kwu, Celestine Nkemakolam

yKBy CenecrnH HxenaarcoJraM

Solved Problems
In

Strength of Materials
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Preface
This book is written to assist students studying Strength of Materials in National Aerospace University, Kharkov Ukraine, towards solving typical home tasks, school examina-

tion questions and All Ukrainian Olympiad questions. This is not a substitute to textbooks and lecture materials provided by lecturers; and on that note

lwill advice students

to study the lecture materials provided by their lecturers before using this book,.

lwould like toexpress my gratitude to the Almighty God who directed me towards the
course of writing this material. I owe everything I have acquired to Him. My parents, Chief
and Lolo Bartholomew Chukwu Agwu, and my siblings have been of immense support to
me-both financially and otherwise. My friends George Fidelis lmafido( Presido), Nassir
Babiito, Dami Molu, Ronald Ngobi, Orok Donatus, Shaikh Farhan, Mittul Parikh, Victor
Mukungunugwa, Winrrie Kalyango, Philip Angule, Bhattacharyya Prantosh Pran,
Saikia Hridayananda, Kafeero Derrick, A.shish Gupta, Okrruir Simon, Praveen Jose, Amit
Krishnan, Vikas , Bharat and many others too numerous to rnention provided nre with
moral suppor"ts and encouragement. Pastor Richard Ogbunuju and his wife Marina

Ogbunuju have shown me such love that I cannot quantify. I thank you all for your help'
ing hands.

want to specially thank my lecturer, Professor Vladislav Demenko, for teaching me this

course. He was very eager to give me every valuable information I needed, and I must
say that God used him to open my eyes to the world of engineering.
I am a Nigerian student studying Aerospace Engineering

at Nationat Aerospace Univer-

sity, Kharkiv Ukraine, and I hope to graduate in 2010. Writing poems iSmy pastime.
&butra,X,.to,^

Ghukwu, Celestine Nkemakolam

This material MUST not be modified in any form without a prior permission from me.

Forfurther enquiries, comments orsuggestions, contact me through

n k e mo n I i n e200

@ia

h o o.c o

-r

t".$rH,ffi;f,ffi,

,;n

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'

Goritents
page

Ghapter

1
2
3.

Preface

Contents

Geometricat Characteristics of Cross-Sections of Rods

3-18

Construction of Diagrams of Internal Force Factors

19

2,1
2.2

20

Diagrams of Normal Forces

Diagrams of Twisting Moments

Construction of Shear Force and Bending Moment Diagrams

3.1 Cantilever Beams

3.2 Two-Supported Beams
3.3 tnternal Force Factors for Statically

4.

Determinate Frames,.

-23

23-25
26-28
28-36
36-42
43-51

Analysis of Stresses and Strains

52

4.i

53-56

Calculaiion of Stresses in Planes of General Position Using Analytical

and Mohr's Graphical Methods

4.2

Determination of Principal

Stresses t\.-_

57

--62

4,3Deter'minationofStressandStrainUsingGeneralize

5.
6.
7,
8.
L

Strength Analysis and Designing of Rods and Rod Systems in Tension and
Compression,

63-80

Strength Analysis and Designing of Shafts and Beams in Torsion.

81

Strength Analysis and Designing of Beams in Plane Bending.

Combined Loading of a Bar System.

134-

158

Unsymmetrical/Oblique Bending

159-

164

10. Eccentricity in Tension and Compression.

11, Generalized Force. Generalized Displacement.
12. Multi-Span/ Continuous Beams
13. Buckling of Columns
14.

- 101
102
- 133

165

173

-. 198

218
199

172

217
23A

Pressure Vesiels ( Symmetricat Thin-Walled Shells)

References

241

,f;r;-iJ.:';'
.

:.1.

Geometrical Characteristics of
Gross-sections of a Rod

Qreatness is not something orle ccuTL infierit nor 7uy; it

is rather cLrL fi,onorary titfe which frfn cortfers on har{'
w orfring vnerl art{ w omerL
Chukwu, Celestine Nkemakolam.

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l

rr"

LJ
f\
*9c
, Jg.
=lr-f
1=

T-LJ
*r. ;- T"Uo,
Ta
Ir"

Ir"

l*.

TA
tIo.

-a + no(n)^
= T;"

rL *

(_J)"

1_ Au

AUGJ)^r

=Lt
3L

5xn5
o
= --;7?c',nt
=AB

rul* n%.r'

oE

-.-

8+ r e.&.tr (^ o.ta)t+ ,.8r + gL (o.ss)L

5l A. q5 *"*

N
J*c -l- T*.
-r LJ
r*." = r;, +
.LJ

T*: =

T*" = T.;
d

*"

G),

ri, + ffo G^)^

LrLs
BL

t?x

(3

tt-

= *2- c.,,, /

3L

.r

n h" (y)'o f ul,

2z3o

/ r_l^

fro

t- tl'.y ($n)^ +

G,,^

+2 t- b6 (-s,Tt)Q

Slo6cot'f
?---_-&-

DETgfr, fYrtru*norl

T
rgelc

gF

Pf-oa q

cf W tN*Tt A

oF

-l-Fl-

Becur u^J

!" + Ir*
-r t-J

Jr* =

.TA

Ju*

'

I*" * *" (-J) ( r)

,L, Dao

= rio*o + fta 0)G*)

ot

/
LL h4

+Z

l,ie

Can

Ol.tto4 ef

l.e*r"rr;.,.r*- *t\L

tlr\

q*rs #

7
+toht

+ta

=rJ

5ri c.e

t1loX*:+.,*k

LJ

-r

LJ

)L2 n

.A

r'f ha-s

4^*7,-

2-

_6xt?- e

7t

d.D,i1

t?1e

4z* ?

",{*- -.-qhs

t,f/uczJr*,< bi^n

f5

_tI

J
1
I

-l

G) 6r.+ft*&t d,rt
lfu Oriud4-l-,',tt tF

oru4/

|ec*an. Tlau, +c*

St1{t Shntl b

0+

<8c ..

2t.r 6-o,sr1(up,)

- 24?.

Cl^trt<. 1

r/e

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+ +A+ a [ (o.s r) C s. *01

7L or- *

aCauaa

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+z

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- Ve.
-t-

L1

t(

A'r'cA

-*a;
t

ezre-a.

y-lt-

S alf

tfuVtt ,fLt-a-rt *rle

g-Lr-r. eyl4w"-/ ;

,l

ruXt'lha,&l

- Th-4
htre *,

?ttmrntDftTturn ff wate"Jrn rwr) U.F T FTtr ?nnsct/kt* ("A)TfrnrQ*-tAxLr M{A Tbr_ IYLA.GNtrvt}C3 trt rt+E fnwGt f fra- LENTA,OI ? I4.L
-f
rwefie^)T s 6f rN&Tt+ 0t TF+e
56Crr unf T, o,^A LV
.

f*

Yh!

n'e..<l-oohlrn'.

han

d,p =

Ade

A h"*.

;,

.r...ii!t

,"

;:",..'.

-T

ft+<-olrutqdLl
*n0'd

tn4."

.J

lu =

l,'-9. =

Tr,
---

r ll*" a=r*.)/ + rri*.

-VL

* f*.

2,

= 5l?,15+5loL

/,

= 2307.+B
T^*

9-9o7.+p
2Y01.+y

t-

*mm

Cl"-e-ot<";-4

(i)

1-

h-aic:

l/ge,?s

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/
+ (-w.aO

.r/(==-/

_f

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? 3tt 7. ? /

A3o 7.1I

23o 7- ?/

*. 5t/?-s?r_,^*

+?7. s4

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lrt rnotl- Ca:e_t

T*"n
5)t 1.s?

+Az

7 5/oL 7'StX,,Qs2

4 ?7-5y

L.rco-.

fre!,o'ta %n *f7r,

th.a.f-*, (;) il rtff

aASot.* C+,|-e--a

o_*

561s. o/
/b
5

li;;) Lr = 4.*" Cos r,d, f

- 2+t.gt

+o ,1" e*i s

-_-;--

3i^ 74

eos(- 6.r+)

# 5t2,q5 ^S toL s;. C-G.t*)

* z+6. t3
fto

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Lrie,ntai*,a

*f
+5c--T-La.

6t8. ?s

ry rdp, lb-u! 4. Jo*,

S

un;./41

$de e,rr-J4
-dp ,, ,,

qnql'r'-

c to

qa.rt,>e-

nflrr*^t-,

ChcKota* rryd;

re

+sc

rqvaa

7-

!,is}:i'l
i:,,.i:r _r
'-1.., ,'

Sin C*

chy<

.'_! i

t
rl

fi

J*.

7Tr,,

+4;a

*" ^ q{-+) ^-J

V*^ ^ qX,t

r.

U,r*r qx,a Sb*d) l'e hc"*t'(

t{') /""D^ fe'/'^)'Od+- t-o

..-J.. - -

--r

-:I

Gonstruction of Diagrams of lnternal

Force factors
Normal Force Diagrams.

Twisting Moment Diagrarns'

fhere ctre two tyyes of yeoyte in the worfd: tftose wfin ntafre

things hayyen ancftfr"ose wfrn watcfi. tfiings hayyen. lf ott, 6LS 611't
n lgirnnr ilTout{ strive to tnafr.e thinq hayyen--:ro! things
ffi"at can {estroy, but tfiings tfr,at witf irnyrove tlie fives oi

rrtanfr.in{.
Chukw u Cel estine Nkema ko I am .

rg

Df

NU{qiY,{w . h.tces
ilSrrue, mef *oa*-vF SEcr t

0NgTF,"uterto,0

T Erg Sror'r

A_^).s

{Ylaltz

Eq{{Sjl

Sec*ton q+

E@,,/

di

+rnce

,tc,

Orr;S

Q,fj<,r *Lu f c';,ut

VP a Phcat-t mt ef q fu* *r. ,tl*,r<- 44^9,4.e ,s

Uhc*qe- i," Co',:>t- Sechnta,L Q+c-a oP ct $e.aaot'

+lr""az1

a./L

=) fr'-C<..s ,L'r" c4-e I j-oru a,,-Ls .+4t-4- A* S-<c./*,rn /s

Cavtl,< s si v , clrnrl ; ,ln s;q n ar< ,! a)
-,u- ; fr,-caz
cLir<c+e-J &alay fr--, #:
t< c*ri-t +d- SrrrC; ft
f

-l_enug, Lt-

JX :",

"

ff* :.:;*tr, n!* &;' ^T; J: t-4u !o-r/

op Jata bear,,t ..tt l*rt
pcS'i*..--'.
rz/r:.i

.Jr'p

ru

O-i

drr-t- C*

t're,"uf

(a,<.)

Con y)e," J .
firyc. (i) A/>io-. ,.4.cr:
Cu-,t,,'e,";1 Cj,* Scc.l-.,.^ a.,>-e- nfr_
kyr.t., olr.* rl q* l-;a fl+Cn4;-.-;7--

=)

Sc

c.*-u,-',u ,a

flos,'i,tr C*v.;
irr

[-Lc

rwyy*-vrta

j"ofrlr*

T-y1u

clh<
a+<

cr
e

af*

dlnt*on- cvbo.Le *Lt_q ZL.a L,,ti

Ct,rr4tn'il tX.lr;i r1

B1

Givr."'Q = J,rn

$: La
C-= )bwl

.)_
A : Sot*
F,

E
Ao
do{e;
9,

Lt
TJ

J"-^t*
-Hn..qn-14244

- R. =

"ora)
boxn

2fi

Ki

'

tN&,*-t fo.& u.ef-a.a

{ttoy,

Sec,{-'p-ru

f,,

n q^a Tff

a,f44.p

)..--h, tr %A
A

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r,4-1,a.t

DF f.l* crt/o-4 \<,0*;*\

TI

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:[ -E
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= ?o+eo

D-B
tl

='
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F, pFz F3
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XrJ ,.

cl-i,t cl*..[

{i+e

F3

o x"l,

---> l"'I
., R,
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c.iel,;

., .}4te )_(_4 c+?r+}1 fo-&

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$ec*,.i. ( I, S, D ). ID,:r,",d- Prv*lI'Cr-Cd-qJh
&\A-

3"4)
dF

fu<-z

flrt-ct

eqnA-r<
a*J

&

C/,r*

,q');;'3"rti
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rft

d = lrt

,l s.N,

g -. li,aa ''

4:'4ni

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I

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Fa= 1o KN

...:r.'

ry

ft=-

6o t<nl
5ft1^

fYLatts- fu,
cr^.-ot ) - E
e+e,4';

d4r.-; of - AJx ,d"y

kc,t<,e,t t

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I

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t4
n-0.,\ F"tt
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b"* ct
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114

=:

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K^l

is
t)ta..at in

-*F, + F,
5o + cl o

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xr-r

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i*O ruu)

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a:

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------> R

Po-cs

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0

f7,

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ln oA l,ul'.*- rc -J'l,rc ftllvtts ^*16

s{

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svvn a-e

' lf bc\t' V'J ert

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of

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clr.*,*.4
.

c Lccaror..r- pwva.d

filL*, S'lu,Lt bq Corx"^f,c,or0 pou-i-,tn u,Iti"Lc c-tvtl-tckc*t,,on

f\\,s*'R** b *A**_-*

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d,,"

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3*.
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tF
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q.dyp+

de.u.r
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. Lq,Lcdr,t<-8 ftWrn-at*

, +4tn-n- +41Ja fe*c+rt

,*#h

q-C+it

a,,*,'r:, ff*OY'T:^

mn
'tw
-14^{ n e<qtj:. Jr,r" c{-rn
+-o ec,l-

a*_J .\r"& Ve<a -

29

t
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r>
ll*
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L = StY\-'

lil,

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Lt'&<

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p6,l64ra1,a

\niln

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[-

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is

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Gl
lI-*nnr}

e)

ftlr

1_

* sc.r (lO

4O

lv,.l rn

fvjei

o <)c
=

- 0t, {-fl1,A - n,l3

-50 +cto ^to
of-

Er

l-.t"J,.i

Mg

lI

<c

* tfDt<t) m

tVld-tl,t-t-vr:f

rtr

tin@

T1

l,

il'i.1

m=- E

oq

z- Q

0,(x {
=

[t't,I

(x

- lr4t -: * 5c K'rd rru

--

SO,1,11r1-

= 'lo luo,*
01. : 80 xr/"t
fl'l1

Strl,'Ll;,r^

Ler ul

G;lao':
.,:,
d,2 \t*
( = ttfi,

t x'i'n]

5
!

NGrtrd-'t4''rf- s;ca-;1A;;-i*+:
{Ar- " rc-a"cr4qJvt fvtsrnr^:F MR, h^1 +,,

*^f

ar(tco;,-? ,to" r;,n

+'*U

M$'!\a,"*

b,e + +OK/Jm

L,f*

tg*r),Q,^*1'rj*

[11u,, ',{ - +oltt)m,

Q*

tA=
,1,

rc

T'C+ezu ,;
'-l-

J_

.a+.ry oF

I
i

1_

h1,E&.,

=,

fl'1,

+fl1r
E, + a-D

q-

?-an

'A

= +,n
= ,rnil1, :8Dx,urrt
01o *- kc xru ru
il1o: *oK,v.,*
C

c+-u."

<x <

&c'ltarr.

f\'1,

IUO Kdrn

-ilr

n1rEo.,r
!

