FDI & FII Impact on Indian Economy Report

A Project report On
FDI & FII IMPACT ON INDIAN ECONOMY
In partial fulfillment of the requirements of the Summer Internship of Master of Management studies Through Rizvi Institute of Management Studies & Research Under the guidance of
Prof. Furquan shaikh
Submitted by
Salman Khan
MMS Batch: 2011 2013.
Rizvi Institute of Management Studies & Research Khan Mohd Salman
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that Mr. Salman Khan, a student a Rizvi Institute of Management studies and research, of MMS III bearing Roll No. 87 and specializing in Finance has successfully completed the project titled
FDI & FII IMPACT ON INDIAN ECONOMY
Under the guidance of Prof. Furquan shaikh in partial fulfillment of the requirement of Master of Management studies by Rizvi Institute of Management studies and research for the academic year 2011 2013.
_______________ Prof. Furquaan shaikh Project Guide
________________ Prof Umar Farooq Academic Coordinator
_________________ _____________ Dr Kalim Khan Director
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) flows are usually preferred over other forms of external finance because they are non-debt creating, non-volatile and their returns depend on the performance of the projects financed by the investors. FDI also facilitates international trade and transfer of knowledge, skills and technology. In a world of increased competition and rapid technological change, their complimentary and catalytic role can be very valuable. Over the years, FDI inflow in the country is increasing. However, India has tremendous potential for absorbing greater flow of FDI in the coming years. Serious efforts are being made to attract greater inflow of FDI in the country by taking several actions both on policy and implementation front. An essential requirement of the foreign investing community in making their investment decision is availability of timely and reliable information about the policies and procedures governing FDI in India. Foreign direct investment (FDI) in India has played an important role in the development of the Indian economy. FDI in India has - in a lot of ways - enabled India to achieve a certain degree of financial stability, growth and development. This money has allowed India to focus on the areas that may have needed economic Attention, and address the various problems that continue to challenge the country. India has continually sought to attract FDI from the worlds major investors. In 1998 and 1999, the Indian national government announced a number of reforms designed to encourage FDI and present a favorable scenario for investors. FDI investments are permitted through financial collaborations, through private equity or preferential allotments, by way of capital markets through Euro issues, and in joint ventures.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Serial No. 1. 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 2. 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 2.9 2.10 2.11 2.12 2.13 2.14 2.15 Chapter I : Introduction Foreword Research Problem Literature Review Research Methodology Limitations Chapter II : FDI An Overview Foreign Direct Investment-Introduction A short history The B.O.P. Crisis Begining of a new Era Types of F.D.I. Advantages of F.D.I. Disadvantages of F.D.I. Determinants of F.D.I. Global and regional F.D.I. Trends F.D.I. flow by Region (2009-2011) F.D.I according to type of Investment T.N.Cs top prospective host Economies F.D.I. Approval route Sector specific conditions F.D.I. in India in last 10 years TITLE Page No. 1 2-3 4 5-6 7 8 9 10-11 11-12 13 13-14 14-17 17-18 18-20 20-21 22 23 24 25-26 26-27 27-29 30
Serial No. 2.16 2.17 2.18 3. 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.6 3.7 3.8 3.9 3.10 3.11 3.12 3.13 3.14 3.15 4 4.1
TITLE Sectors attracting highest F.D.I. Countrywise inflow of F.D.I Top 10 F.D.I. Equity inflow cases Chapter III : Foreign Institutional Investment Background and history of FII Market design for FII in India Reasons for strong inflow of FII Role of FII Registration process and other conditions for FII Investment conditions and restrictions for FII Trends of FII Net FII investment over years Divergent views on FII FII inflow and Sensex FII inflow and Exchange rates Co-relation between FII and Sensex Co-relation between FII and Banking Index Co-relation between FII and Capital goods Co-relation between FII and Power Index Issues concerning FIIs in India Chapter IV : Conclusion Bibliography
Page No. 31-38 39-41 42 43 44-45 45-48 48 48 49-50 50-51 51-52 52-53 53-54 54-56 56-59 60 60 61 61 62-67 68-69 70
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION
FDI & FII Impact on Indian Economy

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FOREWORD The Government of India has recognized the key role of the foreign direct investment (FDI) and foreign institutional investment (FII) in its process of economic development, not only as an addition to its own domestic capital but also as an important source of technology and other global trade practices. In order to attract the required amount of FDI and FII, it has bought about a number of changes in its economic policies and has put in its practice a liberal and more transparent FDI and FII policy with a view to attract more foreign direct institutional investment inflows into its economy. These changes have heralded the liberalization era of the foreign investment policy regime into India and have brought about a structural breakthrough in the volume of FDI and FII inflows in the economy. Growth of Indian economy is playing hide and seek with the double digit growth (Gross Domestic Product) mark. The latter is a key index, which the foreign investors check before committing large sums of money for investment. Of its own, the Indian economy will find it difficult to reach this target, except for an occasional burst of activity; like the one in 2003. To sustain it, outside help is needed and domestic house is to be placed under strict discipline. Democracy is a great buzzword, if it translates into order and political stability. Labor unrest, political opportunism and corporate irregularities are a few issues, which tarnish democracy and discourage outside investors. But the current government in both its terms has opened up the economy to welcome foreign investment to keep up with the strong domestic demand for quality goods and services. This has attracted unprecedented amount of foreign investment in the last decade, but of the two forms of foreign investment foreign portfolio investment (FPI) and foreign direct investment (FDI), the former has reached our shores much more than the latter. As FPI essentially interacts with the real economy via the stock market, the effect of stock market on the countrys economic development will also be examined. Research shows that the perceived benefits of foreign portfolio investment have not been realized in India. It can be seen that the mainstream argument that the entry of FDI & FII Impact on Indian Economy
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foreign portfolio investors will boost a country's stock market and consequently the economy, does not seem be working in India. The influx of FIIs has indeed influenced the secondary market segment of the Indian stock market. But the supposed linkage effects with the real economy have not worked in the way the mainstream model predicts. Instead there has been an increased uncertainty and skepticism about the stock market in this country. On the other hand, the surge in foreign portfolio investment in the Indian economy has introduced some serious problems of macroeconomic management for the policymakers like inflation, currency appreciation etc. On the other hand FDI is what the government really needs to attract in various sectors like infrastructure, education etc. it is much more stable than the foreign institutional investment which comes via the stock market route, and has more accountability and brings fundamental and tangible benefits to the economy. The dependence on FPI is pushing many developing countries, including India, towards a more stock market oriented financial system. This makes it imperative to evaluate the relative merits and demerits of a stock market based financial system in a developing country as compared to the Chinese model where conditions are conducive to foreign investment in the real sector. The global recession in 2008 proved how volatile the money pumped in by the FIIs into the secondary segment of the financial market is, leading to huge losses for the domestic investors who had to bear the brunt even though the economy as such was insulated from the adverse effects of the recession. Whereas the sectors where there was FDI didnt experience such knee-jerk reactions. In this context, this report is going to analyze the trends and patterns of foreign direct investment (FDI) and foreign institutional investment (FII) flows into India during the post liberalization period.

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RESEARCH PROBLEM The opening up of the Indian economy served as a great boon for our country as the foreign investors saw vast opportunities in it and started investing through the various routes allowed by the government of India. It is important to keep record of all such inflows to form strict regulatory procedures, search for areas or sectors that needs more investment etc, which is what this research proposes to do i.e. collect data regarding inflow of foreign direct investment and foreign institutional investment from credible sources for a specified timeline and tabulate such data to perform trend analysis of these investments to understand whether these investments fluctuate rapidly or move in a fixed pattern and also what provides impetus to these investments or what are the parameters that trigger a massive pull-out of them. As it is seen that FII is a volatile investment as compared to FDI the factors affecting the inflow of both types of investment are explored and their investment annually is compared on the basis of certain common parameters.

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LITERATURE REVIEW 1. Institutional investors have grown in importance in the mature economies in recent years and come to supplant banks as the primary custodians of people's savings. - T .T Ram Mohan, {Economic and Political Weekly, Vol. 40, No. 24 (Jun. 11-17, 2005) 2. It is time to realize that in spite of the impression given by the financial media, the movements on the stock markets and the Sensex do not necessarily imply any fundamental changes in the economy and these movements affect a very small minority of the country's population. Parthapratim Pal {Economic and Political Weekly, Vol. 40, No. 8 (Feb. 19-25, 2005) 3. The main emerging feature of India's equity market is its gradual integration with the global market and its consequent problems due to the hot money movement by Foreign Institutional Investors (FIIs). Kishore C. Samal {Economic and Political Weekly, Vol. 32, No. 42 (Oct. 18-24, 1997) 4. One must prevent the inflow/outflow of speculative 'hot money'. That can be achieved partially (though very successfully) by a reasonably high 'capital gains' tax. Arun Ghosh {Economic and Political Weekly, Vol. 30, No. 21 (May 27, 1995)

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5. The combination of trading driven substantially by conditions in other markets and large price pressures from the trading of foreigners raises the possibility that foreign trading can be destabilizing in emerging markets. Anthony Richards {The Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis, Vol. 40, (Mar 2005)
6. Thus the impact of the reforms in India on the policy environment for Foreign Direct Investment presents a mixed picture. The industrial reforms have gone far, though they need to be supplemented by more infrastructure reforms, which are a critical missing link. Kulwinder Singh {Centre for Civil Society, New Delhi Research Internship Programme, 2005} 7. If at all, it would seem that foreign firms have greater credibility amongst consumers for offering quality products and providing customer satisfaction. S. Ganesh {Economic and Political Weekly, Vol. 32, No. 22 (May 31 - Jun. 6, 1997) 8. For a country that quarantined its economy from the rest of the world for much of the last 60 years, India has increasingly relied on foreign investment in recent years. It has helped bridge the gap between domestic savings and the growing capital needs of the private sector and the government, which is borrowing money to pay for welfare programs and subsidies. Vikas Bajaj {The New York Times; India Finds Itself Awash in Foreign Investment} 9. Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) flows have increased substantially in the past two decades. These developments have motivated the appearance of a large number of empirical papers that test the expected benefits that FDI inflows are assumed to bring to the host countries. We survey the recent theoretical and empirical literature, but restrict our attention to the FDI & FII Impact on Indian Economy
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productivity changes that are induced by increased FDI inflows. We review both the aggregate productivity effects, as well as the spillover effects of FDI on local firms. Hugo Rojas-Romagosa
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY The research has been carried out by collection of secondary data with the use of primarily the internet, books on banking and finance, various business magazines, journals, newspapers. No primary data has been used here like face to face interviews or telephonic interviews, questionnaires etc. For FDI The study takes into account a sample of top 10 investing countries e.g. Mauritius, Singapore, USA etc. and top 10 sectors e.g. service sector, computer hardware and software, telecommunications etc. which had attracted larger inflow of FDI from different countries.
For FII Correlation tool has been used to determine whether two ranges of data move together that is, how the Sensex, Foreign exchange reserves and exchange rates are related to the FII which may be positive relation, negative relation or no relation. For the purpose of comparison between FDI and FII the raw data has been arranged into a table for better observation and then this numerical data has been incorporated into bar charts and line charts. These are statistical tools used to read their pattern and conduct trend analysis.

