Outline Development Plan for Mahabalipuram,

Tamil Nadu,India.
“An environment that can't be

changed invites its own destruction.

We prefer a world that can be modified

progressively against a background of

valued remains, a world in which we

can leave a personal mark aongside

the marks of history”

“ What time is this place?”

- Kevin Lynch
 acknowledgement….

We express our heartfelt thanks to the

Chairman, Council members and
Executive officer of the Mamallapuram
Town Panchayat for their co – operation
in providing valuable data and
information .

We are grateful to the dept of Tourism,

govt. of Tamil Nadu for the inputs given
during the project.

We extend our thanks to the

Archaeological Survey of India for
providing background information and
the copy of the proposed Master Plan.

We are extremely grateful to all the

residents of Mamallapuram for being
patient and kind in sharing their views
with us.

We portray our sincere thanks to

Dr. S.P.Sekar for his constant
encouragement support and valuable
guidance for the successful completion
of the project.

We are thankful to Dean, SAP, Anna

University for the continued support and
encouragement given to complete the
project.

II SEM MPLAN
2004 - 2006
 contents…

1. INTRODUCTION 01

2. REGIONAL SETTING 04

3. TRENDS OF DEVELOPMENT 07

4. DEMOGRAPHY 09

5. LANDUSE SECTORS 17

6. TRAFFIC & TRANSPORTATION 25

7. HERITAGE & CONSERVATION 31

8. PUBLIC & SEMI PUBLIC USES 38

9. MUNICIPAL FINANCE 49

10. POLICIES & STRATEGIES 58

11. ANNEXURES
 1. INTRODUCTION

1.0 MAMALLAPURAM
Mamallapuram on the sea shores of Bay of Bengal has Pagodas, Rock cut caves, and single
stone crafted rathas and bas- reliefs, all belonging to the times of the Pallavas, who ruled from
600 to 750 AD with Kanchi as their Capital.
An ancient port with a flourishing maritime trade, Mamallapuram, earlier called as
Mahabalipuram, stands today as a center of art and as a testimonial to early Dravidian style of
temple architecture. Here you can also hear the sound of wind on stone and the swish of waves
bathing the shore temple.
Globally renowned for its ancient cultural and natural treasures of the exceptional value,
Mamallapuram group monuments draw tourists from both our country and aboard by its miles of
beach and rock-cut architecture.

1.1 HISTORY
Mamallapuram is a wonder show piece of marvel of Pallava art and architecture. This seashore
village, Mamallapuram derived its name from Mah - Mamallapuram meaning the city of the
great warrior and Mah-Mallan was a title of the king Narasimhavaraman – I in the Pallava
dynasty. In the early days, this place was also called as Mallai, Mallapuri, Kadal Mallai and
also Seven Pagodas.
Mamallapuram was once a flourishing seaport with a brisk maintain trade with countries in
South-East Asia and the Mediterranean in the Pallava Dynasty.
The monuments in the Mamallapuram town were fashioned in the Pallava dynasty by three
different Monarchs viz., Mahendravarman I (600-630 AD), Narasimhavarman I hailed as
Mamallan (630 to 688 AD) and Narasimhavarman II called as Rajasimhan (700 to 628 AD).
They trace the Mahendra style, Mamalla style and the Rajasimha style in these monuments.

1.2 LOCATION
Mamallapuram which is situated about 60 kms south of Chennai on the Bay of Bengal coastline
and can be reached from Chennai mainly by road along the sea coast via., the East Coast
Road and also by old Mamallapuram road.

1
Mamallapuram is located within Thirukalukundram taluk of Kancheepuram district and lies
approximately between 13°2’24” latitude and 80°15’15” longitude. The Buckingham canal
passes on the west of Mamallapuram. On the North are Paiyanur and Saluvankuppam villages.
On the South Kadambadi village. Kalpakkam atomic plant is situated on the southern side of the
town.

1.3 DEVELOPMENT PLANS FOR MAMALLAPURAM

• Mamallapuram Master Plan (revised) – Directorate of Town and Country Planning,
1973.
• A study on Mamallapuram – Department of Tourism, 1976.
• Mamallapuram New Town Development Plan - New town development authority,
1989.
• Report on Special Tourism Development, Mamallapuram - Directorate of Town and
Country planning, 1993.

1.4 SALIENT FEATURES OF NEW TOWN DEVELOPMENT AUTHORITY

With a view to employ suitable strategy relevant to the tourism importance of the
Mamallapuram town, the Government in G.O Ms.No. : 1454, Housing and Urban
Development Department, dated 25.10.78 notified Mamallapuram Township area as a New
Town Development Area by carving out the same from the original Mamallapuram local
planning area. The salient features of New Town Development Authority are as follows.
• Forming a Monument zone – covering all the monuments and restricting vehicular
traffic.
• Formation of New town district on the west of Buckingham canal in Poonjeri village.
• Proposal of bus terminus.
• Restriction of height of buildings upto 7m, for buildings that will be coming between
canal and the sea.
• Prohibition of developmental activities around monument zone.

1.5 CRITICAL APPRAISAL OF NTDA PLAN

There are several departments in the town acting independently, namely the:

2
 1. New town development authority
2. Archeological survey of India
3. Local Panchayat office
4. Tourism development authorities
5. Ministry of environment (CRZ)
6. Fisheries department
• Even though the Development Plan was made ready in the year 1989 till now it is not
implemented.
• The proposal does not deal with future population and their locations.
• All wet lands were allocated for residential purpose.
• No empirical data taken into account for proposals.

1.6 WHY DEVELOPMENT PLAN FOR MAMALLAPURAM?

• To identify single committee to implement the development plan.
• To rejuvenate the dying arts and crafts.
• To conserve the heritage monuments
• Promotion of tourism by opening fresh avenues.
• Promotion of IT based industry on OMR corridor.
• To relocate Tsunami affected fishermen.
• To relocate people lying under CRZ.
• To relocate people from monument regulated zone.

3
 2. REGIONAL SETTING

2.0 TOWN PROFILE

Mamallapuram was the second capital of the Pallava kings of Kancheepuram, 60 kms from
Chennai on the Bay of Bengal. This seaside village is set in a boulder – strewn landscape.
Mamallapuram is a Special Grade Town Panchayat with an administrative area of
12.65sq.kms. and a population of 12,345 persons as per 2001 census. This town
Panchayat has got two revenue villages under its control, they are Mamallapuram and
Poonjeri. In 1964 Mamallapuram was notified as a village Panchayat and in 1994 it was
upgraded to special grade town Panchayat.
• Fisherman settlements – Venpurusham, Devaneri
• Agricultural village – Poonjeri
• Total No. of wards – 15
• Voters population – 7500 persons
• Major occupation – Tourist related activities, fishing and Agricultural.
• Literacy rate – 70%

2.1 LINKAGES
• BY AIR – The nearest airport from Mamallapuram is Chennai, located around 60 km
away. One can get flights for almost all major destinations in India and abroad.
• BY RAIL – The nearest railway station is Chengalpattu, is around 29 km away from
Mamallapuram. Trains to Chennai and several other major cities in South India are
available from here.
• BY ROAD – Mamallapuram is connected by road to Chennai, Thirukkalukundram,
Kancheepuram and Pondicherry.

