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!
/ " "

,
, .
, -, ,
; -,
.
. , , - ""
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. , , : ,
.
, .

132

. 4.1

4.1, , . 1, 2 3 S, "" , .
,
1, 2 3 S. , !
. 1, 2 S . 3 , . ""
. , , , 1,
2 S . ,
3
1, 2 S.
. . 4.1 1, 2 3 .
, , , 5 , .
, , .
1. ,
.
. ,
.
l, . -

133

S = ( l 2 sin ) / 2
sin .
0 2, .
2 > / 2, = / 2, . .
S max = l 2 / 2. 2 < / 2, S max = ( l 2 sin ) / 2, .
,
"" cr = / 4.
2. R ,
a.
BD , ABCD . .

. 4.2

. , ,
OE = a. BEA = , S ABCD R BD sin .
BD. (. 4.2)
OH = a sin . B

BH = R 2 a 2 sin 2

BD = 2 BH = 2 R 2 a 2 sin 2 .
S = 2 R sin R 2 a 2 sin 2 = 2 R sin 2 ( R 2 a 2 sin 2 ) .

134

, . x = sin 2
f ( x ) = x ( R 2 a 2 x ). x = R 2 / 2a 2 , S max = R 3 / a.
.
a = 0 S max = R 3 / a . ? , , x = sin 2
! R 2 / 2a 2 1 , . . a R / 2 .
a < R / 2 , sin = 1 .
S max = 2 R R 2 a 2 . .
acr = R / 2 , . :
a > acr BD
arcsin( R / a 2 ), ABCD R 3 / a.
a < acr BD

AC, 2 R R 2 a 2 .
3. 1 a.

, .
. , , l:
(. 4.3) .
l (. 4.4).
BD l.
CABD,
ACE BED.

135

OM = 1 a / 4 , l.
, S. , 0 < < .
,
. ( )
l, sin = a / 2.
2

. 4.4

. 4.3

arcsin( a / 2 ) < < arcsin( a / 2 ). < arcsin( a / 2 ),

arcsin( a / 2 ) < < .
M MK l. CABD,
+ BD = 2MK.
MK = sin 1 a 2 / 4 .

S ( ) = 2 sin 1 a 2 / 4 .

ACE BED S ( ) = AC + BD = (AE + BE) cos = a cos .

cos .
S ( )
. , -

136

= / 2 , 0 < < / 2.
cos , sin , , , = arcsin( a / 2 ).
S min = a 1 a 2 / 4 .

, , S (0 ) = a S ( / 2 ) = 2 1 a 2 / 4 . , , a > 2 S max = a; a 2 S max = 2 1 a 2 / 4 .

= 2 ( ) << 1 . . = 2 , l, . . l. << 1
, l. , ,
.

4. ,
h = 1,6 ,
.
3 /, 5 /.
,
s : ) 2,4 ; ) 1,8 ?

. 4.5

137

. , ,
, (. 4.5). ,

, . AB = l, OCA = . ,
,
t=

h
l h ctg
h 3
l
+
=
1 cos + .
3 sin
5
3 sin 5
5

f () =

1 3

1 cos
sin 5

arcsin( h / s ) / 2. "" , . .
= tg ( / 2 ) > 0.
sin =

1+ 2
f ( ) =
2

2
1+

, cos =
2

3 1 2
1
5 1+ 2

1 2
1 + 2

1 1
= + 4 2 1 4 = 4 .
5
5
5

. f ( ),
4 / 5, = 1 / 2.
sin = 4 / 5, cos = 3 / 5.

) :

sin = 4 / 5 > h / s,
l = s 2 h 2 1,8 ,

t = 4h / 15 + l / 5 47,2 . ) : 4 / 5 < h / s.
f ()
(arcsin ( h / s ), / 2).
t = s / 3 = 36 .

5. 1
(0 < < 180D ) (. 4.6).
, -

138

? = 90, 120, 60, 30.

,
?

. 4.6

. 4.7

. 90. , (. 4.7). , 1.
.
, "" c = 45 ( ),
( ). 1 C1K. 1 C1 A = 1 / sin 45D = 2 .
l = 2C 1 A = 2 2 .
120 ,
"" c = 30D , : l = 2 / sin 30 D = 4.
, : l , , 2 / sin ( 90 D / 2 ) = 2 / cos( / 2 ).
!
(. 4.8).

139

. 4.8

, .
.
""
CC 1 = 1 / sin ( / 2 ).
,
(. . ).

