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fb: facebook.com/ksrcasthamizh.vidiyal Blog: ksrcasthamizh.blogspot.in Email : vidiyalmagazhine@gmail.com Website: ksrcas.edu

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K.S. Rangasamy

College of Arts and Science (Autonomous)

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All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher.

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,e;jpahtpy; xuprh (,d;iwa xbrh) khepyj;jpy; fl;lhf; vDk; ,lj;jpy; 1897 Mk; Mz;L [dtup 23 Mk; ehs; tq;fhs ,e;J FLk;gj;jpy; Rgh~; re;jpuNgh]; gpwe;jhH. ,tu; je;ijapd; FLk;gk;> 27 jiyKiwahf tq;f kd;dH fspd; gilj;jiytHfshfTk; epjp kw;Wk; NghH mikr;rHfshfTk; gzpahw;wp kuGtopia jhahH te;j ngUikkpf;f cilaJ. ,tuJ jj; vDk;

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re;jpu Ngh]{k; mtuJ ez;gHfSk; fy;Y}upia tpl;L ePf;fg;gl;lJld; ,uz;L Mz;Lfs; Ntnwe;j fy;Y}upfspYk; gbg;igj; njhlu KbahJ nra;ag;gl;ldH. ,jdhy; jd; fy;tpiaj; njhlu KbahjpUe;j Rgh~;> rp. MH. jh]; vd;W mwpag;gl;l rpj;juQ;rd; jh]; kw;Wk; rpyupd; cjtpAld; 1917 Mk; Mz;L ];fhl;b~; rHr; fy;Y}upapy; NrHe;jhH. mq;F 1919 Mk; Mz;L ,sq;fiyg; gl;lg;gbg;gpy; Kjy; tFg;gpy; NjwpaJld; khztH fSf;Fupa gilg; rpwg;ghfj; NjwpdhH. gapw;rpapYk;

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Rgh~; fbjk; %yk; rp.MH.jhrplk; jhd; jha; ehL jpUk;gpaJk; ,e;jpa Rje;jpug; Nghupy; gq;Nfw;f MNyhrid Nfl;bUe;jhH. mij Vw;W Rgh~; re;jpu tUtjhapUe;jhy; jhd; Ngh]; Vw;W

mf;fhyj;jpy; ehl;Lr; #o;epiyg; gw;wp mt;tg;NghJ tpthjq;fspy; <Lgl;l tPl;by; Rgh~;iag;

nfhs;tjhfTk; gjtp Jwe;jijg; ghuhl;bAk; rp. MH. jh]{k; kWfbjk; mDg;gpdhH. ,f;fhyfl;lj;jpy; njd;dhgpupf;fhtpypUe;J jpUk;gpapUe;j fhe;jpAk; murpaypy; <Lgl;lhH. jhd; ,e;jpah ,e;jpa ,e;jpa

ghHj;j mtuJ je;ijahH ,tiu murpaypy; <LgLj;j tpUk;ghJ yz;lDf;F I.rp.v]; NjHTf;Fg; gbf;f mDg;gp itj;jhH. jd; gbg;igj; njhlHe;j Ngh];> yz;ldpy; ele;j 1920 ,y; ,e;jpa kf;fs; Nrit gbg;Gf;fhd (,e;jpaf; Fbikg; gzp vdg;gLk; I.rp.v];. NjHT) EioTj;NjHtpy; gq;Nfw;W ,e;jpahtpNyNa ehd;fhtjhfj; NjHr;rp ngw;wpUe;jhH. Mdhy; jd; ehl;il mbikg;gLj;jp itj;jpUf;Fk;
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kf;fSk; fhq;fpurpd; jiyikapd; fPo; Rje;jpu vOr;rp ngw;wpUe;jdH. 1921 Mk; Mz;L Kk;ig JiwKfj;jpy; te;jpwq;fpa Rgh~; re;jpuNgh]; Kk;igapy; mg;NghJ jq;fpapUe;j fhe;jpiaAk; re;jpj;J xU kzpNeuk;

