EQUALIZERS

Made by shivani

INTRODUCTION

In digital communication, its purpose is to reduce intersymbol interference to allow recovery of the transmit symbols

The type of equalizer commonly used are : i. Linear Equalizer ii. Decision Feedback Equalizer iii. Blind Equalizer iv. Adaptive Equalizer v. Zero-forcing equalizer etc.

Equalizers must be adaptive since the channel is generally unknown and time varying

Through equalizer the received signal would be seen like that it passed delta response

We choose a filter which take samples at intervals T , and put a digital lter , called equalizer, at the output to eliminate ISI as shown below in Figure. This approach to remove ISI is usually known as equalization.

Fig: Communication system with equalizer

EQUIVALENT DISCRETETIME MODEL

Fig: Equivalent communication system with coloured Gaussian noise

1) Instead of AWGN being added before the receiving lter HR(f ), we add equivalent coloured Gaussian noise added after HR(f ). 2) Input a bit, every T seconds and denote HT (f ), 5 HC (f ) and HR(f ) transfer function by H(z).

Fig: Equivalent discrete-time communication system model with coloured noise

Here ISI is present and is not white in general. 3) The equalizer consists of two parts -> a noise-whitening digital lter HW (z) ->an equalizing circuit that equalizes the noisewhitened output By using HW (z) the noise samples become uncorrelated and hence the output of HW (z), the noise sequence is white.
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Fig: Typical equalizer

4) Let G(z) = H(z)HW (z).

5) Then the equalizing circuit attempts to remove ISI from the output of G(z).
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ZERO-FORCING EQUALIZER
Inverse of the channel frequency response to the received signal, to restore the signal after the channel. Forcing corresponds to bringing down the intersymbol interference (ISI) to zero in a noise free case. This will be useful when ISI is significant compared to noise. Simple implementation The longer equalizer, the more the ideal condition for distortionless transmission

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