc cc mat cat v
mo men uon c tri so ln nhat. Cc mat cat d thung l mat cat nguy hiem.
Sau ny thung chon de tnh ton dieu kien ben. Trong gio trnh ny khi v
do thi ta quy uc he truc duoc chon nhu sau:
- oi vi bieu do luc cat Q he truc chon nhu hnh 12-4a
oi vi bieu do mo men uon he truc chon nhu hnh 12-4b

Q

Mx
Hnh 12-4
V du: V bieu do luc cat v mo men uon cua dam tua tren hai khp
ban le A v B chiu tai trong P nhu hnh (12 - 5)


86
Bi giai:
a) Xac dinh phan luc tai diem tua A v B.
T phuong trnh can bang tinh hoc
M
A
= R
B
.l - P.a = 0
M
B
= - R
A
.l - P.b = 0
Suy ra:
l
a P
R
B
.
=

l
b P
R
A
.
=

Neu dng phuong php mat cat v xt phan dam c ban le A th tren
doan AC luc cat v mo men uon chi phu thuoc vo R
A
. Nhung tren doan CB
chng phu thuoc ca R
A
v P. Quy luat bien thien cua Qy v Mx tren hai doan
AC v CB khc nhau. V vay phai xt rieng tng doan.
b) Bieu do luc ct Qy (:)
b
p
Z
a
R
A
Qy
Mx
Hnh 12-5
B
R
2
2
1
1
A
B
R
A
C
a b
Z
Mx
B
R
Mx=
p.a.b
L max
Qy
L
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)


87
Tai mat cat 1-1 trong doan AC (0 a) ta thay:
b
l
P
R Qy
A
= =
Theo quy uc o 12.2 th 0 > =
l
Pa
Qy
Tai mat cat 2-2 trong doan CB (a l)
a
L
P
R Qy
B
= = (Qy 0)
Bieu do luc cat Qy c dang hnh (12 - 5c). O mat cat c luc tap trung
P, bieu do luc cat c buc nhay vi tri so bang P.
c) Bieu do mo men uon Mx.
Tai mat cat 1-1 trong doan 0 a
z
l
Pb
z R Mx
A
. = =
Theo quy uc dau o 12.2 th Mx 0. ung bieu dien l mot dung
thang xc dinh boi hai diem:
= 0 Mx = 0: = a
l
Pba
Mx =
Tai mat cat 2-2 trong doan a l
Mx = R
B
(l - )
ung bieu dien cng l dung thang xc dinh boi hai diem:
= a Mx = R
B
.b =
l
Pba

= l Mx = R
B
.0 = 0
Nhu vay bieu do mo men uon Mx c dang hnh (12-5a) Mx dat gi tri
ln nhat
L
Pab
tai diem Qy doi dau.
Khi luc tap trung P dat tai trung diem cua dam:
a = b =
2
l
th:
2
P
Qy = :
4
.
max
L P
Mx =
V du 2: V bieu do luc cat v mo men uon cua dam chiu tai trong
phan bo vi cung do q (N/m).

Giai:
a) Xc dinh phan luc tai diem tua A v B.
Ta c:
2
; .
l
Zc l q Q = =
0 .
2
= + = l R
l
Q M
B A

0 .
2
= = l R
l
Q M
A B


88
Suy ra:
2
.
2
. l q
l
l Q
R
B
= =

2
.
2
. l q
l
l Q
R
A
= =

C
Z c
R
A
A
1
1
B
R
B
R
Qy
Z
A
Mx
q
ql
2
ql
2
H nh 12-6
L
qL
8
Mx=
m ax
2

b) Bieu do luc ct Qy:
Tai mat cat A mot doan l
Ta c: Qy = R
A
- q = )
2
(
2
z
l
q qz
ql
=
= 0 Qy =
2
ql
: = l Qy = -
2
ql

=
2
l
Qy = 0 : bieu do luc cat Qy (hnh 12 - 6c)
c) Bieu do mo men uon Mx:
Tai mat cat bat ky cch A mot doan l , ta c:
Mx = R
A
. - q
2
z
=
2
q
(l -
2
)
Vay Mx = 0 khi = 0 Mx = 0 khi = l

89
Mx =
8
2
ql
khi =
2
l

Bieu do mo men uon Mx c dang parabol (hnh 12 - 6d). Tai diem gia
cua dam, noi luc cat doi dau, mo men uon dat cuc tri: M
x max
=
8
2
ql

V du 3: V bieu do luc cat v mo men uon cua dam chiu tc dung cua
ngau luc tap trung m tai diem C.
Bi giai:
a) Xac dinh phan luc
tai cac diem tua
M
A
= m -R
B
.l
= 0
M
B
= m - R
A
.l
= 0
Suy ra:
l
m
R
B
=

l
m
R
A
=
Cc phan luc tai
diem tua R
A
R
B
tao thnh
mot ngau luc can bang vi
ngau luc m.

A
R
A
C
B
R
B
m

b) Bieu do luc ct Qy:
Tai mat cat bat ky 1-1 trong doan AC (0 a) Qy = RA =
l
m

Tai mat cat bat ky 2-2 trong doan CB (a b) ta van c: Qy=R
A
=
l
m

Vay bieu do luc cat Qy l mot dung thang song song vi truc honh
(hnh 12-7b).
c) Bieu do mo men uon Mx:
Tai mat cat 1-1 trong doan 0 a
Mx = R
A
. =
l
m
Mx 0
= 0 Mx = 0
= a Mx =
l
m
a
Tai mat cat 2-2 trong doan a l
M = R
A
- m =
l
m
- m = m.
l
l z

= a Mx = -
L
mb


90
= l Mx = 0

A

R
A

Hnh 12-7
m

C

B

R
B

b

Q
y

M
z

a

(a)

(b)

(c)

m
b

L

L

m
a

Bieu do mo men uon Mx gom hai doan song song vi do doc
l
m
. Tai
mat cat c ngau luc tap trung m, bieu do mo men uon c buc nhay vi tri so
m. ( Hnh 12-7c )

91
V du 4: V bieu do luc cat v
mo men uon cua dam AB chiu tc
dung cua tai trong tap trung P tai mt
tu do B.
Giai:Vi bi ton ny khong
can phai xc dinh truc cc phan luc
tai diem tua. Tai mat cat bat ky cch
mt B mot doan (hnh 12-8b) ta
thay:
Qy = - P
Mx = -P.
Vay = 0 Mx = 0
= l Mx = - P.l
Bieu do luc cat Qy v mo men
uon Mx c dang nhu hnh (12-8c),
(12-8d)

p
A
1
1
B
R
A

p
M
x
Q
y

M
A

P. L
Hnh
12-8
Z

Z

P
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)

Phan luc tai A gom hai thnh
phan: luc R
A
= P v ngau luc c mo
men M
A
= P.l

12.3. Dam chiu uon thuan tu phang:

12.3.1. Dinh ngha:
Mot dam goi l uon thuan tu
phang khi tren mat cat ngang cua
dam chi c mot thnh phan noi luc l
mo men uon nam trong mat phang
qun tnh chnh trung tam. V du Mx
hoac My (hnh 12-9).

A
M o
M o
H n h 1 2 - 9

12.3.2. ng suat php tren mat cat:
Quan st mot dam chiu uon phang thuan tu c mat cat ngang hnh
ch nhat. Truc khi dam chiu uon ta vach len mat ben cua n nhng dung
thang song song vi truc, tuong trung cho cc th doc v nhng dung thang
vuong gc vi truc bieu thi cc mat cat ngang (Hnh 12 - 10a).
Sau khi dam bi uon ta nhan thay:
- Truc cua dam bi cong di

92
- Cc vach song song vi truc cng bi cong di nhung van song song vi
truc.
- Cc vach vuong gc vi truc van thang v vuong gc vi truc dam d
bi uon cong.
- Cc gc vuong tai giao diem cc vach doc v ngang van duoc duy tr
v vuong gc (hnh 12 - 10b).

x
y
x
y
Hnh 12-10
(a)
(b)

T nhng nhan xt tren ta dua ra hai gia thiet sau:
Gia thiet mat cat ngang phang v gia thiet ve th doc nhu chuong Ko
- Nn.
Tiep tuc quan st bien dang cua dam ta thay cc th doc o pha tren
truc dam bi co lai v cc th o pha dui truc dam bi dn ra. Nhu vay t th
bi co sang th bi dn s c th khong bi dn, khong bi co, tc l th khong bi
bien dang. Ta goi th ny l th trung ha. Giao tuyen cua lp trung ha vi
mat cat ngang goi l dung trung ha. ung trung ha chia mat cat ngang
thnh hai mien: mot mien gom cc th bi co v mien kia gom cc th bi dn.

93
02 01
01
02
n
m
m n
Hnh 12-11
( a ) ( b )
d
dz

V cc th o pha tren bi co nen be rong cua mat cat ngang s bi phnh
ra o pha tren. Cn cc th dui bi dn nen be rong cua mat cat ngang s bi
hp lai o pha dui (hnh 12 - 10b). Mat cat khong cn gi nguyen hnh ch
nhat nhu truc khi bien dang. ung trung ha l mot dung cong. Nhung v
bien dang nho nen chng ta c the coi mat cat ngang sau khi bien dang van l
hnh ch nhat v coi dung trung ha l mot dung thang. Mat khc chng ta
chi xt trung hop tai trong tc dung trong mat phang cha truc dam v truc
doi xng cua mat cat ngang nen dung trung ha s vuong gc vi dung tai
trong, tc l vuong gc vi truc doi xng cua mat cat ngang. Bien dang cua
dam chiu uon phang thuan tu chi l su quay cua mat cat ngang doi vi
dung trung ha.
Xt mot mat cat ngang no d v chon he truc toa do nhu sau: Truc x
l truc dung trung ha, truc y l truc doi xng. Truc vuong gc vi mat
cat ngang (hnh 12 - 10). Theo gia thiet ve mat cat ngang phang. Vi nhan
xt cc o vuong sau khi bien dang van vuong. Ta c the ni rang tren mat cat
ngang chi c ng suat php, khong c ng suat tiep. V neu c ng suat tiep
thi dui tc dung cua n mat cat ngang s venh di v cc o vuong s khong
gi nguyen gc vuong na. Theo gia thiet v th doc th
x
=
y
= 0. Nhu vay
tai mot diem no d tren mat cat l trang thi ng suat don. Su lien he gia
ng suat php
v bien dang di . Theo dinh luat Hc c dang:
= .

(a)
Neu biet duoc bien dang, chng ta de dng tm duoc su phan bo ng
suat tren mat cat ngang. Muon vay ta xt mot doan dam d duoc cat boi hai
mat cat 1-1 v 2-2 (hnh 12 - 11a). Sau khi bien dang hai mat cat ny tao vi
nhau mot gc d (hnh 12 - 11b). Goi l bn knh cong cua th trung ha
2
. V th trung ha khong bien dang nen:
d O O dz O O = =
2 1 2 1

Xt bien dang cua mot th mn cch th trung ha mot khoang cch y.
Chieu di cua th ny truc khi bien dang l:
mn = d = d

94
v sau khi bien dang: mn = ( + y) d
o dn di ty doi cua th mn bang:

y
d
d d y
=
+
=
) (
(b)
Thay (a) vo (b) ta duoc:

V
E =
(12 - 1)
Tai mot mat cat ngang bn knh ( ) c tri so xc dinh l mot hang
so. Vay quy luat phan bo ng suat php tren mat cat ngang l phang (hnh
12-12). Giao tuyen cua mat phang ng suat vi mat cat chnh l truc trung
ha. R rng ng suat php tren cc dung thang song song vi truc trung
ha c tri so nhu nhau. Do d ta c the v bieu do phan bo ng suat php don
gian nhu tren (hnh 12 - 12b) qua bieu do phan bo ng suat php tren mat cat
ngang ta thay:
- Tren mat cat ngang chia lm hai mien: mot mien chiu ko v mien
kia chiu nn.
- Cc diem c tri so ng suat php ln nhat l cc diem xa truc trung
ha nhat (hnh 12 - 12b).

z
y
x
( a )
y
x
M
x
min

max

( b )
Hnh 12-12
z
Y
nmax

Y
kmax

.

.

Y

12.3.3. Bieu thc lien he gia ng suat php vi thnh phan mo men
uon noi luc.
Xt mat cat ngang c mo men uon Mx theo ta c:
}
=
F
zy
dF Mx . (a)
Thay gi tri t 12 - 1 vo (a) ta c quan he:

95
dF y
E
dF y Mx
F F
} }
= =
2 2
. .

Trong d
x
= dF y
F
}
2
. l mo men qun tnh cua mat cat ngang doi vi
truc trung ha:
Vay Jx
E
Mx
= hay
x
x
J E
M
.
1
=
(12 - 2)
So snh (12 - 1) v (12 - 2) ta suy ra cong thc ng suat php tren mat
cat ngang nhu sau: y
J
Mx
x
z
. = (12 - 3)
12.3.4. Vi tr truc trung ha:
T dinh nghia ve uon phang thuan tu ta suy ra tren moi mat cat ngang
thnh phan luc doc bang khong (N = 0) theo ta c:
}
= =
F
z
dF Nz 0 .
Thay gi tri
z
t (12 - 1) vo bieu thc tren ta duoc:
}
= =
F
dF y
E
Nz 0 . .

Trong d
}
=
F
x
S dF y. l mo men tinh cua mat cat ngang doi vi truc
trung ha.
Vay 0 . = =
x z
S
E
N

V 0
E
nen suy ra S
x
= 0. Vay truc trung ha l mot truc trung tam
trong he truc toa do nhu d chon, truc y l mot truc qun tnh chnh trung tam
trng vi dung tai trong. Khi d truc trung ha chnh l mot truc qun tnh
chnh trung tam th hai v vuong gc vi dung tai trong (hnh 12 - 2).