E<

tr-r
'm

fno.Lrc4./- &tft_r+

.i

Irlic,r
l

+w ,l. .f\,q

Qi,tea

=
:

*
80 .+ro -- ?r, _:
44, J- n1d

S'' c-q r11r[8t

7a.411

tF

.l--r;
lylg

1113

---

ZC rcnn

+3op,l-

{trt-t-,1 (l1a

rwanat Jsh'

: - 30tr^rrt

[1r^1

['q-*"-r'-5

[.
fvl

5An=
,1,

80

M,

I xru,

i-tLo*L

Nkr4^ilA,,*

Gonstruction of Shear Force and

Bending Moment Diagrams
Cantilever Beams
Two Supported Beams

Statically Determinate Frames

{he cantifeyet wing of one aityfane tofcf 3t4t'. Tttgin.e and Jt4rs. fue[

"r, a.[ot"Le, sLLyyort tfi"e weight of thefttsefane inffigfi"t. ?fease, I cannot carry yoLL both". 'Br.tt it fiec{ earty c{tte to ittcreasecf 1enditry
ntoynent acting on it. 3{oy,eyet', tlte whtg of another ahyfane tofd
the couyfe " Britq affyour fanni[y members to tny honte". Attdit
fivec{ fonget hecantse those acfditiottafx,eights it carried c{ecreased
the bencf|lxg rnoment acting on it. I 6now tfi-e acadentic stress irt
i<fLAI is 6ig; frovever, the wtore yoLL hufu yout'feffotv stttdents to
t tnder s t and t hittg s, t he rnor e y ou w iff g ain Enotv [e dg e for y ot n's e [f.
Don't 6e art is[and!!!!

Chukw u, Celestine Nkemakol am.

"

ir' :,;ii ::+'s t ;..'

*b

S HE44

g\rsr-

W* ia At*"^'-fr q^ ql W
.{4^-a.

forc{ , d*taw

+o

#"4 b++ or +o

be'^A;^1 N\'s.*'a'\l
fWe,rnns,utS

i.

dap.,*-O

o'F crJJ. *l*

4A

WA

str,,rrr

of oil,!:

{t"<.tL"l

riqhf,
na*nL s;clq- .vF q sec+rrt
U

+t^2

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w *JG

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St C{^ztrt'

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Wa Csr),Q, Slt-ei,, fu-ce na^t^-? cr,yt w1fiw.A l,r<cli,n

-+o -vt\-L Lep+ [tr*,[ EF q Se c*. crru ry .[r,.tn
.t-t^rz
"ro-.( Ju rec*i:n 'jc.
fi3lct !ta-^^.{ c+ s.'c{-e of- .{4.{ SeCfi'crr lait[ b +ayprL a4 Pi\,firfu;
Si,*i \c-h s e. n(Aa.-h{r Str uritt bs e"u -J,i,ur,.-* l.1aut a Jt*l n,y*,J
--*;-+**
LOA- F .ptz Se C..pr,u,x Vr up;icv,Js
C", r* U{-r*, +r ,f.lnt
c{,i"ecf*'. & -Pfta
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"i;3
/ A .CLtr,tut*<- ,lir.r- r.tiut b *+at*nt a^ frx^pig4 (+ve) i,
L *''J crry\ a^*.d.iol{ur:i+-c -\\tc r-.r- r.d iLL )ae lo,tts^ u ng t*-,<r
C- r.l J
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f (-cla,nA"diq'

L.

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,

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>ov2.+

l4^

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dis'triuw+v"t

P"r= 7 t

llrqq W l+t-s
-fticwqu/a.r
cl,i s+r,!t

b"t"lr fl

+\fa_

v,Sitt.

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qJ.

Wf1^
iS

fl*f\

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_____/O___-=-\

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is trrrrun be La.,t Zen-d [ .uc

lno;n cvLre^t-t Zo,.t, L; os

E****F-"ftt1i3--(go*S )

,rb

nJir( +A +D git\L,fu_ *Leo_

fi.rs.l- fnrblon.t
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firtos

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M

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x,

a^i TI
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r]j W si5 n, b.^;,1,.\*^i1,t
d^ ,a c.lau/t v0l^^ d^ i s Ao{
^rt

'}+rnl.\

rg-{q,,Fe

. &. {-o

+""

q,^)
n^^ rl

ber^A -H,.!. bea,r,+ q s

c.a^ r
seL'hrn

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bea,rtt-

L lis

P.;c

h,fi,.rr..-

f pL,t cl.a..t

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px-

rc=cl=4-, ?;c= Q.r;t+:

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0

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lPe+
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l

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i

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b,-*,1 t",
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13

i+s

u.rt

e4/.1;

t'

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/-d

SXLatl

[uo*t- 1r1,\e,*
f$-@
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ro$+rJea +'t,ts bzqn*

eF,

(:c<

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rt

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lo}-ar,{a.A

= so.xO .= D

f'-E

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r,ri.on ,}=
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tp

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Vl<.'

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= /x- P I: x(o)-p
lr=)

=-?.Drcil

l=*, -o
l"==.=,

= l5

*'2D

=-

SKA)

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Vr.ar: fvw,rwr/"\f'

q/Ym

b$rn q4 SLG"^m

P"l. h-a4 t r*r*r**

q SLwtrn'

-'- nlrfro

,t

il-

@rt^

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f*,r1

lP

r<

f,wr1

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I

gunll*r*r- Exn*;*

90 1'144
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p(,0"u) - 1.0.4

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:

br."J

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:E

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bn

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.

ZF"

= F - (^it'

K*n=

{\,111

tt

,\l '- ?rv1 - 7,b:

^

(',

fvt*uvt

* .,?*.*(**q-da

- q,+ -ry(*.r)

6or-*)

(+

=o

-\./

fe

p,,:lutz--.

rta rv,*nqe^'i

I wu^*,

I d-=n
{._ _ .. ___-./
r

Ao

* 8o *

e-DCz)^

*40(*

3)

- ,et, ,.A Kru

I

,o#&

'|k{

r.

*3+^*8

= * +D ('3) * a.o (a) .F 3?, lB -F

r. ?.,

a x,

. ,D<-lU.trvrr cul-vo.r.r ef

1ryfi?,r-tt-l.,t

fOr{t:

fqg.k,.1

I
I

t
I

I
I

:r-r

I
I

0/.x < q,

N,It';

- rc

Qj*, =

Mr'e'r

ri

,:

fur:
?q

= lox{ J= o
I

lr-

I
lr=o=,

+O KN

rcnt'

o'<'i,'{"?[
-- Rf

NIu',

-F

QJ*

rfe

- tii. , ad rn)
,.-l 6'

ij'
.^t

-ffiKN

= &a^

Frq

?+Dt(N,"'
o /:
) / r"- J=,r-

E. *'trr-'
N r.f, :-o

D{:c- < c.

GI-' :-D
Mi, = -* /'l'l : '-+o K/orn

rV-lV
rrf
l

"'*

:_

_Ri = - 3t *gxil

f,)r{c,l =

l\+

,111.

6o xnl

n{j'u

R,l ,.

6t,r<

Q.

2+01!-r-rrrt

o(x<

/riJ er
Q*u t,.l

l1n

rrtr',

- D2c
(ourc .+- (onq +

'[, )L

Zar.+s

<

A-:<,.ti-

V-_
i

Dd:c

*sr,AQ xN

4f

rlt

/:r*

12c:d

^n
:P%-w,wn a"hoa .t_}gg_

QL,=o

Hr#l =
^,

- ?,xn
xe= &':
z,

2tz'3+
l=
I 2(:3

R^u

gT:y= o,?Lrt
+o

3?.le (o.r+)

x+o +&D - ard 0,1,t)l

*o

Aq+, g+,Frtn
I

.l

46

-1

q*t

37.+s

I X2. , r.2

6o'

Vl 16 ix,,t r,-j
J.

L\.ti.r.'i<^^',

p ,^,{

{ 4ue

e-l__e

s_e&_"!

v.?,

mcot.t 8)<.,.lrtc.'.tf 0-|

0 rri.{-J

i<

Jo'+-L P

o,n/.- l(

J
2.1b.3,t
i
I

7j
t/__-4r+H1--r ---l
,\ l,

o
--l----+
I
6

tl,

"3+.I8

8it,ra

:.+o

6v

st.-

,/

Z FLt = G-D.-b.o = @
Z Fv = t \?.2-?,- tlo - 82.'e4

=o

ZM = ,.8r, ++o-?+D = EO

8e.
fi\wvt*n*,

>h

l??'l'7,
---.-___---l
a+D

ZFv :3?.a.s -3+,+&:-O

O,b+4r4f-

/l\
I

ZFy,- 6o-6o=-o

Y.,, c@r)

J+o

L,)

i+.+e
" ',-7

{4^*

,,', J oi^l-

,J4^{- \

ZM=

2+ o -a. r3 .3a -\t,ts

-{B

u,u {p

i.} eys,l *e

bec**, r? lul
, a4 p6<4.
4+

-T'.

Ca+<

i{^94:' i1a. lrlri

.,t,..

i:i.r r'

t.

:::.:

t,,

I ..

rr I . :j I

,' La.gA a.,,t

d,'4&'

,"1A-\-4

_"_;.,--.

Gi.l'e^:

TJ

{\1= 30Kd/n

[ : 5 Or<ri
tt - aQrrtt/n

..1

Q= Aln
b^ vffi
c. = lrvt
e- = lfrYL

d =
A)

c-r

a\?-rn^,;1at-4-rrvu

[{e a

c*.',"'', Fu'u,s

llg.t-1-:*o

fln'

*rrt-

r
rtt

= (,]'
(:
R,,h

--

-o ,c
?tr-

u.r;

xrrj

I
I

z $11; =-o
F.r *
l

ov
It

RFC
F.r

p,

=
Z-M

b+ ('
,,)

luD

t-lbl * rr4 - e: (e-c0 )- n! r,

J- 2Fc t x
* *Mt: d' ( u-,1)
,f

+ tu.o .1- toCs)q* 3D *.lr:o ( +-a)

e =-O

F Cq.+a)
\i

Ro' =

*F

- ar ( e-c *J ) I

(q+-tr) r-eF

e-c-.J) +

Ro''-

- Zt2 *M

st +M
^

*Eo(=) +too(r) +
3

,D

(3)i+-3o
-

O ,< )'

4^e

/
(}{-5o-2-rjt4*tQ

:o

Ira*e.d

t/
Feya

Fq

c-*ry,-s

+- I

0<x<l

f,

Nl" [n) =

/-.

(oo'

= ?0 K,tl:
= -tUOrcnl

X.

tl'- 8l

ATT
lvL,r 6c) =
U

Rn\

(*h r.

rlt

t-?D /= -3o Itz=-D

I

t 0O>c

lx=a

*O

J<aJ

,ru'

T -]L
0{>c < b

= A) =
Qlnt = Rl* q,*

Nlc^l

rDD K^r

20-- 2D,c

1;

ror^r

I
I

:- -'to

Kr't

x= b =3

$t

J"'
:

-R"'x*n4+ BIJ r .2
- lox - 3o + rDDCe) + lDr,

J=*
lx=3

F,t1,ra"

. iDr-,4ortnrrutlula
-.
'

.j

#'.

:
t

-.n

lst,.^rr.'
t't
"'
J

il

R:-7,xn

f.-

Rn'_
1e4

Q**ocJ=o

/\v

-W =1

= *rr(,)-ao+- en,'+tD(')o: 149

Mfu?
)

fII- -1tr

D(rc /- ct
O

N,Tc.,=

*F

QJbc) =

=-

--- -totl{r\)nt
n
I
5Ox
z=J Ir=4- *
L'

-Fx
til

sDKrr)
I

r./

g "1::c <

Nl't ,

.n tl
I(n

:=

Qrt*

t0

C.

K,rt

t
r\.

ll
\J

ruun,,

Vxll
r-r

o.r

0{rc< e-c

tt tl

fin=-tOK^l

-c: J

rJ

Vu Co'l

fitie,

o
= lrl0x \lx-o

=- 3 ut KnJ"-

2c=3

Gr^dl^.\ u! r}.+e",*J

W!

f-4cfir"d'
2.')
K.

_
I
t

NIE:J

Wn'

J0ua,6-, P

'["*)

cv^,.-.l K

J0i4J K

to;ru1. P

'Y
I

,Iao

I i*.-- -Kl
1'or(:-H

ii-il
".rl

,i...,..1

<'rZ- FX'r1

*j--***-+ ro't)

.- txo , --l / *':

=

Z- l-y =

Z'f\4p

=-

d1) -- luF0 "=. O

tA++C*5O-:()
Ruu .+-'iu\

.*3-0rJ

ZFrt = lrr0 -tr,'\) =Q

Z Fu = ?,<: '- 2*4, = C

2111..=
'K

ilo -,3-o = O

st

T'

,.:i

\d
-L

Analysis of Stresses and Strains

Calculation of Stresses in Planes of General Position
Using Analytical and Mohr's Graphical Methods
Determination of Principal Stresses
Determination of Stresses and Strain Using Generalized
Hooke's Law.

syelu{tiyne cfiscttssing the vealittesses of tfteh'

teacher. A teacher's yrimary ylLvyose is to gtdcfe yott totuan'ds tfte
acqttisition of knowfedge, 6ttt no.t to give yott ttn{erstandhq. If
yoLL cantnot understancf things, stttc{y liar[er!!!

foofs andfaiftn

es

Chukw u, Cel estin e N kem akol am .

5X

Of' , Sr RFss

"'AAJfl-LYsrs
Ca[ Cur-a+ion' sf s'lrsl.{ed

i.

e*

pt@r?.

d+l -D

,gr1 rl-rrrl

. ea

posi+ .rn usr*1

;-,-_-.-

il z,JI >tr
rl,

Si:lru

CEtrteri+i

'-1qn

i,

l<-

S,bt t.r-l_

u*t

S*,'ea1g-l

S a"<

ru*4o;h

cL.y-. cLe

t;,j",r#u.0

p"'S,'.f,

u(o

w1,",Lr LDn4--a, n-,,.

d

tl_tt

fu+, c Ltu*r,t-e wnlwia* r-u<lqj-,.eh , d, ,s

fcs,.t-iJe ,
11246t'l-i'J"e

Sl.u,e"

" 1', .*{er"J-

C Lc, f +..

rr),'ge

,S'

-li) ;-s:/-c2:lq *l/,ti. ?l<.t':-,.t* .i

"
C. [^., c+1,'O,'* .t,r' 'e a'l-':rt' i s dJt t,'q rr,afu cf
(tltq.{t'1,
pir,,r'.{r'r/rJ
,J}r-. i-q
.-/
\i3n ir .l-r"+"-J f.,rr ou4#, C LOr,< ",.t i s< Lr rtt.la.i1
S Lr-e_.i.r- t.trUt
1-|re-1.1

fe.,-,.1

-|i
th

*:pll-.

"ygL*_Zy

*d.

td

]i

^\--

O\r-- Cz Sinad.

'l"it

Gi .l*n'

c\(rrt'

tO rrur^

m=

2gnf4

O-

n") q,
-Ji

= Zoo
Ta, fr,

=fr
(D

'79 1

U; = f,c,x'a t-E sin^d

: Bo caa3o +. 2ornn*r(.

= 6srw*,
ftr = t[5,i",* t- D-^ Cu,s'.i'
= $Ds,-t JD'r

3s

l-c cr,'ra1Tf

rvP4'

CL,,ecad^-+

Dlr[.:

CI +rle

g.CtaO = 6S.+-as

Td=

Srn?-d

:j

.:
'i 6o

A 6Wer

C.L"tu.t,.

*t{rWq

?p

Uq

= 6s*ea

= 2.5 rn,e4

G=

lorrrPr

Gta,uh'ca.( !O1zt*.oa. ugi,"-? fnOhr's

?o
o(

(f, o) ,

?n

(tr, c)

=. Boo

f""J

pc C rX,

7")

Po ( tre, Tr)

_C,;

ch

tt )

-E
I

s(4,

%)

I
I

:r1

e(q,o

(q,

o)

I
I
I

tftj,f)
l-'.

0l+ rle

o,

e^

+
[1[^
2

[=

Eqt-P
e2

Il
",,r

=-

[,i =

5C
q - C.

til = *?*
-tt

t,q.

\^{_}ur-{

CI-DCurSr-,r
.:-

r -E.'-,

SOCos bt>

9r,,

::- -

L,r.

c-c -=- krura

Crr

-- 4=*-

ry]

(rs2ot

o:sad

TSrtvfq
:..