2
1
.
<
cos( 2 ) sin ( 2 )

,
2 / cos( 2 ), * < <
1
l=
, * = 2 arctg .
*
2
1 / sin( 2 ), 0 < <

"" * sin ( * / 2 ) = 1 / 5 .
,
, 5.

= 30D ?

6. 1
h l (l , h ). ( h, l ) , "" .
= 90, 120, 60, 30.
. = 90.
, l > 0 0 < h < 1. -

140

(h, l ) ""
h = 1. "" , = 45D c

(. 4.9). CM + h CC 1 (
).
l
2 tg 45D

+h

1
sin 45D

( h, l ) , MN,
l = 2 2 2h. , :
MNP (. 4.10). , , , , .

. 4.9

. 4.10

,
!
, ,
. , l < 1 (. 4.11).
, ( h, l )
MNP KLN,

141

l = 1 h = 1.
MKLP (. 4.12).

. 4.11

. 4.12

. , . 4.9, :
l
1
+h
.

2 tg
sin
2
2

(4.1)

, (. 4.13),
l

1
1

.
sin tg

(4.2)

> 90D . ,

(4.1) (4.2) ( h, l )
0 < h < 1 . (4.1) h = 1
1 cos
2 (1 sin( / 2))
>
.
(4.3)
sin
cos( / 2)

142

. 4.13

(4.3), > 0 = 2 arcsin ( 2 / 3). ,

: > 0 , < 0 .
= 90D , 120 D , = 60D , 30D
, . . sin( 60D / 2 ) < 2 / 3.

7.
, ,
.

. 4.14

. MNKL KL = y
NK = x (. 4.14). AC
a, h. BNK
x / a = ( h y ) / h = k , k .
y = h (1 k ), x = a k . -

143

f ( k ) = x 2 + y 2 = a 2 k 2 + h 2 (1 k )2 = k 2 ( a 2 + h 2 ) 2kh 2 + h 2 .

k = h 2 / ( h 2 + a 2 ).

f min = a 2 h 2 / ( h 2 + a 2 ) =

= 4S 2 /( h 2 + a 2 ) , S = a h / 2 .

, . , ! ,

.
, , , ( a 2 + h 2
). , a b
, ha , hb . ha2 + a 2 hb2 + b 2 .

ha2 + a 2 hb2 b 2 = a 2 b 2 +

4S 2
= ( a 2 b 2 ) 1 2 2
a b

4S 2
a2

4S 2
b2

= ( a 2 b 2 ) (1 sin 2 ).

S = ( ab sin ) / 2, a b. sin 2 < 1, a > b. ,

.
8.
, .
.
l,
. , :

1. l;
2. l.

144

. 4.15

.
l. (. 4.15, ) +
. MH = AM sin MAH.
, l .
l 2 AM .
l
(. 4.15, ).
BK + CE = BC sin ,
l. + = 90 D.
l . , .
2 > , l
. . 2 < ,
l .
( ). 2 = (
) , .

l,
.

l .

145

l .
, , .
, l.

9.
, , ,
.

. 4.16

. 1 2 . , 1 M, 2 N.
1H1 2H2 MN (. 4.16). ,
MN = 2 H 1H 2 . H 1 H 2 12
MN, MN = 2 O1O 2 cos , O1O 2 . , MN
, , = 0, . . MN
O1O 2 . ,
. , . 4.16.
M N.
, M, N.
, :

1. M N
(. 4.17, );
2. (. 4.17, ).

146

. 4.17

, N M,
MN, M, . .
! , , : , O1O 2 , 2 R . , MN = 2 H 1H 2 .
.
O1O 2 > R,
O1O 2 . O1O 2 < R,
. O1O 2 = R,
, :
O1O 2 , .

, 1 2 ?

. ,
.

147

: ,
.

. ,
. ,
, .
, .
, .
, , , . -
.

"-, , .
10 /.
5 /, . , ", . . " ", .
" ,
!" ,
(. 4.18). , .
1
?

, , ,
.

148

.
, :

240. . (. 4.19), - .

. 4.18

. 4.19

" ! .
!" "! ", . "! !"
. " , ?"
. "! !
. ", .
.
2
, ?

" , -,
?" . " ,
R = 1 ", , (. . 4.19)
8R / 3 8,4 .
0,84 .
2 R 3 3,44 . 3,44 /5 = 0,688 .
0 ,84 0 ,688 = 0 ,152
9 . , ?" ,

149

.
( ).

" , ",
. " .
", , . " , . ",
, . " , . ,

. , , ".
. - . ,
.
,
.
3
37 ,
5 /?
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,
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,

!
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100
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150

. 10 . , .