12.3.5. ng suat ko v nn ln nhat.
T bieu do phan bo ng suat php tren mat cat ngang ta d c nhan xt
l ng suat php c tri so tuyet doi ln nhat tai cc diem xa nhat tnh t truc
trung ha nhat.
Neu truc trung ha l mot truc doi xng, v du mat cat ngang hnh ch
nhat, hnh trn, ch I... th ta thay ng suat ko v ng suat nn ln nhat c
tri so tuyet doi bang nhau.
V du: Mat cat ngang l hnh ch nhat c kch thuc l bxh (12 - 13)

96
x
x
Z
W
M
: max =
Trong d
6 12
2
2 /
2 3
bh
h
bh
h
Jx
Wx = = =
Mat cat ngang l hnh trn c
bn knh R:
x
x
t
W
M
= : max
Trong d
x
= 0,1d
3
.

x
y
H n h 1 2 - 1 3
b
h
/
2
h
/
2

ai luong x goi l mo dun chong uon cua mat cat ngang. N phu
thuoc vo hnh dang, kch thuc cua mat cat ngang v c th nguyen l
chieu di
3
.
Neu mat cat ngang khong doi xng qua truc trung ha, th ng suat
ko ln nhat v ng suat nn c tri so tuyet doi ln nhat duoc xc dinh boi
cc cong thc sau:
- ng suat ko ln nhat
k
x
K K
z
w
Mx
y
Jx
Mx
= = max
Trong d max ;
max
K
K
K
x
y
y
Jx
w = l toa do cua diem bien chiu ko c
gi tri ln nhat.
- ng suat nn ln nhat ve tri so tuyet doi.
n
x
n n
z
w
Mx
y
Jx
mx
= = max max
Trong d max ;
max
n
n
n
x
y
y
Jx
w = l toa do cua diem bien chiu nn c tri
so tuyet doi ln nhat.
n
x
K
x
w w ; l cc mo dun chong
uon cua mat cat ngang trong mien
ko hoac nn. Ta thay vi cng mot
tri so mo men uon th cc tri so ng
suat ln nhat tren mat cat ngang ty le
nghich vi tri so mo dun chong uon.
Nhu vay cng vi mat cat ngang c
dien tch F, neu mo men chong uon
cng ln th cng tiet kiem vat lieu.
Mx
y
x
z
Hnh 12-14
Y
Y
n min
k max
e dnh gi mc do tiet kiem vat lieu cua cc dang mat cat khc
nhau, ngui ta dua vo ty so khong th nguyen
3
/ F Wx ty so ny cng ln
th mc do do tiet kiem vat lieu cng tot.


97
Cc mat cat ngang c tnh chat lm tiet kiem duoc, nguyen vat lieu
duoc goi l cc mat cat ngang hop l khi dam chiu uon. Viec che tao cc thp
cn dinh hnh c mat cat ngang hnh ch I, U dua tren tnh chat hop l ny.

12.3.6. Diu kien bn v ba bi ton co ban:
Trang thi ng suat tai cc diem nguy hiem cua dam chiu uon thuan
tu phang l trang thi ng suat don. Tuong tu dieu kien ben trong bi ton
ko - nn dng tam dieu kien ben o day duoc viet nhu sau:
- Dam vat lieu do, v
n
ch
K
ch
= nen ta c:
[ ] =
wx
Mx'
max (12 - 4)
- Dam vat lieu gin, v
n
B
K
B
nen ta phai viet hai dieu kien ben:
[ ]
K
K
x
K
w
Mx
=
max

[ ]
n
n
x
n
w
Mx
= max ( 12-5)
T dieu kien ben ta suy ra ba bi ton co ban:
- Kiem tra ben theo cong thc (12 - 4) v (12 - 5)
Chon kch thuc mat cat ngang thoa mn dieu kien:
[ ]
x
x
M
w = (12 - 6)
- Tm tai trong cho php thoa mn dieu kien:
max M
x

K
(12 -
7)
12.4. Uon ngang phang.
12.4.1. Dinh ngha:
Mot dam goi l chiu uon ngang phang khi tren mat cat ngang cua n
c hai thnh phan noi luc l luc cat Qy v mo men uon Mx (hoac Qx v My).
12.4.2. ng suat php tren mat cat:
Trong uon ngang phang, mat cat ngang c luc cat. Luc cat ny do ng
suat tiep tao thnh. Cc ng suat tiep tren mat cat ngang phan bo khong deu
theo chieu cao cua n. Do anh huong d cc bien dang gc cng c tri so
thay doi theo chieu cao cua mat cat ngang lm cho mat cat ngang sau khi bi
uon khong cn phang na m hoi bi venh theo hnh ch S (hnh 12 - 17). Tuy
nhien trong trung hop luc cat bang hang so th cc mat cat ngang deu venh
nhu nhau, do d su venh khong c anh huong den do dn hoac do co nhu d
nghien cu trong uon phang thuan tu. Boi vay cong thc tnh ng suat php
(12 - 3) van cn dng trong trung hop uon ngang phang.

98

M
x

z
y
x
Q
y

x
y
Hnh 12-15
M
x

Q +d Q
Q
M
x
+dM
M
x

Q
y

Hnh 12-16

Neu mat cat ngang hoac luc cat thay doi theo chieu doc truc th cong
thc (12 - 3) s c mot sai st trong pham vi b hon 5, sai so d c the bo
qua duoc.
Tm lai, ng suat php tren mat cat ngang van duoc tnh theo cong
thc (12 = 3).
y
Jx
Mx
. =
12.4.3. ng suat tiep tren mat cat ngang:
Trong tnh ton sau ny ngui ta thung bo qua anh huong cua ng
suat tiep do luc cat. Khi can ke den anh huong d ngui ta c the su dung
cong thc cua urapxki dui dang:
y
Jx b
S Qy
c
c
x
.
.
= (12 - 8)
Trong d:

y
: ng suat tiep c phuong cua luc cat Qy
x: mo men qun tnh cua mat cat ngang doi vi truc trung ha.
b: l chieu rong cua mat cat di qua diem tnh ng suat vuong gc vi
chieu cua ng suat tiep: S
c
x
: mo men tinh cua phan mat cat ngang bi cat doi
vi truc trung ha (hnh 12 - 17).

99

y
x
p
( a ) ( b )
( c )
Hnh 12-17
p

V du: Mat cat ngang hnh ch nhat theo (H12 - 18a)
12
;
4 2
3
2
2
bh
Jx y
h b
S
c
x
=
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
Suy ra:
y
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
2
2
4
1
2
3
h
y
bh
Qy

Bieu do phan bo ng suat tiep tren mat cat ngang, ch nhat duoc bieu
dien tren (hnh 12 - 18a). Tai cc diem tren truc trung ha ng suat tiep dat
tri so ln nhat:
F
Qy
bh
Qy
2
3
2
3
max
= =

y
x
max

y
x
max
F
Hnh 12-18a Hnh 12-18b
b

h

Y

h

- Mat cat ngang l hnh trn:


100

Bieu do ng suat tiep tren mat cat ngang cho tren hnh (12 - 18a) ng
suat tiep tai cc diem tren truc trung ha dat gi tri ln nhat.
F
Qy
R
Qy
3
4
3
4
2
max
=
=
12.4.4. ieu kien ben cua dam chiu uon ngang phang, mat cat hop l
cua dam:
oi vi dam chiu uon ngang phang, do tren mat cat ngang c ca ng
suat tiep v ng suat php nen viec tm vi tr nguy hiem v viet dieu kien ben
c phc tap hon. Dua vo bieu do phan bo ng suat php v tiep doc theo
chieu cao, ta thay c ba loai trang thi ng suat (hnh 12 - 19).
- O cc diem ngoi mp, xa truc trung ha nhat. V du cc diem A,
trang thi ng suat don.

C
max
Y
min

min

max

B
C
A
A
Hnh 12-19
Y
max

ieu kien ben l:
a) Doi voi vat lieu deo:
[ ] =
Wx
Mx
z
max
(12 - 9)
b) Doi voi vat lieu gin:
[ ]
K
K
x
K
z
W
Mx
=
max
- iem tren truc trung ha. V du diem B, phan to o trang thi truot
thuan tu. ieu kien ben l:
max (12 - 11)
) (
3
4
2 2
4
Y R
R
Qy
zy

=
[ ]
n
n
x
n
z
W
Mx
=
max
(12 - 10)

101
- Nhng diem c ca ng suat tiep v ng suat php, v du diem C. Phan
to ny o trang thi ng suat phang nen de kiem tra ben ta khong the lm nhu
o trang thi ng suat don. o ben cua phan to dang xt tuong duong vi do
ben cua trang thi ng suat tuong duong. Vay dieu kien ben duoc viet l:
max
td
(12 - 12)
Trong d
td
l ng suat tnh ton o trang thi ng suat don tuong
duong cho trang thi ng suat phang dang xt.
e tm quan he
td
vi cc ng suat dang xt ta dua vo cc gia thuyet.
Moi gia thuyet can c vo mot dai luong co hoc no d de suy dien. Ngui ta
goi d l cc thuyet ben.
V du: Theo thuyet ben ng suat tiep ln nhat. ng suat tnh ton tuong
duong cua mot diem C no d
(c) v
c
nhu (hnh 12 - 20) c dang:
Theo thuyet ben the nang bien doi hnh dng

2 2
) ( ) (
4
c c z c td
+ =
2 2
) ( ) (
4
2
1
2
1
c c z zc c td

+
+
+
=
Hai thuyet ben tren dng cho vat lieu do, thuyet ben Mo dng cho vat
lieu gin trong d =
K
/
n
.
Thuc te do tri so cua ng suat tiep trong trung hop dam chiu uon
thung rat b so vi tri so ng suat php nen n thung duoc bo qua. Do d
dieu kien ben (12 - 9) v (12 - 10) goi l dieu kien ben co ban khi uon.
V du 5:
Xc dinh doan truc bnh xe hoa nam gia hai bnh chiu luc nhu tren
hnh 12-20. Cho biet P = 63kN: a = 22,8cm. Vat lieu c gii han chay
ch
=
26kN/cm
2
. Lay he so an ton n = 6,3.
Giai: Truc het ta chon so do luc (hnh 12-20a) v v bieu do luc cat
Q
y
(hnh 12-20c) v mo men uon (hnh 12-20d). oan truc nam gia hai
bnh chiu uon phang thuan tu. Gi tri mo men uon M
x
= P.a = 63.22,8 =
1436,4kNcm.

102
p p
p p
p
p
C
D
C
Bieu do Qy
Bieu do Qx
Hnh 12-20
a
a
a)
b)
d)
c)


103
Mo men chong uon cua mat cat
ngang trn c gi tri
x
= 0,1d
3
.
Tri so ng suat cho php:
[ ] ) (
3 , 6
26
2
cm
KN
n
ch
= =

Theo cong thc (12-6) ta c:
] [
1 , 0
3
x
M
d
hay
3
26 . 1 , 0
3 , 6 . 4 , 1436
= d
15.2cm

V du 6: Cho dam chiu luc nhu tren hnh 12-21. Chon dung knh cua
dam. Cho hai trung hop: dam c mat cat ngang khong doi, dam c ba bac
(hnh 12-22). Biet l = 80mm, P = 5000N, = 16000N/cm
2
. Bo qua trong
luong ban than.
Giai:
a) Dam c mat cat ngang
khong doi:
T dieu kien (12-9) ta c:
] [
1 , 0
3
x
M
d
Trongd:
cm N M
x
. 10
4
80 . 5000
5
max
= =

Hnh 12-21
Mx=
4
p.l
p
C
p/2
A B
p/2
p/2
p/2
l =80mm


104
Suy ra:
3
3
5
10 . 16 . 1 , 0
10
= d 4cm
Kiem tra do ben cua dam.
- Theo ng suat tiep ln
nhat:
[ ] = =
F
Q
y
3
4
max

P/2
A
P/2
B
Hnh 12-22
Mx=
4
p.l
p
15p 15p
d
2
300 200 300
d
2
d
2

Trong d: N
P
Q
y
2500
2
5000
2
max = = =
2 2
56 , 12 4
4 4
2
cm
d
F =
=
[ ]
[ ]
2
/ 8000
2
16000
2
cm N = = =

[ ]
2
/ 250
56 , 12
2500
.
3
4
max cm N = =
Vay dam du ben theo ng suat tiep ln nhat: 250N/cm
2

8000N/cm
2
.
b) Dam ba bac (Hnh 12-22)
Tri so d
1
, d
2
s duoc xc dinh t dieu kien ben cua tng doan tuong
ng. oi vi doan gia: tuong tu nhu tren v:
Ncm
Pl
M
x
5
10
4
80 . 5000
4
max = = = : d
1
= 4cm
- oi vi doan o hai dau: mo men ln nhat trong moi doan ny l:
cm N
P
M
x
. 75000 30 .
2
5000
30 .
2
= = =
T dieu kien ben co ban (12-9) ta c:
[ ] 16000
75000
1 , 0
3
=
x
M
d
Suy ra 3
2
16000 . 1 , 0
75000
= d 3.6cm
Vi kch thuc d
2
= 3,6cm, neu kiem tra dieu kien ben theo ng suat
tiep ln nhat ta thay van thoa mn. O day ta khong kiem tra dieu kien ben
theo (12-12) v mat cat ngang l trn.
Chuong 13 thanh chiu luc phc tap
1/ Muc dich:
Cung cap nhng kien thc khi khao st thanh chiu luc phc tap: Uon
xien, uon v ko ( nn) dong thi, uon v xoan dong thi.
2/ eu cau:
Xc dinh duoc noi luc cua thanh, v duoc bieu do noi luc, giai duoc
cc bi ton xt dieu kien ben.
Khi tren mat cat ngang cua thanh xuat hien nhieu thnh phan noi luc,
ta goi thanh d l thanh chiu luc phc tap. e thiet lap cc cong thc ve ng
suat, bien dang ta s p dung "nguyen l cong tc dung" c nghia: ng suat,
bien dang do nhieu yeu to gay ra dong thi tren mot thanh bang tong ng
suat hay bien dang do tng yeu to mot gay ra tren thanh d.
Trong bi ton ve chiu luc phc tap, anh huong cua luc cat den do ben
thung l nho ta c the bo qua, nen khong de cap trong chuong ny. Khi can
ke den anh huong cua n ta van su dung theo nguyen l cong tc dung.
Trong thuc te ta thung gap mot so bi ton chiu luc tc dung sau:
13.1. Thanh uon xien:
13.1.1. Dinh ngha:
Mot thanh goi l chiu uon xien khi tren mat cat ngang c hai thnh
phan noi luc l: M
x
v M
y
nam trong cc mat phang qun tnh chnh trung
tam cua mat cat ngang (hnh 13-1). Khi ch den luc cat tren mat cat ngang
c the c cc thnh phan noi luc M
x
, Q
y
, M
y
v Q
x
.
Goi M l vecto tong cua cc vecto
x
M ,
y
M . Ta c:
2 2
y x
M M M + =
Mo men uon M nam trong mat phang V, cha truc , nhung khong
trng vi mot mat phang qun tnh chnh trung tam no. Giao tuyen cua mat
phang ny vi mat phang cat ngang goi l dung tai trong. Trong uon xien
dung tai trong di qua trong tam nhung khong trng vi mot truc qun tnh
chnh trung tam no (Hnh 13-1b).