:6.tvt+r't

?- Ln1"{r4'

Oi* *-tuz Scr-.trta cV, .tl.Lq

g.1.t(

I-? ce( ,J{

Si{,uU.^;.",

Qu<r"

tr"")

0: ,F Oo n fq ) f= trd, aa ,, 0*9, T:,

16t rvv?q

ru J,.r, ..r.olg l-,-.,r(

d = +s

U,7ii.r-2 Fr
O

= lrnran

Oa:.O

*+rr3 Nei-

/ft.soicr.n" C-.4m)

t (*+,st) bf+s
i::'r

(d
Lfr-

- G+nl) ,,,n C-l.o). = a

4,sotwql
+.,o

'Ty *

46o rwpt

fr"

=-O

Qn"fl;t

ij-

!rjuq+"p

?ft( ();,.0)
( 0j,D
d,-- -+>

{',J

ti

c(U,7o)

q
I

T,<\

t'= *'rol :

ofsa,a.pa

'

'

q^iNtr

v,, a(i)

Or^A

0( '

7y,

fd = 7m rwfq
O,, : * 6ntw<

,-r

[d. : - t uO fi/P<'
'lvt'rvr'q
(B

a1/
I

A'.rn4.1"1.1-,-c^t Suri'n*'''b'',r

.l-an xdt
=

Q_-h

G-o;

)' d=

-tf'- 2xruc--1

t+4, / =#_i:_J
:

6-

.+,)+
/q-Dr. lt .+

L a/

a-[D

(^

3u, '- 6"o

[=

E=

l5D + L{bi
= ?tlrn4q
*
6il wvpr.
- tF) * 161
5r= bttr'4a

A,
d= 6.t

= jtl

wt+

t'

Lhe

ut; g

fr*q = ffi+%
Jll-6rt = 3oo- &-r.d;

Gri,fl;c^l

IM;; , C-it ;;- &,&Ji

tn)
B(G,T^)

Gi,te^ -*A-( [^ ,

F^.{

a)

d"o

b) Uwr,
fYtta

6p

l.lrvl

(t,*\

.hc &"g;

-;--t

tu=!nr

d,^

0-

T,^&'
-(, n, Jnr*
I.e.f,,f 't-L..C 7p*C re{e,re,.a ct t\\ta .,(:
[-04{".r" .t'r a'^ i w2 "ttr' &:
P' ( dr= , Tr)
'lztr-r.1

'r
k ( fi , Y^ )
a*^ .t .fr.rri n ,1cr-'t0l
3lr,r!.r..d-{
JO,. -i4u *u{o., f O,',,,+S A c.uw) [\ tt ( !,1ra....1;f (,',.L r.^i'
,

.1.r, f- q;t. s r..,1.n c.l^ Sut.cu-l k .|4rl

{4ll i',*e- LuP.*,*
^tr
A"- c.i-t
f\W1,.,,, 'l
-Drrr,v.) _E., c\ ( r. Cb ,,* pJ ,.j
l<
rq c{, *
[7;:1-.---rt

l( =

Lij

><

r r.1

.;

tF

.)..._L

\/d;-d;\'- '' ro'

{L==,

-l-.u.o i",'l-.-clr+s ef #^-. ow cts a-+

L.'Vrot *lt,-,tt ct-t L r,,.^J ? . Tl4r,-a o,

'Fi

Ce,^

i..,J-.

".!.

C*,; ,^-i m*

rt+y)e

c+oe-!-.6

(\\.La4u",e

.J

4ui fr- ,, r."' ,

o"....-i.

^j; SLuut( Grrra

-ptu

g-;.t

t':

.-l.o

V.ntz,rr,, u-p

- LUiY q P,ot"" c*tr, (vv.-a-s,^,< *W

ld.o
WIU ryt +k L'*
ft e ftqlu) wtyh^ +rq 6- AxL.
IF
U/4 o-\ Ac ca-a{a s cA& tu-A
\-*t
J"*";;3, vw
a,na,,re.,-s.
t CoirJr Sl^r,t{ b{"
?y^t .{-o {4^s r<A '''t'&lt
4fi4^
tlc

ova-el O-p

\tA\

6/14fu+ c^{

(lLa4.

ru cs" t/e J

l"y ,.
6

5B

'i,,

lfisof,

'r

La") Frr. Ae'^,\a

S!c7y,ur'

.a*)

/\

C.

Lx

*-a -!E\ / mtr2

)
w
*-e Tu (c*+G)
t
_
+ + (u,+4)
,/

Lt=
*=
whBy-e

tv=

- Arnw+., S*rruia.s in Lr*c*.,r^ ef

You.*3's fturlJur.Lrcr et eLa-.sh ci.l-3
E
l,,l = f Di sr<:z rq+.,.b
,'

-r + (-,,

+ [r.

ry[mr{r
rltLnqlr/:

t, -

d;J

lgh,rr"c+".:'^

h$),s,-ry

,Lt

fr,;

,9..SLt

L,l

..Gen

=
?

t,c* fr+

,=+*

= o'2 5j

rl

*rt-q,

rl.
!:

L7'

r-\

\r

[O;*Fv "d;l

0;= 4Vrr*q'
%= -

&enm4o<t'

0-r = Sowq
-,.v =

- z Co,zt) Lfooaxros

8. 8 x,D:s
:===

&o

*DJ

il

t*t

o,) hi.tK{ JrJI

-l

E-

l'1

2x r0'
oo3

ffv74.'

d =80
F-^l '& +l^{ s&rua ^* '}'r\r' } c L'" "'riw
t

A,--d *

Stil'unr'l-,

m= ill c-'a + F, s; "'

.:

t t.o

= 6
i

=
(n

'2-

Sr L,--3

m,{t-q

^,
CII S,i,'d 1- Fu C*tx

vr)

'12

G) 'l' i D t-(- 5D)

1::

du

g'i"."

:;.

!:l-9-e
,_'

-t ( -sc) C-rx'}
s,"&*

ltlu*sD
)-

= - lt"5*r'P'q'

'

g,_ &o

al,bSrzrf"

-lp .= -'YF = 7l . Lt rnlt't

-

tf
L

:= t- e(o '-, )L
2r

los

Aa

(,

g1o.-'

q\
7u

Fr^;

,^X

L,0
\#'-)

--1-

[..I

,
I /1,
\JI -Fr'

i0xr

pz

(mrwpa

r-

//o

o')^

QL--

&.Xro s fwPn,

l{=

o,3 0

t,,

, ?n, to'G: rd,'d;

Zv

f ,.{d0
i

60

X5tnry:

A* =o*,'' q -o (

Canwu*

ery*^J oun11^'), * Cs

= - P = - lo W

i,s6*ro-4-

aLvPiad

otlo7.

tlo

"

.L__/f

i, =- o,B.
14-

ln

Nhioh o?vts frJ*

ClM"Aa
flMYn'mt*rn
( a.sguttt J'14A* frb,*o c ,'s
I

q/ A o,,.-nl

eu
rf g,'l )

C SLwt( Nt

lru,4z.

3,

6t

f*

f-ly: ?.
*
'*
A*=-dE
DS=O,
D;=O,

* 0"46;

E o,.rt* b

E'

0i=o, tc:D
cu= c=
-t'- 4(c.+4)
L

GE

L-q"r,n

tr

,\-

--

o'=

L=d,
b"btl,"\

.--

tt

#(w-m)

L) 'c
E

0*

c
c1

-L(
(-L

s;, -

fi)

.Gl

6,,

N-t

i,,ro el

-f

o-;

,f

ev: ry [0;+e+o]l

%-

,'.

*^n

C.gy,'e*?,*rj"

-r-.3

f-j*"

'.,

..t -irl ji r.,i'.

EI

ED
Sl#4/r,tt4/Ag"r,L

Strength Analysis and Designing of

Rods and Rod Systems in Tension
and Gompression

kententber tfr"at yolryarettts o1' syol'Lsovs syend so ntttcft tnoney

orL yoltt ecfttcation 1ecattse they tvantt yoLL to 1ecorne slLccestfrrt
tontot'row. Do not fet tfievn down!!!
Chukw u, Cel estine Nkemakol am .

6s

T
J

S'i-Reroc"I,i;:

i4tniI,:$ri

T E,.t) sr q."l ' Ad'

qt 8oa, 4l]a,,&q-L Y-lr-e/.---LN*AL.-

ssr urJ
Cg/n'lRe
"

-.
a
{
1r
{wrrr,"*,- F"- l.hrtr1ra t 'J "}4L":r T--}-Q= s.fra.r^=4} .
D;- F

Lf= N

L/

N = AL LL
A
At-

=e+
*A

L* ori3i..n( La^5+,. or J
Va".,YL'''
aL - d^'&^4e
,-l
d' 'L
'

)<4*-***^^U
t"

LI

Cowp:u+"-\,
'CUwfr<s4,-.

.1-e-v\a"\r.^ ar,"=a|

u"l,*""*^

ti

lrrhLo,"''t
7> a,!-c',

cl

)-A

= jn'r

\ =
C=

;|:
F,
F:-

H-nt

lm

5 c'*'

'

= 6t, x-n

!o

x'rv

Fl .= irr: i.:nl

F.,."n

/ir.(r)

., C r,r,, /] i-4i

!d;1^a.^1.

N,,6'1[ta))

tr"@')
1,63

r)1. (mM)

6+

J _T
!

-:r
'J

N, ['r =
-IL' _

l-r =

60 lu.,

TE

l
!

:
'"f .J

u" -u
rr T

F,-F. tFa

N.ri e) =

6-0

i1,.)

- &o +la-D

ta*tirn of

Cot { a^

-d
U,

= Atf
=
?fr

*2rx

3A

3'*

,-- fil

Ur

N,t,

(r/ --

-t
UPJ

ef

.:!

Ois

dpg

l3 .3 m,p4

:.4-

tO

-'

PL".

2emrxf4
'---:-*

k mt--,:l\

c+l,s.'u.

Se

c*,a4a ( d)

dAl*^* 'o a,* S4^4 \ uvl, f ".r{. r'J

<

(-.

5xro-f

tr"

t03

sxro-*

luD

fr
Cc\t Ctutqr{rarr

K;

C'h'nX S.k4-n<,.t oJ-a.^,,, c.l,rnl,

!<
bo n to3
.*-.axsxro-f

*,UJ:

c*r =

lu"ro

4.:c .q q.

La.,-o

ALr. = f\J"

lrt$xto5
=
FAax lDilx 5x Lo*t' '= l,Oxlo-; =

= ALle

lnrn-

: Alr.'* al.r.

= [,D x,r-3

]w b

3*r+

t.oxto-3+ (-al^,rt) +
Zx qx,ot'x sx

*"31x

df

to*?m

0. Vlt

rnrn
"t

Er+-

AL+, F
-

A Lra

I
I

NJr*e

*rzz xto-t

?-ffi

l, Lg xr o-3 n

&ox r 03x3

ill*J'rl-"-+
:

1,6 g ft.fti

Ft =

[-"

BK/0

|ruJ

Fc= rfi

-,E
F!5

Q =nQ"l m

t
I

lt =

c
f -*-1

O"3r?a

= o'85

zr

l" = 1sD ft,f,i

\
f(I]o = i&6"tu?'

LU-

Rl
-

k, Dlt..,, Ak.,.

^.'N*(,?-,
I

511,'h,;

\r
^/.y'I(ri-

-/

'-

q,t sn b,a j.
dr're cJ.i*,t
A-t
ttC4tt-q_{

&

4.zw

te c'/-^r'"

l\ *0,,, xil
lx0,3,rj
I

f)a,,

Mpa

'ALua.t

xtq-t (fi)

ftrrlq

(l*

l,lta

i
)ef4rr'ftv;na.:J-rnrr,

ZF;:e

0f

U)rW\*1,1r1^ryL

p_l*in

= -(u+ R*+ q4-Fr -Ft

-[-[tn's is

^n

A"

Si,"gt? S]q*,ce,*b \n &.rt*ni^a#

e, uNaae,nn I e41tql_r,r) :
l,
-cr1

61,

I
I

l
.:

I
l

; t.

.rf(. rT!,Y4
a)

-o
= ALn. + AL.o + ALre -l- Alc_a >^- -.t-0,
I

ALnu

i
I

IA w

Nr,.J4 Ll+q*; rn,

'Nr"(*t-',--Ra

ots rtvm^l fr-a"

AJ

Nroo., = *Rn *Fr

L<+

uA

,..

: t?lo ,

Atno = C=

Rn.*E .r

t'J

f,

Ajr ()r): _R* _h.*Fa_

t'< ,d., trp e-?r,^r.ti

fg-, s

(-

O.+AE

fto

L)

in .{-?,rm,

* F,)aq

rF

F. l='

fLo-lu.^!. -fuun

+ ('- R* -p, +r.r)b

"^f l1E

.r- C-r"--l-,_lB:FJ_.

-4-

E; /+

\OtJr=

i+ue e.iflia>l.rw
f.,r _,.-t.r< L/r)K,,ur.,.rz

f_a -r- R*aq+'. -=,

Roc=_Fe,
o'' 4e T-on* ' ffRnb.,
-+
R^[f"

rk

DT
K6- i_

c,.^n

"r+c] =

;;
+

T4_(1 v..,n -^ - _.

-*#:l-

O-^A

t=#3
L;

,0

sc r-8. _F.

"L- l-; u + LL - F, (+A. -F..1

t -F,ee
L

f o.i

r_E]= F, c .r r*c
c+ [-A Er+

-,-:-,

,l w.

d_,:r(c i?,+

,1.,

"

- **'Fo'-r -i- D" es ]

4,26t

xN

urle

Sf',^ro.{

= - RA

L:-*lrrrfo
f,n 2-. :\
.* - (-+. ztr) F 4,36tKN''c)

=-

-Fr

R.*

rt

-8(o'r)'r-5 6,)-s( o.xs)rs(o"gsl *o",!-s

Lnse-#rl ,(e= -4.1 *xa

N

6l

iil

l- &;eu".- "r

11lje",

_-!.

+,36

&- g :

-3,(Zx)

.-agsq ara-{
^t
w4etV
-tttc +ir.61*(,
' RA-

RA frs*

> )D

= ^(.,*-F, +l, = l' zbern

tttr'* = '-Ao -F'+ F.'E = o-ges Kr{'

/UI(t,,

(xn

*h
,'. \tt

eo,^rtr 44\a- lytqti tuwnn . Al * rlJ*r i,

wg rhp'{ 6h+4^/1 ,'d1,.A* i+occrne ArF. ru_3

.,!

sh-t^"h

Cwrupr*_^a,

in G r,

= *2, 63xas-

CVtv,frcatr,i),

\m"*l =d = /UJ
o.+ 4..t LLm?

,n

tr

N*

I t cwr-f

o.+
ill"ri Y" t\t*ctr

ln =k,rt l,irn

3. 63xt

l.

[tr[ = D.+ A (,oXrO6

ten*",

tt fu_c"

,rr J

N'" i"' /
= O'rt\
6\

[D-

Frt 14tp ro,i +-tl

c- I tl {

feme,'n
9ha

S,icp /+** >

N,fr, :
0f* -- ,f'+ft

U* oc)

l(

SJ-o,rtt
o

A.

Lrao

_,,

l.