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MjuT Nfl;lhH. gazj;jpy; M];jpupahit NrHe;j vkpypapd; mwpKfk; fpilj;jJ. mtiuj; jd; cjtpahsuhf;fpf; nfhz;lhH. cly; eyk; NjwpaJ. mjw;F vkpypAk; xU fhuzk;. ,UtUf; Fs;Sk; fhjy; mUk;gpaJ. 1937 brk;gH 27,y; vkpypiag; Ngh]; ufrpakhfj; jpUkzk; nra;J nfhz;lhH. ,tHfSf;F 1942,y; mdpjh Ngh]; vd;w xU kfs; gpwe;jhH. ,uz;lhtJ cyfg;NghH

tuyhWfisAk; gpupl;b~; gj;jpaj;jpd; gpupj;jhSk;

fisAk; ed;F mwpe;J fw;wpUe;j re;jpuNgh]; jd; fy;Y}upapy; khztHfSf;F tpLjiy czHr;rp nghq;Fk; tz;zk; nrhw;nghopT Mw;wpaJld; ghlKk; fw;gpj;jhH. 13 gpg;utup 1933,y; cly; epiy rupapy;iy vd tpad;dh nrd;wtH mq;fpUe;J INuhg;gpa nrf;NfhrpNyhthf;fpah> ehLfshd Nghye;J>

%z;lJk;> ,e;jpa kf;fspd; xj;Jiog;igg; gpupj;jhdpa muR NfhupaJ. Mdhy;> Nejh[p Rgh~; re;jpuNgh];> gpupj;jhdpa Ml;rpf;F vjpuhf jpul;Ltjpy; fhuzkhf Nejh[pia kf;fis <Lgl;lhH. xd;W ,jd;

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nra;J rpiwapy; milj;jJ. Nejh[p 1940 etk;gupy;> rpiwapy; cz;zhtpujk; njhlq;fpdhH. Rgh~; capUf;F Mgj;J Vw;gl;lhy;> ngUk; Vw;gLk; vd;gijg; tpisTfs; gpupj;jhdpa

re;jpj;J Nfl;lhH.

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Nejh[pia murhq;fk; tpLjiy nra;jJ. Mdhy; mtH tPl;ilr;Rw;wp ,ufrpaf; cilapy; fhtyHfs; 24 kzp rhjhuz NeuKk;

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fz;fhzpj;jgb ,Ue;jdH. vg;gbAk; ,e;jpahtpypUe;J ntspNawptpl Ntz;Lk; jPHkhdpj;jhH. vd;W ntspehL Nejh[p nry;y ez;gHfs;

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1941Mk; Mz;L [dtup 15Mk; ehs; Nejh[p K];ypk; Nghy; jhb itj;Jf;nfhz;L> khW Ntlj;jpy; fhupy; jg;gpr;nrd;whH. nfhy;fj;jh tpypUe;J njhlHtz;bapy; ,uz;lhk; tFg;gpy; gazk; nra;jhH. ngrhtH efiu (jw;NghJ ,J ghfp];jhdpy; cs;sJ) mile;J ,e;jpahtpd; vy;iyiaf; fle;jdH. gpd;dH Mg;fhdp];jhd; nrd;whH. ,j;jhyp ehl;L mjpfhupfSld; Nejh[p nfhz;L ,j;jhypf;Fr; mq;F J}juf njhlHG nry;y

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ehl;Lf;F vdj; jdpf; nfhbia cUthf;fp [dfdkd ghliyj; Njrpa fPjkhf mwptpj;jhH.

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Ftpj;jJ. ,e;jpa Njrpa Njhy;tpiaj; jOtpaJ.

kl;Lky;y [g;ghd; ,uz;lhk; cyf Nghupy; ruzile;jJ. vdNt> Nghiu elj;j epiyf;F MshdhH. Mf];l; Ig;ghdpa Mf];l; 23> 1945 ,ayhj

md;W

nray;glhky; ,Ue;j ,e;jpa Njrpa nra;J mjd; jiytuhdhH Rgh~;. Rje;jpuj;jpw;Fg; Nghuhb ehl;bw;fhf capH ju ,isQHfs; Ntz;Lnkd Ml;fisj; jpul;b> gapw;rp mspf;fg;gl;lJ. 1943 mf;NlhgH 21,y; rpq;fg;g+upy; ele;j khehl;by; Ngh];> Rje;jpu muR gpufldj;ij ntspapl;lhH. brk;gH 29Mk;ehs; murpd; nfhbia jiytuhfj; Vw;wpdhH. Njrpaf; mtw;iw