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LIMITATIONS Limitations are conditions that restrict the scope of the study period or may affect the results of the research. It cannot be controlled by the researchers and can even affect the analysis of research adversely. One of the limiting factors of my project was that I have taken only three variables for a time period of about seven to ten years for analysis due to time constraints. Since the sample size is small so the results can be different from actual facts and may not give an appropriate judgement. Also all the data have been collected from secondary sources. Information collected first hand from professionals and scholars through interviews would have given the report a larger perspective.

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CHAPTER II
FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT AN OVERVIEW

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INTRODUCTION Foreign direct investment (FDI) plays an extraordinary and growing role in global business. It can provide a firm with new markets and marketing channels, cheaper production facilities, access to new technology, products, skills and financing. For a host country or the foreign firm which receives the investment, it can provide a source of new technologies, capital, processes, products, organizational technologies and management skills, and as such can provide a strong impetus to economic development. Foreign direct investment, in its classic definition, is defined as a company from one country making a physical investment into building a factory in another country. The direct investment in buildings, machinery and equipment is in contrast with making a portfolio investment, which is considered an indirect investment. In recent years, given rapid growth and change in global investment patterns, the definition has been broadened to include the acquisition of a lasting management interest in a company or enterprise outside the investing firms home country. As such, it may take many forms, such as a direct acquisition of a foreign firm, construction of a facility, or investment in a joint venture or strategic alliance with a local firm with attendant input of technology, licensing FDI & FII Impact on Indian Economy
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of intellectual property, In the past decade, FDI has come to play a major role in the internationalization of business. Reacting to changes in technology, growing liberalization of the national regulatory framework governing investment in enterprises, and changes in capital markets profound changes have occurred in the size, scope and methods of FDI. New information technology systems, decline in global communication costs have made management of foreign investments far easier than in the past. The sea change in trade and investment policies and the regulatory environment globally in the past decade, including trade policy and tariff liberalization, easing of restrictions on foreign investment and acquisition in many nations, and the deregulation and privatization of many industries, has probably been the most significant catalyst for FDIs expanded role. One of the most striking developments during the last two decades is the spectacular growth of FDI in the global economic landscape. This unprecedented growth of global FDI in 1990 around the world make FDI an important and vital component of development strategy in both developed and developing nations and policies are designed in order to stimulate inward flows. Infact, FDI provides a win win situation to the host and the home countries. Both countries are directly interested in inviting FDI, because they benefit a lot from such type of investment. The home countries want to take the advantage of the vast markets opened by industrial growth. On the other hand the host countries want to acquire technological and managerial skills and supplement domestic savings and foreign exchange. Moreover, the paucity of all types of resources viz. financial, capital, entrepreneurship, technological know- how, skills and practices, access to markets- abroad- in their economic development, developing nations accepted FDI as a sole visible panacea for all their scarcities. Further, the integration of global financial markets paves ways to this explosive growth of FDI around the globe.
A SHORT HISTORY After getting independence in 1947, the government of India envisioned a socialist approach to developing the countries economy broadly based on the USSR system. FDI & FII Impact on Indian Economy
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The government decided to adopt an economic agenda that would follow five year plans. Each five year plan was focused on certain sectors of the economy that the government felt needed to be developed for the countries progress. The government followed an interventionist policy and dictated most of the norms of running a business by favoring certain sectors and ignoring others. Until 1991, India was primarily a closed economy. The industrial environment in India was highly regulated and a license system known as licence raj - was in place to ensure compliance with the government regulations and directives. Under the Industries Development and Regulations act (1951) starting and operating any industry required approval - in the form of a licence - from the government. Any change in production capacity or change in the product mix also called for obtaining government approval. This led to the development of increasingly complex and opaque procedures for obtaining a licence and led to a burgeoning bureaucracy. The licence system thus shifted lot of power and perverse incentives in the hands of file pushing bureaucrats (or Babus). This directly led to increased corruption as the procedure for obtaining a licence was vaguely defined and left open to individual interpretations. In addition, there was no monitoring system in place to ensure speedy disposal of licence applications. Also, the labor markets were highly regulated and the government did not allow the companies to lay off its workers. This meant that even in severe downturns the companies kept bleeding but could not rationalize its workforce. Eventually these companies - majority of them public sector companies would become chronically sick and the government kept subsidizing them at huge costs to the taxpayer. One draconian measure was the introduction of the Foreign Exchange Regulation act (FERA) of 1973 which curtailed foreign investment to 40% in Indian companies. in 1973. Foreign companies also came under the Monopolies and Restrictive Policy (MRTP), 1969 Act during this period. MRTP (1969) Act restricted companies on the size of operation and the pricing of products and services. The Reserve Bank of India geared itself to implement the above act. As a result, many companies that did not want to increase equity participation of Indians as per section (2) of FERA, 1973 decided to cease their operations in India. As many as 54 companies applied to wind FDI & FII Impact on Indian Economy
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up their operations by 1977-78 since the implementation of the above Act in 1974 and 9 companies applied to wind up their operations in 1980-81 (Annual Reports, Reserve Bank of India 1977, 1978, 1981). This had a very adverse impact and companies such as Coca-Cola and IBM exited the country. The government also adopted a policy of import substitution and the idea was to help the domestic industry improve in a safe environment until the local industries could compete internationally. This was implemented by levying extremely high tariffs or completely banning imported goods. Due to the governments protection most of the industries failed to catch up with the technological innovations taking place around the world. As they were shielded from imports due to extremely high import tariffs the industries had no incentive to improve their operations. This led to a vicious circular logic where the tariffs were not reduced since domestic companies could not compete and the high tariffs prevented industries from innovating. Corruption and opaqueness of the system added to the difficulties and the situation became extremely complex.
THE BOP CRISIS Gulf war broke out in 1990 and the resulting oil shock was enough to trigger a serious balance of payment (BoP) crisis for India in 1991. The cost of oil imports went up to 10,820 crores from the estimated 6,400 crores. Traditionally, India received lot of remittances from the expatriates working in the Gulf countries and this source also dried up as the migrant Indian workers were forced to return home due to the war. The problem was compounded due to an extremely high inflation of about 16% and a fiscal deficit of about 8.5%. The situation was so severe that India had foreign reserves of only around $1 Billion - barely enough to cover two weeks of its payment obligations. Indias credit rating was downgraded as its debt servicing capability was critically impaired and the government had to pledge its gold reserves to soothe creditors. Ostensibly, the trigger for the BoP crisis was the oil shock but the deeper issue was that the governments heavy hand in trying to regulate businesses FDI & FII Impact on Indian Economy
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and to move the country towards economic progress had failed to produce results and drastic measures were now called for. Faced with these insurmountable problems, the Indian government turned to the IMF and thus began a series of far reaching reforms in the India economy which envisioned transforming the countrys economy from an interventionist and overlyregulated economy to a more market oriented one.
THE BEGINING OF A NEW ERA The year 1991 marks a new growth phase of FDI in India with an all time high flow of FDI. Following the Industrial Policy (1991) , a large number of foreign companies from different parts of the world rushed into India. In this period, in addition to thousands of foreign collaborations in India, as many as 145 foreign companies registered in India within a span of 10 years from 1991-2000. Companies like General Motors, Ford Motors, and IBM that divested from India in the 1950s and 1970s reentered India during this period. A large number of Asian companies like Daewoo Motors, Hyundai Motors and LG Electronics from S. Korea, Matsushita Television and Honda Motors from Japan invested in India during this period. With the legislation of the Industrial Licensing Policy, 1991, industrial licensing was abolished except for 18 industries. FDI up to 51% equity was allowed in 34 formerly high priority industries and the concept of phased manufacturing requirement on foreign companies was removed. Further, the tariffs on imports have been steadily reduced in every budget since 1991. Subsequently, GOI replaced FERA, 1973 that regulated all foreign exchange transactions with Foreign Exchange Management Act (FEMA), 1999. The objectives of FEMA have been to facilitate external trade and payments and to promote orderly development and maintenance of foreign exchange market. The total number of foreign collaborations increased from 976 in the year 1991 to 2144 in the year 2000.