= {'s25a ,u-'rr'

o,/lx tirovto6

= N*,

m'2-^

N', : 4. z (,s rcrt,

Al,,

= 4. Zlrt *lD

i=-I

-c'*5r,Jt

'

[c-,*- ,.-,,;,1

(j,)nw/N--tat

'1

',

n Lt+h

.j-<,n_t,-

< -l%a /l1a*'mu,rn

fr -:

A.>t--(L

l1'c*.,.-

Vilw * 4r<r,

1, O+g X I

-3'd 3xro
O"4 xI, tslsx lo-5

-'/o-o

twq

2_

.= l'3Lgx tD'
1,0+sxto-5

15.

orw 4,q_&

0V fiAa,

o' nz

l\)

6, G':

0;,36 ax"t
7'o?5x t o-5

-tF

Do{+-rm;n

f;

s* Ort plabrl4er.d

ln

AL6,: Al* x =
ert

Kc<

6pn
'r

N;<
,;64*

AL^. .=

=
l

L'Po

A[n.o

3n
= 4.s6ii r rd o. I

D"qK ?x lO"rrl.O*S xt[S

= dlu. I

--q
/ ^-m
b.U).X(D

AL.,

r'-rE

= 6 DfXtr)->'* Nr

'?c(

O"+ EA-

(^

dpe

= Alnu :

3"6z>iIo3xo-a
0'-l X lx t1'i^ r/. rr.7, n

AL,,o+

3. g& xto-S

@p

3,,/yxtisr4

1r*s

AL,u

lLau: *

+./')}l

Et+

-3- q &x rd*s +- l.l6s * loix D"3

^x

dru= A Lrto
A

Lne 'l

l,TLxta-5

ro" x

I.

ol5 v 1,1*s

= -)"*e. ^ to*5 lyl

Nr'u "

AL; U:

o"Ed& xto3^o'ss
axt1tt x 1. O+S xt}t.:

.- /. T\xto-S +- t, /zx,o^s --:

\
t-/

1in

)4/1antin/e

-s tt/R

Q:etn ,

b= ?m,

E=

fq

F--

2-xta,t
I

o K^)

A c $t!nw

/|: scma

*4
iq

AtS,"*q d4^r*
*t-q. ro.0 ] c

{4ue- ?nr+;in

{.^-e

h<""*eJ..

A)*rr.,

Er

Alai

Sol.u,l*m
{\

e|we

W,f

yU

Pt ccu*r,um

iAlOLd

*.rre

f ro cea.( .,

(rF

C(t,^AC

"oJ

*r.,1

[a q c.i-,i,." trr,

r^.t

sV,pt

+4\,a. $e,--Cp

-ltrc

ct

h./)

n'";.'m

rr

-rvie+X.e

rF

J,o-rt--

.*t ]i.f :]r":

ru+g'

l'^-c

vOl+LS4r"n

^,

o -1" be , c t,r"-'f '

c"f -l--fr-e. )!-e d-ra:'r

:)

F .lr'c Xq rJ'i CLo-re.l,

'Lp"t*' r'tt ri".r/-o 3 ,{ ri n-1.-)
r

f/

1L:
taK
J;tpttlLa-m_o*ci

c-f

goi.^_t c

= A L,tc
: ALo, .+ ALs.

tP.

F a,^..& lrr;_ ^1.,^r7

ffi!i;'
,-a_r#li
CqlGuLa;trure

L(

" + AL). (,rt)

ALr. ( ot)

I zt, .d,
/ Rn-=.
ut: -/in:-f
I
*Rn

AJ^" --

F=

=-toEtr
ru_1r,,

=!

= -+++drArr
*4
:

-lDXrO'X?
ax to'l x 5lro-4

<'

^'5tx1s-3rn
C

Y*f*, {,ir foJ

l,6xto'Sx /roxg

=
35

2,6 Emm

s$ta4

b< (Dlrtta

s+q:fita,t

/f
d

,n)ndn-rru^4e-JQ..

,&*
qr Cc)

-rl

'Y

(xt,

MPq

dL,, t

Kl

f,irtt.

1,56
I

ZI]= o = *Ru -F +Rrr,

?*i"' *+ tu .1*_:r
AL*a -

2- |

__Qlf:_l :.!_!-h

--

A*):

t, nr

=- ALA,(nt,t)rAL*(,U,o.

' = -Nlgo r4J,""

,_d*a+.t
*A

e .Ey+

j -&
*
*

GR+'+F) b
-

2eA
n-^

=A

ad+ n+b =

#'[^-]J = dr ar b - a+ *,
r*fdrafb*A+%l
Rn =

. * Ro'
N,lr. - (r'+
N,*"u,,

F'

1-,

rl

i b x g,r.::0,

.eiiol'x-sxr o'P./,'1, 6'x t t)

*J

X.l

Ol.i.t
2,x a.xr 6'rx 5x

_d

ic-f

fi *'? I

,r
"_]4

''''

''t"

1
:

-:

Nr..rr*,.
., I

Nlro[,c, --

- Rn'= -+t'KJ

*
-Ro'+F= -+t i,o =

T)t*g./hrh 6,r-r,tr:h Df

Sfr,e.g{",

.\'
6gt<N

J.,lna \{ r+..r!d-

{r 8 *"1''",

a-A

,+

ft,o,t

eY 5X tur'-f

c.Lir.:err

cL\

Or,'.i,r'

6ro := D
[ro =

aln:p

t&,
E-A^

* *rxtJ3x z
(

ax t)"x sx

o?B

+ ALsB 0j,

d.eJ

- [,5 6xto-3+ ,\r= b

i

A?ft

= -l'56xro*3+

dt Atb

6gxro3xs

2.Xxxtottx Sxta**

l,P6xto-3
I

l,bxtu'Snbpxs

rr- t, t6Xlo*3

Sxro-t,r :
i

-l,sLxrD*3,,r-

A t-n*

= ALne

,6*f

Lr',

qe

i iii :, rli:

ti,,:-.':rrrl

f;ffrt.,:j

jrr l:1.;::t',.,
, r.i rr
:'
::
': ,:.tl't:

/^

'v)
I Ir: trn , p= 2.gp^)
:\
A = Boo i,I] , I \roftut24 , S= 7,rxto\t1/n3
'F)e"l+-m'rw'' $ Areat F,
ft.r*t tlari:an.A ct a"*rl b
^l-!
LJ,) fhe- lyt a,y fi* u+t* t *,X,m
df fiq ns_&: i .au/, \lctr|r",nX

Gi..l<,.,

SS1^**

fil-

Vrr r i

ca4;[-

1y

ZI-z

= U

P,

gad

zFa "'P,=
o

- % S-. c.= r]

p,

P, [tt d 'l* P,r Co.i

$"*

"'
Lo^ J,-h,,a,

of

Sfvc""Jr4;

+ ( ru-l
f-1

mAr\ Pr-

*t

*l

F, 2r

(r",fht ,

\'lqri",ut-

a cDr d'

;;3Lr

[$i'^:

o
-3
ll"ssxl0lr-=
[tlr]
ta^,"

eq= Sp
5

*j l

Pt =p,,=

?,trxn 3x ],2q x /o^s .=

O.s 6z tg

/^

?#

*l

?r

ZL=

?,)
1'-r:..
,

Q
PrSr',4

'rb)
1A

i\

^P,t;aZT

':

l't = fz

.-.k'.--e

a{ y', C.os d
-.
*f z _fl =Tti

),

Thr \are,n ir rfril\ s+"*til, i"rLa*r-r"*,^+ Are n\a4

dtat*e.fisrc ) tn ch-& kx*p^1.\,LirJ ely.aoh'trr-.
*ttp Ct,^*pz ;
&tsuurrnr ,,7 44t-*+ a,?*1/ Ar{*-^^*;*. uF +r.s
^J,
ch,'^ s+47.
T#, Ad is n"Jt$;bb
v tM!il)hreIlxc.
*sr$\t
Cw*tra*- t,,L;.tH .!n ofr or<-NtW
A L, Cus3. : A Lr
.

P"h crxc -

P,

EFa

P,

E Fl,

= /r- Cr:sL d

S"thfi.r*hi?
), (

l,

+4r

('r;l

qtr

Lri'd ) c^

,x

t'^+D

a_

Ccrjd

eJa.-0,).-rr;,^

.tft:

A= -L.- :
R

lt

2'o xLo 3

err.tllD

8, +

rcr,)

+,

Pt &;sta

&.

* c-u.o 3.

6.

st

i<.'v

F,.*n tm ir'+-'a". Df 5{r+^1h,1

'

P^^-*

F:.

Fr) LD.I
W
fh

an P"- u,u+ b-Vt'r

8,+x tD3
ttoxn 6

A,5b3
O,+L+

Gu

C*^ct

u\,\'

S,+rr xro-5

O ,4

"+

tg /rrt

= l"Z3

YIb+1 Pc.' c,,nal b-^J.+k

r's (a-n ,J'he"4 +h4- fi'rr4 t!.or;an*
ro-l,t

5,4+ x LD 'rrL *

3F=
Vo & xto9x

_9q -=

of

kbi./

t/aa-th,a*
.Alan l4n4/A i+ 14e.4 ruer<
J4-14

i
.

t-

-;id.*-

Q;,t*., b=

l,JXto-arn,

f,= O.oarrol

l=r.F.=Fl= Zxrr-,-f
^u
Er=E:-:3 r ?xtosm,f.q

U=

Br)

+4'\a nv'''^"l fi'YU

^-/
ro J.,t a++e4 Q)4en bh*fl'

"a'h\1

u'\

J4'\-(

Jda4k?+w q,A>,n
J4uu",r

bliy J4ts io.Lt, 'YL\a f+t

fvrtct

YQc,t.l-tc,<

SLrctz./ Lvix

1'
I

/,tt

N,\

Z?*=a

L__)

= N, Sr'n (.r - Al, Sri, 15'

N':

= 2 fi, CorW- Nr.:0 - -- (iJ

l\.

TLc &' Y,o*, ,I:

Nr

Aa{+"r,n a"d1c\

ta.rl

J'l:

r..n.0

is

a_l ,i+,_q

i+'

1,__n rx-/.ci

Jrrr f c., *,,;-ru

ef-++t.c ro,L5 il*,,
^4
trrC{,,

ctr+-:.r

QSSenlbt,'"-5
'.l,,

fr"

l{
I

',.tt-. -'o.\

-.li

ft

't-l

t,-t,

't,

Csnaot\,\ eynnr
(,1-Air) cosre =- ALr
f*
L

\n

*'rosxtocxax to-1.0'or x,,

/ L-*'

-'

-t

ryu(i-r)
Ea.Fz 1^,p
J

r::-i
,. ":'

N,

"-

Gq

k?+* rzav(a"'er*i q^,t mffy

. (,i

|
A

i,, &-t^r.o {,r\a

f.,\i-ir".,.r
cL|4er, CLt\.<.rn"lt t;a7

t1^ed

/r].

( -)
\o\

E, F,

tr = 6e a-J

F.

r,

( ,o*,0-1 0.oz^,".)-].&x q

r-l

..**.:.,,
, .: ,,:

tit

"

(* xuo** o. 1qr nJ") C,ls s w -

A)r= lD3f 2z,os

AJ

r-

= \>

?6.r

?-LasJo

),q

Ki

,^

@1"

C.t,rl<,rl Q: tnt

l.e

*t

J,
/rJ^

,o )t

l'

5q

x_--

4-__,r*--g_)

l'5

l, =

c/z

F,;

Solrr,/r.o,r

P: itroxnl

0.

&

Lt,

Xru /,n

-i- i,

Xrl /'rn

=----' tu\ w1't.q

---l-------

dl ad ,ll

Agoc+"rr,'' f-vrCe> r.^-& Qxlan-^-l- {-trLa-,> or1

tr.,*
Rq

:3ao

xl

45,1s

15,2s
a C4rU

t1

*"J

N1

cnl- j

----

Lr,uur.Y\ -flk{.l

L7

k
q.
loSQ
--_:_---)<-.-.--.---_)

zrt1fr

R+r1,,(err.1r,scr)_AJ,J_p*4 (,"un
*?)^ Nc.

:o
1,,

(u .rt" sa)

2q. t- ?(s-q it,5ct).1-

-N*Sq
= tr21.5 &.N, +3so +ass,3 _5dr
Aln

Tha

t46. tL

+ (, s ct +q)pk'ur) + s,s q)

- o. aN,

\tv-n vf trd is

3il4*f

cat! ;cl,.#u

[,0

Mr',.'-*e..

riF , 'r ro*

d,n.fl,r

r^q*,x

.{

t .r^ f-14-Q Lr1y.c\,ttt )

w ct+\ Co.a.1r^ *
C

gL.:- !c'
5q

Cvn F r*,tr,

5AL,

2ALz

1or-_***+:;*=rc

,@r

sNg = lN:_a
.

Fr,

E.F,

/ ,=r\

r-

N'.

F,

5l r,/

Nr,

e-/uA!-,.-,

I un' = aLy
l.r':ALz
i

bBB = ?CC'

Act

tiy

e/

Trlil
n d"7r

',e

stu't'i = c'lsA

$uvLcshhuh^X

i\1.*

':

tkl.

Nr= 0, zs[Nt r,u,fo elwArtac.l i,'

L

o.+ (a"rsa No)

i33Kd

Nl, = D.ase 0tl)= ZLtxrl

c

[:o-.o

1\-

Ur

--j:*-

= N,

to',1"1 rA

-ry!-Y:tt*
i4 xrJ3
:_-zt
TI- d, *

ljLxttS,
Tr d ,''

Z+0.s

.\

l3 3xr03 ,4

TFJ,"

.-12ll dt

J.=

tD3

0.3:

= t,zs Jt

i
-l

.)

-11norTwr.t

.
tJ)t i+ tu

ruA

is W t^r-

Aul+'n";*

tYtArt+

-tt^{ A)*r*no

g;a.[([rJ

eary ""^
gp.,4^!

",^J.

""J

,J

<

\"a
<-J

SLto*(

slrrn

lao'-s xt03 < [,*x106]

-rr d,

q*

d.v

24,,0.5 x ro3
z,l4 x Lot) xtpb

d, rOoB
-T"

O'0 33'''

,
'

J.= l"25J, = O"o4l r*

-'

Gir,al

trn

/tro

c(
P

K-n)

+ = o"s C=&,,,
dt

?.= 4c xrJ/,n
(

Lr) = lrjDwra
h,..

d-rl

Ll,

cj a.

. SOluu+tr,"Y'

*.-rl

2cro,r",-a-[

ya tr r*l+n,

Wcr.a

e,n *l-L(

Cb-< 5 i"t*rrn b"{"J

ru._d

Nr

,a.'J

4nr-l
------------Zt

*---)

st

Q*3

Z?*

2U=o
Rh .r P - Nt' - Nr Si;,

Zfnf : o

.n

= XQt)'2
=

Sl,

,r,

?.

AJ,

('t,6rt)-N, 9;^a(c.,5,t)

- l,6^l, -

X, as

.+-

P(zo)

d* + 3 uo

1.,

qr.

Auh3'crrn

*l
I

,p hrd

J,l+e",.r,'-

$/\

\,t-ru

nuu

f$
'rt

r'f
t !

r."l
K
V\:)J

v-

-i--

-\
(L
\/

'!.'

i' :.^l
llLL

rl

,,'

.:" i

:Vv
r-

t4
up!

N
+8

C-*?qh

bt

tr'$ ,#fu

bs'
t

)4"

ac'

7"6e

l,6Q

,)
cc
l"b
L,6A$'=

?, (, r}t;

c'(":

Cosot.

?o6[rU,l
L er,J

&=
Nr

Bt|'=

I4
1,.(,

t. L

N7L,

Lco114

St,tbshJq*lH

0. 6 r5 lvl*

N^:

rol l'=

= 0,

,^-+o

e-L (i;,

N, = 0.,Gts(toV,d

= 6["*rci

(l'te C Mn--cS rltQ

=

(L= N.=
F,

,U

66,+x,oJ

ff d,'

'fh-w<

f{e,

,2
+I

"64-8xro'
T/, ''

, ,t
^tl'
Tr.fi
j
lo8,+x to x4

l0 &'+

. ,r-J

i+- +o et&* ^inn ' d4a

*tq

*=''t

=.

,J.= -.d,

-rar108.

a
1- x(a J,)

a>o-,

= O.5?

lu8. + Krl

LO.ois+t.+r)

!):4 ,!,,
Ii=
l-t lT,lr^h= W

Ltq,5 - 1,4/ l\)^

7tq"s

Lf = N'

L,

op ,,Sj <.
^3*,
Lr = Lt,/
,/Co!4.

O,6iS

5 N,

6,1

br^_rJi,k up

*d*tn

t'-tl I =
L*""J #t"H-]
NI,

ALr= a6'c-,xd.

Ql\u-minl +44

EF.J

AL,

t\lunt

+xto3

J*7rr""* ;J
qp #^{ ,"14'

r^^(

lL\eil

tts<

r.m;ldirr?
, :.\:,; : | ).:l

n?ri,:,1-'-r--,

,.....
I

.,i, .

.: r:i

:.