. 4.20

- , ,
, 64
, . 4.20.

,
. ,
.
, - , ( ),
.

, -, - ? - , ( )?
, ? ? ,
10 .

151

1. [2, 1]
f ( x ) = x 4 2ax 2 + 3a 2 .

2.

ax + 3x + 2a 3 = 0 ?
2

3. ,
,
(. 4.21). , , 50 /. 1,2 ,
1,5 , :
(
) , 30 / ( ). , :
) 90 , ) 100 ?
4.
. V, ,
: V = Vm cos , Vm
(. 4.22). , . .
, .
U > Vm , , l.

. 4.21

. 4.22

152

5. a ,
b .
,
t ?
6. . . , , .

,
?
7. 2h . ,
, R.

U (. 4.23). ,
. ,
, : ) R / h = 0,5,
) R / h = 0,955 ?

. 4.23

8. d. ?

153

9.
, , ,
.
10. 1. ?
11.
4040 , ( 5 ). ?

4.2. ?
.
,
. ,
.

f ( x ) = a,
:
a? ? f ( x ) , , , . . f ( x ).
,
.
1. a, 3 x + 3 + x = a .
. , ,
. , x 3, a 0.

9 x2 =

1 2
a 3.
2

154

y( x ) = 9 x 2 3 (. 4.24).
y = a 2 / 2 3 , , x = 0 . : a = 2 3.

. 4.24

2. a,
2 x + 5 x 3 + 1 3x 2 + 5 + x 3 + 2 + x = a
.

.
. ,
, , - . , " ", -
f ( x ) = 3 x + 3 + x , , 2?
?
2 x +

5 x3 +

1 3x 2 +

5 + x3 +

2 + x , ,

"" ,

2x

2 + x . x. ,
x ( x ), , . , -

1 3 x 2 " ". x ( x )

155

. ? ,
x ( x), . , :
x = , x = . , , . :
a = 1 + 2 2 + 2 5 , .
1
2, : f ( x ) = f ( x ) .
. , f ( x )
x = 0 ( ,
f ( x ) ). f ( x ) = f ( x ) , . , , 3 x
, y( x ) = f ( x ) + f ( x )
.

f(x)
y(x). ,
.

f ( x )
m M, f ( x ) = a
a [m, M ] . f ( x ) (. . ,
), f ( x ) = a
a [m, M ]
(. 4.25, ). f (x) (. .
),
a [m, M ] f ( x ) = a
(. 4.25, ).

156

. 4.25

f (x) =

2 x +

5 x3 +

1 3 x 2 +

5 + x3 +

2+ x ?

f ( x ) = a a
? 1 + 2 2 + 2 5
f(x)? f(x).

3. 1 x 2 / 2 = cos x?
. x = 0 . ?
, .
, .
f ( x ) = cos x g ( x ) = 1 x 2 / 2 . . (. 4.26, )
x = 0 ,
(. 4.26, ) . ?

. 4.26

157

1 cos x = x 2 / 2
1 cos x = 2 sin 2 ( x / 2 ).
sin 2 ( x / 2 ) = ( x / 2 ) 2 .
sin x x , x. -

x = 0, .
4.

cos( sin x ) = sin( cos x )?

1.
: cos( sin x ) cos( / 2 cos x ) = 0
ba a+b
cos a cos b = 2 sin
sin
.
2 2

sin x cos x
sin x + cos x
+ sin
2 sin
= 0.
2
4
2

, sin x cos x = 2n / 2,
sin x + cos x = 2n + / 2, n .
n 2n / 2 2n + / 2
, / 2 . , sin x cos x sin x + cos x 2 .
/ 2 > 2 , .

2. , 2 , . . sin x, cos x .
, , 0 x . cos( sin x ) sin( cos x ) 0 x / 2.
= sin x 0 , f ( ) = cos
. > 0
> sin .

(4.4)

158

cos (4.4)
cos( sin x ) cos x. , (4.4) = cos x , cos x > sin( cos x ), , 0 x / 2
cos( sin x ) > sin ( cos x ). / 2 < x .
0 > cos x 1, 0 > sin( cos x ).
1 sin x > 0,

cos( sin x ) > 0.

cos( sin x ) > 0 > sin( cos x ).

cos( sin x ) > sin( cos x ) .

5. (16 x 200 + 1) ( y 200 + 1) = 16 x100 y 100 .
. :
, .
. - , .