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WHAT IS FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT? Is the process whereby residents of one country (the source country) acquire ownership of assets for the purpose of controlling the production, distribution, and other activities of a firm in another country (the host country). The international monetary funds balance of payment manual defines FDI as an investment that is made to acquire a lasting interest in an enterprise operating in an economy other than that of the investor. The investors purpose being to have an effective voice in the management of the enterprise. The united nations 1999 world investment report defines FDI as an investment involving a long term relationship and reflecting a lasting interest and control of a resident entity in one economy (foreign direct investor or parent enterprise) in an enterprise resident in an economy other than that of the foreign direct investor ( FDI enterprise, affiliate enterprise or foreign affiliate).
TYPES OF FDI

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A)BY DIRECTION Inward FDIs: Inward FDI for an economy can be defined as the capital provided from a foreign direct investor (i.e. the coca cola company) residing in a country, to that economy, which need is some residing capital. in another That country. is (I.e. inward India's FDI economy). for India. EXAMPLE: General Motors decides to open a factory in India. They are going to capital Different economic factors encourage inward FDIs. These include interest loans, tax breaks, grants, subsidies, and the removal of restrictions and limitations. Outward FDIs: A business strategy where a domestic firm expands its operations to a foreign country either via a Green field investment, merger/acquisition and/or expansion of an existing foreign facility. Employing outward direct investment is a natural progression for firms as better business opportunities will be available in foreign countries when domestic markets become too saturated. In recent years, emerging market economies (EMEs) are increasingly becoming a source of foreign investment for rest of the world. It is not only a sign of their increasing participation in the global economy but also of their increasing FDI & FII Impact on Indian Economy
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competence. More importantly, a growing impetus for change today is coming from developing countries and economies in transition, where a number of private as well as state-owned enterprises are increasingly undertaking outward expansion through foreign direct investments (FDI). Companies are expanding their business operations by investing overseas with a view to acquiring a regional and global reach. B) BY TARGET Greenfield investment: A form of foreign direct investment where a parent company starts a new venture in a foreign country by constructing new operational facilities from the ground up. In addition to building new facilities, most parent companies also create new long-term jobs in the foreign country by hiring new employees. Green field investments occur when multinational corporations enter into developing countries to build new factories and/or stores. Developing countries often offer prospective companies tax-breaks, subsidies and other types of incentives to set up green field investments. Governments often see that losing corporate tax revenue is a small price to pay if jobs are created and knowledge and technology is gained to boost the country's human capital. Horizontal FDI: Horizontal FDI arises when a firm duplicates its home country-based activities at the same value chain stage in a host country through FDI. For example, Ford assembles cars in the United States. Through horizontal FDI, it does the same thing in different host countries such as the United Kingdom (UK), France, Taiwan, Saudi Arabia, and India. Horizontal FDI therefore refers to producing the same products or offering the same services in a host country as firms do at home. Vertical FDI: Vertical Foreign Direct Investment takes two forms: 1. Backward vertical FDI: where an industry abroad provides inputs for a firm's domestic production process like exploiting the available raw materials in the host country. FDI & FII Impact on Indian Economy
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2. Forward vertical FDI: in which an industry abroad sells the outputs of a firm's domestic production i.e to be nearer to the consumers through the aquisition of distribution outlets.
C) BY MOTIVE Resource seeking: Investments which seek to acquire factors of production that is more efficient than those obtainable in the home economy of the firm. In some cases, these resources may not be available in the home economy at all (e.g. natural resources,naturally occurring materials such as coal, fertile land, etc., that can be used by man, and cheap labor). This characterizes Foreign Direct Investment into developing countries, for example seeking cheap labor in India and China, or natural resources in the Middle East and Africa. Market seeking: Market seeking FDI is driven by access to local or regional markets. Investing locally can be driven by regulations or to save on operational costs such as transportation. General Motors investment in China is market seeking because the cars built in China are sold in China, the size and growth of host country markets are among the most important FDI determinants. Efficiency seeking: Investments which firms hope will increase their efficiency by exploiting the benefits of economies of scale and scope, and also those of common ownership. It is suggested that this kind of Foreign Direct Investment comes after either resource or market seeking investments have been realized, with the expectation that it further increases the profitability of the firm. Efficiency seeking FDI is commonly described as off shoring, or investing in foreign markets to take advantage of a lower cost structure. A credit card company opening a call center in India to serve U.S. customers is a form of efficiency seeking FDI. FDI & FII Impact on Indian Economy
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ADVANTAGES OF FDI 1. Raising the Level of Investment: Foreign investment can fill the gap between desired investment and locally mobilized savings. Local capital markets are often not well developed. Thus, they cannot meet the capital requirements for large investment projects. Besides, access to the hard currency needed to purchase investment goods not available locally can be difficult. FDI solves both these problems at once as it is a direct source of external capital. It can fill the gap between desired foreign exchange requirements and those derived from net export earnings.
2. Up gradation of Technology: Foreign investment brings with it technological knowledge while transferring machinery and equipment to developing countries. Production units in developing countries use out-dated equipment and techniques that can reduce the productivity of workers and lead to the production of goods of a lower standard. 3. Improvement in Export Competitiveness: FDI can help the host country improve its export performance. By raising the level of efficiency and the standards of product quality, FDI makes a positive impact on the host countrys export competitiveness. Further, because of the international linkages of MNCs, FDI provides to the host country better access to foreign markets. Enhanced export possibility contributes to the growth of the host economies by relaxing demand side constraints on growth. This is important for those countries which have a small domestic market and must increase exports vigorously to maintain their tempo of economic growth.
4. Employment
Generation/Development:
Foreign
investment
can
create
employment in the modern sectors of developing countries. Recipients of FDI

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gain training of employees in the course of operating new enterprises, which contributes to human capital formation in the host country.
5. Benefits to Consumers: Consumers in developing countries stand to gain from FDI through new products, and improved quality of goods at competitive prices.
6. Revenue to Government: Profits generated by FDI contribute to corporate tax revenues in the host country.
DISADVANTAGES OF FDI FDI is not an unmixed blessing. Governments in developing countries have to be very careful while deciding the magnitude, pattern and conditions of private foreign investment. Possible adverse implications of foreign investment are the following: 1. When foreign investment is competitive with home investment, profits in domestic industries fall, leading to fall in domestic savings.
2. Contribution of foreign firms to public revenue through corporate taxes is comparatively less because of liberal tax concessions, investment allowances, disguised public subsidies and tariff protection provided by the host government.
3. Foreign firms reinforce dualistic socio-economic structure and increase income inequalities. They create a small number of highly paid modern sector executives. They divert resources away from priority sectors to the manufacture of sophisticated products for the consumption of the local elite. As they are located in urban areas, they create imbalances between rural and urban opportunities, accelerating flow of rural population to urban areas.

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4. Foreign firms stimulate inappropriate consumption patterns through excessive advertising and monopolistic market power. The products made by multinationals for the domestic market are not necessarily low in price and high in quality. Their technology is generally capital-intensive which does not suit the needs of a labour-surplus economy.
5. Foreign firms able to extract sizeable economic and political concessions from competing governments of developing countries. Consequently, private profits of these companies may exceed social benefits.
6. Profit distribution, investment ratios are not fixed: Continual outflow of profits is too large in many cases, putting pressure on foreign exchange reserves. Foreign investors are very particular about profit repatriation facilities. 7. Political Lobbying: Foreign firms may influence political decisions in developing countries. In view of their large size and power, national sovereignty and control over economic policies may be jeopardized. In extreme cases, foreign firms may bribe public officials at the highest levels to secure undue favours. Similarly, they may contribute to friendly political parties and subvert the political process of the host country. DETERMINANTS OF FDI To understand the scale and direction of FDI flows, it is necessary to identify their major determinants. The relative importance of FDI determinants varies not only between countries but also between different types of FDI. Traditionally, the determinants of FDI include the following. 1. Size of the Market: Large developing countries provide substantial markets where the consumers demand for certain goods far exceed the available supplies. This demand potential is a big draw for many foreign-owned enterprises. In many cases, the establishment of a low cost marketing operation represents the FDI & FII Impact on Indian Economy
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first step by a multinational into the market of the country. This establishes a presence in the market and provides important insights into the ways of doing business and possible opportunities in the country. 2. Political stability: In many countries, the institutions of government are still evolving and there are unsettled political questions. Companies are unwilling to contribute large amounts of capital into an environment where some of the basics political questions have not yet been resolved. 3. Macro-economic Environment: Instability in the level of prices and exchange rate enhance the level of uncertainty, making business planning difficult. This increases the perceived risk of making investments and therefore adversely affects the inflow of FDI. 4. Legal and Regulatory Framework: The transition to a market economy entails the establishment of a legal and regulatory framework that is compatible with private sector activities and the operation of foreign owned companies. The relevant areas in this field include protection of property rights, ability to repatriate profits, and a free market for currency exchange. It is important that these rules and their administrative procedures are transparent and easily comprehensive. 5. Access to Basic Inputs: Many developing countries have large reserves of skilled and semi-skilled workers that available for employment at wages significantly lower than in developed countries. This provides an opportunity for foreign firms to make investments in these countries to cater to the export market. Availability of natural resources such as oil and gas, minerals and forestry products also determine the extent of FDI. The determinants of FDI differ among countries and across economic sectors. These factors include the policy framework, economic determinants and the extent of

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business facilitation such as macro-economic fundamentals and availability of infrastructure.
Recent global and regional FDI trends
The rise of FDI flows in 2011 was widespread in all three major groups developed, developing and transition economies. Developing economies continued to absorb nearly half of global FDI and transition economies another 6 per cent. This graph gives a pretty good indicator of how relative FDI inflows have changed since 2002 we can see that right from the year 2002 there has been an increase in FDI investments in the developing economies. The increase in the GDP growth or the bull phase which most of the developing economies experienced from 2003-2008 could be attributed to the increased FDI.

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FDI flows, by region, 20092011
Amount in billions of dollars Source: UNCTAD
In 2011, FDI inflows increased in all major economic groups developed, developing and transition economies. Developing countries accounted for 45 per cent of global FDI inflows in 2011. The increase was driven by East and South-East Asia and Latin America. East and South-East Asia still accounted for almost half of FDI in developing economies. Inflows to the transition economies of South-East Europe, the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) and Georgia accounted for another 6 per cent of the global total.

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FII ACCORDING TO TYPE OF INVESTMENT
Source:UNCTAD
Cross-border mergers and acquisitions are rising, but Greenfield investment still dominates, as the following graph shows. Greenfield investment and M&A differ in their impacts on host economies, especially in the initial stages of investment. In the short run, M&As clearly do not bring the same development benefits as Greenfield investment projects, in terms of the creation of new productive capacity, additional value added, employment and so forth. The effect of M&As on, for example, host-country employment can even be negative, in cases of restructuring to achieve synergies.

