Reinforced Concrete Design

Torsion 2

Thin-walled Tube

Combined Shear & Torsion

Space Truss Analogy
T

Torsion Design by ACI318

Compatibility Torsion
Mongkol JIRAVACHARADET

SURANAREE
UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY

INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING
SCHOOL OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

Torsional Strength of Reinforced Concrete

SDM



  

 











 
Tn
Solid

Tcr solid section

Tcr hollow section
0
0

1
2
3
Percent of torsional reinforcement

Hollow



!
 

"


  

 #










 $
 


"% 
"

 




SDM

Shear Stress in Thin-walled Tube

#
 "&'#

() 


#
Shear flow (q)

T
kg/cm
2 A0

Shear flow: q =

#
# 
'
#

) 


*+"

 t = q / t

A0

t =

T
2 A0 t

Cracking Torque (Tcr)



%$
+ #
&% 1.06

fc

cr =

Tcr
= 1.06 fc
2 A0 t

Tcr = 1.06 fc ( 2 A 0 t )

 $ 
!


ACI
,#
#

) 
t = 0.75Acp/pcp



-+$ A0 = 2Acp/3
+

pcp #+
'.
 
#
Acp #+-+$/% 

 pcp

2A cp 0.75A cp

Tcr = 1.06 fc 2

3
pcp

 $ 
!


Tcr

2
A cp

= 1.06 fc
p
cp
2
A cp

Tcr / 4 ( 0.265 fc )
p
cp

 #)

+

Tu

#'
 



= 0.85

SDM

SDM

7.1 3

15 .
fc = 240 ./.2

'


3 ton
15 cm

-+$

"


60 cm

Acp = (60)(30) = 1,800

/.

/.2

2
A cp


! Tcr/4 = ( 0.265 fc )

pcp
18002
= 0.85 0.265 240

180

= 62,812 .-/. = 0.63 -


30 cm


!


pcp = 2(60+30) = 180

-
 < 0.63 -


Tu = (3)(0.15) = 0.45

OK






SDM

Combined Shear and Torsion


*+"


*+:

v =


*+"

:

t =

V
bw d
T
2 A0 t

+ t = 0.75Acp/pcp
 A0 = 2Acp/3

:
Hollow section

Torsional
stresses

Shear
stresses

Vu
Tu p h
+
bw d
1.7 A 02h

Solid section

Torsional
stresses

Vu

b
d
w

Shear
stresses

T p
+ u h2
1 . 7 A 0h

SDM

Torsional Geometric Parameters

Gross area

A0h = x0 y0

Shear perimeter ph = 2(x0 + y0)

y0

x0 , y0 = Distance from center to

center of stirrup

x0
b



 &
) 


,,5#

, 
6
&
) #

t < A0h/ph ,
*+"


(
Tu
1.7 A 0h t

Tu ph
1.7 A 02h

Maximum Shear + Torsion Stress

SDM


 

- -"
,
*+
#

"

(a) For solid sections
Vu

bw d

T p
+ u h2
1.7 A 0h

c + 2.12 fc
bw d

(b) For hollow sections

Vu
Tu p h
Vc

+
2
.
12
f
c

bw d
1.7 A 02h
bw d

For reinforced concrete

Vc = 0.53 fc

Torsional Crack


"

7
()


To

k
rac
c
l
na
rsio

6
# % 

#

45o

 


,8
"

9 T




 )#
  
#
#)
  $

",5-+$
A0h /% &' 


9

A0h = -+$

Space Truss Analogy


*+ q ,) "&' 
(
*+ V1 V2 V3  V4 


 # &
 ,'





xo

T
yo

V2

V1






V4
V3

)#
  

! "#

$%: V4
x0

y0 V
4

V4

At fyv
At fyv
At fyv


!"

*+ V4 :

y0 cot

T4 =


*+ V4 = n At fyv
"
,

*+:

T4 =

y 0 cot 45o
y
= 0
n =
s
s
V4 =

V4 x 0
2

A t fyv x0 y0

= T1 = T2 = T3

2s


!$  : Tn = T1 + T2 + T3 + T4

A t fyv y0

Tn =

2 A t fyv x0 y0
s

2 A t fyv A 0h
s

! "#
&

N4/2
D4
y0 V4

V4

N4

N4/2

 % ,



: N4 = V4 cot
N4 =

A t fyv y0
s

N1 = N3 =

= N2

y0

A t fyv x0
s

 % $ : N = N1 + N2 + N3 + N4
A fy =

A t fyv
s

2(x0 + y 0 ) =

A t fvy ph
s

x0
perimeter of stirrup
2(xo+yo)

SDM

Torsion Design by ACI318-08

+ 
! Tu #

 Tcr/4 , 
!
-+,
Tn Tu

,
#
 Tn 
!$ "&' 





 , Tc = 0



#
 

Tn =

2 A 0 A t fyv
s

+ A0 = 0.85A0h

At
Tu
Tn
=
=
s
2 A 0 fyv
2 A 0 fyv

-+$



 ,
-%$
-+




A =

A t fyv
p
s h fy






*+ 
!
A
A
A
Total v + t = v + 2 t
s
s
s

2 legs Av
1 leg At

SDM

Minimum Torsion Reinforcement



6 ( A v + 2 A t )

= 0.199 fc

bw s
b s
3.5 w
fyv
fyv



#

#

 ph/8 + 30 /.
-+$



6

A ,min =

f
1.33 fc
A
A cp t ph yv
fy
s
fy

 At/s " 

1.8 bw/fyv





"
 .
,



6 30 /.