2.2 CLIMATE
Mamallapuram has warm and humid climate slightly similar to Chennai. The maximum day
time temperature varies from 38.2°C in June to 28.4°C in December. While minimum
temperature varies from 20.5°C in January to 27.7°C in May.
Mamallapuram receives an average annual rainfall of around 1100mm. The months of
October, November and December accounts for more than 60% of the total rains in the

4
area. The sea breeze gives a pleasant and cool temperature which attracts the visitors to
stay for a longer while in the beach. (Source : Meteorological data)

2.3 TOPOGRAPHY AND GEOLOGY

Mamallapuram and its environs form part of coastal belt that forms a continuous stretch of
the country, relieved here and there by small rock outcrops. The Thirukalukundram Hills,
nearly 17 Km to the West of Mamallapuram rises to a height of 700’. Approximately 17 Km
to the south of Mamallapuram the river Palar enters the sea. There is also a rivulet 12 Km
South of Mamallapuram. The region surrounding Mamallapuram is liberally dotted with rain-
fed tanks. The environs of Mamallapuram presents a better prospect with larger stretch of
land combined with dry and grazing lands.

2.4 SOIL AND VEGETATION

As the Mamallapuram New Town consists of 2 villages, Mamallapuram and Poonjeri.
Mamallapuram village has a varied effect of sandy soil along the coastal region and a good
quality of alluvial soil that is helping for the agricultural purpose. The beach resorts that give
a greenery mark to the coastal stretch sparingly cover the coastal stretch of the
Mamallapuram village. The either side of Buckingham canal helps for the agricultural
activities mainly consists of alluvial soil.

2.5 GROUND WATER POTENTIAL

The Ground water potential is the important gift of nature that makes the surveillance of
Mamallapuram town in a steady manner. The ground water is the main source of water
supply for both the local people and the commercial activities that are catering the tourist
people. Also because of running of Buckingham canal in the Mamallapuram town, the
ground water source improved a lot.

2.6 LAND OWNERSHIP

Out of 1304 hectares of land in the Mamallapuram New town, 848.51 Hectares of land is
under private ownership remaining are under government ownership like monumental hills
(areas), Schools, health center, roads and open spaces etc.,

5
2.7 TOURISM
The Sea-coast from the outskirts of Chennai to Mamallapuram is one of the finest beaches
in the world and has vast potential to develop as a major tourist and holiday resort.
Mamallapuram’s attractions are not merely confined to the immortal art works of the greatest
Pallava Kings. A beautiful beach girdled by Casuarina groves also equally attract the
tourists. One can have a pleasant bath in the warm blue sea, stroll on the golden sands,
watch the beautiful glory of the rise of the sun and the moon and so on.
Apart from the historic monuments of Mamallapuram additional recreation facilities to attract
more tourist, around Mamallapuram , they are.

a. Golden Beach – an amusement park

b. M.G.M – an amusement park
c. Dakshina chitra – an artist village
d. Muttukkadu – a back water boating yard by TTDC
e. Kovalam – a pilgrim centre and seaside resort.
f. Thiruvidandai – a pilgrim centre
g. Crocodile Farm – a reptile park at Nemili
h. Tiger’s cave – a monument of Pallava period
i. Thirukkalukundram – a pilgrim centre
j. Vedanthangal – a bird Sanctuary
The flow of foreign tourists is to increase at a steady since 1991. Inflow of visitors and
tourists during months of December, January and February and during dance festival and
vacation time is very high.

2.8 WORLD HERITAGE CENTRE

The UNESCO has declared certain ancient cultural and natural treasures of the exceptional
value as the heritage monuments. Mamallapuram is one among the 13 world heritage
centers declared by the UNESCO in India.

6
 3. TRENDS OF DEVELOPMENT

3.0 HISTORICAL TRENDS OF DEVELOPMENT

Mamallapuram, the portraits of sand and stone was the second capital of Pallava dynasty .
In early days this place was called as Mallai, Mallapuri, Kadal malai and also called as
Seven Pagodas, Mamallapuram derived its name from Mah-mallapuram meaning the city of
great warrior. Here, the great warrior means the monarch Narsimha varam I who had the
title of Mah –mallan .
The town being a Port Town flourished in Maritime Trade and Merchandise since the ancient
times. The monuments in the town were patron aged during the Period of 600-820 A.D. by
various kings of Pallava dynasty . Monuments in the town were arranged in bow and arrow
fashion enhancing the victories of Pallavan kings. The sculptures of this place is particularly
interesting, because it shows the day to day life of people rather than the carvings of gods
and goddess as in other parts of Tamilnadu .
Mamallapuram with its picturesque location in a rocky outcrop between the beach and
lagoon is a combination of history with art and architecture .The town was built by Pallavan
kings to increase their sea trade and portray their keen interest and inclination towards
patronizing art and architecture in their reign

3.1 GROWTH TRENDS

Mamallapuram town’s growth was naturally around the monuments. Initial approach to the
town from Chennai was by Old Mamallapuram road (OMR). Landing at poonjeri, the
monuments were reached by ferry across the Buckingham canal. Later the construction of
the bridge across the canal and the East Coast Road (ECR) favoured the roadway
communication.

3.2 CONSTRAINS
Natural features such as the sea, Buckingham canal and regulation measures such as CRZ,
sterile zone of Kalpakkam and Heritage zone of ASI limit the development within the town
area. After Tsunami the entire equation of CRZ is changed and the state and central
government is more focused on the relocation of people within the CRZ zone.

7
3.3 PROSPECTS
1. Entertainment corridor along ECR
2. IT corridor of OMR
3. Six lane expansion proposal of OMR
4. Administrative town proposal for the Chennai city
5. Chennai city expansion towards the southern direction
6. Proposal of MRTS to Pondicherry via Mamallapuram
7. Proposal of ferry service from Chennai to Mamallapuram

3.4 PRESENT SCENARIO

The population trend of decadal growth shows an out migration from the town. The reasons
could be due to un availability of land in main core area , conversation of residential units to
commercial, high land cost and regulations in the town.

3.5 FUTURE TRENDS OF DEVELOPMENT (FORESEEABLE)

• Good prospects to be developed as a tourist town
• Relocation of people due to CRZ regulation can help to create a planned town with
good infrastructure.
• North western part of the town has good prospects for development due to proximity
of land and water availability with good accessibility which could ease for expansion
of infrastructural facilities.
• With increase in awareness among people on heritage and conservation,
Mamallapuram can be declared as a heritage town.
• With administrative city proposal nearby, the Mamallapuram town can be looked as a
service town.
• As the connectivity with the city is increasing at a rapid speed, the Mamallapuram
town can be viewed as a feeder town for Chennai.
• With the present trend of growth of IT based industry along the old Mamallapuram
road , Mamallapuram could be engulfed in no time for services.