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TNCs top prospective host economies for 20122014
The importance of developing regions to TNCs as locations for international production is also evident in the economies they selected as the most likely destinations for their FDI in the medium term. Among the top five, four are developing economies .Indonesia rose into the top five in this years survey, displacing Brazil in fourth place. South Africa entered the list of top prospective economies, ranking 14th with the Netherlands and Poland. Among developed countries, Australia and the United Kingdom moved up from their positions in last years survey, while Germany maintained its position. Source: UNCTAD survey 2011 FDI & FII Impact on Indian Economy
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If we analyze the above survey it can be said that the global capital which is not providing good returns in the developed economies is moving rapidly towards developing economies. Major developing economies like India,China,Brazil etc have emerged as the top destinations for FDI worldwide because the potential impact of the economic crisis enforce the shifting of geographical focus to developing and transition economies because of their much better economic performance than the developed countries .Factors such as weaker economic growth in developed countries and abnormal functioning of the world credit are putting pressures on the pace of recovery of FDI flows towards developed economies.
FDI Approval Route Foreign direct investments in India are approved through two routes

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1. Automatic approval by RBI The Reserve Bank of India accords automatic approval within a period of two weeks (subject to compliance of norms) to all proposals and permits foreign equity up to 24%; 50%; 51%; 74% and 100% is allowed depending on the category of industries and the sectoral caps applicable. The lists are comprehensive and cover most industries of interest to foreign companies. Investments in high priority industries or for trading companies primarily engaged in exporting are given almost automatic approval by the RBI. 2. The FIPB Route Processing of non-automatic approval cases FDI in activities not covered under the automatic route requires prior approval of the Government which are considered by the Foreign Investment Promotion Board (FIPB), Department of Economic Affairs, Ministry of Fina nce. Indian companies having foreign investment approval through FIPB route do not require any further clearance from the Reserve Bank of India for r eceiving inward remittance and for the issue of shares to the non-resident investors.
SECTOR SPECIFIC CONDITIONS ON FDI PROHIBITED SECTORS. 1. Retail Trading (except single brand product retailing) 2. Lottery Business including Government /private lottery, online lotteries, etc. 3. Gambling and Betting including casinos etc. 4. Chit funds 5. Nidhi company 6. Trading in Transferable Development Rights (TDRs) 7. Real Estate Business or Construction of Farm Houses 8. Manufacturing of Cigars, cheroots, cigarillos and cigarettes substitutes FDI & FII Impact on Indian Economy
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9. Activities / sectors not open to private sector investment e.g. Atomic Energy 10. Railway Transport (other than Mass Rapid Transport System
PERMITTED SECTORS In the following sectors/activities, FDI up to the limit indicated against each sector/activity is allowed, subject to applicable laws/ regulations; security and other conditionality. In sectors/activities not listed below, FDI is permitted upto 100% on the automatic route, subject to applicable laws/ regulations; security and other conditions. Sr. No. 1. 2. 3. 4. Hotel & Tourism NBFC Insurance Telecommunication: cellular, value added services ISPs with gateways, radio-paging Electronic Mail & Voice Mail 74% 100% 5. Trading companies: primarily export activities bulk imports, cash and carry 100% Automatic 51% Automatic 49% Above 49% need 100% 49% 26% Automatic Automatic Automatic Automatic Sector/Activity FDI cap/Equity Entry/Route
Govt. licence
wholesale trading

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6.
Power(other power plants)
than
atomic
reactor 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% Automatic Automatic Automatic Automatic Automatic Automatic
7. 8. 9. 10 11. 13.
Drugs & Pharmaceuticals Roads, Highways, Ports and Harbors Pollution Control and Management Call Centers BPO Airports: Greenfield projects Existing projects
100% 100% 49% 100% 100%
Automatic Beyond 74% FIPB FIPB FIPB FIPB FIPB
14 15. 16. 17.
Assets reconstruction company Cigars and cigarettes Courier services
Investing companies in infrastructure 49% (other than telecom sector)

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Foreign Direct Investment in India in the last 10 Years
It can be seen that the flow of FDI has consistent and gradually increasing over the years. There has been an increase of 129% i.e. Rs. 13851 Crores from the year 200001 to 2005-06 while the increase from 2005-06 to 2011-12 has been a phenomenal 607% i.e. from Rs. 24584 Cr to Rs. 173947 Cr which can be attributed to relaxation of foreign investment rules. Despite the global financial credit squeeze brought by the recession India continues to be an attractive destination for investment as there is tremendous potential for growth in the vast and diverse markets of our country. The bars from 2000-01 to 2004-05 have been almost hovering the same levels but importantly havent gone down which is because the foreign investors saw immense potential but were not getting enough incentives to enter with huge business propositions. The breakout came from the year 2005-06 when the investment nearly doubled as compared to 2000-01, after which there was no looking back as consistent economic growth, de-regulation, liberal investment rules, and operational flexibility helped increase the inflow of Foreign Direct Investment or FDI. So much so that even during the year 2008-09 when the recession had taken its toll on the western countries there was no indication of falling investment via the FDI route as can be seen from the chart. In fact during 2008-09 the chart shows that FDI breached the Rs. FDI & FII Impact on Indian Economy
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1 lakh crore marks. In percentage terms FDI inflow increased by 28% from 2007-08 to 2008-09.
SECTORS ATTRACTING HIGHEST FDI EQUITY INFLOWS:

DIFFERENT SECTORS ATTRACTING HIGHEST FDI EQUITY INFLOWS:
Note: Cumulative Sector- wise FDI equity inflows (from April 2000 to January 2012)
Source: Department of Industrial Policy & Promotion

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DIFFERENT SECTORS ATTRACTING HIGHEST FDI EQUITY INFLOWS
ANALYSIS
The sectors receiving the largest shares of total FDI inflows up to January 2012 were the services sector, Telecommunications each accounting for 20% and 8% respectively. These were followed by the Computer software and Hardware, real estate, construction and Drugs and Pharma sectors.

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Service sector
The services sector covers a wide range of activities from the most sophisticated information technology (IT) to simple services provided by the unorganized sector, such as the services of the barber and plumber. National Account classification of the services sector incorporate trade, hotels, and restaurants; transport, storage and communication; financing, insurance, real estate, and business services. In World Trade Organization (WTO) and Reserve Bank of India RBI classifications, construction is also included.
Source: Economic review 2011-2012 The services sector has been a major and vital force steadily driving growth in the Indian economy for more than a decade. The economy has successfully navigated The turbulent years of the recent global economic crisis because of the vitality of this Sector in the domestic economy and its prominent role in Indias external economic FDI & FII Impact on Indian Economy
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Interactions. In 2010, the share of services in the US$63 trillion world gross domestic product (GDP) was nearly 68 per cent, as in 2001. Indias performance in terms of this indicator is not only above that of other emerging developing economies, but also very close to that of the top developed countries. Among the top 12 countries with highest overall GDP in 2010, India ranks 8 and 11 in overall GDP and services GDP respectively. While countries like the UK, USA, and France have the highest share of services in GDP at above 78 per cent, Indias share of 57 per cent is much above that of China at 41.8 Per cent. In 2010 compared to 2001, India is the topmost country in terms of increase in its services share in GDP If we look at the above graph it is clearly seen that the service sector GDP growth clearly outperforms the overall GDP growth by a considerable margin so the growth in service sector GDP can be attributed to the continued inflow of FDI in that sector.

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TELECOM SECTOR FDI policy for the Telecom Sector is as under:

Sr. No. 1. Sector/Activity Basic and cellular, Unified Access Services, National/International Long Distance, and other value added telecom services FDI Cap/Equity 74% (including FDI, FII, NRI, FCCBs, ADRs, GDRs, convertible preference shares, and proportionate foreign equity in Indian promoters /Investing 2. ISP with gateways, radio-paging, end-to-end bandwidth. 3. a) ISP without gateway. b) Infrastructure provider providing dark fibre, right of way, duct space, tower. c) Electronic mail and 4. voice mail Manufacture of telecom equipments 100% Automatic FIPB beyond 49% 100% Company) 74% Automatic upto 49% FIPB beyond 49% Automatic up to 49% FIPB beyond 49% Entry route Automatic upto 49%.

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India is one of the world's fastest growing telecom markets, and this has acted as the primary driver for foreign and domestic telecommunication companies investing into the sector. Massive investments have been made in the telecom sector of India, both by the private and government sector. The telecom industry has witnessed significant growth in subscriber base over the last decade, with increasing network coverage and a competition-induced decline in tariffs acting as catalysts for the growth in subscriber base. The growth story and the potential have also served to attract newer players in the industry, with the result that the intensity of competition has kept increasing. The market share of the telecom companies reflects the fragmented nature of the industry, with as many as 15 players. As of January 31, 2012, Bharti telecom led the market with 19.6 per cent share, Reliance (16.7 per cent), Vodafone (16.4 per cent), Idea (11.9 per cent), BSNL (10.8 per cent), Tata (9.3 per cent), Aircel (6.9 per cent), with the remaining share being held by other smaller operators, according to Telecom Regulatory Authority of India (TRAI) database. Telecom Sector FDI Equity Inflows (US $ Million)
Note: FDI inflow for 2011-12 only uptil January 2012 Source: Department of Industrial Policy & Promotion FDI & FII Impact on Indian Economy
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Teledensity in India
Source: DOT Telecom sector FDI inflows increased by more than 100 % since 2007-2008.we can see robust FDI inflows in the two succeeding years from 2007-08 and that has contributed significantly to the rise of the telecom sector in India. Some of the biggest FDI inflows into the country relate to this sector viz. The NTT DOCOMOTata Teleservices joint venture worth $2.70 billion, the Vodafone deal which was worth US$ 11.1 billion, according to its chairman Mr. Analjit Singh Vodafone has

38
invested USD 26 billion in India from the time they came in 2007 till now. They have contributed USD 6 billion to the exchequer. The FDI investments in the sector went down considerably since 2010-11mainly due to the 2g scam and various other policy related matters. Even though the investments have gone down but the base for telecom revolution in India was created by the investments done prior to 2010-11 and that can be seen in the increase in the increased teledensity in India. Total numbers of telephone connections have grown from 98 million in 2005 to 846 million in 2011 i.e. a whopping increase of more than 760% in 6 years.
Pharma Sector
The DIPP data suggests that the drugs and pharmaceuticals sector has attracted an impressive level of FDI worth US$ 1,882.76 million during April 2000 to March 2011. Industrial licenses are not required in India for most of the drugs and pharmaceutical products. Manufacturers are free to produce any drug duly approved by the Drug Control Authority. Since 2006, as many as six big Indian pharma companies have been taken over by foreign firms. About $4.73 billion or 50 percent of the recorded FDI in the sector since the year 2000 has been in the form of mergers and acquisitions. In the year 2006, Matrix Lab was sold to the US-based company Mylan. In 2008, Dabur Pharma was bought by Singapore-based Fresenius Kabi. Again in the same year, Ranbaxy was taken over by the Japanese company, Diachii Sankyo. The year 2009 witnessed two major deals in which Shantha Biotech was taken over by the French major Sanofi Aventis and the US-based company Hospira took over Orchid Chemicals. The latest example is of Piramal Healthcare, which was bought in the year 2010 by the US multinational, Abbot Laboratories.