.r

d{t';;;-

L--

d*= -1,

t!l

'l

11

-,i

i
rl

.:.J

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's}!+ffins-:4*]
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::::: . :l
I ri. :i'

..::: .,:

1:iir'llrlrj:i.

j.-

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.,: ,.'

GB.

Strength Analysis and Designing of

Shafts and Beams in Torsion

Do not stttdy

jttst to yass exa?ninatiotts for you vi[[ soortforget vhat

yotr [earnt. Stttcfl, ratfter, in order to Enow h-ov' to ayyfy yoln'

linowfedge into rea[ fife situations. It is not the Cet'tificate that
nta,[<"es ybrt on ettgineer, br,tt tfie yrochtctit,e Frrowte{ge yoLL a.cqttired.

Chukw u, Celestine Nkemakol am,

*l

rt
J

--I- i

8t

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trL

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:ii

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tl

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s H74?r

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Sr

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tt

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o

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^
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^*
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it r L*^1i+*$-"^f
,

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*.trr,s{

t,r {-g-Sll:-rr ir't '{-{W Veuhp-. Tf*t CO,,r,ptr,-^ }aa-o;-t pndrCc

=l*v0,t{-,^{ Uf ct Sd-,r.r-r!t,,-,ui W.mku, ctwe Ccr-.& d i.OrLuve-t
,
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gg=
L

fi4

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L^na.

mALrru*yn Shtaa, S,lve*t

L-

Slw-ctr si-re.A4 q.+ anJ

*+^u-!- Ta lt'rta 61

An6t< Uf =l+'t;st
fil^:,l*tlr^ oP r4;L+7 6f tfuL ShA{+ thA*or"J
I

ufil,h of

l_

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fo

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b

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'tn

l4,A+ -],lrp in k+t ti{3 gf S.Lq*_

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t gMJ <4;
t
<
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rs .f rtt'u-+en-.o-( +r> i+s
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clra a^" u fr"_r.
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,
1+v> CAtr rlr,'q^h^o fr, cJ!<-t,Jri",l 4 SLtr-ft gv' r,: r|t

Ts

=Tr

t'\'ir

: l-

N4

fe

0(r<
uthtq-<

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C,urrlr'h; rF SCv<zr ,

q,UDdqALa-

S4-,-U,t

R
--l--

f\\

a.Ftov

til

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J_J'

'++4, u-

.:

U+V b li5 h t'n-g {tw

"-t
nW aLolu<'

< c,h 'on

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tNs \ L-\
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4r
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*

->da,bL's!r;, 44L ALtuNaALe 4"^)%+ tudu

.

= lrrilt
.pe,r

QnAl-o

i.*'t t"^X*

tWS!ffi\t),

J;:''

';;i:i'.i,

,:,

,,

T,e

l'i;'l:

F* q Oirch,

- Ic + fo,

!=Ie

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Jf,=

.T
.i

ntbbn-s
G r,J *-zr '
I

d=-L
., =o.F
,Ti

4s
Mr.
II^.'

O,5m
l'.)Y-drA

,:oK,rJrr'

IAr:
Fi"

l: 61 C'^**,l,on*n' f",

ft:,

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q-,;1.,1 SLpq+ -Dd

lroilA 5iv.ft ,J:

G*,\t, oT ,tu i+rq

c+nrlLtr

ch

J
s.h",

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::

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)

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ct.'

I
lrii'

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| (i^) rt4c

ri

ra

) t,J-

-:.--'

?';oY-ir^

+l
r,L/ \J

I )(ilr't

[f ?e4errmtnfu * '*wit*ir,
fia'rw

=- - {Yl, =

fv1ic.,

-4oxr$

/r1,w1!,4* d) S-tr,' buj+ir"4

.-*.:_..,-.

"n'

'-0'll *.i11, = -rFo

*e5 s

- e.r, v.rnm: - | OKNnt'

S,r Ce

{4^r-

CEu\,r- SC+-',ryr- i

S Ce.q+*,^l , f)*l<,sn I- I i-r

tVW,<

dC^ 4t?-v1r+1/\

Ifq*"/=
1;

tt-orA,"'

g{

iDeS<om'urtc<-)ioYt

0+

8.,1

St"fl-./

SLa"lt ,!;o

Str.e.ylllt

T^n*

rTo

77

il,'t;srL

-a 'T:pr
tt)g: J-F
A = 3r+

= 114"..*^ < t - }
tus

trA

Cen

fvtn

^rr,ro,

= 7lll,

llO n",

[-r]

)')1x,,u.a

t6

Crl

lb fi|,n,.n<
'r Lrl

:D )7

fu*)

'3) ie+

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en-m

(ir,n,^n

Gfs

t 6.'x
J.14-

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,roxr o3

^rp,- fr-*,

LQ

/)

l=

oi ,. 'fi4r*
s< q filJ^Yta

1T

6^'//

)>/

bl'rYl*,* x I F
4
Trx Ca [el T

Cr^l"'+wn

W, is , ', '^'l/^
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( fti:

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b Skcn i^ "d/"
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f',^
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b%]
W

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ft't

' W y<-gu)+l vf- Ca tu"l"*Y , 4\A /a3r- Va,lru< * GAt.'4th4e.,

l)'tZtrn i S drr,rSrn, beCautt+ i* eourt r'<.: k+r47 14,a. sol I
-9hrc{-t fo,tnain-t bs*h S+}ryr, artl r;3, J
lrr-

+)

t{- J;q,w}a..t

Ca,lalq+-,-n

uf-

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liilt 27 lLl^ ^'^^^

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S.

u,+('

d,

N.f

ft'l

@=

&-'
{?no

'3/z'

= ry'/,16 t' d*)

\

iv

h-r4 ,{ =

,1/O

= 0,i5i'r1
A

fto',n (a.,-La;, sf

+,4)

nL

IJ ':

?-(

Tf :D'f -TrJ+
32
32_

t*d")

zr

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t}

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lgax M**
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r 3, rlr.g

n-

" e LV.l

nlgD

(r-x*)n-

glx lAxrtl'x

I &O

Z.H? x, gxtotxto6xr x

d= [9,&xo't+1 =

(t-o'e+)

(9.t11^

:-

0,r1?m

x.$.tqm'

.fr"*, 44,q r-eau/,t'l W CnltuLaA\o,t, wQ- Shil/' u)-Q- L+r6t^dh,*r". ,, t), I S,ltr1 w,lh unp Co"ruV""l,4 inr-,-pn J;o,r*r*= O'12,m

5)'

GnAt,

&t

444,e

lrnax

vl T /r's1.,^uu*r^s* ia W I "^1 'h,otlii

bh'J shqt, ',,+ o = A. tz,.

= ry-*r -- / L /14,n^n
Lffs T, Dt'

3,i+ * a. tl
7

= 10,/,ty|t

SLye4.g

ls

0.6 n4,

ilr,-* = (l,lr,trl is ro4_q_frirfl

ob c,,,<,a,\ d^A " I t^*.+rrr, dro^n n L^-aSrwyh grtc-A r'tutt T C s#,b u<j-un.t-

Atu+< "H4A*
Orn

+-r-

swt

ol

+<*rA -t.o

b<

YD

l.r.iyuj

ct yv{_l' CLc,C t<-t ,) .1 g

L,

tuu

l-ar

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t_
Ltv\+/.

hot L,;*J

S'Lu;vk(

'(14,

^^^

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J)

@.

tl

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= D'tl

rrt

4oxtD3x lL

?.i+xD-ts)'(,-,t,U")

-_:-

r0

"-- O, t56

de.

n1

O. I P. rYt-

= loDrql

u{e,r.q1n4*

g
Q,,,,,,\

= 4*[
ft"L

st -l+te h t le.) tu^J So t""ct

o

- tAcfl

lrt-

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f, * ft{'4'

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chr, o^

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+)

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in g,r)no

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lu-+

f tf r,t* /+-

V,r

= Wr,, -

be

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s{-,,r

n4,I(r

l*o

tLr,)

St apaa a,r<

r<J,r+Ca v1qrA.

Gr*fl, st -t^;+',^t ,*Vq J,tb;,,o+*-,

tfn,

l-ko,z

(ftf
i!

r^o t:r;l
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\*;

{
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a)\ 0 r," gi,u

ct

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i-r<'{tt
= :Prg-il9-"r
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-?'l6xro-3 - 2oxLD3xo's
g

Wr,

[0o,

= U*"

./ LtK
'
:
b'
x tO-g rq"d
xrctxr.6r.rrx D:Elf
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(0.,

: -6.48x,0*3+-Mfn,"
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88

(i,,r.,
1Il4

: q= r).Lm
d=

'/r-uV
Jt

<4,

<_41<__>

[tl

+xto-\nL

= eo rn ?ct

[tA3 =

o,E^J/*

;l
Lr = 6x tO ' t^4q

., V(o,

F,^J [Pr_]

S-u{rd-;
5tA

)i

i
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--:_>l

a. re3H
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0.0A+,

0.o o?2.+

Q,trt

, rqJ

)e-iterm^o J.'

il{jc-'
t\^Jn,

= IVIn
= M+-50t

Jrt

M, ['r -

lYln

* Sr4 -

= fVlo - 3fl4 "fA

Mjro,, -- fiLn -,s'fi1 1,/rn + M
= {Y1* - 2.(w'
B1

ri:,,.,r- !!rier+

fr*

1,! :t+-,r-

G-rup.t1-n;r.1A
e4ya*'e-ns
'vl/

['l-il 4

= lllt* *
q

(ttta -sn) q

qn@):

LJL
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ted,;, r-k{

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rW r

fit]*o
h fr"

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+ {na }Ds + ( t}to - 2n) o's q

Gr qsil*
Cr:i- o"g'd \+/
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rq

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Q-+'i'filrt

2,

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(, J3.

{- 0,0'*(fi*_gr) + a,o*(tto_,ft,),p

[l1o

iy,.,

e:o: Q*+Qur*L(rr+(t*

t!,r

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a,3tl5r14 + 2,+.t

(w1.rr"21(ur

-[ grs,.r-,. M,w\x-^/\-* J, r+- b rt*,-o-i'i-

fi'\, v, = lLln -ilvi

nli,it
TlrP

= l)46-sM - -2,g[+fi1

ret:ut*

SL,o-r

r^\-*

{A

)'

[lrlt*, = I [ri,

,*,

^,*

.
;

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.-- D.tzznl

: t,k 66n1

)da-n\^ q{ivrr vt Ltfr)

f*^

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vf Skulru

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l,' t 6+rrl

t6

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l6
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lb x2,96*

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ta xu)

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a" tr6

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lP +/^r

q,f ?1, .J

2,8K^),YL

l-4.

t0o =

= lllX,{rrt

bs-a+t S$.e^7 *^.-[

rurnairu

tl

l.tsl* e* na..o 0'tofl're'L+s I s

Lm] =

/ ,\
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A uc

olr, Itri3r'1

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qi,.

a t ct/^

3? x2..r33x ?"txrD3 xO "

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.+

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= 0"d rq1

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tx ri'l

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0.or. eTo - O- ooz+ rl

t(*,

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iil
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O.02 +a-{

-*J

rr:

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=-

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:i.4

... i-

,i r t., .

t(+, t

t8>e
:

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o, .lDqa+ + 04r,tJ*, 0'5q = -0, OOLL+ + O'l$x?o8xr0'xo.5xo,ixl.

Ca rrs
tr^ ,+o ltl 6x 3. * (' O:$ztrfx,o- "J '#

= 'u Oo {9 dAt+ "l- 0-o,ozr--6

r:<- C

Gl,ra.:

b= l'2'm

cl.= P'snn.,

' fV = 30 t{rim
Ct

= Sxrun rnPo

[tl,] = lo/nt

'T)

-f

*" ,1

=o",

[f I :

t,ut

tYtf

F*l ),rl,t!*
flin

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qx

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:Dedern'tnqh)e*

fuqC1..srt ftLbtv2n*s fi|n a*-A

ft rtcr, -

JU
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fY1"i

^A
ll'la
-Q1Y1

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e = lll+-1t4

il1,

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{lLa

=
(brwfa*; L;U'h -yAhnt rrr(

Lfn.

,lt+l*

(0* | qPB. +

-ltn

fll,v

+NL

* fvl

h_o,.,tp.

(,, .+ lp"r, :-)

= fl4,, L + (rn^ *t,nt)t, .r ( - zfi)cr + fi\,, - ttt) q

Gr /ry
Qir "2
ctn d +/s,
l)q"l%:
'3t
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J = 0.5?

!rt\,bsf ' +,r+<

[1^

r, t'

I11a

( *to

-tmJb

Rlt't t,

+- tL

3a /ltq +

qncl,

Ca,i

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( (Ylrt -fi1) ( :

Co

(l''to*^rn)q,+ rl,

fn,-

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ten m

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frwn

tvn&rll,sn

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qt-

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ttu =

f<C.eirttil,44^-e
r<c.eiunl
,

.f,,.r+ forfuou, T_T, ,.S

r,tri+zr / [,[**^^ f'= ,fil;i,
= + Z,*t 1Kilrt.

l.

dr.A(vv.144

g+

lrrr;,t1

[t'1,)r

+3.il+- h = -/(r-Zli6t<rtm

pf*+rtntn a+,ry^

fil+ * I l\
- 16.'r e6 Krvnr

2-fi1'

+l^a tui{+ ,["^1

+t

iJi* t";

.]f,

nl,. 6,

&"s.F", b't+ia..

tu\L-t

t\1o :

rn-l

t 6vtt q

ab1-3-Iq
= ? ( go,. t,r) r +s.( gox o.o)
+3,
=
?( i.r) t-3?.(o.r)
[gr-S, r'r,

u ruru.r

-()

St^r,ft'

qF W St<aa-6.
Ska4-E

'

UVst+ txa,rqi^A*'c.14lU<a+;e*a, W n1 nnrt Ee

I

LtJ. tn t,l^El CA-J? ,

+ttz drrtwrel+-n is Cq. tc,ltto**"A
grricaa.

\ *4

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Strength Analysis and Designing

of Rods and Beams in Plane
Bending.

!/ottr c{estitty is the nta-stet'yfan of yoLLl' cx/eatt@V-Qoc[. yott ccll'Lnot discoyeT yoursef outsicfe 3{irn, antdyoLL caluLot stLcceed
without t{iyn. htrny o1vll ca.se, I c{iscovet'edthe tordsfiiy of Jents
Cftrist, and 5{e ftas 6een cfirectilxg nxe ever shrce.
Chukwu, Celestine Nkem akol am .

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la

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')/,

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o

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nv
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Ru

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= R,r = llK,

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+x'l

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l=

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ll.,
t
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I
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8rctn"'
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- Ro^rc

t,.,

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77

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fI\."* <
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fu +"""

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for

B.F

tu-,l

F b"u

(,- u ,r)

-o.

r*/x1

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xn x trux ro 6

C*,w?,uacJ F'b'*

(r

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= O"llra

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C t^^of

Cl; 0' f(A.,,,r)

= C,tt LrL

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h._n

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L-

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^\r.
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i;

rr1 +

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t6
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ule

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posi*\e

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7 Gq+x)

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r x*- 2q
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Ll',*
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t

Z
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ll

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t
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c*ia

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2 e#4 rtt ry ,+-t-vu-r, e(L

x)

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a

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x4 -t R+
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t* -t3
4
3t
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fvlr*Cq
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+ Llt
2
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l/x=o

IO

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e.

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t<'o'n

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T -Ir
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.
f)
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I

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ru*, n^,r4

t*ot*s ;n
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,^l lt

dF

f.-r

i
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tf

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b

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e.
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X=D

l*.

0.}s

La+

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fI *u
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F,

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+-

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/
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2
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x-3

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lr.

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o.o.

* Xg * (zq) _
2
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a-

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< 3q.

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s-# I
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J

rn

+ L-xo'

L#*,.]

1"5

/\-/\/\

( l.tts *x) i- 0,+s

tx) f

lO*

0.+5 ( o"zst-cc)

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2x.

7,2_5y4trrt,

Tlu p*.u* ,rF c-al,e,o-lq+i ozr-

44.\g*'

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q+

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CcwJr\^^..