8
 4. DEMOGRAPHY

4.0 POPULATION
The emerging trend in population growth, its characteristics and spatial distribution has
profound influence on the structure and size of the cities. It is therefore, essential and
interesting to study the dynamics of population growth and structure of cities.

4.1 HISTORICAL GROWTH OF MAMALLAPURAM TOWN

The growth of Mamallapuram town population from 1,746 in 1951 to 12,345 in 2001 is an
indicator for development of tourist town.

POPULATION GROWTH IN MAMALLAPURAM

Year 1951 1961 1971 1981 1991 2001
MAMALLAPURAM 1746 2159 3726 5523 8731 10,460
Males 862 1102 1746 2906 4432 5467
Females 884 1057 1530 2617 3939 4993
POONJERI 602 869 863 896 1525 1885
Males 297 429 419 445 796 995
Females 305 440 444 451 729 890
TOTAL 2348 3028 4179 6419 9896 12,345
Source : Census of India

14000
Total Population
12000
10000 Mahabalipuram
Population

8000
6000
4000
2000 Poonjeri

1951 1961 1971 1981 1991 2001

Years
Population Growth in Mamallapuram

9
The growth rate was only 28.96% during 50’s and rose to 55.09% by the end of 70’s. The
decadal growth of population of Mamallapuram till 80’s goes in hand to hand with the
urbanization trend of TamilNadu.

DECADAL POPULATION GROWTH (PERCENTAGE)

Year 1951-'61 1961-'71 1971-'81 1981-'91 1991-'01
MAMALLAPURAM 23.65 51.74 68.59 58.03 19.80
POONJERI 44.35 -0.69 03.82 70.20 23.60
TOTAL 28.96 36.69 55.09 54.17 24.74
KANCHEEPURAM DIST - 20.53 18.40 10.64 05.50
STATE URBAN - 38.60 28.00 19.60 42.80
Source : Census of India

10 0
80
Growth rate

60
40 T o ta l G ro w th R a te
20 P o o n je ri
M a h a b a lip u ra m
0

1 9 5 1 -'6 1 '6 1 -'71 '7 1 -'8 1 '8 1 -'9 1 '9 1 -'0 1

Y e a rs
D e c a d a l P o p u la tio n G ro w th R a te

The annexure of Poonjeri village to Mamallapuram by New Town Development authority

resulted in flux of population migration from Mamallapuram to Poonjeri. Not much difference
can be seen in the total population growth of Mamallapuram town from 1981 to 1991. But
with that of Poonjeri, by the end 90’s, population growth rate reached 70.20%, which was
contrary to the insignificant steady growth rate till 80’s.
Poonjeri showed an increased population which may be due to enforcement of coastal
regulations, developmental control rules and increasing domestic and international tourist
penetration in Mamallapuram area has pushed the residence to exterior.

10
4.2 SEX RATIO
It is universally accepted that the sex ratio (females per thousand males) is generally lower
for urban population than for rural population and still further low for larger towns marching
towards rapid urbanization.
According to 2001 census there are 6462 males and 5883 females out of 12345 persons
enumerated in Mamallapuram new town. The sex ratio is 910 females per 1000 males.

SEX RATIO (1951 - 2001)

Year Males Females Females/1000

Males
1951 1159 1181 1018
1961 1531 1497 977
1971 2165 1974 911
1981 3351 3068 915

1991 5528 4668 844

2001 6462 5883 910
Source : Census of India

4.3 LITERACY
Literacy rate in Mamallapuram as on steady increase in the last few decades and it was
near to that of state and Kancheepuram district.

LITERACY RATE IN MAMALLAPURAM

LITERACY DISTRIBUTION

Year Males Females Total Lit. Rate(%)

6000
5013
1971 1197 728 1925 46.06 5000
3742
3677
Population

4000
Male
1981 2568 1715 4283 66.72 3000 2568 2332
1715
Female
2000
1991 3677 2332 6009 60.72 1000

0
2001 5013 3742 8755 70.91 1981 1991 2001

Year
Source : Census of India

11
4.4 POPULATION DENSITY
In Mamallapuram town the distribution of population is more uneven and concentrated in the
core area of the town. The gross residential density of the town is 55.91 persons per hectare
in 2001 census. The residential density is maximum in Othavadi street and minimum in
Kovalam road (ie. Ward No. 4).

4.5 OCCUPATIONAL STRUCTURE

The primary occupation of the village comprises of both agriculture and fishing. The town
has a workforce of 69% where the working population to the extent 40% are involved in
tourism related activities and 27% of the workforce is involved in territory activities.

OCCUPATION PATTERN

Existing (2005) Projected (2021)

PATTERN OF EMPLOYMENT
Pop in Nos. Pop in (%) to
Work Force
Pop in (%) Pop in Nos. Pop in (%) to
Work Force
Pop in (%)

Government 480 5.61 3.88 1,800 6.0 4.5

Tourism Related Activities 3,465 40.5 28.0 16,500 55.0 41.25

Sculpture Industry 500 5.85 4.05 3,000 10.0 7.5

Industry 50 0.58 0.40 600 2.0 1.5

Agriculture 1,000 11.70 8.10 2,250 7.5 5.6

Fishing 575 6.72 4.65 2,250 7.5 5.6

Commercial 215 2.51 1.74 900 3.0 2.25

Others 2,260 26.4 18.30 2,700 9.0 6.75

TOTAL WORKERS 8,545 100.0 69.12 30,000 100.0 75.0

Non Workers 3,800 30.88 10,000 25.0

TOTAL POPULATION 12,345 100.00 40,000 100.00

Source : Primary Data

EXISTING OCCUPATION PATTERN_2005

GOVERNMENT

TOURISM RELATED
6% ACTIVITY
25% SCULPTURE
INDUSTRY
INDUSTRY
3% 40%
AGRICULTURE
7% 12% 6%
FISHING
1%
COMMERCIAL

OTHERS
12
 PROJECTED OC CU PATION
PATTERN _2021

GOVERNMENT
3%
TOURIS M RELATED
8% 9% 6% ACTIVITY
S CULPTURE
8% INDUS TRY
INDUS TRY
2%
54% AGRICULTURE
10%
FIS HING

COMMERCIAL

OTHERS

INFERENCE
1. Agricultural workers are likely to reduce by 4%.
2. Tourism and its related activities will increase to 55% of the workforce by 2021.
3. Sculpture industry will increase from 5% to 10% in year 2021.

4.6 INCOME STRUCTURE OF THE POPULATION

From the household survey carried out in the town the income structure has been
classified as follows.

INCOME DISTRIBUTION
EXISTING INCOME
MONTHLY INCOME IN RUPEES (% OF POPULATION)
Less than 25,000 43.0
25,000-50,000 39.0
Greater than 50,000 18.0
Source : Primary data.

