Higher Order Filter Options

Cascade of Biquads
High-Q poles High component sensitivity

Ladders
Low sensitivity (Orchard) Synthesize from LC prototypes

Digital filters
Preferred solution when possible
A/D DSP

EECS 247 Lecture 6: Ladder Filters

2002 B. Boser 1

Cascade of Biquads
LPF with
fpass = 20 kHz fstop = 22.05 kHz rpass = 0.5 dB rstop = 50 dB

8th order Elliptic Filter Implementation with Biquads Goal: maximize dynamic range
Pair poles and zeros highest Q poles with closest zeros is a good starting point, but not necessarily optimum Ordering lowest Q poles is a good start

A/D DSP

EECS 247 Lecture 6: Ladder Filters

2002 B. Boser 2

Filter Response
Bode Magnitude Diagram

Bode Diagram 0

-0.1

-20
-0.2 Magnitude (dB)

Magnitude (dB)

-40 -60

-0.3

-0.4

-0.5

-80
-0.6 10
4.1

10 Frequency [Hz]

4.2

10

4.3

-100

-120 180

0 Phase (deg)

-180

-360

-540

-720 10
4

10 Frequency [Hz]

A/D DSP

EECS 247 Lecture 6: Ladder Filters

2002 B. Boser 3

Pole-Zero Map
x 10 5
5

Pole-Zero Map

Qpole
38.4389 8.2903 2.4134 0.7130

fpole [kHz]
20.0501 19.0959 16.0142 9.4282 fzero [kHz] 70.6923 28.7992 22.8585 21.4663

1 Imag Axis

-1

-2

-3

-4

-5 -5

-4

-3

-2

-1

0 Real Axis

4 x 10

5
4

A/D DSP

EECS 247 Lecture 6: Ladder Filters

2002 B. Boser 4

Biquad Response
Bode Magnitude Diagram 10 0

-10 Magnitude (dB)

-20

-30

-40 Biquad Biquad Biquad Biquad -50 4 10 Frequency [Hz] 1 2 3 4 10

5

A/D DSP

EECS 247 Lecture 6: Ladder Filters

2002 B. Boser 5

Intermediate Outputs
Biquad 1
10 0 0 -10

Biquads 1, 2

-10

-20

-20

-30

Magnitude (dB)

-40

Magnitude (dB)
5

-30

-40

-50

-50

-60

-60

-70

-70

-80

-80

-90

-90 4 10 Frequency [Hz]

10

-100 4 10 Frequency [Hz]

10

Biquads 1, 2, 3
0 20

Biquads 1, 2, 3, & 4

0 -20

-20 -40

Magnitude (dB)

Magnitude (dB)
5

-40

-60

-60

-80 -80

-100 -100

-120 4 10 Frequency [Hz]

10

-120 4 10 Frequency [Hz]

10

A/D DSP

EECS 247 Lecture 6: Ladder Filters

2002 B. Boser 6

Sensitivity
Component variation in Biquad 4:
Increase p by 1% Decrease z by 1%
Bode Magnitude Diagram
-7 Magnitude (dB) Bode Magnitude Diagram 1 0 -1 -2 -3 -4 -5

-6

0
10

4.27

4.28

4.29

4.3

4.31

10

10 Frequency [Hz]

10

10

Bode Magnitude Diagram

-10
-40

-45

-20
Magnitude (dB) -50

Magnitude (dB)

-30

-55

-60

-40
4.3 4.4

10 Frequency [Hz]

10

-50

-60
4.2 4.3

10

10 Frequency [Hz]

High Q poles High sensitivity in Biquad realizations

2002 B. Boser 7

A/D DSP

EECS 247 Lecture 6: Ladder Filters

Ladder Filters
Ladder example
Table De-normalization State variable synthesis Transmission zeros

Implementation
Tuning Gm-C
A/D DSP

EECS 247 Lecture 6: Ladder Filters

2002 B. Boser 8

LC Ladder Synthesis
CAD tool Filter table
A. Zwerev, Handbook of filter synthesis, Wiley, 1967. R. Saal, Handbook of filter synthesis, AEG-Telefunken, 1979. A. B. Williams and F. J. Taylor, Electronic filter design, 3rd edition, McGraw-Hill, 1995.