My
Mx
Hnh (a)
Y
v
X
Y
Hnh (b )
z
ung trung ho
Mat phang tai trong ( V )
z
X
Hnh 13-1
A
B
ung tai trong

Ciao trinh Co k thuat Ihanh chiu luc phuc tap

106

13.1.2. ng suat php tren mat cat ngang.
Theo nguyen l cong tc dung, ng suat php tai mot diem bat ky tren
mat cat ngang c toa do x, y duoc tnh theo cong thc:
x
j
M
y
j
M
y
y
x
x
z
+ = (13-1)
Trong d quy uc M, duoc coi l duong khi lm cang chieu duong cua
truc y v M, duoc coi l duong khi lm cang chieu duong cua truc x.
Trong k thuat ngui ta dng cong thc sau de khong can ch den
dau cua M
x
, M
y
, toa do x, y:
x
j
M
y
j
M
y
y
x
x
x
= (13-2)
Trong d cc gi tri deu lay tri so tuyet doi.Cn lay dau "+" hoac dau (-)
truc moi so hang tuy theo cc mo men uon M
x
, v M
y
gay ra ng suat ko
hay nn o diem dang xt.
Neu goi l gc cua dung tai trong hop vi truc x (hnh 13-1b) th
phuong cua dung tai trong duoc xc dinh theo cong thc:
y
x
M
M
tg =
suy ra M
x
= Msin: M
y
= Mcos
Gc duoc goi l duong khi quay t chieu duong truc x den chieu
duong truc y gap dung tai trong.
13.1.3. Vi tr dung trung ha:
T (13-1) phuong trnh dung trung ha l:
0 = + x
j
M
y
j
M
y
y
x
x
(13-3)
hay y = xtg (13-4)
Trong d
y
x
y
x
x
y
j
j
tg
tg hay
j
j
M
M
tg .
1
.
= = (13-5)
Vay dung trung ha l mot dung thang di qua trong tam mat cat
ngang v khong vuong gc vi dung tai trong nhu trong uon phang. T bieu
thc (13-5) ta rt ra mot nhan xt l doi vi cc mat cat ngang c vo so he
truc qun tnh chnh trung tam nhu hnh trn, cc da gic deu canh... th
khong xay ra hien tuong uon xien phang. V khi d dung tai trong s trng
vi mot truc qun tnh chnh trung tam, cn dung trung ha s trng vi mot
truc qun tnh chnh trung tam th hai vuong gc vi dung tai trong, doi vi
cc hnh ny I
x
= Iy nen tg, tg = -1. Bi ton khi d chi l uon phang.
13.1.4. Bieu d ng suat php tren mat cat ngang
Theo (13-1) mat ng suat l mat phang, nen ng suat php phan bo deu
tren dung thang song song vi dung trung ha. Do d ta c the v bieu do

107
phan bo ng suat php tren mat cat ngang trong he toa do nhu hnh 13-2.
Truc tung l dung trung ha, truc honh vuong gc vi dung trung ha.
T bieu do phan bo ng suat php tren mat cat ngang ta thay diem
nguy hiem l cc diem xa dung trung ha nhat ve pha ko hoac pha nn.
Trang thi ng suat cua diem nguy hiem l trang thi ng suat don. Vay dieu
kien ben c dang:
max
(13-6)
- oi vi vat lieu gin:
max

k
(13-7)
trong d:
k
y
y
k
x
x
x
I
M
y
I
M
+ =
max
(13-8)
n
y
y
n
x
x
x
I
M
y
I
M
+ =
min
(13-9)
x
k
, y
k
l toa do cua diem chiu ko cch xa dung trung ha nhat.
x
n
, y
n
l toa do cua diem chiu nn cch xa dung trung ha nhat.

y
x
A B
D
C
min
max
Hnh 13-3
Hnh 13-2
dung trung ho
0

Neu mat cat ngang cua thanh l nhng mat cat c the noi tiep trong
hnh ch nhat c dang nhu tren hinh 13-3 th:
x
k =
x
n
= x
max
khi d y
k
= y
n
= y
max

max
=
min
(13-10)
trong d:
; ;
max max
x
j
W
y
j
W
y
y
x
x
= = (13-11)
Trung hop ny dieu kien ben s l:

108
+
y
y
x
x
W
M
W
M
(13-12)

k
y
y
x
x
W
M
W
M
+ (13-13)
T dieu kien ben tren ta suy ra ba bi ton co ban sau:
- Kiem tra ben theo (13-7) hoac (13-8) hoac (13-9:
- Tm tai trong cho php. Goi P
i
tai trong suy rong cho php (tai
trong tap trung, tai trong phan bo, mo men tap trung hay mo men phan bo)
th tai mat cat nguy hiem ta c:
M
x
= k
1
P
i
: M
y
= k
2
P
i
:
k
1
, k
2
l cc hang so. T dieu kien ben, v du theo (13-13) ta suy ra:
] [
] [ ] [
2 1
+
y
i
x
i
W
P k
W
P k

hay
y x
i
W
k
W
k
P
2 1
] [
] [
+

(13-14)
- Chon kch thuc mat cat ngang:
V chua biet tri so I
x
, I
y
, x
k
, x
n
, y
k
, y
n
, nen dau tien ta c the chon thu
bang cch tnh theo uon phang do thnh phan mo men di hoi kch thuc ln
sau d thu dan.
oi vi cc mat cat noi tiep duoc trong hnh ch nhat (hnh 13-3) dau
tien ta c the tnh theo cong thc:
] [
.
y x
x
M C M
W
+
= (13-15)
trong d C =
x
/
y
(13-
16)
oi vi hnh ch nhat c chieu cao h v be rong b th c = h/b.
oi vi mat cat hnh ch I lc dau c the lay c=8, v hnh ch U, c=6:
sau d kiem tra tnh ton lai.
V du 13-2: Cho dam chiu luc nhu hnh 13-4a. Xc dinh so hieu mat
cat dam thp ch I, vi tr dung trung ha. Cho P = 2.400N: q=4.000N/m: L=
2m: = 30
o
: = 16.000N/cm
2
.
Bi giai:

109
Mat cat nguy hiem tai ngm c:
cos
2
2
Pl
ql
M
x
+ =
=
Nm 12160 866 , 0 . 2 . 2400
2
4 . 4000
= +
M
y
= Plsin = 2400. 2. 0,5 =
2400Nm
Thu lan th nhat ta lay c = 8
Theo cong thc (13-16):
100 .
16000
2400 . 8 12160
] [
.
+
=
+
y x
x
M C M
W

= 196cm
3

p
X
Y
Y
X
min
max
n
n
Hnh 13-4
L
q

Ta chon mat cat ch I so 20. C cc tri so nho hon v gan nhat
x
=
184cm
3
:
y
= 23,1cm
3
.
Thu lai:
max
= -
min
=:
max
=
2
/ 17000
1 , 23
240000
184
1216000
cm N
W
M
W
M
y
y
x
x
= + = +
V % 5 % 2 , 6 100 .
16000
16000 17000
100 .
] [
] [
max
> =

Do d ta lay mat cat so 20a c
x
= 203cm
3
:
y
= 28,2cm
3
.
Khi d
max
=
2
/ 14500
2 , 28
240000
203
1216000
cm N
W
M
W
M
y
y
x
x
= + = +
ng suat nho hon:
% 4 , 9 100 .
16000
14500 16000
100 .
] [
] [
max
=

V gia thp c so hieu 20 v 20a khong cn so hieu no khc nen ta
chon dam thp c so hieu 20a.
Xc dinh vi tr dung trung ha. Tra bang vi I (20a) ta c I
x
=
2.030cm
4
: I
x
= 155cm
4
. Do d tai mat cat ngm, phuong cua dung trung ha
l:
50 68 58 , 2
12160 . 155
2400 . 2030
max
max
o
x x
y x
hay
M I
M I
tg + = + = = =
13.1.6. Do vong v gc xoay:
o vong v gc xoay tong hop cua mat cat no d bang tong hnh
hoc do vong v gc xoay do cc thnh phan mo men uon tc dung trong
cc mat phang qun tnh chnh trung tam cua dam. Ta c:

110
2 2
x x
f f f + = (13-17)
2 2
y y
+ = (13-18)
Trong d:
x
,
y
l do vng theo phuong truc x do M
y
gay nen v
phuong truc y do M
x
gay nen
x
v
y
l gc xoay cua mat cat xoay quanh
truc x do M
y
gay nen v xoay quanh truc y do M
x
gay nen.
Phuong cua do vng tong hop so vi truc tai mot mat cat l:
tg =
y
/
x
(13-19)

13.2. Uon v ko - nn dong thi.
13..2.1 Dinh ngha
Mot thanh goi l uon v ko - nn dong thi khi tren mat cat ngang
cua thanh c cc thnh phan noi luc l luc doc N
, mo men uon M
x
, M
y
. Neu
ke den luc cat do uon th tren mat cat c N
, Q
y
, M
x
, M
y
, Q
x
(hnh 13-5).
X
z
Y
Mx
My
Hnh 13-5
NZ

13.2.2. ng suat php tren mat cat ngang:
ng suat php tai mot diem tren mat cat ngang duoc xc dinh theo
cong thc:
x
I
M
I
M
F
N
y
y
x
x z
z
+ + = (13-20)
hoac: ) 1 (
2 2
x
i I
M
y
i N
M
F
N
y z
y
x z
x z
z
+ + = (13-21)
Trong d: F - Dien tch mat cat ngang. i
x
, i
y
- bn knh qun tnh chnh
y x y y x x
I I F I i F I i . . / , / = = - mo men qun tnh chnh trung tam cua mat cat
ngang x v y - toa do cua diem tnh ng suat.
Dau cua N

theo quy uc cua chuong ko - nn dng tam. Dau cua M
x
,
M
y
duoc quy uc nhu trong uon xien.

111
Cong thc k thuat c dang:
x
I
M
y
I
M
F
N
y
y
x
x z
z
= (13-22)
Trong d cc gi tri deu lay gi tri tuyet doi. Cn lay dau (+) hoac (-)
truc moi so hang tuy theo luc doc l ko hay nn v cc mo men uon M
x
, v
M
y
gay ra ng suat ko hay nn o diem dang xt.
13.2.3. Vi tr dung trung ha:
T (13-21) ta suy ra phuong trnh dung trung ha l:
0 = + +
y
y
x
x z
I
M
y
I
M
F
N
(13-23)
hay theo (13-22)
0
2 2
= + + x
i I
M
y
i N
M
I
y z
y
x z
x
(13-24)
ung trung ha l mot dung thang khong di qua trong tam cua mat
cat ngang nhu trong uon xien.

13.2.4. Bieu d ng suat php tren mat cat ngang:
Tuong tu nhu trong
uon xien do mat cat ng suat l
phang nen ng suat php phan bo
deu tren dung thang song song
vi dung trung ha. Bieu do phan
bo ng suat duoc v nhu tren hnh
13-6.
T bieu do phan bo
ng suat php tren mat cat ngang,
ta thay diem nguy hiem l cc
diem o chu vi, xa dung trung ha
nhat ve pha ko hoac pha nn.
Trang thi ng suat cua
A
Hnh 13-6
max
min
D
y
B
C
x
= N/ F
ung dung trung hoa

diem nguy hiem l trang
thi ng suat don. Vay dieu kien
ben l:


max


max

k

min

n
(13-26)
Trong d:

112
x
I
M
y
I
M
F
N
y
y
x
x z
+ + =
max
(13-27)

x
I
M
y
I
M
F
N
y
y
x
x z
=
min
(13-28)
x
k
, y
k
l toa do cua diem chiu ko cch xa dung trung ha nhat
x
n
, y
n
l toa do cua diem chiu nn cch xa dung trung ha nhat
Neu mat cat ngang cua thanh c dang (hnh 13-3) th l luan tuong tu
nhu trong uon xien ta c:
y
y
x
x z
I
M
W
M
F
N
+ + =
max
(13-29)

y
y
x
x z
W
M
W
M
F
N
=
min
(13-30)
13.3. Ko nn lech tam:
13.3.1. Dinh ngha:
Ko nn lech tam l trung
hop ngoai luc c phuong song song
vi truc thanh, nhung diem dat o
ngoi trong tam mat cat ngang (hnh
13-8)


113
Trong trung hop tong qut
khi tai trong dat lech tam, thanh hnh
lang tru s chiu luc ko hoac nn v
uon xien thuan tu. Noi luc tren mat
cat ngang thu gon thnh luc doc c
tri so:

x
y
p
x
y
y
x
Nz
Mx
My
Hnh 13-7

N
= P
Mo men uon: M
y
=PX
p ,
M
x
=P
p
(13-31)
Trong d x
p
, y
p
l toa do cua diem dat luc P trong he truc qun tnh
chnh trung tam.
Ve phuong dien tnh ton ng suat, ta thay bi ton ko - nn lech tam
chi l mot trung hop cua uon v ko - nn dong thi. Do d cc ket qua
nhan duoc t trung hop uon v ko - nn dong thi deu duoc p dung o day
(hnh 13-7).
13.3.2. ng suat php tren mat cat ngang.
ng suat php tren mat cat ngang c gi tri:
x
I
M
y
I
M
F
N
y
y
x
x z
z
+ + = (13-32)
Thay gi tri M
x
, M
y
theo (13-32) ta duoc:
(
(
+ + =
2 2
1
x
p
y
p
z
i
y y
i
x x
F
P
(13-33)
13.3.3. Phuong trnh dung trung ha:
0 1
2 2
= + +
x
p
y
p
i
y y
i
x x
(13-34)
T tnh chat dung trung ha c the nam ngoi mat cat ngang, ta
luon tm duoc mot dien tch c cha trong tam, sao cho luc dat trong dien

114
tch d th mat cat ngang chi chiu luc ko hoac chi chiu nn. Dien tch d
duoc goi l loi cua mat cat (li tiet dien).

13.4. Xoan v uon dong thi.
13.4.1. Dinh ngha:
Mot thanh goi l xoan v uon dong thi. Khi tren mat cat ngang cua
thanh c hai thnh phan noi luc l mo men xoan v mo men uon (khi ke den
anh huong cua luc cat Q do uon th c them thnh phan luc cat) (hnh 13-9).