1
1

16 x100 + 100 y100 + 100 = 16.

x
y

,
16 x100 +

1
x

100

8 , y 100 +

1
y

100

( ?). ,
1
1

16 x100 + 100 y100 + 100 16.

x
y

16 x 200 = 1, y 200 = 1.
x = 1 / 50 2 , y = 1.

6. ,
a 3a x 2003 + 6 x 5 + a 2 x 2 + a x 1 = 0
[0 , 1] .

159

. ,
f ( x ) = 3ax 2003 + 6 x 5 + a 2 x 2 + ax 1

, f ( 0 ) = 1,
f (1) = a 2 + 4a + 5 = ( a + 2 ) 2 + 1 > 0. f ( 0 ) < 0 f (1) > 0,
.

7.
x = 2 z 2 / (1 + z 2 ),

2
2
y = 2 x /(1 + x ),
z = 2 y 2 / (1 + y 2 ).

. , , x, y, z x, y, z.
x / z, y / x, z / y ( xyz 0 ).
x
y
z
2z
2x
2y
.
=
,
=
,
=
2
2
z 1+ z
x 1+ x
y 1+ y2

, 1 ( .)
x z, y x, z y.
x = y = z, . .
x = 2 x 2 / (1 + x 2 ). , :
(0; 0; 0) (1; 1; 1).
8.
x 2 1 = 2 yz 1 4 xy ,

z 2 + 1 = 2 xy .

. ,
, . -

160

xy 1 / 4, 2 xy 1.
xy = 1 / 4, z = 0, x 2 = 1. : (1; 0,25; 0)
( 1; 0,25; 0).

9. :

2
1 x +

x + y + z + t = 8,
4 y2 +

9 z2 +

16 t 2 = 6.

1. , , x 1,

y 2,

z 3,

t 4.
. , , x
,
1 x 2 . x , .
1 x 2 .

: Ouv
G G G G
a1, a 2 , a3 , a 4 1, 2, 3, 4 . ,
Ou 8,
Ov , 6.
? , G G
G
G
a1 + a 2 + a3 + a 4 . : 6 2 + 8 2 = 10.
, ,
G G
G
G
G
G
G
G
a1 + a2 + a3 + a 4 = a1 + a 2 + a3 + a4 , . .
. ,
8 6, . .
x / 1 x 2 = 4 / 3. : x = 4 / 5, y, z, t , .

161

2. ( ,
). a b .
: x, t, y, z.
x + t = 4 + b,

2
2
1 x + 16 t = 3 + a;

y + z = 4 b,

2
2
4 y + 9 z = 3 a.

.
, a b ,
. : x = sin ,
t = 4 sin ,

0 < < / 2, 0 < < / 2.

1 x 2 = cos ,

16 t 2 = 4 cos .
4 sin = 4 + b sin ,
4 cos = 3 + a cos .

(4.5)

(4.5) ,
:
16 = ( 4 + b ) 2 + ( 3 + a ) 2 2 (( 4 + b ) sin + ( 3 + a ) cos ) + 1.

( 4 + b ) sin + ( 3 + a ) cos =

( 4 + b ) 2 + ( 3 + a ) 2 15
.
2

(4.6)

(4.6) ,
( 4 + b ) 2 + ( 3 + a ) 2 15
( 4 + b )2 + (3 + a )2 .
2

(4.7)

m = ( 4 + b ) 2 + ( 3 + a ) 2 (4.7) m 2 2m 15 0. , m 5, . .
( 4 + b ) 2 + ( 3 + a ) 2 25.

(4.8)

162

y, z.
y = 2 sin , z = 3 sin , 0 < < / 2, 0 < < / 2 ,
3 sin = 4 b 2sin,
3 cos = 3 a 2 cos .

(4.9)

(4.9) .
( 4 b ) sin + ( 3 a ) cos =

( 4 b )2 + (3 a )2 5
.
4

(4.10)

(4.10) , ,
n = ( 4 b ) 2 + ( 3 a ) 2
n 2 4n 5 0. , n 5, . .
( 4 b ) 2 + ( 3 a ) 2 25 .

(4.11)

(4.8) (4.11), a 2 + b 2 0. , a = 0 b = 0.
sin = sin = sin = sin =

4
4
8
12
16
, x= ,y= , z= , t= .
5
5
5
5
5

10. . ?
. x , y .
V = x 2 y, S = 2xy + 2x 2.
V / = a, S/ 2 = b :
xy + x 2 = b,
2
x y = a;

a > 0, b > 0? ,
, , .

163

y = a / x 2 , ,
x :
x 2 + a / x = b.