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mile;j

gpd;> 1956 Vg;uy; khjk;> Kd;dhs; gpujkH NeU Ml;rpapd; NghJ Nejh[p gw;wpa cz;ikfisf; fz;lwpa %tH nfhz;l ~heth]; tprhuiz Mizak; mikf;fg;gl;lJ. 1970Mk; Mz;L [{iy khjk; Kd;dhs; gpujkH ,e;jpuh Ml;rpapd; NghJ Xa;T ngw;w gQ;rhg; caHePjpkd;wj; jiyik ePjpgjp [p. b. Nfhryhitf; nfhz;l xU egH tprhuiz Mizak; mikf;fg; gl;lJ. 1999Mk; Mz;L Kd;dhs;

[g;ghd;> ,j;jhyp> n[Hkdp> rPdh cl;gl xd;gJ ehLfs; Mjupj;jd. gHkhtpy; ,Ue;jgb Njrpa gilia ,e;jpahit Nehf;fp efHj;jpdhH. Mdhy;> gpupj;jhdpag; gilfs; Kd; jhf;F gpbf;f Kbahky; ,g;gil jtpj;jJ. ,e;jpahtpd; kdk; jsuhky; vy;iyf;NfhL tiu

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etk;gu; khjk; tPrpAs;sJ.

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nghOJ 45> rdtup> 2013

,jd; %yk; nrt;tha; fpufj;jpy; Rw;W #oy; fpa+upahrpl;b khwpAs;sijAk; njuptpj;Js;sJ.

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10

nghOJ 45> rdtup> 2013

ehlfj;ijg; ghHj;j gpugy taypd; tpj;Jthd; Iaq;fhH> kJiu nghd;D jpahfuh[dpd; Fuy; eaj;ijAk; mtUf;Ff;

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jpUr;rp Kjd;Kjyhfg; ehlfj;jpy;

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11

nghOJ 45> rdtup> 2013

1934,y;

mtHfs;

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12

nghOJ 45> rdtup> 2013

(Fuy;

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13

nghOJ 45> rdtup> 2013

midtuhYk;

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14

nghOJ 45> rdtup> 2013

rq;fr; rhuy; - 11

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15

nghOJ 45> rdtup> 2013

,dkP dpUq;fop Nahj ky;FnjhWk; fa %o;F kfspu; fz;zpd; khDk; jz;ze; Jiwtd; nfhLik ek;K dhzpf; fug;gh Lk;Nk (FWe;njhif - 09)

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16

nghOJ 45> rdtup> 2013

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jpul;rpahd fhk;gpy; nea;jy; kyu;e;Js;sJ. ,iy ePu;g;gug;gpd; NkNy ,Uf;f> me;j ,iyapd; kPJ> fbdkhd jz;bd; kPJ kpfTk; mofhfNt cs;sJ ,e;j nea;jy; kyu;. ,Ue;jNghJk;> me;jf; fopapy; miyfs; NkhJk; NjhWk; ,e;j kyu; jz;zpf;Fs; %o;fp> %o;fp vOfpd;wJ. ,e;j epiyapy; mg;G+thdJ jtpj;Jg; NghfpwJ.

Njhopaplk; $lf; $whky; jdf;Fs;shfNt mlf;fpf; nfhs;Sk; jd;ikapd; rpwg;ghy; jhahfpg; Nghfpwhs;. ,ts; cilats;. jha;ikf; vd;idAk; ,j;jiytp Fzk; vd;idg;

tpbay; khj ,jo;

17

nghOJ 45> rdtup> 2013

jz;zPupy; %o;fp> %o;fp vOe;jpUf;Fk; NghJ %r;Rj; jpzwy; Vw;gLtJ jiytpAk; ,ay;Ng. mt;thNw nghq;fptUk;

cyfk; ey;yjh? nfl;ljh?

jpBnud ey;yjh? rPlDf;F nfl;ljh? xU FUtplk; re;Njfk; te;jJ. ,e;j cyfk; nrd;W tpsf;fk; Nfl;lhd;. FU gjpYf;F mtdplk; xU Nfs;tp Nfl;lhu;. ,Uf;fpd;wd. me;jg; gad;gLj;jg; G+idf;Fg; mit gw;fs; ey;y