13
 HUDCO CLASSIFICATION
CATEGORY INCOME IN Rs. (MONTHLY)
BPL 0 – 3,000
LIG 3,000 – 5,000
MIG 5,000 – 10,000
HIG Above 10,000

Source : HUDCO

Pie chart showing the annual income.

E X IS T IN G IN C O M E P A T T E R N _ 2 0 0 5

18%
43% < 2 5 ,0 0 0
2 5 ,0 0 0 - 5 0 ,0 0 0
> 5 0 ,0 0 0
39%

source: Primary data

4.7 POPULATION PROJECTION

The population projected for the years 2006, 2011, 2016 and 2021 by considering the
population of past six decades by adopting the conventional methods. The forecasting
population is projected is through three different methods they are, Arithmetic method,
Incremental increase method and Geometric increase method. These projections are shown
through graphical representations.

14
 40000
35000

Population in thousands
30000
25000
20000
15000
10000
5000

1951 1961 1971 1981 1991 2001 2011 2021

Years
P l ti P j ti b i th d

The populations for the next two decades are compared by three methods in which
Geometric increase methods value are closer to the average growth rate. So Geometric
increase method is adopted for population projection.

P O P U L A T IO N P R O JE C T IO N B Y V A R IO U S M E T H O D S
D E S C R IP T IO N S 2001 2006 2 0 11 2 0 16 2021
E X IS T IN G P O P U L A T IO N 1 2 ,3 4 5

A R IT H M E T IC IN C R E A S E M E T H O D 1 3 ,3 4 5 1 4 ,3 4 5 1 5 ,3 4 5 1 6 ,3 4 5

G E O M E T R IC IN C R E A S E M E T H O D 1 4 ,6 0 1 1 7 ,2 7 0 2 0 ,4 2 5 2 4 ,1 6 0

IN C R E M E N T A L IN C R E A S E M E T H O D 1 3 ,5 1 0 1 4 ,7 8 7 1 6 ,4 5 0 1 7 ,6 7 0

S o u r c e : C e n s u s o f In d ia

Forecasting Population – Geometric Increase Method

This method based on the assumption considering population growth rate as average.
YEAR PROJECTED POPULATION
2006 14,601
2011 17,270
2016 20,425
2021 24,160

40000
3 5000
Population in thousands

3 0000
25000
20000
15 000
1 0000
5000
15
1951 1961 1971 1981 1991 2001 2011 2021
Years
Population Projections
4.8 ASSUMPTIONS FOR POPUALTION PROJECTIONS BASED ON THE
DEVELOPMENT TRENDS
With the opening of new spheres of tourism related activities, educational institutions, offices
in and around town. It is assumed that there will be increase in population in addition to the
natural increase projected by Geometric increase method.

1. Proposed economic activities

Provision of separate industrial zone for sculptural activities is assumed to increase in the
number of persons involved in sculpture industries from 5.8% to 10%.

# E C O N O M IC A C T IV IT IE S
E X IS T IN G P R O JEC T ED
D E S C R IP T IO N S
P o p in N o s . P o p in % P o p in N o s . P o p in %
W O R K FO R C E 8 ,5 4 5 6 9 .2 1 1 8 ,1 2 0 7 5 .0

S c u lp tu r e A c tiv ity 500 5 .8 5 1 ,8 1 2 1 0 .0

2. Tourism activities
The number of persons involved in tourism related activities will increase from 40% of the
workforce to 55% of the workforce with the expected tourist population of 50,000 per day.

# TOURISM
NORMAL POPULATION INDUCED POPULATION
Year W ork W ork TRA * TRA (%) Tourist TRA
Force Force(%) Targets/day

2011 12,434 72.0 5,595 45.0 20,000 3,645

2016 14,910 73.0 7,455 50.0 35,000 8,715

2021 18,120 75.0 9,966 55.0 50,000 13,134

Number of persons involved in Tourism Related Activity

16
3. IT industries
A population of 1,500 persons is forecast in line with the proposed IT developments along
old Mahabalipuram road.

4. Educational Institutions
Opening up of new avenues in education the town is likely to attract 5,00 persons.
Total population projected based on developmental trends in 2021 is 40,000 persons

17
 5. LANDUSE SECTORS

5.0 LANDUSE DISTRIBUTION 2005 (EXISTING)

5.0.1 INTRODUCTION
The new town area which includes Mamallapuram and Poonjeri villages extend over
an area of 1304 hectares out of which only 17% mere covered by various
developments such as houses, shops, educational etc., The major area comes under
agricultural use and water courses.
The land use map clearly shows that development is concentrated in the core area of
the town and part of Poonjeri village. Undeveloped areas including agricultural fields
exists in the southern and north western side of the town. Being a heritage town the
establishment of commercial areas agglomerated along the major roads leading to the
monuments showing the typical nature of development. The major zone of
concentration is all along the major roads like Kovalam road, Thirukalukundram road,
East Raja street and Othavadai street.

5.0.2 LANDUSE DISTRIBUTION EXISTING (2005)

S.No Land Use Extent in % to Developed % To Town
Hectares Area Area
1. Residential 69.52 30.71 5.33
2. Commercial 80.99 35.77 6.21
3. Educational 21.44 5.49 0.95
4. Public & & semipublic 29.45 13.01 2.26
5. Traffic & transportation 33.99 15.01 2.61
Developed area 226.39 100.00 17.36
6. Agriculture
i) dry 470.61 36.09
Ii) wet 311.60 23.90
Area under agriculture 782.21 59.99
7. Water bodies 295.40 22.65
Total area of the town 1304.00 100.00

18
 69.52 ha
5.33% 80.99 ha
295.40 ha 6.21%
50.89 ha
22.65% 3.21%
33.99 ha
2.61%

470.61 ha LAND USE STRUCTURE

311.60 ha 36.09%
23.90%

Commercial

Public &Semipublic

Trafic & Transportation

Residential

50

40 35.77
Percentage

30.71 LAND USE PERCENTAGE

30
TO THE DEVELOPED AREA
13.01
20
15.01
10

5.1 RESIDENTIAL SECTOR

The present residential development within this town covers only 69.52 hectares against the
overall area of the town 1304 hectares. This means the present residential development area
accounts for only 30.71% of the developed area and 5.33% of the total extent of the town
area. This situation is much below when compared to the proportion of the area occupied by
the residential development in other town in our state. This is mainly due to the distribution of
Archeological monuments, commercial activities and a vast stretch extent covered under
agricultural and water bodies.

5.1.1 AIMS AND OBJECTIVES

The aim is to ensure housing accommodation for the relocated and projected
population.
The objectives of which are listed below.
• To access the existing housing accommodations and its allied facilities.
• To identify areas of relocation of people in restricted zones.

19
• Projection of future requirements of population in the residential sector along with
the identification of land suitable for development of residential uses in the future.

5.1.2 ASSUMPTIONS
• The opening of new avenues in tourism related activities and allied industries will
increase housing demand.
• The demand for housing foreseen in future due to the proposed IT development
along the Old Mahabalipuram Road.
• The upcoming educational institutions are likely to witness an increase demand in
housing sector.