)-ra ^
vx

^l
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fYL,T: -

rLq.

Q)= c,n

?-Dxnt*t

l01ct-q y

lr

nT

r- { ,:;

.--

^T\

rD)<l)

= -

fl' O t<t.l

,1

Vykt -: O

W{0,,=

-?q

llrl,to,,

: -- 2.D t<tJm

wlc

(lluk,t

ta-,,rn

Qou,

ta)

^S^ Nl",-

$l^

ls3

{vlrftt ,,"J

fu\l\'t,tqtb

ule

Shr

l14wuh

l'n

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lu ry nsre 0l il

ftu'o*t'tt

e,

*L'e" ,-rtJ

e.'L

r.i^

t^ry oLc- +

6,

fr"A &a r! /r"h) o* itt (aa+ fioit* /)

h o.on

Lt

lo;n*t C) @,La! C'.c>*, e#-li,l'-.lno J"-l

(o S a*-,1 T,

= U-T

slr<,+t

S4"e^y*<

T
rf--

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i* ,''r.'

{criir.

n
Nnq

0,

..( T
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<

f^_

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-- Lo.T-

d^o

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3
= 1Ta
3z*.

fYtz'+-th.

zr

7r t:F7
3"t+

ll*-1,

/l*
T,. t1lr
tos = l;*o.

J",
to!vu)no/

-fiut

Ic

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t^r"JrJ

t&r>X

to

= () -/zzt<
= /?. Lol.t ''

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= tot<,N.

* c t,'r ftrrt*"*ztty d*7-r,*^.

b*,;A f*tf ;eA ,Cor,r4ru*;
b tr0,t*1 "*J
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fy

p L'

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fya

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TD

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la0rrt

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t, ,!.e*

u4

ngbr.+ No,t

r 22.: I 3J!

rr f o-J

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.-5

\l

I \zxa.axro3

0'/o

3-,tr x t6oxto6

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z\ ttl

lr_a .

t
-- +{t0xrD2 +

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/ 6 t.rnp,

o,lot3

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I 6-//

l"Vs'/t
uve,

[o,q

?.il4 E'LLail Ll,wW

n

U^ q-mB:ttz

l4L{

t cfi-e-ar

),'n",

LtJn cLtut -t^tu

l/t

rnr

ut

lJ

d4<a

'/o'

quu'LnLLp.

Ca

tc^ta,*r-(

7 = /DKnt/ra., e -3rr
h = /ocot'
b^ su4

[aJ

= tbo

#\-a |f-re,fllh qL frrp q./h

S<ctu; ( W* s+c+.a ) .

Ueo<

r5s

I-r
O 4;(<q
M, j, =0, L,= ill*7r,.{14,.t
7

f.r-:

nI'

(17

--

/-x

/or /=" l=r, ){i

/z-_o
/x__:

. -l-"2

{ilr'r*,

-_Sxt / =o
/= -/fStcn,rr.
/

'--o /.rr.3

a -T.

N.fl,. CrI'' : /I4*o = D

/I4*%.
T

,'4.

-1rZ .:-

(:C 4

q..

4s;at*t.

,t fr

f\q ut : -1-qrc

= *3ox // X-3
=o

lr -m
r

-[0

Nl^ [,t) -- tl{}ou

Q},, =
QF,= 7-r, - Zx?
/zq.
l0sc

lr/
N

r'L,

Qr"u'

1.. . -

naf

1 o pru,rt

01X < q.

r, :c

* Vr*^
/,,:,0 /,:,

t5

t<

tq

rrl

'

- ?-+" u

=
o)'n.,
(w,4'ou,

7-

Zo

_?-o:

bO t<tt

rrn.

- 7.q. Co*" )
-zo

Wlu'u (*, =

.=

(.rc < q..

z+x

qoL

) l,:, * 1o t<,t^ I ,,= - t eo Rrvn

k+ = -45ra"t
ls6

/4u6',,

.*n

' llt) rr

Na Ln*,*,,, 0,
0*
""_l
11^A .4t-h pw*ln n Lou/-!) qf* *LLa
*/ pr* +
*
A/, = ts F.r, //1t-.- ^3 O r,nt,
/Ylb*- *ttu@-, /14"t:
S

potn

t-r

A ., t< . a,^

b1r^i-,z/+
:)

L=>
=>

[*)tr(,,rv)

lr,")

l c

Ja.y**

a4_L

Pt- f ;: c{4,/?resta .liq,ee *omes

F0v*1, tr ( ttr1, Lr( rttEl

* fs ilo *r,,,-s Cer./,el.*) L-,.u

U}t") , o{/hsy a^) *u*)
7 rk4"
rlt C ,t {tn 4.^o3 Cy^-fre.ad
L(
t4-

0-

Pg i*ri-r-J

fsra),,.

tu{

)., F( ry)

Nr.

= b6

"^J

9b +
bht

suwef

6rut

T;o

U,j

r* c*l

ls

,1t

"'

^to
px ro)xre-f

6xtrono' t, OfSOXtd/
?
;-----"-:.(toxs") xto-6

-+:

I.ftSnl,lLr >22[O-)
Tl4a .,>4

Tha
S<

No+e

sD hd\.c^

bh;\

.'
'

is

,*7

S*"_2

N or^Ll 6<

tF lD- | r* l"^1

S,-h fn-1
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.
1
'
tF J
fd ," asa* *^rr_,r;.
. uf /4<a.
:

b<e"1

tl ha^{e cao'4,,t
co*7*.1 r-LLt ) t/.uq/"444
,"*36f*,,(O- ! sl>ayru
/r*2 q."_rl d:
,
_1

l2o,"a* a . a^^_d (

txc+-ct-c-e'

=----

lo

, Q, : 2i y4,
Lr) = / bg+t-q 1_4t

P_

tztv

S.J/^r^.r<

fi # -"*

C(= 2tu,.

ro

t'>'(crtrvt

c-*r-utn C So S
a+t)

C he c4

t+-t-h

f/]

.!e

'L - 2-m'

c[

( (.^*

*A

o- ,OKrl/rn.
t
L_

. toKilt,, tf::tL,)

,.:*,,*_
,.

i,'#il6'; :f"*
f9u"ql ;" L."*e
S

Q= ln

tcrl = t/r.,2pata
P = totci
/ = /ttt<tt/rn
{4.\l

O-p

szu Slr"^,;;;d4*

Fi d tu J,-r,

F;"1

.1
&/*trqLl<./t<'u

t'ln,'rJ ,-,rJ (, h,tt

,rJ

f'Orfh-L
.

-l

etri ca I/O b I i q u e
Bending

U nsym m

Tlte conLycLtay you lieey is a yar{stict to yom'y.rogress in fife.

Isofate yottrseff front those wfr.o are ricfr. in evif deeds, for tliey
viffn"ot onfy tnalie yottfat[ 6ut a[so fr.eey youfaftbn- Tmbrace
the hosotn of tnature, htteffigent anrdsuccessfitfyeoyk,for you
wiff feartt to be fifr.e tliem andtftey wiff c{rav yoLL tty sfiouf{yott

stuvnife anc{faff.
Chukw u, Celestine Nkem akol am.

,v

I 51{,

+
5

UN SYrnftlEKRtckL g 6Li,Qi e '9,6--711 o rfu

)t,L^;y4 ba"ln 4 li +-t^"
le.*, ),L3 iu un Lu"clt *4"a,
d
f,re
plaan sF bc,^l;^i1 ltto.nqnt Jtc, rw+
Cg,; c,"J-e tr/ t't'h la<-A'
q'Ltrs
a
,,!
0F
J-ht Sr a*Uh
{),,; f
_

-1

lo K.il /,n

/-2

p=
L=

/E-.

[D-]

alJ

anv)
A/A

t6on'rq

"

T- /V3 la'
finrl tl4r' th u a'"-/
Sf"'uyf^ atr *re ,oJ

S.,tLul r" ot.

,l4to

Y!2
Ar*c(

Lu twhcq-o (^'^)

j-tq {^* I

Srr.ao

S a?t

I ltu',

J)i s#,\,ur_r.c,vt

/wl's 6a,,-a lX rn nu-/1 ,-c -.1,

R4v n^-rl Ror 5l,co.tt bc

9. S 41\t ct,.-ci- eyto-( I o
7L j-')*
{) = tox-''")

|/l1, r,,a,n

lth

h'r, -

?zc

ll)x - sxL
lA2tKilr4

Krn

?)'^a 4
= Roh

tfrrt, =

E
f4* h' =c

=8=

*/^

1,::

1,,:

l,e,i,-*--t

'/,,:.u
b,-l'

top,J'

.* ,(6 h.rc
- /Dry l)r1.=,0 lX
l.
=5

= - lo pt^

= I

(* a) t Fx.
*to (*x)*e_a*
=^tD/=
l, =o /,'= t O
Roh,,

/-Ls

.T

W^^,1

= sKl*

lN*^^*)-

lDKt't"'*

iir-

s* 4-1^-a- T -bear S h alL be L|n r<l fi i'tL **u 'rF

{\r;'n^x^n*
\-/
t,/ln ? fVl,I, 44n< T* beo^ \kat( b<
Mt - 3,n ce lYh
/Vtt ^0
(frt w r'tt a ct- a* f4\4 S'e c'/-.,1'l-L
o L"a'.r.-& l,r*";r*^"*^r1"1 80 +k *
d {n-al*.vrr,.r*n \ecti*^-r.lL n'*A"h^ ' t'fi n^
,

rnr ,

T-

ruo

'2-

?lpA-o* aala la-av( {\e

*v-4-

- y-ax.tz W<J hera

is Yr* &'ff'o""***'
frr""4 Ja.< A^e ,/&A

in lra,o,^X t
m,oa^4^;*.
tt\

-l\
du= r'
t0e- ' 58
h= t?,&n,

UUr; =

Yb4""

e-+' q c'n

ZSo

c--,'.

udu

"r!r +D ;^ L'c,*
),...-) fhaat-rj-t

:- 5?3.+
ltgxLo-

t*.ro*,r^t

#<e.

l-.ar_e

4-

ld'a

tU4 *t-o fo-.^o",

*'

ey

O-(ria*; = ffry^

4. b+,_),j.

(tL1'4,'

lVt' e' r11-{Ln'

d tl'n

dturtr)

htl+a ux
i.

s.f-

Cfusl?*fnu,-e {-tu

da.a. Sfie+a ia),w< /ratLlru-+*-l

P tn, +*,,, $F
n {.u{--4{ ae La
,

a)u,tUa,

tNY

Cs.-'r,

Jal*m; qt-ttA ,ye nlurf,-,t q"d-i.l

G.*pL;d

P*wu1:*

J1.
ftnil1+;.r,1

O c+e,rrn,',.

q) CLr"'r. n4d

qfi",r," gf

stdb+e-n^

op CBo-J,.*to, (n,,0, !,).

ar\Y flortt . K u^rfricl. hq

0f-+4u na)

Po,i.+ K is

ercr-s,

ct \Sta,.,?a.

A,,errn_

*,J

b<,h^.,t-e,t-

{_4{e fos;+.,re
?nu!-ro-^zf

sL.,ri i+* cs@tJ_l^*__

J {-r 4
)1,

+o J4.o nt.r{shd

llt,t
= .v+

M*9,

-fL|}h I,

f,*

r^
\-r r

Gr i s

sh-rrr( b< fu%

=-O

"

TL<. nott*ral xL) ir q sl"rcule.ct L'n* , q^.1

n(
fe.(*a.+t t'.1- Wt e-y,\o\*-io( trp +ro"7*r1- [,.^<
cr

i, .

K{,

hn^r"4

cLt\ i.\ t

S*rcts is Ze4-o a-tn.e^.cf.a._L a:ctf.

T"

Z,

Z,'rr^_"(g,.

[t,r"" 0+w C Ltus"-" Cro-- J, )-.,,-*4-S;

l'ol-atiarr fi,* Fdsi-fi.Jr 3 *.o
Pol''h',uq L qxL^ Sh,,-t br
.Px,-.t'''l* D Cldc<,rix . -tl**<$na,
a,ne2lt' ol,t ctu-xlr' !.(

[ = D(0, r,) =-r)

1,..d,.c-#,

(s +,hq c

MtL"l
rlh

T*

(c-.t

.:-'
-l '

= +vn

I r)
'lv

/.:\
(t av.*; akc*o,a

n?a:*z'$t

Aw ru&{+

dn,i c,-J<-a

+4^{ f<Altti

f<cul1<-il

r,,l

,/

r\-{r

Whic<tfu-

e=t*=o,B
[[] = t6ctweo
cl= lok:/nt, L=Jr'1

lVl: torerJ^
F,".J J "t'J D,
5r:14+r-orr

[t4ru,=
r14r@t

^/Yl

. - Io l<t';'"t'

u^a

.7cc3

6t:

toxqf.ul= ro kin,
sx*- -/gl
z:; II x: ,,
/

Itb,,oltt

= lo r'v^
IfVl.,-^l = 1ox,,tm[W"*J

lYlr, F^^

ic;l=

fiL"
t/,)g

fVL*

Lt)t

ilr= ilz
*c
=Ws(r
\
3t-

I
t(

;7

'fu Ufi&ai^*
Itl" +

lYl* ,
\

t'l,r-o

gf'
. 9+ve-44 /4
../
,l

erl )

ul* 27 l\:'-L[h

Lrl

z7 fi\+il2
ry'('*d*)
3a0 zt \3 lYfutuu")
-n
uJna'

tO-]

? I g"( torroJxro3

{;-r^;z

,1-= D.&.p :

C.toIm

L,o,

cr+e

:r- N! IL
fiu = 9 0 )ttu,n ., (Vlt :

/ 0 l'.-.nrn'

to-l =- t b'o

F^ I 4+\a (c\t**'m uF

Fr^ 4

da,..-q

,a-.1

rA t+

NLc

3ot<.^l

aX

i3

!r'o*rr* t*+t-.r

i:
Mr, = L0 ynu ,
M*=

llez'q-t'oJ

{^r*_.I_rJ

!il,

= Q-obJra,

*, IEJ =

btroe*
I

= +0,<"\.1 ,

^iI
t

,J

*[u. Pu]i+, r]1 rrF- nud"-41 i

Q xr-s , t+ tfJ = r h)nfq. f\.**,'i
fVL * *O*rt,', h + tf'n, b= Sr.,O-\rni
Fir-.Q

t64

,..1

Eccentric Tension and

Gompression

t-]

?ractice

nta.fr.es

yetfect. This 6ooft gtddes

yoLL tht'or.tgft tfi"e yro6'

onfy yerfect yoLLl'

[ern-so6,ing yrocesses. 3{o^vveve?', y.o1.L can

yro6[ent-so[ving sfr.iffs 6y sofvilxg as nxcLtly yt'o1fents
Chukw u,

as

Cel estine

yossi6{e

Nkemakol am,

+i

'lrlir.rli*::-:.:,'+rl,

l6s

CPdrRrc Tffsrod A^ra

Cornfk-crtro,n)

l1

lrl

CU*r*r;1 44t4i'; AJ

6ruzyre

{S t

oa.,

*1"-a fQ

Sq

exle"-^! Wb) J-r:A rr{+ OS;^c,-J<

AXis o-F q ,'oJ L"* ls ghr'f4-znl..

- twrd

h :' Q-Dc,rt
b: too+t

.-.--.--.-_.*\,5

5 ^^"

F,'*J

a"J

t;
i)-

7-

-7

e-F

('

)l:o-r-r- -.--.)-

Ha-*

nfuifr-a,L

ax,,-r f,\i+'lt'

I
zrr/

,,D

Soiu-t-^u,

CL^rr

r-* arn ;;.,

ln *"-ru

q-L

fwU.t

Aw^

I'."c,L

src+,.(m

Qt^s 6-<r^*<J

A Ac+ 64-l F,^J _!4t_d

-!4\+ g1.1e-,t_{
'?
ie-u , F

l.-*----b -----rl
F

L/"
'//

Nz='-F = - UDI<j)
l\= F* = i roxo",

_2- - /L-, )
A
t4J

=t

/I

a-'

/ -l---'e

t4*

=F

= 5K'dn
4 = IfD x
A

o'2-

= lofdm.
tnl<.
S.ir^C.o

51,.-at)

CpuiJ+- A,'f9,c ?