Z

M
y

Nz

M
x

Hnh 13-8
Qy

Y

X

Mz
v

Hnh 13-9
Mu

Y

X

Mz

u

B

A

Z

ung dung
trung hoa

13.4.2. ng suat tren mat cat ngang trn:
Tren mat cat ngang cua thanh c hai thnh phan ng suat:
ng suat php do mo men gay nen nhu trung hop uon phang hoac
uon xien, v ng suat tiep do mo men xoan gay nen phan bo nhu trung hop
xoan thuan tu (bo qua anh huong cua luc cat Q).
iem nguy hiem tren mat cat nguy hiem l giao diem cua dung tai
trong vi chu vi: diem A hoac B (hnh 13-9). Tai d ng suat php v tiep c
gi tri:
u
y x
u
u
W
M M
W
M
2 2
max
+
= = (15-35)
p
z
W
M
=
max
(13-36)
V phan to o trang thi ng suat phang nen dieu kien ben c dang:
tdmax
(13-37)
Trong d ng suat tuong duong duoc tnh theo mot thuyet ben thch
hop. Theo thuyet ben ng suat tiep ln nhat ta c:

115
2 2
4 + =
td
thay cc gi tri cua v theo (13-35), (13-36) v ch

p
= 2
u
ta c:
u
td
u
x y x
W
M
W
M M M
=
+ +
=
2 2 2
max

Vi
2 2 2
x y x td
M M M M + + = (13-31)
Theo thuyet ben the nang bien doi hnh dng:
u
td
u
z y x
W
M
W
M M M
=
+ +
= + =
2 2 2
2 2
max
75 , 0
3
Vi
2 2 2
75 , 0
z y x td
M M M M + + = (13-39)
Theo thuyet ben Mo ta c:
2 2
4
2
1
2
1

+
+
+
=
td

hay
u
td
u
z y x y x td
W
M
W
M M M M M = |
.
|
\
|
+ +
+
+ +
=
1
.
2
1
2
1
2 2 2 2 2

vi
2 2 2 2 2
2
1
2
1
z y x y x td
M M M M M M + +
+
+ +
=

(13-40)

=
k
/
n

Tm lai dieu kien ben duoc viet gon dui dang:
] [ =
u
td
td
W
M
(13 - 41)
Trong d
u
= 0.1d
3
M
td
duoc tnh theo cc thuyet ben thch hop (13-38), (13-39), (13-40).
V du (13-5). Mot truc truyen bang thp chiu luc nhu tren hnh 13-11.
Trong luong Puli G = 3kN, cong suat v so vng quay cua mo to l N =
50k, n = 500v/pht. Kiem tra ben truc theo thuyet ben the nang bien doi
hnh dng biet = 12kN/cm
2
.
Bi giai:
So do chiu luc cua truc bieu dien tren hnh 13-11a, trong d:
s rad
n
/ 4 , 52
30
500 . 14 , 3
30
= =
=
kNcm Nm
N
M 5 , 95 10 . 955 , 0
4 , 52
10 . 5
3
3
= = = =

Luc cang day dai duoc xc dinh theo dieu kien can bang cua mo men
xoan:
2 2 2
1 1 1
D t D t D T
M = =
Rt ra: ; 38 , 2
80
5 , 95 . 2 2
1
kN
D
M
t = = = T
1
= 2t
1
= 2.2,38 = 4,76kN.
P = T
1
+ t
1
= 4,76 + 2,38 = 7,14kN
Cc bieu do noi luc duoc bieu dien tren cc hnh 13-10 b, c, d.

116
A B
500 500
6
0
T1= 2t1
D

=
8
0
0

m
m
5
0
0
5
0
0
G=3KN
Bieu do
(M )
Bieu do
(M x)
Bieu do
(M y)
95,5KN cm
75KNcm
178KN cm
M=95,5KN cm
M=95,5KN cm
P=7.14KN
z
y
x
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
Hnh 13-11
t1

ng suat tuong duong tnh theo thuyet ben the nang bien doi hnh dng
s bang:
3
2 2 2
. 1 , 0
75 , 0
d
M M M
W
M z y x
x
td
td
+ +
= =
Mat cat nguy hiem tai C ve pha CB, tai d:

kNcm
Pl
M kNcm
Gl
M
y x
178
4
100 . 14 , 7
4
; 75
4
100 . 3
4
= = = = = =
M
= 95,5kNcm.
Thay so vo ta duoc:
3
2 2 2
6 . 1 , 0
5 , 95 . 75 , 0 178 75 + +
=
td
= 9,72kN/cm
2
= 12kN/cm
2
.
Vay truc thoa mn dieu kien ben.
13.5. Thanh chiu luc tong qut.
Mot thanh goi l chiu luc tong qut khi tren mat cat ngang cua n c
day du 6 thnh phan noi luc. Theo nguyen l cong tc dung, ng suat php
tren mat cat ngang do cc thnh phan noi luc l luc doc N
, mo men uon M
x
,
M
y
cn ng suat tiep do cc thnh phan noi luc l mo men xoan M
, luc cat
Q
x
, Q
y
. Viec kiem tra dieu kien ben thanh chiu luc tong qut duoc tien hnh
theo trnh tu sau:
Chon diem nguy hiem hoac nghi ng nguy hiem tren mat cat nguy
hiem hay cc mat cat nghi ng nguy hiem. iem nguy hiem l diem c ng
suat tuong duong ln nhat duoc tnh theo mot thuyet ben no d.

117
- Viet dieu kien ben.
Cch tien hnh duoc trnh by thong qua v du sau:
V du 13-6: Kiem tra ben trong hop giam toc (hnh 13-12) biet:
P = 5,26kN: T = 1.70kN: R = 1,58kN.
d
1
= 4,62cm: d
2
= 6,30cm: l = 24 cm.
Vat lieu c ng suat cho php = 16kN/cm
2
.

A B
C
L
1
/ 2

L
1
/ 2

P
T
d
2
d
1
T
R
L
2
/ 2

L
2
/ 2

Hnh 13-10

Bi giai:
Tm so do chiu luc cua thanh bang cch dua cc luc tc dung ve trong
tam mat cat, so do chiu luc cua truc vt duoc trnh by tren hnh 13-13a.
V cc bieu do noi luc de xc dinh duoc mat cat nguy hiem hoac nghi
ng nguy hiem. Bieu do noi luc duoc v tren cc hnh 13-3b, c, d, e (bo qua
anh huong cua luc cat Q
x
, Q
y
). Dua vo bieu do noi luc ta thay ngay mat cat
ngang thuoc phan AC l mat cat ngang nguy hiem. Tren mat cat ngang ny
cc noi luc c gi tri:
| N
| = P = 5,26kN: | M
x
| = 18,50kNcm: | M
y
| = 9,48kNcm.
Xc dinh diem nguy hiem, phan tch trang thi ng suat cua diem nguy
hiem.
Ta biet dui tc dung cua mo men xoan, ng suat tiep c tri so ln nhat
o cc diem ngoi chu vi.
. / 25 , 0
) 62 , 4 .( 2 , 0
98 , 4
2
3
max
cm kN
W
M
p
z
= = =
ng suat php do luc doc N
, mo men uon M
x
c tri so:
3
2 2
2
2 2
max
) 62 , 4 ( 1 , 0
) 48 . 9 ( ) 50 , 18 (
4
) 62 , 4 ( 14 , 3
26 , 5
+
+ =
+
+ =
x
y x
z
W
M M
F
N

= - 0,31 + 2,10 = 1,79 kN/cm
2
.

118
2
2 2
2
2 2
min
) 62 , 4 ( 1 , 0
) 48 . 9 ( ) 50 , 18 (
4
) 62 , 4 ( 14 , 3
26 , 5
+
=
+
=
x
y x
z
W
M M
F
N

= - 0,31 - 2,10 =- 2,41 kN/cm
2
.
l hai giai diem cua dung tai trong do M
x
, M
y
gay nen vi chu vi.
V vat lieu l do nen ta chon diem nguy hiem l diem c | |
max
tc l
diem c | |
min
. Trang thi ng suat cua diem l trang thi ng suat phang
c:
| |
max
= 2,41 kN/cm
2
.
max
= 0,25 kN/cm
2
.
Tnh ton theo yeu cau. e kiem tra ben truc vt ta dua vo mot thuyet
ben no d. V du, theo thuyet ben ng suat tiep ln nhat:
2 2 2 2
) 25 , 0 ( 4 ) 41 , 2 ( 4 + = + =
td

= 2,461 kN/cm
2

= 16 kN/cm
2
.
Hoac theo thuyet the nang bien doi hnh dng:
2 2 2 2
) 25 , 0 ( 3 ) 41 , 2 ( 3 + = + =
td

= 2,44 kN/cm
2
= 16 kN/cm
2

Vay truc du ben.

119
Bieu do
(My)
Hnh 13-11
9.48KNcm
5.26KNcm
Bieu do
(Mx)
Bieu do
(M)
G=3KN
z
x
y
Pd2/ 2
R
Pd2/ 2
L
1
/
2
L
1
/
2 P
B
C
A
4.98KNcm
1.86KNcm
18.5KNcm
Bieu do
(N)

Ciao trinh Co k thuat Aguyen ly may: Cau truc co cau

120
PHN 3 NGUYEN LY MY
Chuong 14: Cau trc co cau
1/ Muc dich:
Cung cap nhng khi niem v dinh nghia nhu: Khau khp, chuoi dong
v co cau, bac tu do cua co cau.
2/ eu cau:
Nam vng ket cau cua co cau, bac tu do cua co cau.
14.1 Khi niem v dinh nghia
14.1.1 My
inh nghia: My l mot tap the cc vat the nhan tao nham thay the v
mo rong chc nang lao dong cua con ngui.
C nhieu tieu ch khc nhau de phan loai my, trong moi ngnh lai c
mot cch phan loai rieng nhung nhn chung c the tam phan loai my ra lm
cc nhm sau:
My truyen v bien doi nang luong: Cc my thuoc nhm ny dng
nham muc dch bien doi nang luong t dang ny sang dang khc nhu cc loai
my pht thuy dien, nhiet dien, cc loai dong co nhu dong co dien, dong co
dot trong .v.v.
My truyen v bien doi thong tin: Thuoc nhm ny c cc my nhu
dien thoai, cc loai thiet bi vo tuyen truyen thong, my vi tnh v.v.
My bien doi vi tr, trang thi cua vat the: ay l cc loai my k thuat
nhiet, cc loai my nang chuyen, van tai v.v.
My chap hnh thuc hien cc chc nang lao dong cu the cua con
ngui: Thuoc nhm ny c tat ca cc loai my ng dung trong ngnh co kh.
Tren thuc te cc loai my hien dai c the tong hop chc nang cua mot
so hay tat ca cc loai my tren v moi chc nang d tham gia nhu mot qu
trnh cua mot my thong nhat.
So do khoi cua mot may:

Bo nguon Bo bien doi trung gian Bo chap hnh
Bo dieu khien

14.1.2 Co cau
inh nghia: Co cau l mot tap hop cc vat the lien ket vi nhau trong
d moi vat deu c chuyen dong tuong doi so vi cc vat khc nhung theo mot
quy luat xc dinh nham truyen hay bien doi chuyen dong.
Can c vo cc tnh chat v dac diem cua cc vat the tham gia co cau
ngui ta c the chia co cau ra thnh cc nhm sau.
Iheo dc diem cua cac vat the hop thnh co cau:
Hnh 14.1

121
Co cau gom ton cc vat ran.
Co cau c vat the dn hoi: khi trong thnh phan co cau c t nhat mot
vat the c tnh chat dn hoi.
Co cau cua cc moi trung lien tuc: ay l cc co cau hoat dong tren
co so thuy luc, kh luc.
Co cau dng tc dung dien t.
Iheo chuc nng hoat dong:
Co cau truyen chuyen dong dng de truyen chuyen dong t vat the ny
sang vat the khc.
Co cau bien doi chuyen dong dng de truyen v bien doi cc chuyen
dong thnh mot chuyen dong c quy luat nhat dinh.
oi tuong nghien cu trong co hoc k thuat chu yeu l cc co cau theo
chc nang hoat dong.
Mot co cau bao gom c nhieu khau trong d khau co dinh duoc goi l
gi, khau tao chuyen dong goi l khau dan, khau dua chuyen dong ra goi l
khau bi dan, cn lai l cc khau trung gian.
14.1.3 Khau
Khau l mot hay nhieu chi tiet my duoc ghp cng lai vi nhau v c
chuyen dong tuong doi so vi cc thnh phan khc cua my.
Nhu vay mot khau khong phu thuoc vo kch thuc hay so luong chi
tiet. v du nhu tay bien l mot khau tuy nho nhung c rat nhieu chi tiet duoc
ghp cng lai vi nhau, nguoc lai mot bnh d cua my no c kch thuoc rat
ln cng l mot khau nhung lai chi c mot chi tiet.
14.1.4 Chi tiet my
Chi tiet my (hay cn goi l tiet my) l mot phan khong the tho ri
ra duoc na cua mot my hay mot khau, mot co cau.
Nhu vay phan biet chi tiet my cng khong can c vo kch thuc,
khoi luong hay do phc tap cua n. Mot chot ch tuy nho v don gian hay
mot than my tuy ln, c cau trc phc tap cng deu l mot chi tiet my.
14.1.5 Khp dong
Khp hay khp dong l phan noi gia hai khau, dam bao cho chng c
chuyen dong tuong doi so vi nhau.
Mot khau trong khong gian c 6 bac tu do tc l co 6 kha nang chuyen
dong, nhung khi hai khau noi vi nhau bang mot khp dong s c nhng
chuyen dong bi han che. Ngui ta can c vo dac diem lien ket gia hai khau
v so bac tu do m n bi han che de dua ra phan loai khp sau:
Theo dac diem lien ket ta c khp cao v khp thap. Khp cao l khp
c hai khau tiep xc theo diem hoac theo dung, cn khp thap l khp c
hai khau tiep xc vi nhau theo mat.
Theo so bac tu do m n han che ta c cc khp bac 1,2 cho ti 5.
Cc loai khp thong dung v luoc do cua chng duoc trnh bay tren
cc hnh minh hoa sau:


122
Luoc do khau
e don gian trong viec nghien cu ngui ta luoc do ho cc khau v
khp bang cch chi gi lai nhng yeu to anh huong ti chuyen dong cua co
cau.
Luoc do khau duoc bieu dien bang cc doan thang noi tam khp hoac
cc dung cong bieu dien cc hnh dang dac biet tai cho an khp.
Chuoi dong
Chuoi dong l tap hop cc khau duoc noi vi nhau bang cc khp
dong.
Chuoi dong c the kn hoac ho: chuoi kn l chuoi trong d cc khau
duoc noi kn vi nhau. Trong chuoi kn moi khau tham gia t nhat hai khp.
Bac tu do cua co cau
Co cau c the coi l mot chuoi dong c t nhat mot khau co dinh goi l
gi.
Trong co cau moi khau ve mat l thuyet c 6 bac tu do. Tuy nhien do
cc khau noi vi nhau bang cc khp nen so bac tu do cua co cau c the duoc
tnh bang cch lay tong so bac tu do l thuyet cua cc khau tr di tong so bac
tu do m cc khp han che.
nghia: so bac tu do cua co cau l so chuyen dong doc lap cua co cau
de co cau c chuyen dong xc dinh, d cng chnh l so thong so doc lap
dng de xc dinh vi tr cua co cau v tng khau cua n trong khong gian.
Cong thuc tong quat de tinh bac tu do cua mot co cau.
Hnh 14.2
Hnh 14.3
Hnh 14.5
Hnh 14.4
Hnh 14.6

123

) 2 3 4 5 ( 6
5 4 3 2 1
T T T T T n + + + + =

Trong d l so bac tu do cua co cau
n l so khau trong co cau
T
1
,T
2
,.. .. ..,T
5
l so khp cap1,2,.. .. ..,5 trong co cau.