vz;zq;fshy; jd; nkd;ikiag; Gijj;Jf; nfhs;fpwhs;. ,t;thW gyJd;gq;fisj; jd;Ds; mlf;fpf; nfhs;Sk; jd;ikahy; jiytp Foe;ij ngWtjw;F Kd;Ng jha; vDk; rpwg;gpw;F cupats; Mfpwhs;. ,g;ghlYs; nrhy;yg;gl;Ls;s nra;jpfs;> ngz;zpa tho;tpw;F kl;Lkpd;wp> Mz;fspd; tho;Tf;Fkhf mike;Js;sikia czuNtz;Lk;. ngz;zpag; gz;gpd; jdpj;jd;ikfs; Mltuhy; mwpag;glNtz;Lk;. ntspf; fhl;bf; nfhs;shky; jdf;Fs;shfNt ciwe;JNghFk; ngz;iz> milahsk; fz;L mtspd; czu;TfSf;F kupahij toq;f Ntz;baJ Mz;fspd; flikahFk;. ,t;thNw MZk; ngz;Zk; ,ize;J nry;ifapy; mq;F ,dpa rKjhak; Njhw;wk; ngWk;. mikjpAk; nropj;Njhq;Fk;. Mde;jKk;

itah? nfhl;litah? gw;fs; vg;gbg; gLfpd;wd? vdr;

rPld; rpe;jpj;jhd;. G+id jd; Fl;bia Xuplj;jpypUe;J NtW ,lj;jpw;Ff; nfhz;L NghFk;NghJ> jd; gw;fshy; jhd; gj;jpukhff; nry;fpwJ. ft;tp vdNt> vLj;Jr; Fl;biag;

nghWj;jtiug; gw;fs; ey;yit. Mdhy;> vypiag; gpbj;jJk; mNj gw;fshy;jhd; mt;vypapd; cliyf; fpopf;fpd;wJ. mg;nghOJ vypiag; nghWj;j tiu gw;fs; nfhbait. mg;gbahdhy; G+idapd; gw;fs; ey;yit vd;W nrhy;tjh> nfhbait vd;W vdr; rpe;jpj;jhd;. nrhy;tjh? mtDf;Fg;

(rhuypy; kPz;Lk; eidNthk;) Kidtu; j. fz;zd; jkpo; tpupTiuahsu;

Gupe;jJ. gw;fs; vg;gbg; gl;lit vd;gJ mtw;iwg; nghWj;j

tpbay; khj ,jo;

18

nghOJ 45> rdtup> 2013

jpy;iy. gad;gLj;jg; nghWj;jJ

mit gLfpd;wd vd

ahu;Nky; vd;gijg; mwpe;jhd;.

Gj;jhz;L
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jpUkjp. J. ru];tjp jkpo; tpupTiuahsu;

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uh. =uhk;Fkhu;

ek;ikg;

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,sq;fiy fzpdp mwptpay; Kjyhz;L m gpupT
Mu;. fhu;j;jpNfad;

Nghnjy;yhk; mjpy; cd; Kfk; njupfpwJ. vdf;Nfh capu;NghFk; msTf;Fj; jhfk;. jz;zPiuf; Fbj;Jtpl;lhy; cd; Kfk; fise;JtpLk;. Mdhy;> NjhopNa ehd; cd; Kfj;ijg; ghu;j;Jf;nfhz;Nl vd; capiu tpLNtd;
,sq;fiy fzpdp mwptpay; Kjyhz;L m gpupT
fp. fPu;j;jpfh

tpbay; khj ,jo;

19

nghOJ 45> rdtup> 2013

mUfpNyNa epyk;> tPL my;yJ

ij khjk;
ijkhjk; tha;e;jJ. kfukhjk; kfu uhrpf; vd;Wk; vd;gJ> rf;jp ,k;khjj;jpid miog;ghu;fs;. R+upad; N[hjplj;jpy; gpupg;gJNghy; fl;lj;jpw;Fs;

tpisepyk; cz;lhFk;. lj;jpd; #upad;

thq;Fk; vdNt>

epiy cj;jpuh

uhrpahd kfuj;jpy; EiotJ ntF

rpwg;ghd xd;whFk;. me;j Neuj;jpy;jhd; gy tpz;kPd;fs; R+upaidAk; re;jpuidAk; R+o;e;jpUf;Fk;. Nfushtpy; ,jid kfuN[hjp vd;W sNk. vd;W miof; fpd;wdu;. tpsf;if Vw;wp N[hjp fhz;gpg;gJ Xu; milah Mdhy;;> ,aw;if ahf fhfNt

