LIST OF FIGURE

PAGE NO. FIG 3.1 BLOCK DIAGRAM OF MISSILE LAUNCHER FIG 3.2 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM FIG 3.3 DTMF KEYPAD FIG 3.4 TONE FREQUENCY FOR KEY 1 FIG 3.5 DTMF KEYPAD FIG 3.6 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM OF THE DTMF ENCODER FIG 3.7 BLOCK DIAGRAM OF IC MT8870 FIG 3.8 PIN DIAGRAM OF ULN 2803 FIG 3.9 POWER SUPPLY SYSTEM IN MISSILE LAUNCHER 4 7 8 9 9 10 12 15 17

FIG 3.10 BLOCK DIAGRAM OF A REGULATED POWER SUPPLY SYSTEM 18 FIG 3.11 TRANSFORMATION INTO LOW VOLTAGE AC FIG 3.12 RECTIFICATION OF AC INTO DC FIG 3.13 FILTRATION OF PULSATING DC FIG 3.14 SMOOTHING FIG 3.15 PIN DIAGRAM OF AT89S52 FIG: 3.16 CRYSTAL OSCILLATOR CONNECTIONS FIG 3.17 RESISTORS WITH WIRE LEAD 18 19 20 20 21 24 28 31 38 40 41

FIG 3.18 WIRE WOUND RESISTORS FIG 3.19 SMD RESISTORS FIG 3.20 TESTING CAPACITORS FIG:3.21 A TYPICAL ELECTROLYTIC CAPACITOR i

FIG: 3.22 BATTERY OF FOUR LEYDEN JARS FIG:3.23 CHARGE SEPARATION IN A PARALLEL-PLATE CAPACITOR

42 43

FIG:3.24 A SIMPLE DEMONSTRATION OF A PARALLEL-PLATE CAPACITOR 43 FIG: 3.25 A SIMPLE RESISTOR-CAPACITOR CIRCUIT DEMONSTRATES CHARGING OF A CAPACITOR. FIG 3.26 CAPACITORS FIG 3.27 CERAMIC CAPACITOR FIG 3.28MULTILAYER CERAMIC CAPACITOR FIG:3.29 DIODE 53 FIG 3.30 CHARACTERISTICS OF SILICON DIOXIDE FIG:3.31 LED SYMBOL FIG 3.32 LED FIG 3.33 TESTING LED FIG 3.34 LED DISPLAYS FIG 3.35 PIN CONNECTION DIAGRAM FIG 3.36 REGULATOR FIG 3.37 PUSHTRON SWITCH FIG 3.38 SOLDER FIG 3.39 GOOD AND BAD JOINTS FIG 3.40 SOLDERING WIRE 53 55 55 56 57 57 59 60 72 73 74 47 50 51 52

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LIST OF TABLE
PAGE NO.

TABLE 3.1 LIST OF COMPONENTS

13-14

TABLE 3.2 EACH COLOR CORRESPONDS TO A CERTAIN DIGIT, PROGRESSING FROM DARKER TO LIGHTER COLORS, AS SHOWN IN THE TABLE. TABLE 3.3 TESTING DIODES 36 54

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CONTENTS
PAGE NO CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1.2 OUR OBJECTIVES CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW CHAPTER 3 PROJECT WORK 3.1 BLOCK DIAGRAM 3.1.1 BLOCK DESCRIPTION 3.2.1 CIRCUIT DESCRIPTION 3.3 MT 8870 DTMF DECODER 3.1.1 WORKING OF IC MT8870 3.5 ULN2803 3.6 POWER SUPPLY 3.6.1 TRANSFORMATION 3.6.2 RECTIFICATION 3.6.3 SMOOTHING/FILTRATION 3.7 MICROCONTROLLER (AT89S51) 3.7.1 PIN DESCRIPTION 3.8 CRYSTAL OSCILLATOR 3.9 RESISTOR 3.9.1OHMS LAW 3.9.3 CARBON FILM 3.9.4 WIREWOUND 1 1-2 3 4 4 5-6 7-11 7 7-13 14-17 17-18 18 19 19-20 20 21-24 24 24-25 25-29 30-31 31-32

iv

3.9.5ADJUSTABLE RESISTORS 3.9.6 POTENTIOMETERS 3.9.7 SPECIAL DEVICES 3.9.8 RESISTANCE STANDARD 3.9.9 RESISTOR MARKING 3.9.10 FOUR-BAND RESISTORS 3.9.11 PREFERRED VALUES 3.9.12 BAND AXIAL RESISTORS 3.10 CAPACITORS 3.10.1 BREAKDOWN VOLTAGE 3.10.2 ELECTROLYTIC CAPACITORS 3.10.3 CERAMIC CAPACITORS 3.10.4 MULTILAYER CERAMIC CAPACITORS 3.11 DIODES 3.11.1 FUNCTION 3.11.2 FORWARD VOLTAGE DROP 3.11.3 REVERSE VOLTAGE 3.11.4 TESTING DIODES 3.11.5 RECTIFIER DIODES (LARGE CURRENT) 3.12 LIGHT EMITTING DIODES (LEDS) 3.12.1 CONNECTING AND SOLDERING 3.12.2 TESTING AN LED 3.12.3 FLASHING LEDS

32 32-33 33-34 35 35 36 37 38-39 39-49 49 49-51 51 51-52 53 53 53 54 54 55 55 55-56 56 56-57

3.12.4 LED DISPLAYS 3.12.5 PIN CONNECTIONS OF LED DISPLAYS 3.13 REGULATOR 3.14 PUSHTRON SWITCH 3.15 GENERAL PCB 3.16 RELAY 3.16.1 TYPES OF RELAY 3.16.1.1 SOLID STATE CONTACTOR RELAY 3.16.1.2 FORCED-GUIDED CONTACTS RELAY 3.16.1.3 SOLID-STATE RELAY 3.16.2 POLE & THROW 3.16.3 APPLICATIONS 3.17 SOLDERING 3.17.1 SOLDERING AND BRAZING 3.17.2 SILVER SOLDERING 3.17.3 INDUCTION SOLDERING 3.17.4 HOW TO SOLDER 3.17.5 PREPARING THE SOLDERING IRON 3.17.6 USING A HEAT SINK CHAPTER 4 -RESULT CHAPTER 5- CONCLUSION & FUTURE SCOPE CHAPTER 6- REFERENCES vi

57 57 58 59 60-63 64 64 64 65 65 65-66 66 67-70 70 70-71 71 72 73 74 75 76 77

CODING

78-79

vii