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COUNTRY-WISE INFLOW OF FDI

DIFFERENT COUNTRIES ATTRACTING HIGHEST FDI EQUITY INFLOWS:

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DIFFERENT COUNTRIES ATTRACTING HIGHEST FDI EQUITY INFLOWS: FDI & FII Impact on Indian Economy
41
Indias 83% of cumulative FDI is contributed by eight countries while remaining 17% by the rest of the world. Indias perception abroad has been changing steadily over the years. This is reflected in the ever growing list of countries that are showing interest to invest in India. Mauritius emerged as the most dominant source of FDI contributing 39% of the total investment in the country since 2000. Singapore was the second dominant source of FDI inflows with 10% of the total inflows. However, USA slipped to fourth position by contributing 6% of the total inflows. Japan moved to third with investments of 8% FDI from Mauritius to India is the highest in comparison with all the other countries that invest in India. FDI from Mauritius to India is the highest due to the special treatment of tax given in India to the investments that come through Mauritius. The India-Mauritius Double Taxation Avoidance Agreement (DTAA) was signed in 1982 and has played an important role in facilitating foreign investment in India via Mauritius. It has emerged as the largest source of foreign direct investment (FDI) in India, accounting for 39 per cent of inflows between April 2000 and February 2011.

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A large number of foreign institutional investors (FIIs) who trade on the Indian stock markets operate from Mauritius A large number of Foreign Institutional Investors who trade on the Indian stock markets operate from Mauritius. According to the tax treaty between India and Mauritius, Capital Gains arising from the sale of shares is taxable in the country of residence of the shareholder and not in the country of residence of the Company whose shares have been sold. Therefore, a company resident in Mauritius selling shares of an Indian company will not pay tax in India. Since there is no Capital gains tax in Mauritius, the gain will escape tax altogether. For instance, a company from the UK may desire to invest in India. It may initiate, conduct and conclude all negotiations and agreements from the UK. But before the actual investment, it may purchase a shell company in a tax haven, say, Mauritius, and route its investment through that Mauritian company. Since technically or artificially the investment is made from out of a Mauritian company, it may seek to claim the Indo-Mauritian DTAA rather than the Indo-UK DTAA and, as such, would capitalize on the tax-effectiveness of the former treaty. This way, either India or the UK may be deprived of their share of higher revenue available to them under the Indo-UK DTAA. Since such investing company `shop around treaties artificially (rather than DTAA to which they are naturally subject), it is graphically described `treaty shopping.

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TOP 10 FDI EQUITY INFLOW CASES

(APRIL 2000 TO JANUARY 2012)

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CHAPTER III
FOREIGN INSTITUTIONAL INVESTMENT

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FOREIGN INSTITUTIONAL INVESTMENT (FII)

Background Indian Markets have been one of the most attractive investment places for the FII's. India being a developing nation attracts the foreign flows looking at the growth potential in the Indian Economy. The FII's contribute a major chunk of volumes on the Indian bourses and this in turn impacts the market moves. In case of recession in the world economies, the foreign investors look for saver bets and India with a rising GDP where other nations GDP / Growth is shrinking has always offered greater investment avenues. Indian Markets have been the clear outperformers vis-a-vis the global markets in the past years. HISTORY OF FOREIGN INSTITUTIONAL INVESTORS Since 1990-91, the Government of India embarked on liberalization and economic reforms with a view of bringing about rapid and substantial economic growth and move towards globalization of the economy. As a part of the reforms process, the Government under its New Industrial Policy revamped its foreign investment policy recognizing the growing importance of foreign direct investment as an instrument of technology transfer, augmentation of foreign exchange reserves and globalization of the Indian economy. Simultaneously, the Government, for the first time, permitted portfolio investments from abroad by foreign institutional investors in the Indian capital market. The entry of FIIs seems to be a follow up of the recommendation of the Narsimhan Committee Report on Financial System. While recommending their entry, the Committee, however did not elaborate on the objectives of the suggested policy. The committee only suggested that the capital market should be gradually opened up to foreign portfolio investments. From September 14, 1992 with suitable restrictions, Foreign Institutional Investors were permitted to invest in all the FDI & FII Impact on Indian Economy
46
securities traded on the primary and secondary markets, including shares, debentures and warrants issued by companies which were listed or were to be listed on the Stock Exchanges in India. While presenting the Budget for 1992-93, the then Finance Minister Dr. Manmohan Singh had announced a proposal to allow reputed foreign investors, such as Pension Funds etc., to invest in Indian capital market.
Foreign Institutional Investment As defined by the European Union Foreign Institutional Investment is an investment in a foreign stock market by the specialized financial intermediaries managing savings collectively on behalf of investors, especially small investors, towards specific objectives in term of risk, return and maturity of claims. SEBIs Definition of FIIs presently includes foreign pension funds, mutual funds, charitable/endowment/university funds, asset management companies and other money managers operating on their behalf in a foreign stock market. Foreign institutional investment is liquid nature investment, which is motivated by international portfolio diversification benefits for individuals and institutional investors in industrial country. Explanation It refers to the purchase of stocks, bonds, debentures or other securities by an FII. FIIs include pension funds, mutual funds, investment trusts, asset management companies, nominee companies and incorporated/institutional portfolio managers. In contrast to FDI, FIIs do not invest with the intention of gaining controlling interest in a company. They typically make short-term investments. These investments are made-to- book profits. Compared to FDI, a portfolio investor can enter and exit countries with relative ease. This is a major contributing factor to the increasing volatility and instability of the global financial system. Because of the very nature of such investment, FII money is also called hot money. The rapid outflow of hot money, in the recent past, has created exchange-rate problems in Argentina and in FDI & FII Impact on Indian Economy
47
Southeast Asia. Since FIIs are very sensitive, a mere change in perception about an economy can prompt them to pull out investments from a country.
Market design in India for foreign institutional investors in India

Foreign Institutional Investors means an institution established or incorporated outside India which proposes to make investment in India in securities. A Working Group for Streamlining of the Procedures relating to FIIs, constituted in April, 2003, inter alia, recommended streamlining of SEBI registration procedure, and suggested that dual approval process of SEBI and RBI be changed to a single approval process of SEBI. This recommendation was implemented in December 2003. Currently, entities eligible to invest under the FII route are as follows:
As FII: Overseas pension funds, mutual funds, investment trust, asset management company, nominee company, bank, institutional portfolio manager, university funds, endowments, foundations, charitable trusts, charitable societies, a trustee or power of attorney holder incorporated or established outside India proposing to make proprietary investments or with no single investor holding more than 10 per cent of the shares or units of the fund.
As Sub-accounts: The Sub account is generally the underlying fund on whose behalf the FII invests. The following entities are eligible to be registered as subaccounts, viz. partnership firms, private company, public company, pension fund, investment trust, and individuals. A domestic portfolio manager or a domestic asset management company shall also be eligible to be registered as FII to manage the funds of sub-accounts. FIIs registered with SEBI fall under the following categories: Regular FIIs- those who are required to invest not less than 70 % of their investment in equity-related instruments and 30 % in non-equity instruments. 100 % debt-fund FIIs- those who are permitted to invest only in debt instruments. FDI & FII Impact on Indian Economy
48
The Government guidelines for FII of 1992 allowed, inter-alia, entities such as asset management companies, nominee companies and incorporated/institutional portfolio managers or their power of attorney holders (providing discretionary and nondiscretionary portfolio management services) to be registered as FIIs. While the guidelines did not have a specific provision regarding clients, in the application form the details of clients on whose behalf investments were being made were sought. While granting registration to the FII, permission was also granted for making investments in the names of such clients. Asset management companies/portfolio managers are basically in the business of managing funds and investing them on behalf of their funds/clients. Hence, the intention of the guidelines was to allow these categories of investors to invest funds in India on behalf of their 'clients'. These 'clients' later came to be known as sub-accounts. The broad strategy consisted of having a wide variety of clients, including individuals, intermediated through institutional investors, who would be registered as FIIs in India. FIIs are eligible to purchase shares and convertible debentures issued by Indian companies under the Portfolio Investment Scheme. Who can be registered as an FII? The applicant should be any of the following categories: 1. Pension funds 2. Mutual funds 3. Investment trust 4. Insurance or reinsurance companies 5. Endowment funds 6. University funds 7. Foundations or charitable trusts or charitable societies who propose to invest on their own behalf and a) Asset management companies b) Nominee companies c) Institutional portfolio managers d) Trustees FDI & FII Impact on Indian Economy
49
e) Power of attorney holders f) Bank Who propose to invest their proprietary funds or on behalf of broad based funds or on of foreign corporate and individuals. Prohibitions on Investments: Foreign Institutional Investors are not permitted to invest in equity issued by an Asset Reconstruction Company. They are also not allowed to invest in any company which is engaged or proposes to engage in the following activities:

Business of chit fund Nidhi Company Agricultural or plantation activities Real estate business or construction of farm houses (real estate business does not include development of townships, construction of residential/commercial premises, roads or bridges) Reasons for strong flow of FIIs in India FIIs attracted by the fast growing economy of India and strong performance of Indian companies have been attracted towards India to an extent that India has gone on to become the preferred investment destination. The primary reasons for India being a preferred destination for FIIs are:

Global liquidity into the equity markets. Improved performance and competitiveness of Indian firms. Opening up of Indian economy. Cheap labor and other factors of production. Highly developed stock market and high degree of vigilance over it. Tax Incentives. Regulation and Trading Efficiencies F and O Segment
Role of FIIs:
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The Indian stock market has come of age and has substantially aligned itself with the international order. Market has also witnessed a growing trend of 'institutionalization' that may be considered as a consequence of globalization. It is influence of the FIIs which changed the face of the Indian stock markets. Screen based trading and depository are realities today largely because of FIIs.
FII which based the pressure on the rupee from the balance of payments position and lowered the cost of capital to Indian business. FIIs are the trendsetters in any market. They were the first ones to identify the potential of Indian technology stocks. When the rest of the investors invested in these scrips, they exited the scrips and booked profits.
Rolling settlement was introduced at the insistence of FIIs as they were uncomfortable with the badla system.
The FIIs are playing an important role in bringing in funds needed by the equity market.
The increase in the volume of activity on stock exchanges with the advent of on screen trading coupled with operational inefficiencies of the former settlement and clearing system led to the emergence of a new system called the depository System.
Flow of money into Indian economy via FIIs has been increasing at a rapid rate. This has forced economist and policy makers to consider impacts of this inflow on the macro economic factors as well. This has resulted in deeper analysis of factors like Interest Rate, Inflation Rate, GDP and Exchange Rate etc. both in short term as well as long term
Registration Process of FIIs FIIs are required to obtain a certificate by SEBI for dealing in securities. SEBI grants the certificate SEBI by taking into account the following criteria:

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i) The applicant's track record, professional competence, financial soundness, experience, general reputation of fairness and integrity. ii) Whether the applicant is regulated by an appropriate foreign regulatory authority. iii) Whether the applicant has been granted permission under the provisions of the Foreign Exchange Regulation Act, 1973 (46 of 1973) by the Reserve Bank of India for making investments in India as a Foreign Institutional Investor. iv) Whether the applicant is a) an institution established or incorporated outside India as a pension fund, mutual fund, investment trust, insurance company or reinsurance company. b) an International or Multilateral Organization or an agency thereof or a Foreign Governmental Agency or a Foreign Central Bank. c) an asset management company, investment manager or advisor, nominee company, bank or institutional portfolio manager, established or incorporated outside India and proposing to make investments in India on behalf of broad based funds and its proprietary funds in if any or d) university fund, endowments, foundations or charitable trusts or charitable societies. v) Whether the grant of certificate to the applicant is in the interest of the development of the securities market. vi) Whether the applicant is a fit and proper person. The SEBIs initial registration is valid for a period of three years from the date of its grant of renewal.
Investment Conditions and Restrictions for FIIs:

1. A Foreign Institutional Investor may invest only in the following:(a) Securities in the primary and secondary markets including shares, debentures and warrants of companies, unlisted, listed or to be listed on a recognized stock exchange in India. (b) Units of schemes floated by domestic mutual funds including Unit Trust of India, whether listed or not listed in a recognized stock exchange (c) Dated Government securities. FDI & FII Impact on Indian Economy
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(d) Derivatives traded on a recognized stock exchange. (e) Commercial paper. (f) Security receipts 2. The total investments in equity and equity related instruments (including fully convertible debentures, convertible portion of partially convertible debentures and tradable warrants) made by a Foreign Institutional Investor in India, whether on his own account or on account of his sub- accounts, should not be less than seventy per cent of the aggregate of all the investments of the Foreign Institutional Investor in India, made on his own account and on account of his sub-accounts. However, this is not applicable to any investment of the foreign institutional investor either on its own account or on behalf of its sub-accounts in debt securities which are unlisted or listed or to be listed on any stock exchange if the prior approval of the SEBI has been obtained for such investments. Further, SEBI while granting approval for the investments may impose conditions as are necessary with respect to the maximum amount which can be invested in the debt securities by the foreign institutional investor on its own account or through its sub-accounts. A foreign corporate or individual is not eligible to invest through the hundred percent debt route. Even investments made by FIIs in security receipts issued by securitization companies or asset reconstruction companies under the Securitization and Reconstruction of Financial Assets and Enforcement of Security Interest Act, 2002 are not eligible for the investment limits mentioned above. No foreign institutional investor should invest in security receipts on behalf of its sub-account. Increasing Trend of FIIs Portfolio investments in India include investments in American Depository Receipts (ADRs)/ Global Depository Receipts (GDRs), Foreign Institutional Investments and investments in offshore funds. Before 1992, only Non-Resident Indians (NRIs) and Overseas Corporate Bodies were allowed to undertake portfolio investments in India. Thereafter, the Indian stock markets were opened up for direct participation by FIIs. They were allowed to invest in all the securities traded on the primary and the secondary market including the equity and other securities/instruments of companies FDI & FII Impact on Indian Economy
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listed/to be listed on stock exchanges in India. It can be observed from the table below that India is one of the preferred investment destinations for FIIs over the years. SEBI Registered FIIs Year 2001-02 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 2005-06 2006-07 2007-08 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11 2011-12 Source: www.sebi.gov.in Number of FIIs 490 502 540 685 882 996 1219 1334 1729 1767 1758
2011-12 data till June 2012
The diversity of FIIs has been increasing with the number of registered FIIs in India steadily rising over the years. The names of some prominent FIIs registered are: United Nations for and on behalf of the United Nations Joint Staff Pension Fund, Public School Retirement System of Missouri, Treasurer of the State North Carolina Equity Investment Fund Pooled Trust, the Growth Fund of America, AIM Funds Management Inc, etc. NET FII INVESTMENTS OVER THE YEARS

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Year 2012 2011 2010 2009 2008 2007 2006 2005 2004 2003 2002
FII Activity for previous years Gross Purchase Gross (Cr) Sale (Cr) 277,696.30 235,201.50 611,055.60 613,770.80 766,283.20 633,017.10 624,239.70 540,814.70 721,607.00 774,594.30 814,877.90 743,392.00 475,624.90 439,084.10 286,021.40 238,840.90 185,672.00 146,706.80 94,412.00 63,953.50 46,479.10 42,849.80
Net Investment (Cr) 42,494.70 -2,714.20 133,266.80 83,424.20 -52,987.40 71,486.30 36,540.20 47,181.90 38,965.80 30,459.00 3,629.60
SOURCE:INDIA INFOLINE Data for 2012 upto may 2012.

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Divergent views on FII

FIIs inducing instability to Stock Markets Many experts consider FIIs to be "Fair Weather Friends", who come in bulk when there is money to be made and leave abruptly at the first sign of impending trouble in the host country, thereby inducing undesirable risk and uncertainty into markets. A good recent example is evident from FII behavior in last eighteen months itself. Better fundamentals of Indian economy as compared to the western economies, attracted and prompted FIIs to invest aggressively here, raising the total to a astronomical figure of $ 20 billion. This almost single handily took the Sensex to touch the 20,000 mark again. However, come November 2010, few local factors like inflation, lower IIP and internal political drama, resulted in major square off of FII positions in no time, thereby pushing the market into a sluggish and corrective mode. There are other disturbing instances when the FIIs became the agents triggering a blood bath at Dalal Street. On 16th Oct, 2007 Finance Minister Mr. P. Chidambaram made a statement expressing his apprehensions over the usage offshore derivative instrument: P-notes, through which the FIIs made about 60% of their investment in India. Little did the market analysts or the Finance Minister knew that this seemingly ordinary statement would have the potential to inflict a deadly free fall of the market indices. The markets crashed by a staggering 9% within few hours, registering one of the biggest absolute fall in Indian stock market history. The consequences were so severe that the markets had to be closed down for an hour and Mr. Chidambaram had to call a press conference to rephrase his statements. It was yet another alarming call to the domestic investors that woke them up to the rising dominance and influence of the FIIs on Indian Stock Markets. The Alternate View There is another set of experts who believe that FIIs are life blood for an emerging economy like India. They augment domestic saving without increasing foreign debt, provide vital liquidity to Indian companies to sustain road to growth, reduce cost of equity capital and help reduce deficit of Balance of payments (BOP). Also these FDI & FII Impact on Indian Economy
56
experts believe that FIIs, like any other investors buy or sell according to prevailing sentiments in the market, rather than creating any sentiments that drive the markets. Hence there lies a conflict between the pros and cons of FIIs and the all important question regarding the role of FIIs in deciding the fate of our stock markets
Relationship between FII inflow and Sensex

YEAR 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 NET FII INVESTMENTS 47181.9 36540.2 71486.3 -52987.4 83424.2 133266.8 2714.2 42263.3 BSE SENSEX CLOSING 9397.93 13786.91 20286.99 9647.31 17464.81 20509.1 15454.9 16950