(4.12)

, (4.12), f ( x ) = x 2 + a / x. f ( x ) = x 2 + a / 2 x + a / 2 x 33 a 2 / 4 . ,
(4.12) , b 33 a 2 / 4 .
, (4.12), . x f ( x )
a / x, . . f ( x ) , x
f (x) x 2 , . . f ( x ) . y = f ( x )

, . 4.27 y = b , b > 33 a 2 / 4 ,
b = 3 a 2 / 4 . , ( S / 2 ) 3 > 27(V / ) 2 / 4

( S / 2 ) 3 = 27(V / ) 2 / 4 .

,
(S/2 ) 3 = 27(V/ ) 2 /4.

1. x, y, z,
x 2 + 19 y 2 + 6 z 2 8 xy 4 xz + 12 xy = 0.

164

2. x, y,
x 2 + 4 x cos( x y ) + 4 = 0.

3. x, y,
2

1
1
1
2
2
sin x +
+ cos x +
= 12 + sin y.
2
2
2
sin x
cos x

4. x, y,
sin 2 ( x + y ) + 2 x (x sin ( x + y )) = 0.

5. x, y,
cos 2 ( x y ) + 2 x (1 + cos( x y )) + 2 x 2 + 1 = 0.

6. x, y,
x 2 + 2 x sin ( x y ) + 1 = 0.

7. a,
x 2 + 16 x
=a
3
5

.
8. a, b, c, d,
a 2 + b 2 + c 2 + d 2 a b b c c d d + 0,4 = 0.

9.
xz = y + 2,

x + z = 2 y ( x y + z ).

165

10.
2 y = 1 + x 2 , 2 z = 1 + y 2 , 2t = 1 + z 2 , 2 x = 1 + t 2 .

11.
x y = 1, y z = 1, z x = 1.

12. x1, x2 ," x n

x1 +

1
1
1
.
= x2 +
= " = xn +
x1
x2
xn

, xm , x k xm = xk xk x m = 1.
13. , x, y, z, t
x 2 + t 2 = 2( xy + yz + zt y 2 z 2 ),
x = y = z = t.
14. x 2 xy + y 2 , 2 x 2 + 2 xy + y 2 = 2.
15. x, y, z,
x 2 + 2 y 2 + z 2 + xy xz yz = 1.

4.3.

, , ,
. , . -

166

2: . ,
. , , , , , .

,
.
.
, , , .
,
, , , . .
f ( x ) g ( x ) :

( f g ) =

f g + f g .

f ( x ) g ( x ) :

f
f g g f
=
.
g2
g

F = f ( g ( x )) :
F = f ( g ), g = g ( x ), F ( x0 ) = f ( g 0 ) g ( x0 ).
. F ( x ) = sin( x ).
.

f ( g ) = sin g , g ( x ) = x ,

g ( x ) = 1 / 2 x .
F ( x0 ) =

1 cos( x0 )

.
2
x0

f ( g ) = cos g ,

167

, , ,
.

R h .
, , .
?
.
.
( ), ( ) . ,
(. 4.27).
? . (. 4.28).
,
1.

AA 12 + A1C 2 . ,

. 4.27

. 4.28

168

. . ,

! ,
.

. A1OC = 2, 0 / 2 (. 4.27). A1C = 2 R, AC = h 2 + 4 R 2 2 .
(1 ),
2 R cos . ,
,
S ( ) = h 2 + 4 R 2 2 + 2 R cos .
:
S ( ) =

4R 2
h 2 + 4R 2 2

2 R sin .

S ( ) < 0, S ( ) ,
. ,
S ( )
=
2R

p2 + 2

sin

0 / 2. p = h / 2 R. = p tg, 0 = arctg( / p ) < / 2.

p2 + 2

= sin , sin = sin ( p tg ).

169

S / 2 R = f ( ) = sin sin ( p tg ). f ( )

+ p tg p tg
f ( ) = 2 cos
sin
.
2
2

0 ( + p tg ) / 2 < / 2, ,
p tg = p (1 / p tg / ). ,
1 / p tg / .
.
: 1 / p < 1 . 1 / p tg / < 0,
tg / > 1. S () = / 2.
: 1 / p > 1.
F ( ) = tg / *. F ( ) ,

F ( ) =

(tg ) tg

sin 2
1
> 0.
2
cos
1

, F ( ) ,
F 1. , , 1 / p,
= 0 ,
0 < 0 F ( ) < 1 / p, > 0 F ( ) > 1 / p. ,
S () 0 < p tg 0
> p tg 0 . = p tg 0 S ( ), * F () = 0 , , , ,

lim (tg / ) = 1.