Ciao trinh Co k thuat Co cau phng ton khop thap

125
Chuong 15: Co cau phang ton khop thap
1/ Muc dich:
Gii thieu dai cuong co cau phang ton khp thap. Gii thieu co cau
dien hnh l co cau bon khau ban le, co cau Cult, co cau tay quay con truot,
ve ty so truyen, dieu kien quay lien tuc cua khau noi gi.
2/ eu cau:
Nam vng cau trc, ty so truyen, dieu kien quay lien tuc cua khau noi
gi, cua cc co cau bon khau ban le, co cau Cult, co cau tay quay con truot.
15.1 Khi niem chung
inh nghia: Co cau phang l co cau bao gom cc khau chuyen dong
trong mot mat phang hay trong cc mat phang song song vi nhau.
15.1.1 Khau phang
Cc khau trong co cau phang chi c the chuyen dong trong mot mat
phang cha n, suy ra khau phang chi c the c ba bac tu do: chuyen dong
tinh tien theo hai truc vuong gc trong mat phang v chuyen dong quay
quanh truc vuong gc vi mat phang d.
Vi tr cua khau tai mot thi diem bat ky duoc xc dinh boi 3 thong so:
X
A
,
A
v gc Trong d:
X
A
,
A
l toa do cua mot diem cuc A bat ky thuoc khau
l gc quay cua mot doan thang AB thuoc khau so vi truc x. (luoc
do)
15.1.2 Khp phang
Do dac diem chuyen dong cua khau phang nen cc khp phang chi c
the han che toi da 2 bac tu do v vay c the thay chi c cc loai khp sau:
Khp quay, khp truot v khp tiep xc. (luoc do)
Nhu vay phan loai khp phang c t nhieu khc vi phan loai ban dau,
n chi gom hai loai:
Khp thap han che 2 bac tu do
Khp cao han che 1 bac tu do
Cong thc tnh bac tu do cua co cau v the cng bien thnh:
) 2 ( 3 C T n + =

Trong d: l bac tu do cua co cau.
T v C l so khp thap v khp cao trong co cau.
V du: xc dinh bac tu do cua co cau 4 khau ban le tren hnh v. (hnh
v 15.1)
O day cc khau 1, 2, 3 l cc khau dong: cn cc khp quay 1, A, B,
2 l cc khp quay (khp cao). Theo cong thc ta c bac tu do cua co cau
l:
1 4 2 3 3 = =


126
Thuc te cho thay ta chi can biet quy luat chuyen dong cua gc gia
khau 1 v phuong nam ngang l hon ton c the xc dinh duoc vi tr cua co
cau, tc l chi can biet 1 thong so dinh vi.
15.2 Co cau phang ton khop thap
ieu kien: co cau phang ton khp thap l mot co cau gom cc khau
phang duoc noi vi nhau bang cc khp quay v cc khp tinh tien (cc khp
thap).
Co cau ny duoc su dung pho bien hon cc co cau khp cao v chng
c uu diem:
p suat tai khp thap nho hon nen bi mn cham hon.
Cau tao cua khp thap don gian v de che tao hon, ben vng hon.
Tuy nhien co cau phang ton khp thap cng c nhng nhuoc diem:
Trong nhieu trung hop khi can thiet ke mot co cau thuc hien mot
chuyen dong chnh xc theo mot quy luat no d th co cau ton khp thap
chi cho mot chuyen dong gan dng.
Thuc te cc khp tinh tien c the coi nhu l khp quay c bn knh
quay vo cng ln vuong gc vi phuong tinh tien.
Moi co cau c bac tu do v vay de co cau xc dinh duoc ta can chon
khau dan (khau dan l khau noi vi gi v moi khau dan c mot bac tu
do). Cc khau cn lai l khau bi dan v c tong so bac tu do bang khong.

15.3 Cc co cau phang ton khop thap thong dung
Luoc do cc co cau phang ton khp thap thong dung duoc cho trong
hnh v gom: Co cau bon khau ban le, co cau tay quay thanh truyen con
truot, co cau cu lt
15.3.1 Co cau bon khau ban l
Luoc do (Hnh v)

Trong co cau bon khau ban le khau co dinh duoc goi l gi, khau doi
dien vi gi goi l thanh truyen, khau noi gi neu quay duoc ton vng goi l
tay quay neu khong goi l can lac.
Nguyen l hoat dong. Tay quay 1 quay deu xung quanh tam 1 gan co
dinh tren gi. Thanh truyen 2 thuc hien mot chuyen dong song phang truyen
Hnh 15.1
I
1
1
A
2
2
B
3
2

127
chuyen dong quay sang khau 3. Tuy nhien khau 3 c the quay trn xung
quanh 2 nhung cng c the chi lac qua lac lai tuy theo cau tao cu the cua co
cau.
Iy so truyen:
Ty so truyen gia hai khau l ty so gia van toc gc cua hai khau d.
Vi co cau bon khau ban le ty so truyen gia khau 1 v khau 3 duoc xc
dinh:
1
3
13
= i

Trong d i
13
l ty so truyen gia khau tay quay v can lac.
1
,
3
l van toc gc cua khau 1 v khau 3.
Muon xc dinh van toc cua mot diem bat ky tren thanh truyen 2 ta c
the dng phuong php tam van toc tc thi.
Dieu kien quay ton vng cua khau noi gia

Trong nhieu trung hop cc co cau dan dong yeu cau khau noi gi 1
phai quay tron mot vng trn de c the noi chng vi cc dong co dan dong.
Vi co cau 4 khau ban le dieu kien d c the xc dinh nhu sau: goi chieu di
cua cc khau 1, 2, 3 lan luot l a, b, c: khoang cch gia hai tam quay l
d. Tho khp noi B de cho khau 1 c the quay mot vng trn. Tren qu dao
cua diem B thuoc 1 lay hai diem B
x
v B
g
l hai diem xa v gan nhat so vi
diem co dinh . B
x
v B
g
chnh l giao diem cua dung noi vi dung
trn tam bn knh a.
ieu kien de 1 c the quay duoc ton vng l diem B thuoc 2 phai vi
ti hai diem Bx v Bg c nghia l phai thoa mn he thc:
B
x
= d + a b + c
B
g
= /d - a/ /b - c/
Khi a d l tay quay th c l can lac (dieu ny c the chng minh neu ta
doi gi gia hai khau 1 v 3). Tr trung hop d = b v a = c khi d ca 1 v 3
deu quay ton vng.
He so ve nhanh
Bx
Hnh 15.2
1
2
1
2
Bx
1
Bg

128
Vi co cau bon khau ban le c can lac qu trnh lm viec chia thnh
hai giai doan chnh: Giao doan lm viec (giai doan di) ng vi hnh trnh cua
can lac t vi tr bien ny den vi tr bien kia. Thi gian phai di l T
d
. Giai doan
ve khong (Hay ve) ng vi chuyen dong nguoc lai cua can. Thi gian ve l
T
v
.
Ty so gia thi gian di v ve cua can goi l he so nang suat hay he so
ve nhanh cua co cau.
v
d
T
T
k =

e nang suat cao ngui ta c xu hung chon hnh trnh sao cho he so
k ln hon 1.
Trong co cau bon khau ban le khi tay quay l khau dan hai vi tr tay
quay 1 v thanh truyen 2 thang hng goi l hai vi tr bien. Cn khi can lac 3
l khau dan hai vi tr ny goi l hai diem chet.
15.3.2 Co cau culit
Co cau culit l mot bien the cua co cau bon khau ban le khi khau 2
duoc thay the bang mot con truot v noi vi khau 1 bang mot khp quay cn
noi vi khau 3 bang mot khp truot.
So do nguyen l:
So do (hnh v)
Nguyen l: Tay quay 1 quay trn xung quanh tam 1, con truot 2 thuc
hien chuyen dong song phang (quay cng vi 1 v xoay quanh diem B)
chuyen dong duoc truyen sang 3 lm can lac 3 lac qua lai quanh 2.
Dieu kien quay ton vng cua khau noi gia:
Ta thay trong co cau Culit khau 3 c chieu di khong han che, khau 2
c chieu di khong dng ke nen trong moi trung hop khau 1 bao gi cng
c the quay du vng trn. Nguoc lai khau 3 chi c the quay ton vng khi
khoang cch gia hai tam quay nho hon bn knh quay cua khau 1. Nhn
chung co cau Culit duoc ng dung khi khau 1 l khau dan v khau 3 hoat
dong nhu mot can lac.
Hnh 15.3 Hnh 15.4
A1 A2
1
3
1
1
1
2
1

129
He so ve nhanh
De thay diem bien trong co cau Culit l diem khi khau 3 tiep xc vi
dung trn qu dao bn knh a cua khau 1. Ta c tat ca 2 diem bien l A
1
v
A
2
. Neu coi van toc quay cua khau 1 l khong doi he so ve nhanh cua co cau
c the duoc xc dinh bang ty so gia hai cung ln v cung nho A
1
A
2
v d
cng chnh l ty so gia hai gc o tam tnh bang radian

= = =
2
1 2
2 1
A A
A A
T
T
k
v
d

Neu biet khoang cch cua hai tam v bn knh a ta c the tnh duoc
gc nho.
'
)
2
2
cos(
OO
a
=

hay
)
'
arccos( 2 2
OO
a
=

ng dung:
Co cau Culit duoc ng dung chu yeu trong my bo ngang. He so k
cng ln khi khoang cch gia hai tam cng gan v nguoc lai.
15.3.3 Co cau Tay quay con truot
Co cau tay quay con truot l mot bien the khc cua co cau Culit khi
khau noi gi 3 suy bien thnh mot con truot v noi vi khau 2 bang mot khp
quay cn noi gi bang mot khp truot.
So do nguyen ly (hinh ve)

Aguyen ly hoat dong:
Tay quay 1 quay trn quanh tam , thanh truyen 2 thuc hien mot
chuyen dong song phang va truyen chuyen dong sang con truot 3. Khp truot
gi cho con truot c chuyen dong tinh tien qua lai doc rnh truot. Chuyen
dong c the truyen theo chieu nguoc lai t con truot sang tay quay.
Dieu kien quay ton vng cua khau noi gia
Do con khau 3 suy bien thnh con truot c chieu di khong dng ke
dieu kien quay ton vng cua khau noi gi s l:
a + e b
e - a b
Trong d a, b l chieu di cua khau 1 v 2.
Hnh 15.2

130
e l khoang cch gia tam quay cua khau dan ti dung truot cua
khau 3.
He so ve nhanh
Trong co cau tay quay thanh truyen con truot vi tr bien cua co cau
duoc xc dinh khi tay quay thanh truyen hop vi nhau thnh mot dung
thang. C hai vi tr nhu vay ng vi hnh trnh gan nhat v xa nhat cua con
truot. Neu truc rnh truot di qua tam he so ve nhanh bang 1. trong trung
hop truc con truot khong di qua tam m cch mot khoang cch e goi l
tam sai. Cho rang tay quay 1 quay deu, he so ve nhanh cua co cau thuc chat
l ty so gia hai cung ln v nho A
1
A
2.
hay ni cch khc l ty so gia hai
gc o tam tinh bang radian. Hai gc ny khc nhau mot gi tri tc l:

+
= k

a b
e
arctg
b a
e
arctg
+
=

e Hnh 15.4
Ciao trinh Co k thuat Can bng may v ma sat trong cac khop dong

131
Chuong16 Can bang my v ma st trong cc khop dong
1/ Muc dich:
Cung cap nhng kien thc de giai bi ton can bang co cau, can bang
my. Nhng kien thc ve ma st tong qut de khao st ma st trong cc loai
khp dong.
2/ eu cau:
Nam vng bi ton can bang co cau my.
Phan tch duoc luc ma st trong cc loai khp dong.
16.1 Can bang my
16.1.1 Khi niem
Trong qu trnh lm viec cua my ngoai tr khau dan ban dau cn hau
het cc khau cn lai deu chuyen dong c gia toc. Cc gia toc ny sinh ra cc
luc qun tnh, Momen qun tnh hoac doi khi ca hai. Do tc dong cua luc v
Momen qun tnh, tren cc khau xuat hien nhng p luc bien thien c chu ky
theo chu ky lm viec cua khau dan. Ket qua l my bi rung, cc chi tiet my
bi giam tuoi tho do moi, c biet con gay hien tuong cong huong gay hong
my v anh huong ti moi trung ben ngoi.
Ngoi ra cc chi tiet khi san suat c nhng sai lech nhat dinh, ban than
cc chi tiet khong phai hon ton can doi, qu trnh lap gip khong dam bao
lm cho trong tam cua chi tiet v tam quay khong trng nhau dan ti hien
tuong pht sinh luc ly tam khi lm viec. Luc ly tam ny c gi tri cng ln
khi van toc lm viec cng ln. Thuc te d chi ra rang luc ly tam c the tao ra
mot p luc ln gap vi tram lan ban than trong luong cua my tc dong len
mng hay o truc.
Nhiem vu cua can bang my chnh l lm giam cc p luc pht sinh do
my sinh ra khi hoat dong nham nang cao tuoi tho cho cc chi tiet, gi gn
moi trung v dam bao an ton cho ngui su dung.
Phan loai
Can bang my gom cc noi dung chnh:
Can bang tinh: p dung cho cc vat quay mong, khi khoi luong cua vat
coi nhu phan bo tap trung trong mot mat phang vuong gc vi truc quay. V
du nhu bnh rang, bnh dai, bnh d .v.v.
Can bang dong: p dung cho cc chi tiet dy, khi khoi luong cua vat
tap trung tren nhieu mat phang vuong gc vi truc quay. Can bang dong chi
xay ra khi vat chuyen dong.
Can bang tren mng: p dung cho cc co cau hay my nham lm giam
p luc cua cc luc qun tnh tc dong len mng my. muc dch cua n l lm
cho cc luc qun tnh neu c pht sinh th c xu hung triet tieu lan nhau,
nh the my giam do rung v lm viec on dinh hon.
16.1.2 Can bang tnh vat quay mong
Can bang tinh p dung khi cc vat quay c kch thuc chieu truc nho
hon rat nhieu so vi bn knh r cua vat, do d khoi luong cua vat coi nhu
phan bo tap trung trong mot mat phang vuong gc vi truc quay. Noi dung