5.1.3 TRENDS OF DEVELOPMENT

Occupational pattern influences the location of residential sectors of the town. The
town experience the linear type of development along the coast forming the fishermen
settlements. The major agriculture activities are concentrated in the Poonjeri village.
Concentration of tourism and the related activities in the town center acts as the
inducing factors of development.

5.1.4 LIMITATIONS
• The growth of the town is limited by the location of Buckingham canal in the
western side and Bay of Bengal on the eastern side.
• The new town development area boundary limits and characterizes the urban form
of the town

5.1.5 EXISTING RESIDENTIAL TYPES

The land under residential type is classified into three categories. Viz.
• The mixed residential type in the core area
• The fishermen villages
• The residential type in poonjeri village.

5.1.6 INDUCING FACTORS

The major inducing factors of developments are listed below

20
 • Accessibility
• Occupational pattern
• Infrastructure facilities

5.1.7 DEVELOPMENT CONDITIONS

5.1.7.1 Level of development
The land use map details at the major zones of concentration i.e, in the core area
and part of Poonjeri village.
5.1.7.2 Types of development
The housing typology indicates that 35% are pucca, 37% are semi pucca and 28% of
them are kuccha houses. Houses in the core area are G+2 storeyed along the major
routes leading to monuments.
5.1.7.3 Household industries
About 5% of the households are involved in handicrafts & sea shells crafts household
industry. They form a significant part in the economic generation of the town.

5.1.8 DENSITY
High density is seen in the core areas particularly in ward no. 11 and ward no.12
comprising of the East Raja street, Thirukulam street & Othavadai street and Anna
Nagar respectively. Lowest density can be observed in ward no. 3 comprising of the
institutions and resorts. The density pattern of the town can be understood better from
the map.

5.1.9 PROBLEMS
• Inadequate drinking water supply in the town after tsunami.
• No proper drainage system for the sullage water and storm water to drain.
• Nearby water bodies are polluted, letting in the sullage water both from the
housing and commercial activities.
• No proper site for the disposal of solid waste in the town area.
• Nuisances to the residences in the core area due to lack of spatial segregation for
tourist activities.

21
5.1.10 POTENTIALS
• Economic generation is carried out in sculpture industry and handicrafts
activity
• Tourism and allied activities gains high importance in this heritage town
• Most of the wards have natural gradient for drainage.

5.1.11 PROPOSALS
According to UDPFI guidelines, the standards prescribed for a medium sized town of
population below 5,00,000is given below. Based on that the proposal on each sectors
are worked out.

No. Sectors According to standards(%)

01 Residential 40-45

02 Commercial 3-4

03 Industrial 8-10

04 Public & Semipublic 10-12

05 Recreational 18-20

06 Transportation 12-14

07 Agriculture 12-14
& water bodies

Based on the land use suitability analysis on the major parameters considering
accessibility, physiographic constraints, and restricted zones, the land suitable for new
developments for the future is identified.

22
5.2 COMMERCIAL SECTOR
Commercial center is an area of retail stores and related facilities planned to give maximum
convenience to the customers and maximum exposure to the merchandise. Being a tourist
town, the major activity is commercial and it gives the imageability to the town as such.
Commercial activities have a propensity to develop along the margin of major streets. The
commercial areas have been concentrated in the core area of the town.

PIC SHOWING THE COMMERCIAL ACTIVITY FOR THE TOURIST POPULACE.

5.2.1 EXISTING PROFILE

The commercial scenario of Mamallapuram poses a different trend varying
drastically from that of other towns of the same scale. The land use for
commercial amounts to 35.77% of the developed land use (6.21 of the total land),
while on the other hand the residential land use is only 30.71. This remains as
one main indicator to infer that the town sustains on tourism and tourism related
commercial activity.
The present commercial trend in Mamallapuram has been analyzed as major
spines in the city with similar commercial activity are identified and their character
in terms of traffic, people it caters to, type of shops and their problems are
identified.

23
• The major commercial spines are identified to be
a. Kovalam road
b. TKM road
c. East raja street
d. Othavadai street
e. Sea shore temple road
f. Five rathas road

a. Kovalam road
This forms the main approach road from the ECR to Mamallapuram characterized
by heavy traffic. Comprises of star hotels, beach resorts with huge and lavish
frontages. Gives a prelude to the tourist activity inside the town. The public market
acts as the higher order market to the adjoining villages.

b. TKM road
Approach road from Chengelpet, also characterized by heavy traffic. This road is
lined with shops which caters to the local population. eg. Provisional stores, petty
shops etc.

c. East Raja Street

Forms the main arterial street inside the city and carries the accumulated traffic
from both the TKM road and the Kovalam road. Intense commercial activity
banking on tourism. Huge displays to attract the tourists.( boutiques, sculpture
shops, handicraft showrooms, and service shops to cater to the tourists such as
photo studios, foreign exchanges etc.,)

d. Othavadai street
Collector street leading to the sea. Few sea view restaurants are there near the
sea coast. The street is characterized by minimal vehicular traffic and large
pedestrian flow. All the mediocre range hospitality centers are lined along this
road.(lodges and restaurants).Other commercial activity along this road include
small sculpture shops which produces fashion goods, massage centers etc.

24
e. Sea shore temple road
Thoroughly pedestrianised due to the efforts of ASI. Planned and landscaped area
dignifies and adds grandeur to the shore temple. Consists of a continuous
organized stretch of boutiques, sculpture shops etc.

f. Five rathas road

It is one of the roads leading to the five rathas. All along its stretch we find
sculpture activity concentrated. It takes in both vehicular traffic & pedestrian flow.
Due to the presence of sculpture activity it attracts both the tourist and sculptural
dealers .

5.2.2 POTENTIAL
• The market place of the town acts as the nodal point for all commercial activities
for the neighbouring villages.
• Huge scope for tourism oriented commercial activity.
• To act as a regional center for traditional sculpture industry.

5.2.3 PROBLEMS
• Location of markets along Kovalam road poses a chaos condition right in the
approach road to the city.
• Shift in the indelibility of the town.
• Poor drainage condition of the market poses a further aggravation of the problems.
• Residential frontages changed to commercial land use. Haphazard change in land
use adds to the chaotic condition of the TKM road.
• Heavy traffic mixed with street shopping poses threat to the shoppers.
• Inadequate parking space to the lodges.
• Vehicles parked along the road covering shop frontages
• Haphazard informal shops along the sea shore temple road in continuation to the
existing formal shops.

5.2.4 PROPOSALS
• Allocation of exclusive zone for commercial activities catering for the tourist
populace.

25
 • Creating a sculpture industry zone.
• Promotion of exhibition cum sale of sculptures.
• Creation of informal shopping areas.

5.3 AGRICULTURE AND ALLIED ACTIVITIES

5.3.1 AGRICULTURE USE:

Most of the area of the town is occupied by agricultural lands which are
782.21 Ha and this forms 60% of the town panchayat area. Of this, total
agricultural land 60% is dry lands and the rest 40% wet lands. Dry lands
constitute 36% of the Town Panchayat area whereas wet lands occupy 24% only.
More than 1000 people are employed in agriculture.

