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Illocutionary act complex Arguing u1un S1 EC: the uttering as an attempt at convincing PC: S1 believes that L1 - endorses C - endorses that C is a justification (refutation) of O SC: S1 believes - O - C - that C is a justification (refutation) of O L2 (=S1) u1 S2 (=L1) SC: S2 believes -C - that C is a justification (refutation) of O -O L1 endorses -C - that C is a justification (refutation) of O L1 is convinced ( = L believes ( does not believe) O) L1 L1 Perlocutionary act Convincing Minimal AP (Illocutionary act) Acceptance Optimal AP (mental) Being convinced

Note: S= speaker; L= listener; u= utterance; C= constellation of expressed propositions E1En; O= opinion; AP= associated perlocution; EC= essential condition; PC= preparatory condition; SC= sincerity condition.

Figure (4) The Minimal and Optimal Perlocution of Argumentation (After Van Eemeren and Grootendorst, 1992a: 597)