EiotNj kfukhjk;. G+kpia ,uz;lhfg;

Mfhaj;ijAk; ,uz;lhfg; gpupg;gu;. mijr; R+upad; gFjp> re;jpud; gFjp vd;Wk; $WtJ cz;L. kfuj;jpy; ,Ue;J flfk; mjpy tiu

re;jpuDila gFjpf;Fs; tUk;. mit re;jpuhjpf;fj;jpw;Fupad. ,e;j khjj;jpy; ,Ue;J R+upad;gFjp njhlq;FfpwJ. ,e;j khjj;jpy; R+upag; gFjp typikailfpwJ. mjhtJ cj;jpuhazg; Gz;zpa fhyk; njhlq;FfpwJ. mjhtJ fhyj;ij ,uz;L madkhfg; gpupf;f Ntz;Lk;. (njw;F)> mit> jf;~hazk; cj;jpuhazk; (tlf;F)

,Ug;gij mwptpg;gjw; mt;thW nra;fpd;wdu;. ijg;nghq;fy; kfu khjj;jpw;Fs;

cj;jpug;

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MFk;. mjdhy;jhd; ,e;jf; fhyk; vy;yh tifapYk; rpwg;GilaJ. cj;jpuhlk; rpwe;j el;rj;jpuk;. cj;jpuhlj;jpy; vy;iyapy; gps;isAk; Cu; nfhy;iyAk; (taYk;) mjhtJ> gpwe;jhy;

vd;gJ gonkhop. cj;jpuhlj;jpy; gps;is cldbahf

tpbay; khj ,jo;

mtu;fSf;F

20

nghOJ 45> rdtup> 2013

fhyq;fspy; Nghw;wpf; nfhz;lhbdu;. nghq;fy; ciof;Fk; kf;fs; ,aw;iff;Fk; kw;w capu;fSf;Fk; nrhy;Yk; ed;wpahff; nfhz;lhlg; gLk; ehshFk;. ey;y tpisr;ry; nfhLj;jikf;fhf ed;wp njuptpf;Fk; tpjkhfr; rq;ffhyj;jpy; ru;f;fiug; nghq;fy; nra;J R+upaDf;Fg; gilj;J nfhz;lhLk; nghq;fy; khwpaJ. mjidr; topgl;ldu;. jpUehs; Nkw;F

miof;fg;gLfpd;wJ.

KUfDf;F

cfe;jehs; ijg;G+r jpdk; MFk;. re;jpud; vd;gJ kd mwpT

R+upad; vd;gJ [Pt mwpT mf;dp vd;gJ Md;k mwpT

re;jpuf; R+upadpy; mlq;fp> R+upad; mf;dpapy; mlq;fp> mf;dp Mfhaj;jpy; gpwe;jhy; vd;gJNghy; gpwe;jhy; ,itNa> mlq;Fk; top vd;gNj ij ij gpwf;Fk; ijg;G+rj;jpUehs;. MfNt>

,JNt> ehsiltpy; %d;W jpdq;fs; nfhz;lhl;lkhf

midtUf;Fk;

ehLfspy; nghq;fy; Nghd;Nw xU ed;wp njuptpf;Fk; ehs; cz;L. ,e;jpahtpd; tlkhepyq;fspy; vdTk; ,J kfurq;fuhe;jp rq;fuhe;jp

ey;topNa gpwf;Fk;. ijkhjj;jpd;

jpUkjp. Nyh. Gdpjts;sp jkpo; tpupTiuahsu;

rpwg;GfshFk;.

vdTk; nfhz;lhlg;gLfpd;wJ. ij mkhthir ij mkhthir>

el;G
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rkaj;jtu;f;F kpfTk; rpwg;ghd jpdkhFk;. ij mkhthirapy; MW> fly; ePuhb Nghd;w Gdpj ePu;epiyfspy; %jhijau;fSf;Fk; gilay;

vdf;Fk; fhw;Wf;Fk;

nra;J rpwg;G G+ir (jpjp) nra;tu;. jpUney;Ntyp mUs;kpF ney;iy ag;gu; Nfhapypy; Mz;LNjhWk; ij mkhthir jpdj;jd;W yl;rjPgk; Vw;wg;gLfpd;wJ. ijg;G+rk; ij khjj;jpy; G+r el;rj;jpuj;jpy; tUk; ehisNa ijg;G+rk; vd;W
tpbay; khj ,jo;

xU Nghl;b. ahu; Kjypy; cd; ,jaj;ijj; njhLtJ?. fhw;Wf;F tpl;Lf;nfhLj;Njd;. cd; Rthrk; epd;W tplf; $lhnjd;W
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gh. Nfhkjp