5.3.2 WATER BODIES:

Water bodies such as canal, tones and other courses occupy nearly 300 hect
and this constitutes 22.65% of the total extent of the town. The Buckingham
Canal passes through this town on the North-South direction and on the west of
the main monument area.

5.3.3 RESTRICTED ZONES:

a) MONUMENT ZONE:
The monumental zone consist of three zones namely,
¾ Protected zone.
¾ Prohibited zone.
¾ Regulated zone.
The monuments that comes under protected zone are,
1.) Shore temple.
2.) Five Rathas.
3.) Seven Pidaris.
4.) Mukundanayanar Temple.
5.) Dolotsava Mandapa.
6.) Pidari Amman Ratha.

26
 7.) Valayankuttai Ratha.
8.) Hillock Monuments.
The area upto 100 meters from the protected limits have been declared
as prohibited area and further beyond upto 200 meters as regulated
area for the purpose of construction/mining.

b) STERLIZED ZONE:

The Tamilnadu Nuclear Installation (Regulation of building and use of

land) Act, 1978 stipulates that no building activity shall be permitted in the
exclusion area which comprises of areas within 1.6 km from any boundary
of such nuclear installation. Within 4.8km of the boundary called sterilized
area, no construction or re-construction etc., shall be done without license
from the nuclear installation Local authority.
Only sterilized zone comes within the New Town area and the same has
been maintained as sterilized zone in the New Town Development Plan.

c) COASTAL ZONE REGULATION:

Mamallapuram, Poompuhar, Nagur, Ramanathapuram, Tiruchendur and

Kanyakumari are classified as CRZ-I where in, building / construction
activity of any form is not permissible till 500m from the high tide line.

CRZ-I (CATEGORY I) notifications :

i) Areas that are ecologically sensitive and important such as national

parks/ marine parks, sanctuaries, reserve forests, wildlife habitats,
mangroves, corals/ coral reefs, areas close to breeding and spawning
grounds of fish and other marine life, area of outstanding natural beauty/
Historical heritage areas, areas rich in genetic diversity, areas likely to be
inundated due to rise in sea level consequent upon global warming and
such other areas as may be declared by the central govn. Or the
concerned authorities at the State/ Union Territory level from time to time.

27
ii) Area between Low tide line & High tide line.

CRZ-I: Permissible activities:

¾ No new construction activities shall be permitted within 500m of the

High Tide Line.
¾ Permitted for repairs of existing structures before 20.02.1991 not
exceeding existing FSI existing plinth area and existing density and
existing use.
¾ Agriculture, horticulture, garden pastures, parks, playfields, forestry and
salt manufacture from seawater are permitted in this zone.

Uses permitted with Special Sanction Of Authority:

Public utility building like sewage pumping station, water works, fire
station, telephone exchanges, Government and semi-government
offices. Serving the local needs, libraries, bus terminal and depot
yard bank.

5.3.4 PROPOSAL OF AGRICULTURE USE ZONE:

a.) All agriculture uses.

b.) Rural settlements with allied uses.
c.) Public and Private Parks, playfields, gardens, caravan and
camping sites and other recreational uses.
d.) Dairy and cattle farms.
e.) Piggeries and Poultry farms.
f.) Water tanks and reservoirs.
g.) Sewage farms and garbage dumps.
h.) Airports and broadcasting lubrications.
i.) Forestry
j.) Cremetries, crematoria and burning and burial grounds.
k.) Fish curing

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 l.) Salt manufacturing.

5.3.5 Preservation of Architectural or Historical interest

buildindgs:
If a building or premises not under the Archaeological monument
Act and in the opinion of the Authority, the historical or
Archaeological building is in danger of demolition or alteration may
by notification issue order for preservation of such buildings.

29
 6. TRAFFIC & TRANSPORTATION

6.1 INTRODUCTION
Mamallapuram is about 60 Km away from Chennai along the East Coast Road connecting
Chennai to Pondicherry. There is a well connected road network system to Mamallapuram
from Chennai, Chengalpattu and other parts of the district and state. The major routes to
Mamallapuram from other places are as follows.
i. Chennai – Kovalam – Mamallapuram (East Coast Road)
ii. Chennai – Navalur – Thirupporur - Mamallapuram (Old Mamallapuram Road)
iii. Chengalpattu – Thirukkalukundram – Poonjeri – Mamallapuram
iv. Pondicherry – Markkanam – Kalpakkam – Mamallapuram (East Coast Road)
v. Apart from these there is an access from the Atomic Power Station at Kalpakkam.
vi. Within the town, the main spines are Kovalam road, Thirukkalukundram road.

KOVALAM ROAD

30
6.2 PRESENT SCENARIO
Land occupied by the road and other uses are about 33.99 hectares – which constitutes
15.01% of developmental area and about 2.61% of the total town area. All the roads except
the East Coast Road are maintained by the special grade village Panchayat. These roads
are mostly of concrete and black – topped roads. Traffic is mainly because of public buses
and tourist vehicles.

6.3 LENGTH OF ROADS

• Mud road and gravel road - 2.15 Km

• Metal road - 1.23 Km

• Tar road - 3.75 Km

• Concrete road - 7.99 Km

• Bitumen road - 5.99 km

Source : DTCP Report

6.4 MODAL SPLIT

The modal split shows 75% of the vehicular traffic is due to the tourist vehicles like vans and
cars. The next are the public buses and the tourist buses which are of 16%. Remaining are
the two wheelers.

MODAL SPLIT

9% 16%
Buses
Vans & Cars
Two wheelers
75%

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6.5 PASSENGER CAR UNIT
The PCU observed in the ECR at Mamallapuram is 8358 PCU/Day. This clearly
demarks the vehicles entering into the Mamallapuram.
LOCATION PCU/Day
Chennai 27,000
VGP golden beach 27197
Kovalam 9788
Mamallapuram 8358
Cheyyar 4102
Source : Tamilnadu Road Development company ltd.
6.6 TOLL COLLECTED
The toll collected in ECR for the movement from Chennai - Mamallapuram for car
and Truck are as follows.
Details Cars (in Rs.) Trucks (in Rs.)
Opening of ECR 71 67
Proposed improvement 22 36
Combined 48 52
Source : Tamilnadu Road Development company ltd.

6.7 VOLUME OF TOURIST TRAFFIC IN MAMALLAPURAM

YEAR VISITOR TOURIST
Domestic Foreign Domestic Foreign
1991 758240 79840 362200 36300
1992 54624 89300 447183 55340
1993 581001 127316 534468 59301
1994 604883 81020 579342 59530
1995 879370 191374 586379 60520
1996 739887 134979 585893 62445
1997 473097 59578 598976 63881
1998 601962 62420
1999 629301 40644
2000 679170 73296
Source : Directorate of Tourism, Chennai

32
The growth of tourist arrivals in the town have been found to be highly irregular. During
holidays and weekends the town draws large number of tourists from nearby areas as a
sight seeing and picnic spot. The tourist flow will be more during Pongal and Dance
festival , which is organized by the directorate of tourism every year.