132
cua can bang tinh l phan bo lai khoi luong cua vat sao cho o trang thi tinh
trong tam cua vat nam tren truc quay.
Aguyen tc:
Neu vat quay c khoi luong m
1
,m
2
nam lech khoi tam quay, khi vat
quay s pht sinh cc luc ly tam F
i
c tri so bang m
i
.r
i
.
2
, cc luc ny dong
quy tai tam quay. Hop luc R cua cc luc ny cng s di qua tam quay. Muc
dch cua can bang tinh l xc dinh mot doi trong M dat tren vat sao cho luc
ly tam do doi trong ny sinh ra can bang vi R. tc l ta phai c
P = m.r
d
.
2
= R = m
i
.r
i
. 2

Suy ra
m.r
d
= m
i
.r
i

hay
d
i i
r
r m
m
.
=

Phuong phap thuc hien
Can bang tinh nhn chung duoc thuc hien bang phuong php d truc
tiep tren mot gi chuyen dng nham xc dinh vi tr trong tam cua vat so vi
tam quay. Sau d bang cch them khoi luong vo pha doi dien hoac bt di
cc khoi luong tha sao cho trong tam roi dng vo tam quay. Viec xc dinh
cc khoi luong can them vo hay bt di ny c the lm thu cong nhung cng
c the tien hnh nh thiet bi dac biet goi l can dn, tuy nhien chng deu c
dac diem l mat rat nhieu thi gian m khong khu het duoc cc p luc ly tam
sinh ra khi lm viec.
Cc phuong php can bang dong cng nhu can bang mng tuong doi
phc tap, di hoi phai dng cc k thuat v cc thiet bi chuyen dng do d
khong c dieu kien xem xt o day, c the tham khao chng trong cc ti lieu
khc.
16.1.3 Can bang co cau
Nguyen tac: Khi co cau lm viec moi khau c mot luc qun tnh nhung
luc qun tnh tong hop c the coi nhu dat tai khoi tam cua co cau. Vi tr khoi
tam ny cng t thay doi th luc qun tnh do khoi tam gay ra cng nho. Vay
nguyen tac can bang co cau tren mng l phan bo lai khoi luong cc khau sao
cho khi co cau chuyen dong khoi tam luon luon co dinh hoac t chuyen dong
nhat.
Thuc hien: Viec thuc hien can bang co cau tren mng rat phc tap, chu
yeu thong qua viec xc dinh cc doi trong hay tap trung khoi luong cua co
cau vo nhng chi tiet c trong tam t thay doi nhat. cng chnh l l do
ngui ta che tao cc than my hay be my, bnh d c khoi luong rat ln so
vi ty trong chung cua ton my hay co cau.
16.2 Ma st trong cc khop truot
16.2.1 Khi niem
Khi vat mot chuyen dong tuong doi so vi mot vat khc, tai cho tiep
xc truc tiep gia hai vat pht sinh luc ma st. luc ma st ny khong chi can
tro chuyen dong cua vat m cn lm cho be mat tiep xc bi nng len, co tnh

133
cua vat lieu giam, tieu hao nang luong anh huong ti chat luong lm viec cua
chi tiet.
Tuy theo dieu kien tiep xc gia hai be mat vat m ngui ta chia ra:
ma st kho khi be mat hai chi tiet tiep xc truc tiep vi nhau: ma st ut khi
gia hai be mat c mot lp chat long ngan cch: ma st nua ut khi lp chat
long ngan cch khong duoc hon ton.
Theo chuyen dong tuong doi gia hai be mat ta c ma st truot hay ma
st lan.
16.2.2 Ma st truot kho trong cc khp truot
Irong khop truot nghieng

Goi Q l trong luong cua vat, S l luc day ngang lm vat truot len, l
gc nghieng cua be mat truot, l gc ma st, l he so ma st gia hai be
mat. Phan tch luc ta thay de lm vat truot dui tc dung cua luc day S phai
thoa mn dieu kien
f Q S Q S ). cos . sin . ( sin . cos . + +

Hay
) (
. sin cos
. cos sin
.
) . cos .(sin ) . sin (cos

+
=
+
=
+ =
Qtg S
tg thayf
f
f
Q S
f Q f S

Tuong tu de vat truot xuong ta phai c mot luc day toi thieu l
S = Qtg( - )
V dieu kien de vat tu hm s l
<
Irong khop ren vit vuong
Thuc chat ren vuong chnh l mot mat phang nghieng chiu luc o mat
tren. gc nghieng chnh l goc nang cua ren duoc xc dinh bang cong thc:

Trong d: t l buc nang cua ren
Hnh 16.1
N
F
ms
Q

S
tb
d
t
tg
.
=

134
d
tb
l dung knh trung bnh cua ren
Mat khc luc day ngang P duoc xc dinh bang cong thc
P.d
tb
= 2.M
Vi M l momen van ren.
Ket hop lai thu duoc:
) ( . = = tg Q
r
M
P
tb

hay M
ms
= r
tb
.Q.tg( )
16.2.3 Ma st trong cc khp quay
Ma sat kho:
ac diem trong cc khp quay l p luc phan bo khong deu tren be
mat tiep xc. Neu chia be mat tiep xc cua khp ra tng phan to nho th p
luc dN cua moi phan to deu hung vo tam quay. Vay c the gia su rang p
luc tong hop cng s hung vo tam quay. Moi p luc dN s sinh ra mot
momen ma st dF c xu hung chong lai chieu quay cua cua chi tiet.
rdN dM
ms
=

trong d r bn knh khp quay.
Tong qut vi khp quay bat ky ta c
} }
= =
0 0
rdN dM Mms
M

Trong d l gc om cua dien tch tiep xc.
Cong thc tren cho thay momen ma st trong khp quay phu thuoc vo
hai yeu to:
Quy luat phan bo p luc trong khp quay.
Trang thi be mat tiep xc hay gc p luc cua khp quay.Tuy theo
tng loai o m ngui ta tm ra duoc cc quy luat khc nhau. C the tra cu
cc gi tri ny trong cc ti lieu k thuat.
Ma sat uot
ieu kien de xay ra hoat dong cua khp o trang thi ma st nua ut l
khi c mot lp dau ngan cch gia hai be mat chi tiet. Tc l phai c:
h R
1
+ R
2

trong d h l khe ho lp dau gia hai be mat
R
1
, R
2
l chieu cao nhap nho (tri so nhm be mat) cua hai chi tiet.
Hnh 16.2
Hnh 16.3
t
t
d

135

Nhung neu chi c yeu to ny th khong du. e c hien tuong ma st
ut van toc tuong doi gia hai be mat tiep xc phai du ln. Do khe ho gia
hai chi tiet c hnh chem, nh c do nht cc lp dau s lien tuc bi don vo
phan hp cua khe ho v bi nn lai tao nen mot p suat du, p suat ny s can
bang vi tai trong N lm chi tiet noi len tren dau. Lc ny chuyen dong duoc
thuc hien trong che do ma st ut v p suat thay doi theo che do dng chay
v c the dng phuong trnh Raynon
3
6
h
h h
v
dx
dp
m
=

trong d p l p suat cua dau
l do nht cua dau
h v h
m
khe ho cua dau ng vi p suat p v p
max

Ngoi cc dieu kien tren tat nhien cn phai c dieu kien l ton tai dau
tren be mat tiep xc, tc l dau phai luon luon duoc bom vo be mat tiep xc.

Hnh 16.4

Ciao trinh Co k thuat Co cau banh rng

137
Chuong 17 Co cau bnh rang
1/ Muc dich:
Cung cap nhng kien thc co ban ve ty so truyen, thong so che tao, che
do an khp, truyen dong cua co cau bnh rang phang, co cau bnh rang
khong gian, he bnh rang.
2/ eu cau:
Tnh duoc ty so truyen, nam vng cc thong so che tao, che do an
khp cua cc loai bnh rang neu tren.
17.1 Khi niem
inh nghia:Co cau bnh rang l co cau truyen chuyen dong khp cao
trong d viec truyen chuyen dong duoc thuc hien nh cc rang tren hai khau
dan v bi dan lan luot vo tiep xc v day nhau. Qu trnh tiep xc nhu vay
goi l qu trnh an khp. Khau c rang goi l bnh rang.
Phan loai: can c vo vi tr gia cc truc trong khong gian ngui ta
chia co cau bnh rang ra thnh co cau bnh rang phang v co cau bnh rang
khong gian.
Co cau bnh rang phang l co cau bnh rang vi hai bnh rang chuyen
dong trong cng mot mat phang hay trong hai mat phang song song. Hai truc
cua hai bnh rang vuong gc vi mat phang chuyen dong v song song vi
nhau.
Co cau bnh rang khong gian l co cau bnh rang vi hai bnh rang
truyen chuyen dong gia hai truc cho hoac cat nhau trong khong gian.
17.2 Co cau bnh rang phang
Vi co cau bnh rang phang do mat phang lm viec vuong gc vi truc
quay khi xem xt co cau ta c the xem xt trong tiet dien vuong gc vi truc.
Can c vo mot so tieu ch ngui ta c the phan loai co cau bnh rang phang
nhu sau:
Dua vo dac diem an khp ngui ta chia ra an khp trong v an khp
ngoi
Cap bnh rang duoc goi l an khp trong neu qu trnh an khp xay ra
nam ve mot pha cua hai tam quay.
Neu qu trnh an khp xay ra o khoang gia hai tam quay ta c cap
bnh rang an khp ngoi.
Theo dac diem cua ty so truyen ngui ta chia ra thnh:
Co cau bnh rang c ty so truyen khong doi.
Co cau bnh rang c ty so truyen thay doi theo quy luat xc dinh. Gio
trnh ny chi gii han trong viec xem xt co cau bnh rang c ty so truyen
khong doi.
Theo cc dang dung cong dng lm bien hnh cua rang ngui ta chia
thnh:
Bnh rang than khai
Bnh rang hypoloit
Bnh rang Novicov

138
Viec lua chon dung cong lm bien hnh cua bnh rang rat quan trong
v ngoi viec dam bao ty so truyen cn phai dam bao cc yeu to:
on gian, de che tao
C kha nang truyen luc ln
Chong mi mn tot
Chay em
t bi anh huong boi cc sai so che tao.
Trong so cc dung cong ke tren ung than khai dp ng duoc cc
yeu cau tren tot nhat do d n duoc su dung nhieu hon ca.
17.2.1 Bnh rang than khai
Bnh rang than khai l bnh rang c bien hnh dng de truyen dong l
dung than khai cua vng trn.
ung than khai T cua dung trn l qu dao cua diem M tren dung
thang d khi dung thang d lan khong truot tren dung trn. ung trn duoc
goi l vng trn co so.

Iinh chat cua dung than khai:
ung than khai nam ngoi vng trn co so.
Php tuyen cua dung than khai l tiep tuyen cua vng trn co so v
nguoc lai.
Tam cong cua dung than khai l diem N nam tren vng trn co so,
bn knh cong NM bang cung lan NM
c
cua vng trn co so.
Khoang cch gia cc dung than khai cua cng mot vng trn co so
l nhng dung cch deu nhau, khoang cch gia hai dung theo phuong
php tuyen chung bang khoang cch cua chng tren vng trn co so.
Iy so truyen
Xt mot cap bnh rang than khai an khp vi nhau, tai thi diem an
khp gia su rang hai bien hnh lan khong truot khi d tam van toc tc thi
cua ca hai bnh rang nam tai mot diem no d tren php tuyen chung cua
chng. K php tuyen chung cua hai bien hnh. V hai bien hnh l hai dung
than khai cua hai vng trn co so r
o1
, r
02
nen php tuyen chung phai l tiep
tuyen chung N
1
,N
2
cua hai vng trn d. Goi P l giao diem gia dung noi
tam
1
2
vi php tuyen chung N
1
N
2
, P chnh l tam van toc tc thi cua
chuyen dong. Ty so truyen cua cap bnh rang s duoc tnh nhu sau:
T
M
o

M
1

Hnh 17.1

139
2
1
2
1
2
1
12
o
o
r
r
P O
P O
i = = =

Trong d:
i
12
l ty so truyen cua cap bnh rang.
1
,
2
l van toc gc cua moi bnh rang.
r
o1
, r
o2
l bn knh cua hai vng trn co so.
T bieu thc tren ta nhan thay:
Neu hai tam quay
1
2
co dinh th diem P cng co dinh.
Ty so truyen chi phu thuoc vo bn knh vng trn co so ch khong
phu thuoc vo khoang cch gia hai tam quay.
Mot so khai niem
Tam an khp: diem P l tam quay tc thi trong chuyen dong tuong
doi cua cap bnh rang goi l tam an khp cua bo truyen.
ung an khp: qu tch cua cc diem tiep xc cua cc cap bien hnh
trong qu trnh truyen chuyen dong goi l dung an khp, d chnh l tiep
tuyen chung N
1
N
2
. Tren thuc te bien hnh chi l mot doan cua dung than
khai, chng bi gii han boi hai vng dinh rang. Giao diem cua hai vng dinh
ny vi dung N
1
N
2
tai A v B, AB chnh l doan an khp thuc.
Vng lan hay vng chia: Cc vng trn bn knh
1
P,
2
P lan khong
truot vi nhau tai diem P goi l vng trn lan.
P
N2
N1
0
N1
N2
1
2
0
Hnh 17.3 Hnh 17.2

140
Gc an khp: gc l gc gia tiep tuyen chung N
1
N
2
v tiep tuyen
chung tt cua hai vng trn lan tai P goi l gc an khp. ay cng chnh l
gc p luc tai tam an khp. Vi bnh rang than khai thong thung = 20
o

Cc thong so hnh hoc cua bnh rang than khai
Vng dinh l dung gii han rang nam pha ngoi than bnh rang.
Vng chan rang l dung gii han rang nam pha trong than bnh rang.
Khoang cch gia hai vng trn dinh v chan rang goi l chieu cao cua
rang. Khoang cch gia vng dinh rang v vng chia goi l chieu cao dau
rang, cn gia vng chia v vng chan rang goi l chieu cao chan rang.