170

. S (0) S ( / 2 ) . ,
S (0) = S ( / 2 ) . h + 2 R =

h 2 + 2 R 2 ,

h / 2 R = ( 2 4 ) / 8.
, . h / 2 R < ( 2 4 ) / 8 ( -
), 1, 1, h + 2 R.
h / 2 R > ( 2 4 ) / 8 ( - ),
(

),

h2 + 2 R 2 .

,



( ).
.
U, V1, V2 , h.
(. 4.29),
?

. 4.29

171

. ,
. .
: , , .

. ,
. ,
,
,
. , ,
V1 cos ,
U V1 sin . :
, ?
, , V1 > U .

. 4.30

, . 0 ,
sin 0 = U / V1, (. 4.30), .
.
? ,
0 , ( cos
), . , 0 < 0 .
, . , , t1 = h / V1 cos .

172

BC = t1 (U V1 sin ),
t 2 = BC / V2 = t1 (U V1 sin ) / V2 .
t=

t1 (V2 + U V1 sin ) h (V2 + U ) (1 k sin )

,
=

V2
V1 V2
cos

k = V1 / (U + V2 ). ,
f ( ) = (1 k sin ) / cos
0 < 0 .
f ( ) =

k cos 2 + sin (1 k sin )

cos
2

sin k
cos 2

= m = arcsin k .

0 < < m f ( ) < 0, m < f ( ) > 0. ,

= m f ( ) .
m ,
V1 U + V2 . , m

[0, 0 ].
sin m sin 0 , .

U < V1 < U (U + V2 ) , m < 0 , f ( ) -

= m (, V1 U + V2
).

U (U + V2 ) < V1 ,

f( ) = 0 .
, ,
. . V1 < U , 0 , . f () = m .
. V1 > U (U + V2 ) , = arcsin (U / V1 ).

173

V1 < U (U + V2 ) ,

= arcsin (V1 / (U + V2 )).

,



. .

, (. 4.31) . ( ), ,
2,6 /. 10,4 /, 2 /.
?

. 4.31

. 4.32

. ,
"" .
, ,
, h
(. 4.32). L

174

, ( ).
LC = l. D ( CD = x ).
,
"", , . .
LD
=
PD

l+x
h2 + x2

= 1,3.

:
0,69 x 2 2 x l + (1,69 h 2 l 2 ) = 0.

, ,
.

l 0,69 h.

(4.13)

, .
R, AOP = . h = R(1 cos ) =
= 2 R sin 2 ( / 2 ), BP = 2 R cos( / 2 ), AC = R sin . , "",
, . . AL / BP = 1 / 4.

l = AC AL = R sin

1
R cos( / 2 ) =
2

1
1

= 2 R cos( / 2 ) sin ( / 2 ) = 2 R cos( / 2 ) sin ( / 2 ) .

4
4

(4.13)
1

cos( / 2 ) sin ( / 2 ) 0,69 sin 2 ( / 2 ).

4

(4.14)

~x = tg ( / 2) (4.14) :
1
~
x 0,69 ~
x2
4

x2.
1+ ~

(4.15)

175

(4.15) y = 0,25 1 + ~
x 2 , *. y = 0,25~
x.
(4.15) y = ~
x 0,69 ~
x2
~
x = 0,5 / 0,69 , . , , , ,
1
1
1

4 0,69 4

1+

1
.
4 0,69

(4.16)

, , (4.15) . (4.16) ! ,
, ! , " ",
.
(4.15). (4.15)
~
x a~
x 2 0,25 1 + ~
x2,

(4.17)

a , , a
(4.17). (4.17) a
z = a ~x .
z z 2 0,25 a 2 + z 2 .

(4.18)

y1 ( z ) = z z 2 z = 0,5 y 2 ( z ) = 0,25 a 2 + z 2 a
( a, ).
a y1 ( z ) y 2 ( z )
* ( y / a ) 2 ( x / b) 2 = 1.

176

(. 4.33), a = 1 , . .
y1 ( z ) 0,25 , y 2 ( z ) > 0,25. , a,
y1 ( z ) y 2 ( z ) z c , (0, 1). :
y1 ( z c ) = y 2 ( z c ) y1 ( z c ) = y 2 ( z c ). *

. 4.33

z c ac ,
z z 2 = 0,25 a 2 + z 2 ,

z
1 2 z = 0,25
.

a2 + z2

(4.19)

,

2 z 2 3z +

15
=0
16

( z 0 ).
z c = ( 3 3 / 2 ) / 4 0,44 ( , . . (0; 1)).
(4.19), a c 0,86 .
, a < ac (4.18) .
* :
.