21

nghOJ 45> rdtup> 2013

fhw;W
vd;id Ml;b itf;Fk;

moFg; gJikNa!. Cu; Cuha;r; Rw;wptho cjTk; vd; capu; eP! kdpjdpy; Eioe;j capu; eP! kuj;Js; GFe;j ,aw;if eP! ,aw;ifiag; ghu;f;Fk; NghJ cd;idg; ghu;g;gJ Nghy; epidf;fpNwd;. vd;Ds; cs;s kpjf;Fk; capu; eP!
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K. rjp];;

Gj;jhz;L
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tpbay; khj ,jo;

cs;sq;fs; ,dpjhfj; Jbf;fl;Lk;. njd;wy; tPrpLk;. miyfs; vOk;gpLk;. ,aw;ifnay;yhk; ed;wha;f; ftp nrhy;ypLNk! vk; ftiy nkJtha; tpyfp mlq;FNj. mofpa G+tha; mz;lj;jpNy G+g;ghNah? ,t;TyfNk xU fiyg; gz;lkhfl;Lk;. Jz;L Jz;lhfpa cs;sq;fnsy;yhk; xd;wha;r; Nrul;Lk;. epyT te;J rpupf;fl;Lk;. ePuiyfs; ghll;Lk;. epidg;gnjy;yhk; eykhf ,dp> vg;nghOJk; Mfl;Lk;. mOj fz;zPu; fhAk; Kd; ,bahf te;;jnjy;yhk; fly; ePupy; fiue;JNghFk;. rpWgdpj;Jz;L Mfl;LNk. fhz;gnjy;yhk; Rfkhf MAs; tiu njhluNtz;Lk;. fdpthf tho;j;Jg;gh eP ,irf;fpd;wha;. cz;iknad;w mr;Rf; nfhz;L cyF ,dp Roy Ntz;Lk;. epahaq;fs; ngUfpnaq;Fk;
nghOJ 45> rdtup> 2013

22

ePjp epiyj;jp;l Ntz;Lk;. cz;ik NgrpLk; cjl;ilg; ngWq;fs;. ed;ik nra;jpLk; fuq;fs; MFq;fs;. ,jak; rpwe;jpl rpe;ij nra;Aq;fs;. Rhjp> Ngjq;fs; ,dpAk; Ntz;lhk;. ePjp nfhz;Nl vijAk; rhjpAq;fs;. kw;wtw;iw ehisa rupj;jpuq;fs; nrhy;Yk;
,sq;fiy fzpdp mwptpay; Kjyhz;L m gpupT
gp. nrse;ju;uh[;

kzpNkfiy
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kzpNkfiyf;

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jp. rptfhkp

kwg;gjpy;iy VNdh? cd;id epidg;gjhy; fz;zPu; tUtjpy;iy! fz;zPu; te;jhy; cd; epidTfs; vd;idtpl;Lg; gpupe;JtpLk;! Mjyhy;> fz;zPu; tUtijf; fz;fs; mDkjpg;gjpy;iy
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vd;W ngsj;j

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tpbay; khj ,jo;

23

nghOJ 45> rdtup> 2013

Kg;gJ

fhijfisg;

ngw;W

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Kw;wpYkhf

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kdpjFyk; cUthd fhye;njhl;L ,d;iwa fhyk; tiu

tpbay; khj ,jo;

24

nghOJ 45> rdtup> 2013

khDlNeak;> xw;WikAzu;T rpe;jidfs;

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nghOJ 45> rdtup> 2013

tpbay; khj ,jo;

25

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27

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epoy;
Mir Miraha;

following in a matter of minutes. At lower doses, loss of consciousness may be preceded giddiness, by general weakness, headaches,

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vertigo, confusion, and perceived difficulty in breathing. At the first stages of unconsciousness, breathing is often sufficient or even rapid, although the state of the victim progresses towards a deep coma, sometimes accompanied by pulmonary edema, and finally cardiac arrest. Skin color goes pink from cyanide-hemoglobin complexes. A fatal dose for humans can be as low as 1.5 mg/kg body weight. Blood cyanide concentrations may be measured as the a means of in confirming diagnosis