6.8 NUMBER OF BUS TRIPS TO MAMALLAPURAM

Route No. Route No. Of Service No. Of Singles
Chennai to Mamallapuram (Via) Kovalam
188v Chennai to Marakkanam 1 4
188A cut Chennai to Marakkanam 1 4
119A Chennai to Kalpakkam 4 20
188A Chennai to Pondy 3 10
188 Chennai to Anaicut 1 4

188B Chennai to Ozhitiyapattu 1 4

19C Chennai to Mamallapuram 4 24
Chennai to Mamallapuram (Via) Kelambakkam
119 Chennai to Kalpakkam 4 20

19A Chennai to Mamallapuram 4 24

Chennai to Mamallapuram (Via) Mamallapuram, Thirukalukundram, Chengalpattu

108B Kalpakkam to Chennai 4 8

108K Kalpakkam to Chennai 1 2

108B cut Kalpakkam to Chengalpattu 1 2

Kalpakkam to Kancheepuram (via) Mamallapuram, Chengalpattu

212A Kalpakkam to Kancheepuram 1 4

Mamallapuram to Vandavasi (via) Chengalpattu, Kancheepuram

157M Mamallapuram to Vandavasi 1 4

Mamallapuram to Tirupathi (Ivia) Chengalpattu, Tirutani

212H Mamallapuram to Titupathi 2 6

212H cut Mamallapuram to Chengalpattu 1 1

33
The present fleet of buses are inadequate during peak season on several routes and
neccesiating more buses in holidays and special festival days.

6.9 EXISTING CIRCULATION SYSTEM

The circulation system in the Mamallapuram own is categorized into three are as follows.
1. Tourist circulation
2. Local residents circulation
3. Goods circulation
1. Tourist circulation
On an average 7500 tourist visit Mamallapuram every day out which 10% are foreign
tourists.
Foreign Tourist Circulation
Mamallapuram is enroute destination from Chennai and also from Pondicherry. Where in
most of the tourist use public buses as mode of transport. After getting dropped at
Mukundanayanar temple or bus terminus the internal circulation starts.
Inland Tourist circulation
Inland tourists visit Mamallapuram by public buses, private vehicles, two wheelers and
four wheelers. The drop node for the public buses are Mukundanayanar temple, TKM road
junction and at the bus terminus.
The tourist circulation route is along the major spine roads connecting monument areas
namely Arjuna’s penance, Five rathas and Shore temple.

2. Local resident circulation

The local residents mainly use public transport to reach other nearby locations to avail
service facilities like Schools, Hospitals etc.. Their use of private transport within the
town area is limited. The major circulation routes are the main spines – Kovalam road,
Thirukalukundram road and East Raja street within the area.

3. Goods circulation
Goods movement are two fold. One for the local population and other for sculptors. For
the local population the market located at Kovalam road is one of the major active zone.
Goods and commodities reach Mamallapuram from nearby villages-
• Grocery goods from Chennai, Thirukalukundram
• Pots from Poonjeri

34
 • Perishable goods from Chennai, Kalpakkam
• Fishes from Venpursham, Devaneri
The catchment area includes nearby villages like Pattipulam, Payanur, Kokilamedu,
Kadambadi, Kalpakkam, Poonjeri etc., There is a weekly shandy on Thursday’s,
wherein exchange of goods takes place.
Goods circulation for sculptors include the movement of raw materials (ie, Stones for
chiseling ) from Sankarapuram and Pattimalaikuttam in Kancheepuram district and the
delivery of finished sculpture products within the region and also exported to foreign
countries.

6.10 PROBLEMS

• The town lacks proper bus terminus.

• Buses are not plying according to schedule.
• No organized parking space available within the town.
• Drop nodes at junction chaos.
• No significant delineation of an access between the monuments.
• Insufficient road width.

6.11 PROPOSALS

• To restrict vehicular access within the heritage zone.

• Proposal of Bus terminus for intra transportation.
• Provision of adequate parking area catering to the tourist population.
• Proposal of battery operated vehicles for inter transportation network
• To develop a waterway communication (Ferry service) between Chennai and
Mamallapuram.
• To make use and take advantage of proposed MRTS between Chennai and
Pondicherry (via Mamallapuram) and also the six lane proposal of Old
Mamallapuram road.
• Provision of adequate and optimum road network for the local population in the
residential area ensuring proper accessibility and connectivity.

35
 7. HERITAGE & CONSERVATION

7.0 INTRODUCTION
Mamallapuram the glimpse of the Pallava Kings and creativity of the artisan. It is the ancient
port with flourishing maritime trade. Also the second capital of Pallava dynasty. Mamallapuram-
the city of mamalla, derived after the King Narasimhavarman I, the great Pallava ruler of 7th
century who is responsible for the rock-cut temples and carvings. It is the rich portrait in stone of
various Gods, Goddess celestial beauties and epic stories.

7.1 HISTORY AND HERITAGE

Most of the temples and rock carvings of this place were built during the reigns of Narsimha
Varman I (AD 630-668) and Narsimha Varman II (AD 700-728). Though the initial kings of
Pallava dynasty were followers of Jainism, the conversion of Mahendra Varman (AD 600-630)
to Shaivism led most of the monuments to be related with Shiva or Vishnu. Mamallapuram also
close to Chennai is on the shores of the Bay of Bengal, along the eastern coast. Mamallapuram
known for its rocks carvings and monolithic sculptures has the famous shore temple, the only
one to have survived the ravages of nature. Also known as the Seven Pagodas (temples), six
now lie submerged in the sea. Known as the Pallava Art, this was built during the period 830 -
1100 AD. The pallavas designed the monuments in the form of there emblem, Bow and the
arrow which starts with the Mukunda narayana temple and the rathas in one cardinal axis and
the arjuna’s penance and the shore temple in another axis.

7.2 ARCHITECTURE
Mamallapuram stands as a centre of art and as a testimonial to early Dravidian style of temple
architecture. The tiny sea - side village of Mahabalipuram, is set in a boulder - strewn landscape
between the beach and the canal. It is a show case of movement from rock-cut to structural
temples. Mamallapuram art can be divided into four categories
• Open air bas - relief,
• Structured temples,
• Man-made caves,
• Rathas.