{*f qn< fo++,^f-,-a-LLX

dr""A""*ra,
|

tet

.',

e .Al,CjilA*i

't *
Qtliclt'rs
l#
t+ is
,,1^ *

on sf-

kLari

^_,q S+rUaA,

4+L"* fdr* ft urlr't( bc un;Vuo)2' J*auze4 4

+l*'<-Q

-h"r'4

t''o'rwf*ne el'
a

\ o-c^'"1

lcox
bh"

Q,DX

tD

_ zJ-

tox lO

lvLpq'

\ctc,t)/ =

6{vl^

6x sxlo-

bh.L

lo^20^xt,o-b

,3

6til" :

o- cu"l,)
\

hbA

(" XtOXtO

ao*

,.-r ,-a =

I' d+ =

q.,

AOf+{tq'

(tvt*)

=- *+?"5fifet

--.l:-...r-.-.-;l-

f,;=

ff(rttv)
o* (,rt"J +-

5 + )-,s
C(N,,)
5 --

G^4^ of

O; ( rUl +

?-.s +-3D

S+r,en

-|rua+lr^ Yf- Z!*D

*F

iA.s

rwfq.

tr (u*1
l?_-

flrl+, t ^l'r'rsr-. ^-)

Qe*erm,)vti-,.o,t

{gA

.-:

_r_ 3D

-f (frr) +

5- (rwr1

s M4t

3e,t<r-rtn;^^+;

Afeut .-,(,

r*X

on of Neu*A *xr'.,

t.s fOS ilr'mt p*,-7,/n4-e.

S*-e,ra'

1il4 SUA"// tt)4 q na,; Xyrltc.n 4 C*o-),'nat<l (Zrt 0., j, )

qncl. in-rL^rr* a4 q,r b;+,a,n poi* /< (*h"ch isassq,,il
+-o bc-l+na
$

<-at- . rtetb-at!

rri )

-r{

Ck=

= ./tL +
bh

te[4.yt

hbs

l,

'^,Y-#
bh3

t\l
= tvrr
'r'
+ 6 lf1^, i

* !n:,i,
b+

ab^

tG utlVp-, F, -

3, =
N'Lt^

+ -W
Jt,

Y:a
r*,

=- 6

=-

h=zo

*a[- ,Q.bT
?

ba E7;,

/Vn L"

tyl

= l/uDxrd3x o.,' -vxtoX ro3

*,

L,

I-

=..D
..-luoxrDJx

l?

_4.

ri,fy,

12,x.

o-l

z:"

SXro3

= -O.ot6?r<
= I . 6lu"t

This re4w+ CD,,i a,"!<-a

lt< Co,.,v.q_/

'O i7

ru

*^z

Pz

i c+tl,X,

P= ?opt

?_

to1<rt/ma

b=- 4

r,rtt

Y ez''
2e4+rltunt1 +h1- tt4-ctytout*t
S+.*4dh Jae b<.*r4-

14

C,*1

r
_i

xb4
--T-

fu rileo,^2 qt4t- g< t*t-o,*Aco a.^ Fd*-f-,-qlh

I

/,'l
,f. r/..'
.L_

Clct"le"-o.ta
I

, ul. Sltal

_\ 4-l^4 fa/^,^f

.t/

l@"k

tq:!a.rt4 fs-cp

A,I"
TLh.^

fiL\

/6

lL

?!

{Vir

OJu.) =

I/.
l]-

- 74' =

2oxrrrs

lclrt

^(tor+rr*L! -n^ , o)

4X

Au>-t

= 6"^spt*4
0-(oq ) =

'loxr03^E?+xro

lvl" {

bh(

0-(,uo)

hva

=
CI; =
=
)

lfrr-lln

6 \

l..#

7 t^/,

/6

-nF
I trout

.-

t-

--)
rlg f Q-ttxtnk
'-' ro3*+tr
'-..'' 'l " dr\to
7 I/rox
<
Q-^>xt,:5* <xro
L
a./ =
/6
/
\
Pbl

/r lar,a

gx +^xLo-(

lS,+s +

'*

ttt'12

/1'

+ 6.zs =
I o-(ntr) I - lrCuSl + Iol^,,,.t I
18,+s-r15,?5

18.*s

2-,c

/ &" +9 lrtPq

tg

cE =

xtd-xY71o-r)
(,

+ 4 s^ x to -4
=

3 6!3=

-/'n

?'t rn41-1
4z'
e*--c

= 6.lS/t'4
--.-.-..1-

t6q

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l

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Generalized Force, Generalized

Displacement,

1|rfi.en tfte teeth of sfeey beghts to 6it yott c{tn hry yrittate stuc{ies,
cfose yollt' booli and sfeey. ^lilfren confusion beplitts to irtterfere
with yoLLl" tntderstanding cfi.re to fong hours of studyhtg, go orrt
andyfay. 3-[otvet,et', if tlie ntnttbet' of ftolLrs yoLL speltd'ott sfeeying andy[aying 1econtes nLore th"an those syent on shtc{yhtg,

then htcrease the frmettsiorts of tfi"e rod of disciyfttLe

for tfte yirus of faziness has caugfrt yortlll

olL

yotn se{f,

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9,14a<,r,t tuJ
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l\,-r

a ieru

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11,;Kl

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tq4, C,,-e,ti-s

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t[, a[

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VV;i-e,,-r

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i,:r

@
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A.r,

vni* ls+en

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' 'L

Z lvl*

fsra

= - Xh+ Rrh= o

k*n

i^

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?-lrt

Xifi+qy_

= 8>r)

=-

= M+ RJC"+) -F(q*)-I-fi + LhZ"

Ri = -trLq*) - tvr +tfi - ?-h%
qyb

r-o(+) -ro +eo

2M, =-D
tl

,1

l\n

il

G (q,-a) * (J

- r,r (+"J

h+rn * ?h" - 7fn

9-

*R"th-ru+

7,h^/^

?Jn

q"+b

=-

Z Fr : D
= A.'-F- R*'

-t.,l+a,-m;

l?. 5 _

2, * (*:+,S

q.+r"tln op

eo

(+)*to

-F., tJ^+?+eD

- 3+. s rc,..)

cB*.n
=

,+" s l(d"

Rl, =
Cq-+', )

pg+' rhi'r\a+ie.r\

:o

p.

utu{

"*C*r^{nL
t-

Ro,'

nJ - o

=o

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= i., :l

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in um;,-

Rrr = o
SrS+o*

(,

Z{fro =o
[.o(a+a1-X,b=D -.

n,'"
=

X"4 =o
g

q,+4

T =

0--S

RL=
.aY

-&j

X,,q
a"tb

2-

= 0-5

l8s

&l=.o

,,

fuv" l#-s

6.d: t?'5

I
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*f*bln sl
Nt)

vf

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Q1^

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r-r

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NW*\a-c*

li1s,[r,

r14

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t)

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x*T

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= 31"5X *go(+)
=

]Ir-E 94x(t

-h
Ro, h

rr4

-LO

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i+.sx - 33o
- lxYa

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= o,5x

:x

*10x1-

A;^ )c

*RXx-F'x-1144
lV-trI 0(?c(

9.

: *3?-.sx -rD

R,,
=

.:(

o,5x

lrlSi"l l4tes< l/4Aitpttr,

bl^lrq

rrwmp-q*

fna-+4^-l

{a

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lss

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fu,r,nd't* 'F LUt
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C-nLcqLq-*

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uL:

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kJc

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l'v*< i s t1\L

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J

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Co

sx-roJ

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p.sx)

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I

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I
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al( I

tt

18.*sr

/, J
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tB.+s*rj
z

,-

=-=
bJ--\r

-l

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l/.

c e-**s

x, + Bx* 1t9L'
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3

lbP
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+-

Lgx,

+X" 3sD

V
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;/\l = & :
rt

=-D

= *e"osr)
++tKr

Lo+ u4 yt-.Hta-n +o 44,_a. -e14.r.,1+tt ,,,*

Fo..u X.,tu0 X.

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^-A

orfpA

(c!

7rY1
c

qt- P!-sd'w-, 6tyt aa

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ol: go7h- X,
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_ A1_

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fl^'

fvl

+Xot nL4'*^n1 +

hw)

Rou

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1,..L

-r

R.'s
iC

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M'' X* t '- '7L\

(*4'i -

q+4

ao( +)

"

zrh.

4I

e.os (^)

^4+-t (+)

tbo

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= ZF'l

1.

-D

F -Xr- *. &"'
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(^'*

D <r4<*rn'n q h'

ea

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tO

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Nl*tc*r

I%tt.r

-R*hro

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T-I
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asr)

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- R^h h - rvt +-x* q - Y,h +' 1,h2 + o-A
fa^'(a++) "F

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Chec,rJ-

=. -18,5

t+3 .6 r',tl n
O.'\cc\ 2

fntfl*

* t4: h .- rrt

t4;;

x - ,r.4 (4 ^to

26.+*s

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o

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= -++.1
lr-o
I

2,?o

?LE

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rc

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a=D

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r.01

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o-

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I 8.s t5 *en

lra,n Sf i''tlu'-^A)

:tg s (.

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*-

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Q
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er,

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fun

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fi/1

Wy
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Jtr(

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& - R**q'

tT"otl,

NI ol

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0<2c< I

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7

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o)- 0,

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o
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?*u=

i 2-='l

zfn:

Z Fh.t1

o
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RI

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Pq.

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=. o

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t
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ri
i

TP

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_o ;
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(>c<

= *P +-Xx
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T-E

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lD.+, *lo

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0

2C

+ lr'r -xoq - t4*

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14o

l0

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D.

+'

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tm

b= 4n
C - ?-ryr
5l - jrlr'

1,'=tot<ttt/n, p=lOnr.l , /Vlg= &Dt<,un. Mr+= lotcun,Me=.tys(-Nn

grrxt"-.+ J^"X"-" ff

ult".{

FAA*',!

i^ry-ar
3

Q*e,r

*^-A n4{t, .^
- o^J

f\rrer-,l-^

a,

Co*t,>rn H-s4*,
ur+1'f>'rn
b"*

c>rt't'w<
o,n ht<44

ola,rl->-

1 wwyut^ab a Cfr'*J q* q^J k.4e* a $"k{.

Fi.s* \t^,!t {t w+ b-e Mo , },^a t ur,rr" oF b^^_),t rh.g,ax..+< a*- enJ
af++,r +-t^{ Loa]- tu"f /0r+ ta< f\4".

Le+ Suirn Of {+rr

be".

La

lYIe ?{ + M*-

fUo

t*o -s.l-

lo

?a 4t+dj

M'

3o

-f ,)

lA

r:.

.=_ *51<-Nrw'

.-D
fl1"

(fio

l-o+ UA Wn<t* (Yo 1 {vlx c^-b fY1^ LU,^-1 #^.La rna-mt^*

?^rd".+
a*,A f,',J l'Ytr< Vl.t*e^4aa".
l\101,

l^fr^!^*

r tt\t, (.,+ (o) r_ Il4* [L = * 6ei" ( dt-y)

L, =

b,

(1 = g'

:
l-e* u,t rirs.,) \<N+-al< {4^-o \QA*L
h {4.4 S,uTytw{ t3 ,
sriee t'lu f s q+ *+ris et,t* \,wv(s{f) wq h.ltnle {4d. 0f+'o.,r ,r-o
tn cla,rdt r* in e^44.\a,/ t4^q l.*p+ v.y rfll.\t- w^,,r, - W.e gLcr.d,
cl^^$14 +! teut i+ r^i{4\ d-hs \9f4- '\f a4- i+1 Ee?-

*ro*.s

*{,)
{

Stln

CywJU,/Ur4r*,

tYis

Fofi% g. ner4!;;
{'1^r,* t^rur.rd

ft:".Ju to
Lc+J i'-a

O ,uo''*'rn
tvwut-d- - *oJ,L
end Ot +t"P. bea,r,t

lvlu b

3Er

?EJ

rnrU=L*I.

PtX,'+,'tl Ar*'61r'

h =fG) : 1.c', :
SnVb s+,+r"r,t

'^2

txa".{t.s, *\r-

to

24 Ea

drs+;uw<{)

3Pr

4atU< U ryt^^r^

S-F

d,

CL^^A

t,t-.lr:

L'c-|

u(j

1!e+n

J,

spa,,.,s ( ri.cL*..t-,.-,1

[\-e

v,s^-:

C"r( C-ut o,ir-<li

+h-s

K-rrlrr'

Q-t rd-O

), f*.d

a,

ct

crnrl

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ftu:-

oL,\cr- J"
r

o".*(

Lt

J
'1

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l+ a,. J r;. 1\t'

J,r,-,'.^r,
J

,,.--aJ

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Fe-,<r..

[c^ cfc--s'
Ro

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")

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y.

.u
R+

r'1,,,

.c
rl

Rc

'U'\r' l,f+

ZM* =o
f1'1c

'F X+"
a

bea

- (Yla *{yls * {ylx * (J b = o

P\s ;

{s

+*^ * iln - 0{s *

+o -s +to ^2. D+3D

/t4r

=
Zf4,'

fi1,lgc<i,u;"t-.

q Yuf cr.n-c.4-< C,e"tti ) err<*-rrgr. o.a

Lc*J

gt.; Sq.rpea+ ,...1,,,-LLt

NiL\ fn-*Ja(-c. .?
p*;r,.i-c acnni";,uA

,'r/

.- 3 O

fe,nl1

Q;l

+ ro )
4s(+) +21\l*(a+'rJ .1_o(t)= -6EI t-(w
\ 3ET

= :fto_e
:
la

ttt ;

q,CH du*"roq-JA {
Sl-rati WJ^tt (v.t
lA4 wa--l f-Lctch',:\n
ie7(t

.l-4"" d4."-ca lY\,O44rlrt "y@

J)lr<

lt vtbr(a- q

'l A"+5

r..,.)

* rflc + 7,q (**) - il1n + lt* t + Ivls *fi1,< = 0

(*
tAa * {]rts +
&a- \+- 9.q +b) +
b
Nt,<

2o?,

F
l
I
!

4q -,rr:(+.r}+ro-to iao

'' ct""g.qj.
Z F{ =-o

: ?q+Rn-^Ru'

r<,i

\-16 L4aln
Yig
U

F+" t'ha

Zfl,la: o
= -7-t+
a

c - e,*(*J..)

R"

ttn

R"=

s ,Z'+5

+ P (c+J) + [1x -o

?4(ld*)-e(cat)*rr4r

2.0

--:..-tJ/
1!*

2_

&o

- ro (s) -3D

=-D

C-

Z/Vle :o

'))

= Mx+ AoC r xq

,)

Ro = *

I[,<

x*' "

z:!

- ?4 (?e) +, Pd
(:r) -,,l :

-3o -?o+ao-:D

c,

= *

'2s rrn'

Clrtil.J,^4

ZFv =':
^),
. (a
+-Tc

*fl. -p+

gd/,

= -2Stt_r-r
)erft*rur,,,<*r,g,n
I

/1.

gf

'l

"'fl;.

t\

n+e,-rurut th-Ct- {..t t --t

l,
l)

Ro

*(

L5t

Co,
, Kt)
rt

{VLr,,,

w)i4

T-T

*w-

QJ*

o.1x<

t*

t,; o f =

* lorc

fl4f4,

1-*?^

+o*

Bra Irl=+o
=o

f:

bbrcNn

I). =,

A 1:r<ry
R^

* rD

fr

/orcd

l2(=t

* 7-a,

Qi,

IYlc

fI _E

= *,a,+sxrJ

6.?s

+ {il*- Xq(*+r) * R^rc

+o + ro - ro ( o.srrc) -_t,?Sx
M.