Example:
fcorner = 10MHz, fstop = 20MHz, Rp = 2dB, Rs=25dB 5th order Butterworth (from Matlab)

A/D DSP

EECS 247 Lecture 6: Ladder Filters

2002 B. Boser 9

Filter Table
Williams and Taylor, p. 11.3

Denormalization:
Multiply all L, C with Lr = R/corner = 14.1 nH Cr = 1/R/ corner = 14.1 nF R is the value of the source and termination resistor (choose both 1 for now)

A/D DSP

EECS 247 Lecture 6: Ladder Filters

2002 B. Boser 10

SPICE Verification
i2 i4 V1 V3 V5

-6 dB passband attenuation due to termination

1MHz
A/D DSP

10MHz

100MHz 2002 B. Boser 11

EECS 247 Lecture 6: Ladder Filters

State Space Description

V1 = 1 Vi V1 i2 sC1 Rs 1 i2 = [V1 V3 ] sL2 1 [i2 i4 ] sC3 1 [V3 V5 ] sL4 1 V i4 5 sC5 Rt
2002 B. Boser 12

RC Integrator:

V3 = i4 = V5 =

V2 1 = V1 sRC

A/D DSP

EECS 247 Lecture 6: Ladder Filters

Normalize
V1 = 1 Vi V1 i2 sC1 R s 1 [V1 V3 ] i2 = sL2
1 Vi V1 V2 * sC1 R Rs * R [V1 V3 ] = 1 * [V1 V3 ] V2 = sL2 sC2 R V1 = V3 = V4 = V5 = 1 [V2 V4 ] sC3 R* R* [V3 V5 ] = 1 * [V3 V5 ] sL4 sC4 R

1 [i2 i4 ] V3 = sC3 1 [V3 V5 ] i4 = sL4 V5 = 1 sC5 V5 i4 R t

V2 = i2 R * V4 = i4 R
*

1 V4 V5 * sC5 Rt R L L with C2 = 2 2 and C4 = 4 2 (R* ) (R* )

2002 B. Boser 13

A/D DSP

EECS 247 Lecture 6: Ladder Filters

Synthesize

A/D DSP

EECS 247 Lecture 6: Ladder Filters

2002 B. Boser 14

Negative Resistors
Single ended Differential

A/D DSP

EECS 247 Lecture 6: Ladder Filters

2002 B. Boser 15

Frequency Response

A/D DSP

EECS 247 Lecture 6: Ladder Filters

2002 B. Boser 16

Scale Node Voltages

Scale Vo by factor s

A/D DSP

EECS 247 Lecture 6: Ladder Filters

2002 B. Boser 17

Noise
Total noise: 1.4 V rms (noiseless opamps) Thats excellent, but the capacitors are very large (and the resistors small). Suppose our application calls for 140 V rms

A/D DSP

EECS 247 Lecture 6: Ladder Filters

2002 B. Boser 18

Scale to Meet Noise Target

Scale capacitors and resistors to meet noise objective

s = 10-4 Noise: 141 V rms (noiseless opamps)

A/D DSP

EECS 247 Lecture 6: Ladder Filters

2002 B. Boser 19

Completed Design

A/D DSP

EECS 247 Lecture 6: Ladder Filters

2002 B. Boser 20

Sensitivity
C1 made (arbitrarily) 50% (!) larger than its nominal value 0.5 dB error at band edge 3.5 dB error in stopband Looks like very low sensitivity More analysis needed (Monte Carlo?)

A/D DSP

EECS 247 Lecture 6: Ladder Filters

2002 B. Boser 21

Transmission Zeros
iCa
V1 V3 V5

iC1

ia = sCa (V1 V3 ) iC1 = sC1V1 Ca ia + iC1 = s (Ca + C1 )V1 V3 Ca + C1

A/D DSP

EECS 247 Lecture 6: Ladder Filters

2002 B. Boser 22

Filter Table
5th order Chebychev II Williams & Taylor, p. 11.112 50dB stopband attenuation

A/D DSP

EECS 247 Lecture 6: Ladder Filters

2002 B. Boser 23

Equivalent Circuit
V1 V3 V5

i a V3

C1*

Ca i = ia + iC 1 = s (Ca + C1 )V1 V3 C a + C1 = sC1* (V1 aV3 ) with :

* C1 = Ca + C1

and

a=

Ca Ca + C1
2002 B. Boser 24

A/D DSP

EECS 247 Lecture 6: Ladder Filters

Realization with Integrator

V1 = = = Vi V1 1 iL 2 + aV3 s(Ca + C1 ) R s Vi V1 1 Ca V3 iL 2 + s(Ca + C1 ) R C a + C1 s Vi V1 V2 1 * + sCaV3 s(Ca + C1 ) R Rs

A/D DSP

EECS 247 Lecture 6: Ladder Filters

2002 B. Boser 25

Active RC Simulation

A/D DSP

EECS 247 Lecture 6: Ladder Filters

2002 B. Boser 26

Summary
Higher Order Filter Realization
Cascade of Biquads
High sensitivity often problem for N>4

Ladder Filters
Based on LC prototypes Low sensitivity Active RC simulation retains low sensitivity Many implementation choices: Active RC, Gm-C, MOSFET-C
2002 B. Boser 27

A/D DSP

EECS 247 Lecture 6: Ladder Filters