Cung gii han boi hai bien hnh cua mot rang goi l chieu dy rang S
x
.
Cung gii han boi hai bien hnh khc pha cua hai rang lien ke nhau goi l
chieu rong chan rang
x
. Cung gii han boi hai bien hnh cng pha cua hai
rang ke nhau goi l buc rang.
T
x
=S
x
+
x

Cc dieu kien an khp cua cap bnh rang than khai
Dieu kien n khop dung.
ieu kien an khp dng cua mot cap bnh rang nham dam bao cho
chng c mot ty so truyen khong doi trong suot qu trnh chuyen dong.
Muon vay tai mot thi diem bat ky toi thieu phai c mot cap bien hnh dang
tiep xc vi nhau. Goi MM
x
l khoang cch theo phuong php tuyen cua hai
bien hnh cng pha cua hai rang lien tiep. De thay dieu kien an khp dng o
day s l:
MM
x
AB
Hay ni cch khc ta phai c:
1 =
N
T
AB

goi l he so trng khp.
Neu 1 2 ta s c tai mot thi diem bat ky toi thieu l mot cap
bnh rang v toi da l hai cap bnh rang an khp vi nhau. Thong thung ta
lay 1,15 2. Neu mot trong hai quan he tren khong dam bao ta khong the
c bo truyen c ty so truyen khong doi.
Hnh 17.4

141
Dieu kien n khop khit
e mot cap bnh rang hoat dong duoc em khong va dap, nhat l khi
doi chieu chuyen dong cap bien hnh pha phai v cap bien hnh pha tri phai
dong thi tiep xc vi nhau. ieu ny chi xay ra khi buc rang tren vng trn
lan cua hai bnh rang bang nhau.
t
L1
= t
L2

Mo dun
e tao thuan tien cho viec do bnh rang ngui ta dng mot dai luong
goi l mo dun, k hieu m thay the cho buc rang t.
t
m =

Modun cng ln kch thuc rang cng ln. Hai bnh rang an khp
duoc vi nhau khi v chi khi chng c cng mot modun. Modun duoc tieu
chuan ho theo mot dy kch thuc nhat dinh.

0,1 0,12 0,15 0,2 0,25 0,30 0,40
0,50 0,60 0,80 1,00 1,25 1,50 2,00
2,50 3,0 4,0 5,0 6,0 8,0 10,0

Hien tuong ct chan rng v he so dich dao
Ngui ta tao hinh rang bang mot dung cu goi l thanh rang. Thanh
rang c the coi nhu mot bnh rang dac biet c bn knh vng trn co so vo
cng ln. Khi d dung dinh rang v dung chan rang deu suy bien thnh
nhng dung thang. ung thang chia deu dung dinh v dung chan rang
goi l dung trung bnh cua thanh rang. Bnh thung khi tao hnh dung
trung bnh cua thanh rang trng vi dung lan cua bnh rang. Tuy nhien do
cc yeu cau dac biet khi che tao ngui ta c the de dung trung bnh cua
thanh rang khong trng vi dung lan cua bnh rang m dich di mot khoang
cch goi l do dich dao.
Khi 0 ung trung bnh dich vo gan tam quay hon v rang c
hnh dang thon tha hon, chan rang nho lai, dau rang to ra.
Khi 0 dung trung bnh dich xa tam quay hon v rang c hnh
dang bau hon, dau rang nho lai, chan rang to ra.
ai luong dac trung cho do dich dao goi l he so dich dao.
m
=

Trong d l he so dich dao.
Viec dich dao lm cai thien dieu kien lm viec cua bnh rang khi an
khp sau ny nhu: thay doi he so truot tren tng phan, thay doi sc chiiu uon,
thay doi kha nang chiu tai.
Tuy nhien viec dich dao cng chi c the thuc hien trong mot gii han
nhat dinh. Neu dich dao qu sau s dan den hien tuong mot phan chan rang

142
bi cat lm, tham ch cat lm ca phan than khai o chan rang lm cho rang yeu
di dng ke.
Quan he hinh hoc cac thong so banh rng
Modun m
So rang
ung knh vng chia (vng lan)
d = m
gc an khp = 20
o
cng

c khi lay = 14
o
30
Chieu cao dau rang h
t
= m
Trong d l he so chieu cao rang, thong thung = 1,25
Chieu cao chan rang h
t
= m
Trong d l he so chieu cao chan rang, thong thung = 1,25
Phan luon dau rang v chan rang
C =
o
m
o
l he so khoang ho hung tam, thong thung
o
= 0,25
Chieu cao rang h = h
t
+ h
t
+ C = m(h
t
+ h
t
+ C)
ung knh vng chan rang
d
= d - 2(h
t
+ C) = m - 2(m - m
o
) = m( - 2( +
o
))
ung knh vng dinh rang
d
e
= d + 2h
t
= m + 2m = m( + 2)
Buc rang t = m

17.3 Co cau bnh rang khong gian
17.3.1 Khi niem v phan loai
Co cau bnh rang khong gian l co cau bnh rang vi hai bnh rang
truyen chuyen dong gia hai truc cho hoac cat nhau trong khong gian.
Cc co cau bnh rang khong gian thong dung gom:
Co cau bnh rang con dng de truyen chuyen dong gia hai truc cat
nhau v thung vuong gc vi nhau.
Co cau bnh rang tru cho: gom hai bnh rang tru hypoloit dng de
truyen chuyen dong gia hai truc cho nhau trong khong gian. Gc cho
nhau gia hai truc .
=
1
+
2
= 90
o
v
1
-
2

trong d
1
,
2
l gc nghieng cua tng bnh rang.
Co cau bnh vt truc vt: l co cau bnh rang dac biet dng de truyen
chuyen dong gia hai truc cho nhau thung l vuong gc vi nhau trong
khong gian thong qua mot ket cau dac biet cua bnh vt.
Ngui ta cng phan loai cc co cau ny theo hnh dng v ket cau cua
rang tuong tu nhu doi vi bnh rang phang.
17.3.2 Ty so truyn
Vi bnh rang con

143
1
2
1
2
1
2
2
1
12
cot
1
sin
sin
g
tg
z
z
n
n
i = = = = =

vi bnh rang tru cho
1
1
2
1
2
2
1
12
tg
r
r
z
z
n
n
i = = =

Trong d:
1
,
2
l gc con cua bnh rang 1 v 2.

1
l gc nghieng cua bnh rang tru cho.
Cong thc ny cho thay ty so truyen cua cap bnh rang tru cho ngoi
viec phu thuoc vo bn knh lan r cn phu thuoc vo gc nghieng cua dung
rang. Muon doi chieu quay cua bnh rang ta chi can doi chieu nghieng cua
bnh rang 1 t sang - m khong can them bnh rang trung gian.
Vi cap bnh vt truc vt
i
z
z
n
n
i
2
2
1
12
= =

trong cong thc ny
i
l so dung ren cua truc vt.
17.3.3 Cc thong so che tao
Bnh rang con:
So rang
Mo dun m (quy dinh theo tieu chuan nhu vi bnh rang tru)
Gc con 2
Cc kch thuc cua bnh rang nn quy uc lay o dy ln tren mat nn
truc giao vi mat nn lan.
Hnh 17.6
Hnh 17.5

144
2
,
m
s m t

= =

h = h + h = m + 1,25m = 2,25m
d = m
d
e
= d + 2hcos = m( + 2cos)
d

= d - 2hcos = m( + 2,5cos)
v dung sinh cua nn lan
sin 2
mz
L =

trong cc cong thc tren:
t l buc rang
s chieu rong cua rang tnh theo vng chia
h, h, h l chieu cao cua rang, chieu cao dinh rang v chan rang
d,, d
e
, d
l dung knh vng chia, vng dinh v vng chan rang

L dung sinh cua nn lan tnh den giao diem cua dung tam.
mot nua gc con cua nn.
Vi truc vt
So dau moi ren
Buc xoan s = t.
Gc xoan = 90
o
-
ung knh vng chia: d = mq
Trong d q l he so ty le quy dinh theo tieu chuan de han che so dao
cat bnh vt.
Cc thong so khc v cc thong so cua bnh vt giong nhu cua bnh
rang.
17.3.4 Dac diem an khp v uu nhuoc diem cua cc bo truyn khong
gian
Cap bnh rang con c uu diem l de che tao, ket cau don gian, kch
thuc gon, so rang toi thieu nho hon 17 khong bi cat chan rang. Tuy nhien
bnh rang con, dac biet l bnh rang con rang thang lm viec c nhieu va
dap, do d c nhieu tieng on. Ngoi ra hieu suat lm viec cua cap bnh rang
con cng thap hon so vi bnh rang tru.
Cap bnh rang tru cho c hai truc khong song song vi nhau nen hai
mat lan tiep xc vi nhau theo mot diem do d tai trong tren bnh rang ln
hon. Ngoi ra cap bnh rang tru cho cng nhanh mn hon so vi cap bnh
rang tru phang v van toc truot be mat rang qu ln. Hieu suat truyen cua cap
bnh rang tru cho cng thap hon so vi banh rang tru thang nhung lm viec
em v t on hon.
So vi cap bnh rang thang, cap truc vt- bnh vt c ty so truyen ln
hon nhieu,.kha nang lm viec em hon, c the truyen duoc cong suat tuong
doi ln. Bo truyen chi c the thuc hien theo mot chieu t truc vt sang bnh
vt m khong the truyen nguoc lai. Hieu suat cua bo truyen truc vt thap hon

145
bnh rang nhieu lan, viec che tao lap gip cng di hoi do chnh xc cao hon,
yeu cau ve vat lieu cng dat hon do d gi thnh cao hon. Mot nhuoc diem
na cua bo truyen ny l toa ra rat nhieu nhiet, v the phai tnh tan v thiet
ke he thong tan nhiet ton km.

17.4 He bnh rang
17.4.1 He bnh rang thung
inh nghia: he bnh rang thung l mot he m tat ca cc bnh rang
deu quay quanh cc truc co dinh.
Phan ln cc he bnh rang deu l he bnh rang thung. Chng c the
gom cc bnh rang phang, cc bnh rang khong gian, cc bnh rang bo tr
trong hop kn hay cc bnh rang ho.
Iy so truyen

Ty so truyen cua mot cap bnh rang
1
2
2
12
z
z
n
n
i
i
= =

trong d n
1
, n
2
l so vng quay cua truc 1 v truc 2
1
,
2
l so rang cua bnh rang lap tren truc 1 v truc 2.
Du (+) hay (-) l dng de chi bnh rang bi dan s quay cng chieu
hay nguoc chieu vi bnh rang dan. C the thay vi cap bnh rang an khp
ngoi i s c dau (-) cn vi cap bnh rang an khp trong i s c dau (+).
Iy so truyen cua he banh rng
Hnh 17.7
Hnh 17.8

146
) 1 ( 34 23 12
1
1
. .......... . . ) 1 (
= =
n n
k
n
n
i i i i
n
n
i

Trong d: k l so cap bnh rang an khp ngoi cua he.
i
12
, i
23
, i
24
.. .. .. l ty so truyen t truc 1 sang truc 2, truc 2 sang 3 .v.v.
ng dung
He bnh rang thung duoc dng de truyen chuyen dong vi ty so
truyen ln m mot cap bnh rang khong dam nhiem duoc. Trong trung hop
ny chng dng trong mot hop kn goi l hop giam toc.
He bnh rang thung cng duoc dng de truyen chuyen dong gia cc
truc co dinh nhung c ty so truyen thay doi theo tng bac do thay doi cap
bnh rang an khp. Trong trung hop ny ta cc hop so.
He bnh rang thung dng de truyen chuyen dong gia hai truc xa
nhau thong qua cc bnh rang trung gian m khong thay doi ty so truyen m
chi doi dau cua n.
He thung cn dng de ta doi chieu quay cua truc bi dong trong khi
truc chu dong khong doi chieu quay nh dieu chinh cc cap bnh rang trung
gian.