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Source:BSE & SEBI
From the above charts it is clear that net FII investments at BSE show a similar pattern to the Yearly average closings. The blue bars denoting the net FII can be called a volatile from the chart as there are sudden sharp drops and sharp rises. It has no fixed pattern. The net FII started declining from 2007-08 till the middle of 200809 which caused a sharp fall in Sensex also which went below the 10000 level in 2007-08 falling by almost 52% as compared to the previous year. But the FIIs started pouring in again from the end of 2009 after the governments abroad started providing bail-out packages, sops and various other incentives to the ailing companies. The Sensex also rises sharply from 2008-09 after the FIIs turned into net buyers and hence a similar pattern can be found between these two. Conclusion & Recommendations The study conducted for the time frame from 2005 to 2012, supports the FII inducing volatility and driving the market indices theory to a substantial level. Compared to security markets in developed economies, Indian markets being narrower and shallower, allows foreign investors with access to significant funds, to FDI & FII Impact on Indian Economy
58
become the dominant player in determining the course of markets. Because of their over sensitive investment behavior and herding nature, FIIs are capable of causing severe capital out flight abruptly, tumbling share prices in no time and making stock markets unstable and unpredictable. In the process, more often than not, the domestic individual investors are on the receiving end, losing their precious savings in such outrageous speculative trading. India as an emerging economic power cannot afford to be intimidated down by the FIIs every now and then. We need formidable Domestic Investors which can pump in liquidity even during cash crunch circumstances thereby fuelling the development. With savings to the tune of roughly 35% of GDP, India can use this to its strength by formulating policies which ensure that domestic funds like Pension Funds, Provident Funds & other Large Corpus Funds have a greater exposure to the equity market. The foreign investment in India should be encouraged, but only from a strategic long term perspective. Derivative instruments which facilitate long term foreign investment with specified lock in periods should be introduced. Sustained long term foreign investments would not only contribute to India's growth but also help in curbing volatility, maintaining currency stability and creating environment for inclusive economic development. FIIs IMPACT ON EXCHANGE RATES To understand the implications of FII on the exchange rates we have to understand how the value of one currency goes up (appreciates) or goes down against the other currency. The simple way of understanding is through Demand and Supply. If say US imports from India it is creating a demand for Rupee thus the Indian rupee appreciates w.r.t the dollar. If India imports then the dollar appreciates w.r.t the Indian rupee. Now considering FIIs for every dollar that they bring into the country, there is a demand for rupee created and the RBI has to print and release the money in the country. Since the FIIs are creating a demand for rupee, it appreciates w.r.t the dollar. Thus if for e.g. if prior to the demand the exchange rate was 1 USD = Rs 40, it could become 1 USD = Rs 39 after they invets. Similarly when FII withdraw the FDI & FII Impact on Indian Economy
59
capital from the markets, they need to earn back the U.S Dollar so that leads to a demand for dollars the rupee depreciates. 1 USD goes back to Rs. 40. Thus FII inflows make the currency of the country invested in appreciate and their selling and disinvestment may lead to depreciation. Depreciating currency not favorable to the FIIs: considering a simple hypothetical example. I invested 1 USD in India at an exchange rate of 1 USD = Rs. 40. If rupee appreciates the exchange rates become 1 USD = Rs. 20. Now if I disinvest I get 2 dollars, whereas I invested only 1 USD thereby a gain of 1 USD. (Though in real terms the purchasing power of my dollar might decrease as my import cost would increase, and cost of living back home may increase, but when I do consider practical examples there is always a gain for FII whenever the currency of the country invested in appreciates w.r.t the home currency) Similarly when rupee depreciates w.r.t US Dollar and exchange rate becomes 1 USD = Rs. 80 I get only 0.5 Dollar and I lose 0.5 of the 1 USD invested. Thus we observe that for the FIIs to gain investing in India the rupee should appreciate w.r.t the dollar.

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Source:SEBI & Moneycontrol
The above diagram brings to light a very important occurrence regarding Net FII and the Foreign Exchange Rate. It can be seen that whenever the red line (foreign exchange rate) goes up the blue line (Net FII) goes down. If we look at the graph for the last 5 years we find that during the recession of 2008 when the FIIs pulled out money from nearly every emerging economy including India, we see that there is an appreciation in the value of rupee from 39 to around 48, Similar relation can be concluded from the year 2010 and 2011.

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Here also we can clearly see that when the FIIs were net purchasers in the month of January and February the $ rates came down from 49.68 to 48.94 and similarly the rupee started appreciating from the month of April when the FIIs turned net sellers. The fall in April started after the passing of the union budget which leads us to conclude that the fall in the value was majorly the implications of GAAR provisions which speaks about retrospective taxation and also due to the worsening condition in the Euro zone.

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This data is presented for a very short run period from May 28 to June 28.the value of the rupee appreciated from 55.1846 on 28 may to 57.0147 on 25 June, this can be considered to be a very big rise in less than a month and on may 28 the US dollar settled at INR 56.8554.The reason for this is that FIIs have been net sellers for the major part of june from the dates for which the data has been collected they have sold worth Rs 2212 Cr and purchased worth Rs 1077.Now the appreciation in the rupee in the last few days that is on 29 th June can be attributed to the government giving a clarification on GAAR which is related to the FIIs coming to India via Mauritius and also to the European Union leaders sensible decision to create a single supervisory body for Euro zone banks with active involvement of the European Central bank by the end 2012.

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Level of co-relation between FII and Sensex

Correlations fiiinvestm sense ent x 1 .734* .038 8 1
fiiinvestm Pearson ent Correlation Sig. (2-tailed) N sensex Pearson Correlation Sig. (2-tailed) N *. Correlation is significant (2-tailed).
8 .734*
.038 8 8 at the 0.05 level
It has been found by Pearson Correlation that the BSE Sensex and foreign institutional investment has followed a close relationship. The Pearson correlation values indicate positive correlation between the foreign institutional investments and the movement of Sensex (Pearson correlation value is (0.734).
Level of co-relation between FII and Banking Index

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Correlations FIIinvestment FIIinvestment Pearson Correlation Sig. (2-tailed) N Bankex Pearson Correlation Sig. (2-tailed) N *. Correlation is significant at the 0.05 level (2-tailed). 8 .707
*
Bankex 1 .707* .050 8 1
.050 8 8
It has been founded by the study that BSE Banking Index and foreign institutional investment has followed a close relationship. The Pearson correlation values indicate positive correlation between the foreign institutional investments and the movement of Banking Index. (pearson correlation value is (0.707).
Level of co-relation between FII and Capital goods.

Correlations FIIinvestment Capitalgoodsindex FIIinvestment Pearson Correlation Sig. (2-tailed) N Capitalgoodsindex Pearson Correlation Sig. (2-tailed) N 8 .679 .064 8 8 1 .679 .064 8 1
It has been found by Pearson Correlation that the Capital goods Index and foreign institutional investment has followed a close relationship. The Pearson correlation values indicate positive correlation between the foreign institutional investments and the movement of Capital goods index (Pearson correlation value is (0.679). FDI & FII Impact on Indian Economy
65
Level of co-relation between FII and Power Index

Correlations Powerindex FIIinvestment Powerindex Pearson Correlation Sig. (2-tailed) N FIIinvestment Pearson Correlation Sig. (2-tailed) N 8 .553 .155 8 8 1 .553 .155 8 1
It has been found by Pearson Correlation that the BSE Power Index and foreign institutional investment has followed a close relationship. The Pearson correlation values indicate positive correlation between the foreign institutional investments and the movement of Power Index (Pearson correlation value is (0.553).
Issues concerning FIIs in India

Participatory Notes Participatory Notes commonly known as P-Notes or PNs are instruments issued by registered foreign institutional investors to overseas investors, who wish to invest in the Indian stock markets without registering themselves with the market regulator, the Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI).Indian-based brokerages buy Indiabased securities on behalf of these unregistered overseas investors and then issue participatory notes to foreign investors. Any dividends or capital gains collected from the underlying securities go back to the investors.SEBI permitted FIIs to register and participate in the Indian stock market in 1992.Investing through P-Notes is very simple and hence very popular amongst FIIs. FDI & FII Impact on Indian Economy
66
Participatory notes have attracted significant market attention recently because of huge inflow of foreign funds into Indian stock markets through this route. Since the ultimate beneficiary of transactions carried out using participatory notes is not known to the market regulator and the tax authorities, there is scope for misuse and tax avoidance. Also, since participatory notes do not attract the attention of the market regulators of the countries in which they are issued, the entities holding participatory notes virtually go unregulated. As per the latest data available with market regulator SEBI, the total value of PNs in Indian markets stood at about Rs 1,30,012 crore (about USD 25 billion) at the end of April 2012, down from Rs 1,83,151 crore at the end of February and Rs 1,65,832 crore as on March 31, 2012.
Participatory Notes Crisis of 2007

On the 16th of October, 2007, SEBI (Securities & Exchange Board of India) proposed curbs on participatory notes which accounted for roughly 50% of FII investment in 2007. SEBI was not happy with P-Notes because it is not possible to know who owns the underlying securities and hedge funds acting through PNs might therefore cause volatility in the Indian markets. However the proposals of SEBI were not clear and this led to a knee-jerk crash when the markets opened on the following day (October 17, 2007). Within a minute of opening trade, the Sensex crashed by 1744 points or about 9% of its value - the biggest intra-day fall in Indian stock-markets in absolute terms. This led to automatic suspension of trade for 1 hour. Finance Minister P.Chidambaram issued clarifications, in the meantime, that the government was not against FIIs and was not immediately banning PNs. After the markets opened at 10:55 am, they staged a remarkable comeback and ended the day at 18715.82, down just 336.04 from Tuesdays close after tumbling to a days low of 17307.90. This was, however not the end of the volatility. The next day (October 18, 2007), the Sensex tumbled by 717.43 points 3.83 per cent to 17998.39, its second biggest fall. The slide continued the next day when the Sensex fell 438.41 points to settle at FDI & FII Impact on Indian Economy
67
17559.98 at the end of the week, after touching the lowest level of that week at 17226.18 during the day. The SEBI chief, M.Damodaran held an hour long conference on the 22nd of October to clear the air on the proposals to curb PNs where he announced that funds investing through PNs were most welcome to register as FIIs, whose registration process would be made faster and more streamlined. The markets welcomed the clarifications with an 879-point gain its biggest single-day surge on October23, thus signaling the end of the PN crisis. SEBI issued the fresh rules regarding PNs on the 25th of October, 2007 which said that FIIs cannot issue fresh P-Notes and existing exposures were to be wound up within 18 months. The Sensex gave thumbs up the next day - Friday, 26 October by re-crossing the 19,000 barrier with a 428 point surge. The coming Monday (October 29, 2007) history was created when the Sensex leaped 734.5 points to cross the hallowed 20,000 mark.
GAAR
GAAR originally proposed in the Direct Taxes Code, is targeted at arrangements or transactions made specifically to avoid taxes. The government had decided to advance the introduction of GAAR and implement it from the current financial year itself. More than 30 countries have introduced GAAR provisions in their respective tax codes to check evasion. GAAR allows tax authorities to call a business arrangement or a transaction 'impermissible avoidance arrangement' if they feel it has been primarily entered into to avoid taxes. Once an arrangement is ruled 'impermissible' then the tax authorities can deny tax benefits. Most aggressive tax avoidance arrangements would be under the risk of being termed impermissible. The rule can apply on domestic as well as overseas transactions. It is a very broad based provision and can easily be applied to most tax-saving arrangements. Many experts feel that the provision would give unbridled powers to tax officers, allowing them to question any tax saving deal. Foreign institutional investors are worried that their investments routed through Mauritius could be denied tax benefits enjoyed by them under the Indo-Mauritius tax FDI & FII Impact on Indian Economy
68
treaty. The proposal has hit the stock market as FII inflows dropped on concerns, and the rupee hit an all time low to the dollar. The Indian law taxes gains derived from the sale of shares irrespective of whether the shareholder is a resident or nonresident. Under India's tax treaty with Mauritius, gains derived by a resident of Mauritius from the sale of shares in an Indian company are taxable only in Mauritius and as it does not tax capital gains, the transaction escapes tax in both countries. Foreign investors have been using the Mauritius holding company structure to make investments in India right from the early 1990s. Following the liberalization of the Indian economy, the Indo-Mauritius DTAA, was "discovered" as an effective mechanism to avoid capital gains tax on sale of shares in Indian companies. A Foreign enterprise can set up a subsidiary in Mauritius, and use it to derive capital gains from acquisition and sale of shares. Although India follows the source rule for taxation of non-residents, which makes this transaction taxable under the Income Tax Act, 1961, Article 13(4) of the DTAA gives Mauritius the right to tax this transaction. Since such gains are exempt from tax in Mauritius, the transaction becomes completely tax exempt, resulting in double non-taxation. As a result, much of the Mauritian investment into India is actually round tripping by Indian companies setting up a Mauritian entity to avoid capital gains tax in India.
Source:SEBI