177

a = 0 ,69 < a c , , , .

",
, ?"
, .
. , " "

:
x$
x
x
=4?

(4.20)

"".
, .
. ""
"". "" , . . . , ""
. x 4 = 4.
, x = 2 .
,
:
xx

x$

= 2.

, x 2 = 2,
x = 2 . :
2

=4

= 2.

178

, 2 = 4. , , .
:
x x

x$

? ?

. a > 0. , : x0 = 1, x1 = a x0 , x2 = a x1 ,
. . x n = a xn 1 . , a$
a
a
-

.
, a > 0 x n
. , , :
xn . , ,
,
- .
, . .
. (
).
a = 2. x1 = 2; x2 = 4; x3 = 16;
x4 = 65536, ,
. a.
a = 2 1,4142. x1 1,4142; x2 1,632;
x3 1,761; x4 1,966; x5 = 1,999. , .
a = 1 1
1.
a = 0,5. x1 = 0,5;
x 2 = 0,707;
x3 = 0,613; x4 = 0,654. , , , , n > 14 -

179

. , 0,64.
, a = 0,01. x1 = 0,01; x2 = 0,955;
x3 = 0,0123; x4 = 0,945; x5 = 0,013. , , "": -
0,013, 0,94. : - .
, . a > 0 , xn ; .
. , ( 0,5; 2 ) . , ,
a = 2 x n .
.
s x n = a xn 1 .
s
s = as.
(4.21)
(4.21)

ln s
.
(4.22)
s
y( s ) = ln s / s ,
s > 0, . ln a =

y ( s ) = (1 ln s ) / s 2 . ,
ln s = 1, . . s = e.
s < e y ( s ) > 0, s > e y ( s ) < 0. , y( s ) (0; e)
( e; ). , s = e y( s ) , e 1. 0 < s < 1 y( s ) < 0,

180

lim ( ln s / s ) = , s > 1 y( s ) > 0.

s 0

y( s ) s , , lim ( ln s / s ) = 0.
s

. 4.34

, y( s ) ,
. 4.34. (4.22) ,
y = ln a.
. 4.34 .
ln a < 0 (4.21) s0 < 1.
0 < ln a < e 1 (4.21) s1 > 1
s 2 > 1; s1 < e, s 2 > e. ln a = e 1

(4.21) e. ln a > e 1 (. . a > e1/ e )

.
, s1, s 2 xn , .
1: 1 a e 1/e . s1 s 2 (4.21),
s 2 e s1 > 1. .
. x n
s1.
.
n = 1 : x1 = a1 > 1 = x0 , . . . -

181

, n = k , . . x k > x k 1 .

a > 1 y( x ) = a x ,
.
a xk > a xk 1 , . . x k +1 > x k . , n = 1 : x0 = 1 < s1 . , n = k xk < s1 . , a xk < a s1 = s1 , . . xk +1 < s1 .
.
. ,
x n .
(4.21). , x n s 2 (
x n , s 2 , . . ,
s1 ). , x n s1 ,
1 s1 e 2,71828.
, (4.20) .
2: 0 < a < 1. , , x n . :
x2 n ,

;
x 2 n 1 .

,
.
. xn s.
s.

s = aa .

(4.23)

182

(4.23)
1
ln s
ln
s = 0.
ln a ln a

(4.24)

, (4.21) (4.23). 0 < a < 1 y( s ) = a s , y( s ) = s , (4.21)

s0 < 1 (. 4.35). , 0 < a < 1
(4.23) , , . ? ,
0 < s < 1
( s ) =

1
ln s
ln
s.
ln a ln a

. 4.35

s 0 ln s / ln a +, lim ( s ) = .
s 0

s 1 ln s / ln a 0, lim ( s ) = +.
s 1

( s ) =

1
1

1
ln a s ln s

183

( s ). s 0 s ln s 0 *. s 1 s ln s 0.
, (0; 1) ( s ) + . , (0; 1) ( s ) ,
. ( s ).
( s ) =

( s ln s )
ln a ( s ln s )

ln s + 1
ln a ( s ln s ) 2

s = 1 / e, min = 1 e / ln a. min > 0 (. . a > e e 0,065988 ),

(0; 1) ( s ) , , . 4.36, .
( s ) , , s = s 0 .
( s ) . 4.36, .
, e e a < 1 (4.24) s0 . , s0
x2 n x 2n1 .

. 4.36

* s = e t lim( s ln s ) = lim ( te t ) = 0.
s0

184

1
, 2n
s0, 2n1 s0.