MU

:+s
)Cs

]I -Tr
^ftr

I = -- lD

lr.+

0< x< 2

Rn * 1,x
3.5 - tDx
1)

Qoo.,

=
=

orair"

=
lx=o

es
:C=

nl* - xr:
e
1sx sx2 .- 3o

tr14r,

n{ -

rrl

0(.ec<t3

alV

t)rt

J=-*l i*=,
l= o
Ir=o

,)

Ri -

o',, =

l,c 7.x'
;a

2s-.?.4l* EyL
2

X<:

( as -ar)

r
- M*
-

Mj'0,, =

1=5
l:c
-a

)c=3

-torci

+-

l"tZm

RJ' (

c+,,

- XcC **)

*30 J-e,s (e+x)

- a,: ( r+xJ -

I fl. x * 2z:

I t"
r l,ll;l
Irox3

/=

k+

Poi't*

o{-

'Y<e'c*'uJ'l

RG= R'l +

Ru= 0

.i,, q-4,,4
Fo,.

cr

O" XrA,!"*,.-e1

R,p

(n' =

2's+,3.+s
/

KA=

3, +s
':

ri'

rep

[aur

+4q

lL.st

xrt,,t

>c=:re =[oT3

a.ck*o,!

ql/*

k+ ur u^< ?s,u yp**a (unl*'s t^w< )

Y<-ht*{ r

*t

\qr.rq

'

f-c *l^q

S2t+orn i t &4e FgL"l

Shpu[ 1a4v6l-a 0?t{ oF {-i^[ \r.t4t ( Wt<
3 r*

n-0 ffe*
'

C,D*5*'rr;q*, we lir-q.ft

Lo,al.s

3q-al..-c"*,{a

i^

wtrl<

044.e v< A",rr) a-^X-

"4

)L4<amtn-a:l-{

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&s

h-11.

aA

) wt

trS

*-

SYS*cza

(t: )
;

r'B

For

Le"

A.

r77)
={

St{+{,ryl

?^4,s

i*.

?t+
a

R.C

xs!
2l

7_4_

tq:

tfl.

=O

Rr=

(+.s) + ,D +-e., t- rs(+

lo

d.)+ p ft+c)* Ms

tdo .) -P(J+c) *{As

(s) -to

+, 5 Kn)

= */il.
?

lo

-21
a

a- ?q.

*+a

(+ +brc) ^ ffr* * Ms

f-ro (6.s)

to +aD +zD

- R; c + a1-c\ -

- Bo {*eo

1(*))+r)

=e+ .5 K,

chec*)nq

ZFv =o

7-q+qc+

4-p-R,' -

(2'n

= lt)*r-o tls -lo- ?"s - at"s

Un'}
Z

SYt S+<2"'t

/vl,s

= X,Lr- ['c=o
: E. = -j* =-_/r
c-;?

Zfic

*oA

L=

X, I t,tcJ _- Ro c

&!lr,
L

D<-a'93n,"1

o
o
Ng oF pn,-rt

Lr^lY\

ll/tx6, ltl

D<U.(t

0(3(< rt

Me

- ?" (+ tx) + 016

40 .-ro(o,s+x) +.lo
= rFS .- lOx

P*

:
tV-tv

0<r(e,

- ?L^
a

l0x * sxa+ rg

xs

?crx) *7d(4 *")*d

+ (.x - 7*Y^
=

to

(a*x)- :o(r.s+x)+

* 9-sx *Sxl
l_.SX e 5x {

(4rl

ls ( r+x)

Zsb

f,n= &

lJl x\t* ...f +*\ J"f

gll

Ar.p *

\sl
3 lo

=IFT t+'l: .

_a3

ET

.,.r
[ j"'Gs-ro^)(-*)J* ,JO

: +
lT _
prLf- +sx7+,0*3
e.- "iCa,vvl'.tr.

(e,sx -

Er' .r- lDr '

l"

Tt.t

2.

tQo

trI

cne ul,*_fu

S*X, + A^F --o

X^= * A{n : ltD
5,-

3. +s x,,,)

3"

-fti^

rI .utq_c

cL\.Lu

dh,ct

lYuo*uc,-i-

L?L-o'*l"u'

rAJ

------------r4

guw

i.lar

R*

lL"e ,li

a"u\

e+s<ltty,ro)

t.r,ctl

tLt tz!

3,+sxr,)
----

Q: ztn
/: qyN lrn
p
= lo rcd'

!/

C.o+tstruttl- dr-<-X"o,*r, st

Q*

-fka

(rL, dut+;,,"-t

Sstoth'r.

\b S+rrr

f4lLa.(q

+4^!.

is

.tr.ro --

f i.s*

totd

\uv({w+

s$q-+ic4th ,t, Aa*+^.ur n e/e

N

i{44

p ic{,

+io"cr

Ze",o

CD

lnl<

"J

Ca,r gp("+ +l^4

*gs+<.u

rf

ruJ

nJp

"fu)

.W?
Sl aa1

stucd

(4r-

C-g*rs;)e,",'^7
ffio (.,

{42 fi*u

M^a *

r
fl'l

fio

L.

- - g Kr)'h

(r-.^'

>

- 6Er (d,*d,)

lz

Cp*";) eni^< -l-{^-a kt.r*-l

d
il4,

1-

ft1^cl

= ar(t)

* ga. = - (>el (ro.r^ )

\rO*J

Iil'+|FMr- = 0,5
Sotrl';-, d-'t\-e

STslea.l

= 4z_=

q.

,-;

()ob,t

L2=[1 =q

[, = d,

-----0)

[* + ,.nlx (t"n t") + flL (3 = - 6t ( d* *

Ifl,

/h6=

*0'5fl1,-

'=

+*,

{la-+ Oe

+ rM, ([,* t.) +

'2M,q.

-7*

N'=

')

d,)
r11ur-.$'Cr- -D

Pqe
I6 EI

---(ir.)

op

eVwrl

.w,t

(r,1

a.-s[ ;,"

* 0,SM.. + /tM" _ 0,s

/Vl.-.t..

t{Nm'

fVI,= -J-,+'L,rm.
U)

LeJ-

h^J
[Y\

fr,^n) Supo",-"t,1< J-rLt b<-o,n M- .lta fOirU-s A at^^) B

(*.
fac{r o^ WQ)'
sl^o.lt px-ctud-p 44^.0- Fic*,'c,eq,l \p*rr)

a,*o{

tvlr
G

*
/\

Rn 'l

o
fu"

*"1"e

Zfvln =.a
= Mr+

rvd- Va*t'

lt1q

)
Re

{ =O

-'o

(^]

Mr*
=

Rq=

e-

{rtr-

*d=

o,to? pN
, ;.-..'::'?-

vtP

'Z.fYlu

S'e cor.

Lean'

* fi,^ - P* * R"q -r zq(*" q) =o

*r/o - to *g(
fle= -M. ^Po/^ 7q (4 +q)

=-

q-

l1'lc

-)

= * lT,0+rl

= -0'la+
R,i'

ll'l^

R"*o

- P* +

q q-'

1- P+

'/a *to
2

7L.L
x-

a-

Ru

(,, *

Ru"

= D,loT- 0"qs
V\l.

I{c

- l?.0}

L.e+ A)

Forcc

nc+j

Fq.c-|e'-o
i tv

:(n*l,ri*

wz)

-o'82i

',

y.g,(t&rl

-l-o +h-a

rn;

q-(

: -

O"qg

A
t

R*= o.tc+
l rr i.tr

+&

SVlte*...

/)1,

ctu

ll1,= ** =

<L fi',. c(

'
In

iri-

l^^',I /'to ii t-lA"

jI

I I u r ;Iilq:LrrJ
j=-7F__r_
,f--I Ltl,= ,,-i

|._i

Qlo et ,,-)

Mrrr"

')

0,cll

xn:rr,.

in*'-n-a,L

ir

T-A

<)a<

o<.r<

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Qle,

7.x

rvL1,

- ?Z:
a

L:D

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g r.l$

:( =o

t<d

:tr -ir
QIN,

7,q"

I-

[f

e-,

R"

l+.0 +

- 1'o+ r"l

r I(c^
- Z.q (* ** ) r,1v'
*8( r+r) +- l'?: Olx

rc:

l.0t

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rrnr,n

llT- -iir
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C*'n,,

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8

Pf*

-s

*(u +p
t+.

o.+ *- ro

r<,)

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?u

- (.

7q.

= /.oI

r-

r,",,u

?.

Qo

0.8?.3

(* *+,.) +(c

- r( a+x) + r+. o+ (

t,; 0 ' 11

2C:D

U<ac<

8-l+"0++ l0-

O.gg

( r"+x) + /*. o+ (+x)- rox

1.q.

ftj'0,,

R+;c)

-. D.lO+

C a+x)

ro

t<N,a

*p(***) rRun

( r+*) # o.8as * /= o,t+ /= - o,o+

/r.o

/r=*

Q=Afi,, ?= Zov^r,hr
M=

lot<,lJrn

ibl = t6a Nv?q

Jr;y,^*r, vF Q* d

Cgyv+-r.*ut

F'^d +a.s Jiqft,-a-t* o-F

^d
{4^e b.eqcrt

[Vl,x

ft/lz
fi^r

= fii =

.c

I t) K.N r/.

*o) L.= q-

Lr=

fr= t

.-i".1

i
I

+ d.
d, =D 4^= d^(1.)

?ul, 4

rDq

)t"

= ?7 q.3.
Z6-o

: - (,q ( *Zot l
\-6tr/

et

M'a _AD" *srstrnWe.

Rn

A<-

cL/-

*,tua.

lfro

(u c.o
9-o.7s-1O+tO
3

Gv+

*t<-o V*n

cz^-nl dr-sco,dn ,j.

Fiil.,+.or.,l s( a,+t

Z lVa s=O

(+

fvl,

Rqa

+-

?,q.
a.

aq^ +tfi
= f|4, + *6?5, 25 KA

q_

L.+

trn

aU

Ye*urn fi5 {-rLo

o,r;3i,.J

lr<ar,^

^"-A 6,*S 0* ^^A {U

Rs

Quu,. -(6 t?x

*ul
*

Lct

t4

-11.?5 l*30r

- 5X ?

l=-tT"+sl-

1.5.1s

/rt=D
O

, tzt'l
l')
Y?

)(q

11,+s

l/ X-*a

25"2sx,J

= - r1""s t 3O1. -SXe

-r,t J; o{,r+ (sxrg.ts]

*zCs)

:y :
^lo

-Jp.

o,+s

wrd S"l5

ri6q W( hc"tte -l-ru-o p,;t,.,h.v<

vo,Lue.,r" uvg
! hruC,( 4'cv+tp *ttJ_ Va,[.ze ru hicln
il Lc+" *t *,t
*{.o t-r^Xl+. q..
S

14e,1.,'t,n

a<
Xe

ri,d8

;.

q..

O,?S
lVlor,,t =

)e,+,?-fn;nqt.yr- dF C ta"Me.+u ,Jl

F'sr1
I IVt,

q.

{4^e\8 cvry)

h J,+- eF gi-.".,014
-*

,l

( to=l

tJ,*

o' z/

Tr
32.

e*
tcrl'

z ..zl vql%-V rr [nt

o"

o. .s

:)cj + /o
b

1- -19 >c'

t-t.._

11.

x,,,rr,

= lT-D'

I{t|-,^^

tq.

l:"'

he
10.

x- 7x -7x
)
+ftr
6q

}=

?,0.+s

t<-a)n,

3t x to.+s xros
B.t+XtGoXtol

0,t01?m
= llom
t

lr,-

q ^ l/u, P= lokrl
7- = 2-o y-rn lh
Cu"Atntct-

0*t* o^l'
S+a,lr'rqtb

WQ

ti

J.,-y*, ur
-

l4rt
yr* e-,*n
le+a*';*a-otp b< q"r,.

T Ltye-o rnen4-o-J *UA"3

Nr
P

Iil

llt

R..

t\

)n' '

-z!a'
(,grr,>r
11,J.

)e"i,-X +ftq

tq +

ti,l,

a-n

ll

t+

Po,+'

+*.) +

[1, ta

-6rt
/',=

(d,o ,{J

d,(f)

: p (xil\ =
I6 EI

d"=d.(z)= 7.Go)'

4fY\, +?rvt* =-f,(^.t

rS/ylrt an,)r_= -SS
U1.

M, tq

z+ EJ

r-p)
3l

= -1T.5 ^ 2.rl1,

Co"rsiJo-\ .J-h{ ?.^J

lA3' r/'o

EI

=?n
3trr

*.

M^6ta-r-to) + M"

X"5

Aq

= *6E

r(

d,*

du)

lfrt= o, d3t,D

ri;J

er3

-T

SOtrt'",

V-t^e

t;o*+

?fvl, + + (-a+.S ^AfVi,) = -

l\, = ^1%

.,

u^

sf tt'+ ,t1"2
r:0 q c-haDL wtt t

Lc+

(l

eyn*.,e"a

d 0r

u,
/Y1., =

_E
6

b<a.,n: a*

fL

= * 4--b"K^)'

e'-1

^^A

clu-ia-rn

*j

iu4

t!

('6

J,

,,/^
/tr1,

o
2M, =D

^l
*Pa.*
Rue4-fi4t
Au' = _{U p..

Z Mr,, = c)

-Knxqf p*-M,
-'.(* = ?q-fi4, =

6* +

rD

l0,s+.

l0^ ll" 6T

9-a

--;\
(,

Zm*=

)1,

AA,

xa)'

-- O. &+/<J

[,\, *

1(7t\*

')

Rc:

-M*+

2 bq)" *
21

{U1,,

RJ

* tfrz

LA

F--Mc = o
lv1, I I

R;,

^
^A1_W) _

M,

1)

Ru e,q _

z@q*-m.
e,A

t_1.

6l-+

+o ^+, S*

_.-

I q. s ,)

@
ZfYl c ='o
[Y1** R,

'

:- IG=:n43
AA

=- 3.67

nn -Kq =

T(C

- e, 1+Fd
".5+

K)

A*

= 0,t +^ I

Rs=

(J+ tt."

R.

R"

q+

Ro'

10.8+ + a6,5 = B+.2+ I

tL.S + a. Z,l-

g" t+

r)

1.3+xl1 J
.l4u

+o

PP;u,ni^6

Q* "*i

Bt

Qvil,.,'-a!

hd

S24T<.,,, qo

fgrp5.f,ac*.,uc3 dr-aX,u-,^

IVL.

Ro

Ir
iN''

3':'

/iilti,

'

,_,31t
'\uv

I;

o,Bq-

Q;''' KJ

tl,6e

Nt r' , yt'Jtn
2-,1

I_
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= - 9,i ?+ (a+x) * t&,8+x - I 0*o lx=o
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I
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rc<,

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= -0.84x h,o /:,- 0.t4w^
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= -Ro-P =-to.g+Ki
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I

-f H rStp

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= 7q^

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b84 IL

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do = do.=

dt=
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fi10

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o)

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= l"].!,
ii.Lt E

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r_
A

Er

d*= d,5= %ts

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gg
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Buckling of Golumns

^lUe

are bont to intyrove tfte fives of yeoyfe an'otnuf us, antdnot

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T

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k*
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o^

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40- L-

o"+4LL y tfr

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t(), ?3

= 0-vLtl'
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5'a

F%rrrh qrfit" rh
V'u

= lT*-t!t'=

O'7+6 t- O"s,fl

P.

A= I (fJ : teoxro1-L
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i 0"+1+

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= o.& I
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+ ( o . x t- D"lr) Cs-o- +q.. i

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&o

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= O.+ss.

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t'= 0.}ts

sLw c-t+tg.. seL+1},, ,. i

^A
w
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44\e,1-oirl< A,l-3 1(g)

lF V'u' *rnu *rn 9tucr,-r q*, CorLc,*u.r< A 4,J C\.ec-t< v,sL,u-t,r*

A zsI" uv A<50/". rF A<5'/., d-4r-* Jte6futrvt-e +"rs+a";-z**f
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tr^
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or"'

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l=

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I

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') --L
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12.6

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+l

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f*b,^A
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ttrz

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Cc.-z)

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-r ()
tl

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tr

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rl
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fo'== 2[J*'rA"(*).]

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