EXTRACTION METHODS ENZYMES SAPONNINS

Raw plant material is heated and placed in a transparent solvent or mixture. It is then exposed to microwave energy. This process disrupts the internal cell structure and releases the saponins for harvest. Another method is Pressurized Liquid Extraction, or PLE, where the solvents are heated at a high temperature under extreme pressure.

TEST

Frothing test Water extract is obtained by boiling on the water bath. The extract is transferred into a test tube and shaken vigorously then is left to stand for 10 minutes and the result is noted. A thick persistent froth indicates saponins.

TANNINS
Method for extracting tannins from bark. The method includes the steps of: contracting bark containing tannins with a first tannin enriched aqueous wash medium at elevated temperatures; separating the tanninrich liquid extract by filtration including dewatering the resulting filter cake under pressure; washing the filter cake with a plurality of aqueous wash media at elevated temperatures; and separating the tannin enriched media after each washing stage by filtration including dewatering the filter cake under pressure; wherein each successive wash medium has a lower degree of tannin enrichment than the preceding wash medium.

Gold beater skin test When gold beater skin or ox skin is dipped in HCl and treated with 1% FeSO4 solution. After washing with water, it gives a blue black colour. KOH test 1 cm3 of freshly prepared 10% KOH is added to 1 cm3 of the extract. A dirty white precipitate indicates the presence of tannins. Ferric chloride (FeCl3) test Powdered plant leaves of the test plant (1.0 g) are weighed into a beaker and 10 ml of distilled water are added. The mixture is boiled for five minutes. Two drops of 5% FeCl3 are then added. Production of a greenish precipitate was an indication of the presence of tannins.[28] Alternatively, a portion of the water extract is diluted with distilled water in a ratio of 1:4 and few drops of 10% ferric chloride solution is added. A blue or green colour indicates the presence of tannins

ALKALOIDS