17.4.2 He bnh rang phc tap
Khai niem
inh nghia: he bnh rang phc tap l he bnh rang trong d c t nhat
mot bnh rang quay quanh mot truc di dong trong qu trnh an khp
Luoc do (hnh v)

1 bnh rang trung am
C
C
Hnh 17.9

147
2 tay quay
3 Bnh rang di dong
Phan loai
Co cau bnh rang hnh tinh khi bnh trung tam co dinh
Co cau bnh rang vi sai khi bnh trung tam quay.
Iy so truyen
e tnh ty so truyen cua mot he bnh rang phc tap ta dua n ve mot
he bnh rang thung. Muon vay ta phai lm cho truc di dong tro thnh truc
co dinh. Gia su trong he dang xt tng chi tiet c
1
.
2
,
H
lan luot l van
toc gc cua cc bnh rang 1, 2 v tay quay H. Ta tien hnh doi gi bang cch
cho ton bo he quay vi van toc gc (-
H
) khi d van toc gc cua can s l
H
-
H
= 0 tc l H co dinh, ta c the p dung cong thc cua he bnh rang
thung.
1
2
2
1
12
Z
Z
i
H
H H
=
=

.
Chi so H trong k hieu chi ra rang ty so truyen dang xt l trong
chuyen dong doi gi.
Tuong tu vi he ba bnh rang ta c (Hnh v)
1
2
2
1
2
1
12
Z
Z
i
H
H
H
H
H
=
= =

3
'
3
2
3
2
23
2
Z
Z
i
H
H
H
H
H
=
= =

H H H
i i i
23 12 13
. =

Neu l he bnh rang hnh tinh vi 3 = 0 thay vo ta c
H H
H
H
H
H
i
1
3
1
3
1
1
13
=
= =

17.4.3 Pham vi ng dung
He bnh rang hnh tinh c uu diem l ty so truyen ln trong khi so
luong bnh ranh t, co cau gon nh v the duoc dung nhieu trong cc dung cu
do di hoi do khuech dai ln
He bnh rang vi sai cho php t mot chuyen dong vo cua khau dan c
the lay ra hai chuyen dong khc nhau phu thuoc lan nhau cua khau bi dan do
d n duoc ng dung trong ngnh cong nghiep to. nh c bo vi sai khi oto
di vo qung dung vng hai bnh xe tren cng mot truc c hai toc do khc
nhau, bnh pha trong cham lai trong khi bnh pha ngoi nhanh len v the
oto khong bi lat.
Ciao trinh Co k thuat Co cauCam, Dai v cac co cau dc biet

148
Chuong 18: Co cau cam, co cau dai v cc co cau truyen dong
dac biet
1/ Muc dich:
Cung cap nhng kien thc co ban ve ty so truyen, thong so che tao,
che do an khp, truyen dong cua co cau bnh rang phang, co cau bnh rang
khong gian, he bnh rang.
2/ eu cau:
Tnh duoc ty so truyen, nam vng cc thong so che tao, che do an
khp cua cc loai bnh rang neu tren.
18.1 Co cau cam
18.1.1 Khi niem
Co cau cam l mot co cau khp cao dng de bien chuyen dong cua
khau dan thnh chuyen dong c chu ky theo nhng quy luat xc dinh cua
khau bi dan nh bien hnh dac biet cua khau dan goi l cam. Co cau cam c
ba khau chu yeu l gi, khau dan (cam), khau bi dan goi l can, ngoi ra cn
c the c mot khau trung gian l con lan dng de giam luc ma st tiep xc
giu be mat cua can v cam, l xo de gi cho khau dan v khau bi dan luon
tiep xc vi nhau.
18.1.2 Phan loai
Theo chuyen dong cua cam ta c co cau cam quay, cam tinh tien
Theo chuyen dong cua can ta c co cau cam can day (khi can day
chuyen dong tinh tien) v co cau cam can lac khi can lac qua lac lai mot gc
nhat dinh.
Theo vi tr tam quay so vi dung truot cua can ta c co cau cam can
day trng tam v can day lech tam. Khoang cch gia tam v dung qu dao
chuyen dong cua can goi l tam sai e.
Hnh 18.1

149
Theo vi tr tuong doi cua can v qu dao cua n so vi be mat cua cam
ta c co cau cam phang khi chuyen dong cua ca cam v can deu nam trong
mot mat phang hay cc mat phang song song. Co cau cam khong gian khi
cc khau chuyen dong trong nhng mat phang khong song song.
Viec xc dinh cc thong dong hoc cua cam c the thuc hien duoc
thong qua nhieu phuong php, trong so d c phuong php xc dinh chuyen
dong thuc cua can. Ta c hai bi ton co ban.
Biet be mat thuc cua cam v quy luat chuyen dong cua cam ta c the
dng do thi suy ra quy luat bien thien cua qung dung hay gc quay cua
can. T d c the dng phuong php lay dao hm do thi de xc dinh cc
thong so chuyen dong khc nhu van toc, gia toc chuyen dong tai mot thi
diem bat ky.
Biet quy luat bien thien chuyen dong cua can ta c the dng phuong
php tch phan do thi tm ra quy luat thay doi qung dung cua can sau d
dng do thi xc dinh bien hnh cua cam dan.
Qu trnh khao st ny tien hnh cho mot chu ky chuyen dong cua can
hay cua cam dan. Cu the ta c the tham khao trong (2)

18.1.3 Pham vi ng dung cua co cau cam
u diem:
Truyen dong em t tieng on do khong c su va dap trong qu trnh lm
viec.
C the tao duoc cc chuyen dong c chu ky theo mot quy luat bat ky,
da dang.
Ahuoc diem:
Hieu suat bo truyen khong cao do mat nhieu nang luong cho ma st
hay quay mot chuyen dong khong tai.
Be mat cam nhanh bi mi mn, chuyen dong mat chnh xc, dac biet
su mi mn be mat dien ra khong deu p luc tai cc vi tr khc nhau cng
khc nhau.
Bien do chuyen dong cua can khong ln v kch thuc cam c han.
Viec che tao cam phc tap v kh san xuat hng loat ln, kh kiem tra
dnh gi.
ng dung: Dng trong cc co cau my tu dong, cc loai dong co. chay
xang, trong my khau v cc my thuoc ngnh cong nghiep det may.
18.2 Co cau dai
18.2.1 Khi niem
Co cau dai dng de truyen chuyen dong gia hai truc dat cch xa nhau
thong qua su tiep xc gia hai khau dan v bi dan vi mot khau trung gian
dn hoi l day dai.
Luoc do (hnh v)

150
18.2.2 Nguyen l hoat dong:
Bnh dai 1 v 2 duoc gan co dinh tren hai truc. Khi bnh chu dong
quay, day dai duoc p chat vo be mat bnh dai, luc ma st lm day dai quay
theo, den luot mnh day dai lai ko theo bnh dai bi dong.
Xt bnh dai bi dong. Goi luc F
1
l luc cang tren nhnh dai tren (nhnh
cang), cn F
2
l luc cang tren nhnh dai kia (nhnh trng). de c duoc
chuyen dong ta phaI c
F
t
= F
1
- F
2

Trong d F
t
chnh l luc ko cua dong co
d
M
v
N
F
t
2
= =

Trong d N l cong suat truyen cua bo truyen dai
v van toc day dai.
M momen quay cua bo truyen.
D dung knh bnh dai
Mat khc day dai duoc cang vi luc cang cho truc F
o
, luc cang ny s
gay ra mot luc ma st gia day dai v bnh dai. Luc ma st ny phan bo tren
doan day dai tiep xc vi bnh dai theo mot cung chan gc . goi l gc
om dai. Bang phuong php tch phan ngui ta d chng minh duoc rang gia
F
1
v F
2
c moi lien he.
F
1
= F
2
.e

Trong d l he so ma st gia bnh dai v day dai, n phu thuoc vo
vat lieu che tao day dai, bnh dai. Ngoi ra cn phu thuoc vo sc cang dai
ban dau. Tuy nhien ngui ta khong the tang sc cang ban dau qu ln v s
pht sinh cc luc tc dong len o truc lm o truc nhanh hong, nhanh mn. V
vay de tang luc F
1
ngui ta tm cch tang he so ma st v gc om . Vi
moi mot loai dai ngui ta xc dinh duoc mot gc om toi thieu.
Cong thc tren l cong thc ole.

F1
F2
Hnh 18.2

151
18.3 Truyen dong dai
18.3.1 Phan loai
Tuy theo cc tieu ch khc nhau m ngui ta c the phan loai truyen
dong dai khc nhau.
Can c vo cch bat dai ngui ta chia ra:
Truyen dong dai thung: dng truyen chuyen dong gia hai truc song
song quay cng chieu vi nhau. Loai ny dng pho bien hon ca.
Truyen dong cho: dng de truyen chuyen dong gia hai truc song
song quay nguoc chieu nhau. So vi truyen dong thung cch bat dai ny lm
truyen dong em hon (do gc om ln hon v luc ma st tang hon) len truyen
duoc cong suat ln hon. nhung c nhuoc diem l dai nhanh bi mn hon v
tuoi tho thap hon do bi thay doi trang thi ng suat trong qu trnh lm viec
v bi mi mn o cho tiep xc.
Truyen dong nua cho: chuyen dong ny t dng, thung dng de
truyen chuyen dong gia hai truc che nhau trong khong gian. Thong thung
chuyen dong ny chi thuc hien theo mot chieu.
Truyen dong gc: dng de truyen chuyen dong gia hai truc cat nhau
thong qua mot bnh doi hung.
Theo loai dai su dung ngoi ta c: dai dt, dai thang, dai trn v dai
rang cua. Trong d pho bien hon ca l dai thang v dai dt.
18.3.2 Ty so truyn
Ty so truyen cua bo truyen dai duoc tnh theo cong thc
) 1 (
1
2
2
1
12

= =
D
D
n
n
i

Trong d: n
1
, n
2
l so vng quay cua truc 1 v truc 2
D
1
, D
2
l dung knh bnh dai 1 v 2.
l he so truot dai. Thong thung duoc lay trong khoang 1-3/100.

18.3.3..Pham vi ng dung
u diem:
Truyen duoc chuyen dong gia hai truc cch xa nhau (c khi den 15m)
Gi duoc an ton cho thiet bi khi qu tai. Khi bo truyen qu tai s dan
ti hien tuong dt dai hoac truot dai m khong hong truc bnh rang hay cc
thiet bi khc. chnh v vay bo truyen dai thung duoc dng nhu bo truyen dau
tien t dong co den hop toc do.
Chuyen dong em, t tieng on, khac phuc duoc dao dong do dai c tnh
dn hoi cao.
Che tao don gian, gi thnh ha.
Ahuoc diem:
Kch thuc v khuon kho ln dac biet khi ty so truyen cao.
Ty so truyen khong on dinh do c su truot dai.

152
Lm tang tai trong len cc o truc v goi d do day dai phai duoc cang
truc.
Tuoi tho day dai thap, phai thay thung xuyen.
Nguy hiem khi lm viec trong moi trung khong duoc che chan v de
chy no.
18.4 Mot so co cau dac biet
18.4.1 Co cau cc dang
Khai niem
Co cau cc dang don, cn goi l khp cc dang dng de noi v truyen
chuyen dong gia hai truc giao nhau mot gc rat nho nhung c the thay doi
duoc.
Luoc do (hnh v)
Aguyen ly hoat dong
Truc dan 1 chuyen dong vi van toc khong doi
1
= const qua khau
trung gian ch thap sang truc 2 quay vi van toc gc thay doi
2
. Cau tao dac
biet o day l dau truc c dang chac c hai khp quay AA v BB. AA
BB. Khau ch thap T c the quay quanh cc truc 1 v 2, mat khc T cng c
the quay quanh truc AA v BB.
Ty so truyen cua co cau cc dang duoc xc dinh qua cong thc

cos
cos sin 1
1
2 2
2
1
12
= =
n
n
i

trong d n
1
, n
2
l so vng quay cua truc 1 v tuc 2
gc nghieng gia hai truc
1
gc quay cua truc AA so vi vi tr ban dau
Cong thc tren cho thay van toc gc cua truc 2 s dat gi tri ln nhat
vi
1
= 0, , 2, 3 .. ..
cos
1
max 2
=

truc 2 cng s c van toc gc nho nhat khi
1
= /2, 3/2 1/2.k
2min
=
2
.cos
1

Hnh 18.3
II
B
A
A
B
I

153
Cong dung dac biet cua khp noi cc dang l gc giao nhau gia hai
truc c the thay doi, do d duoc ng dung trong cc my van chuyen tren
dung v cong trung.
18.4.2 Co cau khp cc dang kp
Ngui ta cng c the lap dong hai khp cc dang vi nhau roi dau vi
hai truc, khi d gc giao nhau s l 2. c the thay doi duoc. Khp ny cn
goi l co cau cc dang kp. Trong co cau cc dang kp truc 3 quay vi van
toc giong het nhu truc 1 v the goi l khp dang toc. Cc loai khp ny duoc
su dung v de cap den nhieu trong ngnh che tao oto nen khong xem xt
trong pham vi gio trnh ny.

18.4.3 Co cau Man
Khai niem
Co cau man dng de bien chuyen dong quay lien tuc cua khau dan
thnh mot chuyen dong gin doan c quy luat.
Luoc do (hinh ve)
A
I
II
2
1
1
0
0
2

Aguyen ly hoat dong
Khau dan l mot tay quay, quay trn vi van toc gc cho truc . Tren
khau dan c mot hay nhieu chot 3.
Khau 2 l mot dia c hnh dang dac biet tren dia c cat nhieu rnh, so
luong rnh phu thuoc vo quy luat chuyen dong mong muon cua khau bi dan.
Tai vi tr A chot 3 di vo an khp vi rnh v day khau 2 quay theo 1
nhung khi qua khoi dung noi tam th chot c xu hung di ra. N thot ra
ngoi han tai vi tr B sau d khau 1 tiep tuc quay deu cn chuyen dong cua
khau 2 bi gin doan cho den khi chot 3 lai vo an khp vi khau 2 theo mot
rnh khc tai vi tr A.
ng dung: Co cau man c rat nhieu ng dung trong ngng co kh che
tao cc my tu dong truc day. ngy nay do k thuat dien tu pht trien manh
nen ng dung cua co cau loai ny t nhieu bi han che.

Hnh 18.4

154
TAI LIEU THAM KHAO:

- Atobolevski N B Nguyen l my, NXB Chetao my Maxcova 1972.
- Tal M I Co l thuyet NXB ai hoc Kiev 1976
- V. Dorop N.M, BeXpanko A.G Tuyen tap bi tap co hoc k thuat NXB
H -THCN 1980.
- o san, Nguyen Van Vuong Co k thuat, NXB Gio duc 2002.
- Nguyen Van am Co k thuat.. NXB GD 1992
- V nh Lai. Nguyen van Nham. Co hoc k thuat. NXB GD 1992.
- Nguyen Van Vuong. Co hoc ng dung. NXB H-THCN 2001.
- Nguyen Van Vuong. Sc ben vat lieu. NXB H-THCN 1998.
- inh Gia Tung. Nguyen l my. NXB H-THCN 2000.
- Nguyen Van Nham, V Duy Thien Co k thuat. NXB H-THCN 1982.
- o San, Nguyen Van Vuong, Co hoc ng dung, Trung ai hoc Bch
Khoa H Noi, 1993, gio trnh dnh cho cc trung cao dang k thuat
CHLB c
- Ta Ngoc Hai, Phan Van ong: Gio trnh Nguyen l My, ai hoc Bch
khoa H Noi, 1983

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SO GIO DUC VA AO TAO HA NOI

Sch dng trong cc trung THCN H Noi

l thnh phan tiep tuyen cn goi l gia toc tiep

dac chung cho su bien thien cua gia toc tri so

= 0 suy ra v = const ta c chuyen dong deu.

Ciao trinh Co k thuat Chuyen dong co ban cua vat rn

l su thnh phan noi luc tren mat cat ngang.

cn thnh phan ng suat tiep bang

) ty le vi do bien dang ti doi

(: mo dun dn ho cua vat lieu)

: ng suat php tren mat cat ngang - don vi l N/cm

muon cat dinh tn

l gc truot ty doi cua phan to cch truc mot bn knh bang .

t bieu thc (11-4) vo (a) ta duoc:

: do cng khi xoan

: mo men chong xoan

tuy bang cch cho be dy hnh vnh

= 1kN.m dung knh trong d = 5cm, dung knh ngoi = 1KN.m: D =

v bien dang di . Theo dinh luat Hc c dang:

l dung knh vng chia, vng dinh v vng chan rang

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