, s0 < 1
x
y = a : .

( s )

0 < a < e . min < 0, ( s ) = 0

1 2 . ( s )
, 4.37, . , s = 1 ( s ) ,
s = 2 .

. 4.37

, ( s0 ) < 0, ( s ) , . 4.37, . , (4.12) s0 s1 s2, s1 < s0 < s 2 .

, ln s0 / s0 = ln a < e. y( s ) = ln s / s (0, 1), e -

185

s = e 1 . y( s 0 ) < y( e 1 ) , s0 < e 1 ,
. . ln s0 < 1. , ln 2 s0 > 1. ,
,
( s0 ) =

1
1
1 = 2 1 < 0.
ln a s0 ln s0
ln s 0

2
, 2n
s2. , 2n1 s1.
, n .

. 1 a e1/ e xn (4.21). e e a < 1

xn (4.21). a xn
.

1. y = x 2 (1; 1) (2; 4).
,
.
2. f (2 ) ,
f ( x ) = ( x 2 ) 3 x 2 + 2 x + ( x 2 ) 7 x 5 + x x .

3. , x = 0
f ( x ), g ( x ) h( x ) = f ( x ) / g ( x )
. f (0 ).

186

4. a
: ) e x = ax 2 + 1 + a ; ) e x = ax ?
5. a e ax = sin x
[0, ] ?
6. a ln x = ax
?
7.
n x = x n ? (n ).

8.
xn = n 2 / 1,1n.

9. 1 .

,
?
10. f ( x ), , f n ( x ) n . :
f ( x ), "" x
.
x + x 2 + x3 + " + x n + " = 1
x x x" = 3
x + x + x +" = 2
3x + 3x + 3x + " = 6

2 + x 2 + x 2 + " = 14


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 B`[he^bg H Dmjeyg^qbd E G_jZ\_gkl\h C_gk_gZ D\Zgl
 
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guo bahi_jbf_ljbq_kdbo aZ^ZqZo D\Zgl  
 Dmjeyg^qbd E Ijb[eb`_gb_ d wdklj_fmfm D\Zgl  
 Ev\h\kdbc K F Lhhf : E JZa[_j_f \k_ \ZjbZglu D\Zgl
 




IhcZ > FZl_fZlbdZ b ijZ\^hih^h[gu_ jZkkm`^_gby F

GZmdZ 
 KZ\bg : I FZdkbfmf fbgbfmf b l_hj_fZ h kj_^gbo D\Zgl
 
 K_j]__\ B G He_obg K G =Zrdh\ K ; Ijbf_gb fZl_fZ
lbdm F GZmdZ 
 Kb\Zrbgkdbc B O AZ^Zqb ih fZl_fZlbd_ ^ey \g_deZkkguo
aZgylbc F Ijhk\_s_gb_ 
 Kb^hjh\ X H[ h^ghf aZf_qZl_evghf mjZ\g_gbb D\Zgl
 
 Kehc_j D FZl_fZlbq_kdb_ nZglZabb Ijbeh`_gby we_f_g
lZjghc fZl_fZlbdb F Fbj 
 Kfurey_\ < D Ijbf_g_gb_ g_jZ\_gkl\Z Dhrb ;mgydh\kdh]h
d j_r_gbx g_dhlhjuo aZ^Zq D\Zgl  
 KhnfZg E KmffZ ^ebg b fbgbfmf wg_j]bb D\Zgl 

 Lbohfbjh\ < F =_hf_ljby beb ZgZeba D\Zgl  
 Lbohfbjh\ < F JZkkdZau h fZdkbfmfZo b fbgbfmfZo F
GZmdZ  ;b[ebhl_qdZ D\Zgl <ui 
 Ljhnbfh\ < < PZj_\gZ >b^hgZ bahi_jbf_lju b fuevgu_
ie_gdb D\Zgl  
 Lmjbygkdbc E Ijbgpbi N_jfZ D\Zgl  
 RZju]bg B N AZ^Zqb ih ]_hf_ljbb IeZgbf_ljby F GZm
dZ  ;b[ebhl_qdZ D\Zgl <ui 
 RZju]bg B N ?j]Zg`b_\Z E G GZ]ey^gZy ]_hf_ljby F
FBJHK 
 Rdeyjkdbc > H Q_gph\ G G Y]ehf B F =_hf_ljbq_kdb_
g_jZ\_gkl\Z b aZ^Zqb gZ fZdkbfmf b fbgbfmf F GZmdZ
 ;b[ebhl_qdZ fZl_fZlbq_kdh]h djm`dZ <ui