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The above figure illustrates daily movement of FII flows in India from 16 th March, 2012 when the Finance Minister announced the implementation of GAAR. It can be observed there has been an outflow of dollars to the effect of $ 1 bn during this period. This has also had an impact on the exchange rate which has depreciated from Rs 50.31 on March 16th, 2012 to Rs 51.16 on March-end and further to Rs 52.51 and Rs 53.72 on April end and May 4th, 2012 respectively. This was notwithstanding the fact that forex reserves had remained largely stable, increasing from $294.8 bn on March 16th to $ 295.4 bn on April 27th.Clearly the sentiment was affected which drove the rupee down further. Response of the Government GAAR will now be applicable from April 1st, 2013. Further this rule would only be invoked when there are specific complaints and it will not be easy for assessing tax officers to invoke GAAR. The onus to prove that an arrangement is 'impermissible' will lie with the tax department. Also to provide greater clarity and certainty in the matters relating to GAAR, a Committee has been constituted under the chairmanship of Director General of Income Tax to give recommendations for formulating the rules and guideline for implementation of GAAR provision and to suggest safeguards so that the provisions are not applied indiscriminately.
HOT MONEY
Hot money is a term that is most commonly used in financial markets to refer to the flow of funds (or capital) from one country to another in order to earn a short-term profit on interest rate differences and/or anticipated exchange rate shifts. These speculative capital flows are called "hot money" because they can move very quickly in and out of markets, potentially leading to market instability large and sudden inflows of capital with short term investment horizon have negative macroeconomic effects, including rapid monetary expansion, inflationary pressures, real exchange rate appreciation and widening current account deficits. Especially, FDI & FII Impact on Indian Economy
70
when capital flows in volume into small and shallow local financial markets, the exchange rate tends to appreciate, asset prices to rally and local commodity prices to boom. These favorable asset price movements improve national fiscal indicators and encourage domestic credit expansion. These, in turn, exacerbate structural weakness in the domestic bank sector. When global investors' sentiment on emerging markets shift, the flows reverse and asset prices give back their gains, often forcing a painful adjustment on the economy The following are the details of the dangers that hot money presents to the receiving country's economy: Inflow of massive capital with short investment horizon (hot money) could cause asset price to rally and inflation to rise. The sudden inflow of large amounts of foreign money would increase the monetary base of the receiving country (if the central bank is pegging the currency), which would help create credit boom. This, in turn, would result in such a situation in which "too much money chase too few goods". Consequences of this would be inflation. Furthermore, hot money could lead to exchange rate appreciation or even cause exchange rate overshooting. And if this exchange rate appreciation persists, it would hurt the competitiveness of respective country's export sector by making the country's exports more expensive compared to similar foreign goods and services.
Sudden outflow of hot money, which would always certainly happen, would deflate asset prices and could cause the collapse value of the currency of respective country. This is especially so in countries with relatively scarce internationally liquid assets. There is growing agreement that this was the case in the 1997 East Asian Financial Crisis. In the run-up to the crises, firms and private firms in South Korea, Thailand and Indonesia accumulated large amounts of short term foreign debt (a type of hot money). The three countries shared a common characteristic of having large ratio of short term foreign
debt to international reserves. When the capital starts to flow out, it caused a FDI & FII Impact on Indian Economy
71
collapse in asset prices and exchange rates. The financial panic fed on itself causing foreign creditors to call in loans and depositors withdraw funds from banks, all of these magnified the illiquidity of the domestic financial system and forced yet another round of costly asset liquidations and price deflation. In all of the three countries, the domestic financial institutions came to the brink of default on their external short term obligations.

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CHAPTER IV CONCLUSION
What does India Need - FDI or FII FDI usually is associated with export growth. It comes only when all the criteria to set up an export industry are met. That includes, reduced taxes, favorable labor law, FDI & FII Impact on Indian Economy
73
freedom to move money in and out of country, government assistance to acquire land, full grown infrastructure, reduced bureaucratic involvement etc. IT, BPO, Auto Parts, Pharmaceuticals, unexplored service sectors including accounting; drug testing, medical care etc are key sectors for foreign investment. Manufacturing is a brick and mortar investment. It is permanent and stays in the country for a very long time. Huge investments are needed to set this industry. It provides employment potential to semi skilled and skilled labor. On the other hand the service sector requires fewer but highly skilled workers. Both are needed in India. If India plays its cards right India may be the hub for the service sector. Still high end manufacturing in auto parts and pharmaceuticals should be Indias target. The FII (Foreign Institutional Investor) is monies, which chases the stocks in the market place. It is not exactly brick and mortar money, but in the long run it may translate into brick and mortar. Sudden influx of this drives the stock market up as too much money chases too little stock. Where FDI is a bit of a permanent nature, the FII flies away at the shortest political or economical disturbance. The Global Recession of 2008 is a key example of the latter. Once this money leaves, it leaves ruined economy and ruined lives behind. Hence FII is to be welcomed with strict political and economical discipline.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
www.dipp.nic.in

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www.sebi.gov.in
www.bseindia.com
www.rbi.org.in
www.unctad.org
www.indiainfoline.com
www.thehindu.com

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FDI & FII Impact on Indian Economy Report

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A Project report On

FDI & FII IMPACT ON INDIAN ECONOMY

Prof. Furquan shaikh

MMS Batch: 2011 2013.

Rizvi Institute of Management Studies & Research Khan Mohd Salman

FDI & FII IMPACT ON INDIAN ECONOMY

_______________ Prof. Furquaan shaikh Project Guide

________________ Prof Umar Farooq Academic Coordinator

_________________ _____________ Dr Kalim Khan Director

Rizvi Institute of Management Studies & Research Khan Mohd Salman

Rizvi Institute of Management Studies & Research Khan Mohd Salman

Rizvi Institute of Management Studies & Research Khan Mohd Salman

Rizvi Institute of Management Studies & Research Khan Mohd Salman

FDI & FII Impact on Indian Economy

Rizvi Institute of Management Studies & Research Khan Mohd Salman

Rizvi Institute of Management Studies & Research Khan Mohd Salman

FDI & FII Impact on Indian Economy

Rizvi Institute of Management Studies & Research Khan Mohd Salman

FDI & FII Impact on Indian Economy

Rizvi Institute of Management Studies & Research Khan Mohd Salman

FDI & FII Impact on Indian Economy

Rizvi Institute of Management Studies & Research Khan Mohd Salman

Rizvi Institute of Management Studies & Research Khan Mohd Salman

FDI & FII Impact on Indian Economy

Rizvi Institute of Management Studies & Research Khan Mohd Salman

FDI & FII Impact on Indian Economy

Rizvi Institute of Management Studies & Research Khan Mohd Salman

FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT AN OVERVIEW

Rizvi Institute of Management Studies & Research Khan Mohd Salman

Rizvi Institute of Management Studies & Research Khan Mohd Salman

Rizvi Institute of Management Studies & Research Khan Mohd Salman

Rizvi Institute of Management Studies & Research Khan Mohd Salman

Rizvi Institute of Management Studies & Research Khan Mohd Salman

FDI & FII Impact on Indian Economy

Rizvi Institute of Management Studies & Research Khan Mohd Salman

FDI & FII Impact on Indian Economy

Rizvi Institute of Management Studies & Research Khan Mohd Salman

Rizvi Institute of Management Studies & Research Khan Mohd Salman

Rizvi Institute of Management Studies & Research Khan Mohd Salman

Rizvi Institute of Management Studies & Research Khan Mohd Salman

employment in the modern sectors of developing countries. Recipients of FDI

FDI & FII Impact on Indian Economy

Rizvi Institute of Management Studies & Research Khan Mohd Salman

FDI & FII Impact on Indian Economy

Rizvi Institute of Management Studies & Research Khan Mohd Salman

Rizvi Institute of Management Studies & Research Khan Mohd Salman

FDI & FII Impact on Indian Economy

Rizvi Institute of Management Studies & Research Khan Mohd Salman

business facilitation such as macro-economic fundamentals and availability of infrastructure.

Recent global and regional FDI trends

FDI & FII Impact on Indian Economy

Rizvi Institute of Management Studies & Research Khan Mohd Salman

FDI flows, by region, 20092011

Amount in billions of dollars Source: UNCTAD

FDI & FII Impact on Indian Economy

Rizvi Institute of Management Studies & Research Khan Mohd Salman

FII ACCORDING TO TYPE OF INVESTMENT

FDI & FII Impact on Indian Economy

Rizvi Institute of Management Studies & Research Khan Mohd Salman

TNCs top prospective host economies for 20122014

Rizvi Institute of Management Studies & Research Khan Mohd Salman

FDI & FII Impact on Indian Economy

Rizvi Institute of Management Studies & Research Khan Mohd Salman

_____ _ Dr Kalim Khan Director