%
6


,5





1/24






10 ..

Example 14-1: The 8-m span beam carries a cantilever slab 1.5 m. The beam
supports a live load of 1.2 t/m along the beam centerline plus 200 kg/m2 over the
slab surface. The effective depth of beam is 54 cm, and the distance from the
surface to the stirrup is 4 cm. fc= 280 kg/cm2, fy = 4,000 kg/cm2
8m

1.5 m

60 cm

15 cm
30 cm

Load from slab:

wu = 1.4(0.15)(2,400)(1.5)+1.7(200)(1.5) = 1,266 kg/m
Eccentricity = 1.5/2 = 0.75 m
Load from beam:
wu = 1.4(0.6)(0.3)(2,400)+1.7(1,200) = 2,645 kg/m

Vu =

wu L
(1,266 + 2,645)(8.0)
=
/1,000 = 15.6 ton
2
2


!:

Tu =

w tu L
1,266 0.75 8.0
=
/1,000 = 3.80 t-m
2
2


!:

w 2L (1,266 + 2,645)(8.0)2
Mu =
=
= 25.0 t-m
10
10 1,000


*+:

Flexural Design
Rn =

Mu
25(1,000)(100)
=
= 31.8 kg/cm2
2
2
bd
0.9(30)(54)

min = 0.0035,

max = 0.0229

0.85fc
2Rn
1 1
= 0.0086
fy
0.85fc

OK

Al,flexure = b d = 0.0086(30)(54) = 13.9 cm2

Shear Design

Vc = 0.53 280 30 54 /1,000 = 14.37 ton

Vu / = 15.6 / 0.85 = 18.35 ton
Vs = Vu / Vc = 18.35 14.37 = 3.98 ton
3.98
V
Av
= s =
= 0.0184 cm2 / cm / two legs
4.0 54
s
fy d

Cracking Torque Acp = 30 60 = 1,800 cm2 pcp = 2(30 + 60) = 180 cm

A 2cp
Tcr / 4 = ( 0.265 fc )
p
cp

60 cm

15 cm

1,8002
= 0.85 0.265 280
180
= 67,845 kg-cm = 0.68 t-m < Tu = 3.80 t-m
30 cm

'( ) *

60 cm

Torsional Geometric Parameters

bwd = (30)(54) = 1,620 cm2

Aoh = xoyo = (22)(52) = 1,144 cm2

xo = 30 - 2(4) = 22 cm

Ao = 0.85(1,144) = 972.4 cm2

yo = 60 - 2(4) = 52 cm

ph = 2(22+52) = 148 cm

30 cm

Check adequacy of section

"'


,8
- -+?
Vu

b
d
w
2

T p
+ u h2
1.7 A 0 h

15.6 3.80 100 148

+
30 54 1.7 1,1442

c + 2.12 fc
bw d

0.85 ( 0.53 + 2.12 ) 280 /1,000

0.0271 t/cm2 < 0.0377 t/cm2


 
&
!&!

Torsional reinforcement
At
Tu
3.80 100
=
=
= 0.0575 cm2 / cm / one leg
2 0.85 972.4 4.0
s
2 A 0 fyv

Combined shear & torsion stirrup

A
A
A
Total v + t = v + 2 t = 0.0184 + 2 0.0575 = 0.1334 cm2 / cm
s
s
s
two legs

+
9 DB12 (-+$ 
2(1.13) = 2.26 /.2)






s = 2.26 / 0.1334 = 16.9 cm




6

smax = ph / 8 = 148 / 8 = 18.5 cm < 30 cm

Use closed stirrup DB12 @ 0.16 m (Av+t/s = 2.26/16 = 0.141 cm2 / cm)

Minimum torsion reinforcement

min

A v +t
b
b
= 0.199 fc w 3.5 w
s
fy
fy
= 3.5

fc > 309 ksc

control

30
= 0.0263 cm2 / cm < (Av+t/s = 0.141 cm2 / cm) OK
4,000

Torsion longitudinal steel

A =

A ,min =

A t fyv
p
= 0.0575 148 = 8.51 cm2
s h fy
f
1.33 fc
A
1.33 280
1,800 8.51 = 1.51 cm2
A cp t ph yv =
4,000
fy
s
fy

30
At

bw

=
0.0575
>
1.8
=
1.8
=
0.0135
s

fyv
4,000

OK

Total Longitudinal Steel

Bending:

Al = 13.9 cm2 (Top reinforcement)

Torsion:

Al = 8.51 cm2 (Distributed along perimeter)

To satisfy 30 cm max. spacing of Al

Provide 4DB16 in the bottom half of beam
and add 8.51 4(2.01) = 0.47 cm2 to flexural steel
Steel area required at top = 13.9 + 0.47 = 14.37 cm2
60 cm

USE TOP 3DB25 (As = 14.73 cm2)

30 cm

At midspan:

w 2L (1,266 + 2,645)(8.0)2
Mu =
=
= 17.87 t-m
14
14 1,000

Required As = 9.68 cm2 (2DB25)

Section @ Supports
3DB25

2DB16
60 cm

DB12 @ 0.16 m
2DB25

30 cm