Cyanide
M. Sugeetha, B.Sc. Chemistry II Year.

hospitalized patients or to assist in the forensic investigation of a criminal poisoning. Cyanide toxicity can occur following the ingestion of large doses of amygdalin. he cyanide ion halts cellular respiration by inhibiting an enzyme in the mitochondria called cytochrome c oxidase.

poisoning Cyanide poisoning is a form of histotoxic hypoxia because the cells of an organism are unable to use oxygen, primarily through the inhibition of cytochrome c oxidase. If cyanide is inhaled it causes a coma with seizures, apnea, and cardiac arrest, with death tpbay; khj ,jo;

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Occurrence and reactions Cyanides are produced by certain bacteria, fungi, and algae and are found in a number of plants. Cyanides are found, although in small amounts, in certain seeds and fruit stones, e.g., those of apple, mango, peach, and bitter almonds. In plants, cyanides are usually bound to sugar molecules in the form of cyanogenic glycosides and defend the plant against herbivores. Cassava roots (also called manioc), an important potato-like tapioca is food grown in tropical contain countries (and the base from which made), also cyanogenic glycosides. Toxicity Many cyanides are highly toxic. The cyanide anion is an inhibitor of the enzyme cytochrome c oxidase (also known as aa3) in the fourth complex of the electron transport chain (found in the membrane of the mitochondria of eukaryotic cells). It attaches to the iron within this protein. The binding of cyanide to this cytochrome prevents transport of electrons from cytochrome c oxidase to oxygen. As a result, the electron transport chain is disrupted, tpbay; khj ,jo;

meaning that the cell can no longer aerobically produce ATP for energy. Tissues that depend highly on aerobic respiration, such as the central nervous system and the heart, are particularly affected. This is an example of histotoxic hypoxia. The most hazardous compound is hydrogen cyanide, which is a gas at ambient temperatures and pressure and can therefore be inhaled. For this reason, an air respirator supplied by an external oxygen source must be worn when working with hydrogen cyanide. Hydrogen cyanide is produced when a solution containing a labile cyanide is made acidic, because HCN is a weak acid. Alkaline solutions are safer to use because they do not evolve hydrogen cyanide gas. Oral ingestion of a small quantity of solid cyanide or a cyanide solution as little as 200 mg, or to airborne cyanide of 270 ppm is sufficient to cause death within minutes. Human poisoning Deliberate cyanide poisoning of humans has occurred many times

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throughout history. For notable cyanide deaths, see Cyanide poisoning: Historical cases. Most significantly, hydrogen cyanide released from pellets of Zyklon-B was used extensively in the systematic mass murders of the Holocaust, especially in extermination camps. Poisoning by hydrogen cyanide gas within a gas chamber (as a salt of hydrocyanic acid is dropped into a strong acid, usually sulfuric acid) is one method of executing a condemned prisoner as the condemned prisoner eventually breathes the lethal fumes. Industrial organic chemistry Some nitriles are produced on a large scale, e.g., adiponitrile is a precursor to nylon. Such compounds are often generated by combining hydrogen cyanide and alkenes, Metal catalysts i.e., are hydrocyanation: RCH=CH2 + HCN RCH(CN)CH3. Medical uses The cyanide compound sodium nitroprusside is used mainly in clinical chemistry to measure urine ketone bodies mainly as a follow-up to diabetic tpbay; khj ,jo; required for such reactions.

patients. On occasion, it is used in emergency medical situations to produce a rapid decrease in blood pressure in humans; it is also used as a vasodilator in vascular research. The cobalt in artificial vitamin B12 contains a cyanide ligand as an artifact of the purification process; this must be removed by the body before the vitamin molecule can be activated for biochemical use. During World War I, a copper cyanide compound was briefly used by Japanese physicians for the treatment of tuberculosis and leprosy. Food additive Due to the high stability of their complexation with iron, ferrocyanides (Sodium ferrocyanide E535, Potassium ferrocyanide E536, and Calcium ferrocyanide E538) do not decompose to lethal levels in the human body and are used in the food industry as, e.g., an anticaking agent in table salt.
Reference:
1."Environmental and Health Effects of Cyanide". International Cyanide Management Institute. 2006. 2.www.cyanidecode.org/cyanide_environmental. 3. en.wikipedia.org

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