36
7.3 PLACE OF INTEREST
The monumental zone are mainly divided into
ƒ Rathas
ƒ Shore Temple
ƒ Arjuna’s penance
ƒ MukundaNarayana Temple

7.3.1 Rathas
• Rathas are the first phase of Pallava architecture modeled on Buddhist Viharas
or monasteries and chaitya halls. The mandapas or pavilions and the rathas shaped as
temple chariots are hewn in granite rock face which is a similar rock-cut caves of
Ajantha and Ellora. The eight rathas are monolithic temples fashioned as chariots. They
remain an architectural mystery, for each is apparently a faithful reproduction of a
structure built of wood. In fact, even the grain of the timber beams and rafters has been
simulated in stone.
• Of the eight rathas, five have been named for the Pandava brothers, the heroes
of the epic Mahabharata, and their shared wife, Draupadi. The largest is the
Dharmaraja ratha and it sets the tone for the others. Modeled on a Buddhist vihara or
monastery, it sports a square hall topped by a vaulting roof. The Bhima, Arjuna and
Nakula-Sahdeva rathas are lesser copies of the Dharma raja ratha.
• The Draupadi ratha is the smallest and the quaintest. It is a simple structure,
fashioned as a thatched but borne on the backs of elephants and lions. It was probably
the facsimile of a portable village shrine.

37
7.3.2 Shore Temple
• Perched on a rocky outcrop, it presides over the shoreline, serving, as Percy
Brown puts it, 'a landmark by day and a beacon by night'. Designed to catch the first
rays of the rising sun and to illuminate the waters after dark, the temple ended up with
an unusual lay-out.
• As the main shrine faces the sea on the east, the gateway, the forecourt and the
assembly hall of the Shore Temple all lie behind the sanctum. Unusual, too, is the fact
that the temple has shrines to both Shiva and Vishnu. The main sanctum and one of the
two lesser ones on the west are dedicated to Shiva. The enclosing wall has a series of
Nandi bulls on it. Interconnected cisterns around the temple meant that the sea could be
let in to transform the temple into a water shrine. But, in recent times, a stone wall as
been added to protect the shrine from the rising seas and further erosion.
• The Shore Temple was built by Rajasimha who ascended the throne in AD 674.
it is also hewn out of single rocks, the Shore Temple was the first Pallava structure to be
built of stone. The greatest improvement in design is in the shikhara or spire, which has
moved away from the rounded vihara design to a soaring, tiered style. This seashore
shrine also shows a creative leap in temple architecture of the South. Elements like the

38
vimana or spire, the gopuram or gateway, and animal figures that were to become
trademarks of Dravidian architects can all be seen here. And it is largely the use of
dressed stone, which gave the architects greater creative freedom. The sound of the
wind on stone and swish of waves bathing the shore temple also floodlit its beauty.
7.3.3 Arjuna’s Penance

• The exquisitely sculpted scene is an enormous relief made on two huge

boulders. The cleft in the rock depicts the descent of River Ganga, brought to earth by
King Bhagiratha to redeem the cursed souls of his ancestors.
• One of the biggest open-air rock canvases in the world, this bas-relief is 31m
long and 9m high. The surface of the rock has detailed carvings, showing the most
endearing and natural renditions of animals.

• Penance area consists of 25 monuments in it.

¾ Varaha cave
¾ Mahisasura mardini cave
¾ Dharma raja lion throne
¾ Krishna mandapam
¾ Adhivaraha mandapam

39
¾ Pancha pandava mandapam
¾ Ramanuja mandapam
¾ Kodikal mandapam
¾ Thirumoorthy mandapam
¾ Arjuna's Penance
¾ Krishna Mandapam
¾ Scupltures of Monkey
¾ Gopi's Chrun
¾ Sculptures of Monkeys, Elephant and peacock
¾ Krishna's Butter Ball
¾ Ganesha Ratha
¾ Rayala Gopuram
¾ Dharmaraja Lion Throne
¾ Draupath's Bath Tub
¾ Pulipu Thurmandapam
¾ Mahishasura Marthini Cave
¾ Olakannesvara Temple
¾ Arjuna's Pennance (old)
¾ Dharamaraja Mandapam
¾ Five Celled Temple
¾ Adivaraha Temple
¾ Light House
¾ 24 & 25 Incomplete Rock Caves

40
7.4 MAMALLAPURAM DANCE FESTIVAL
Mamallapuram Dance Festival is an occasion for the dance lovers to enjoy the performances
of the artists from all parts of the country. The festival is celebrated in the month of
January/February every year. The Shore Temple forms the backdrop of this festival and the
music from the musical instruments mixes with the natural music of wind and the sea. The
Mamallapuram Dance festival is an occasion when artists from all over the country come
together to perform. Pongal harvest Festival is celebrated on a grand scale during the middle
of January and February. These are added attractions at Mamallapuram.

7.5 POTENTIALS
• It has an approach route starting from the group of five monoliths in the extreme south,
proceeds to see the monuments on and at the edge of the hill and finally proceed towards
the sea for the shore temple.
• Sculptures depict the scenes of day to day life which differs from the sculptures of other
temples.
• Well maintained landscape facilities around the monuments gives a pleasing appearance.
• Shore temple with its locational advantage haloing with the sunset and sunrise attract
more tourist within itself.

7.6 PROPOSALS
When conservation of architectural heritage of a town is considered certain questions come
into existence. Does urbanization affect the historic fabric of the city? How importance is to
preserve the old town of historic or architectural value but no contemporary function? The key
is Heritage tourism may attract more tourists only if heritage areas are fully equipped with
facilities to deal with the increasing tourist inflow.
• The immediate concern is to identify a complete heritage zone in an orderly manner to
certain heritage guidelines and to prevent the buildings propping up in height and
gaining dominance over the monuments and its surroundings.
• Protection and maintenance of the character of the monuments for the future.
• Revitalize the axis spine between the Mukunda Narayana temple to the rathas and
Sthalasayana Perumal temple to Shore temple.

41
 • Delineation of areas exclusively of heritage character as an attribute towards tourists
enhancement.
• Information booths regarding the heritage zone should be provided.
• Proper linkage with all the monuments & resting hubs to be provided in-between.
• Provision of adequate parking facilities near the monuments.
• Infrastructural facilities like drinking water, toilet facilities should be provided.
• Beach should be maintained properly.

To promote a large inflow of tourists in the near future, proposals should be given to enhance
the existing activity.
• Organized Shilpa darshan should be arranged within the heritage zone.
• More nuumbers of cultural festivals should be organized.
• A permanent exhibition pavilion for the sculptures to be accommodated.
• Package trip within 5KM radius from Mamallapuram accommodating all important
places in turn invite the tourists to lodge.

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 8 PUBLIC & SEMI PUBLIC USES

8.0 INTRODUCTION
Mamallapuram is classified as a small town based on its population (12,345). It is a special
grade village Panchayat covering an area of 12 sq.km. The town being a tourist town requires
facilities for enhancing tourism. The public and semi public areas classified as,
1. Parks and open spaces
2. Social cultural facilities
3. Utility and services
The public and semi public spaces covers about 29.45 hectares and this area forms 5.49% of
the developed area and 2.26 % of the total town area.

8.1 PARKS AND OPEN SPACES

8.1.1 EXISTING
PARKS : There are no specific spaces meant as parks and play grounds other than
the school playground in the core area.
OPENSPACES : The prohibited areas of the monuments form the open spaces. A
part of the protected area are also considered as the open space. The vast expanse of
the beach area also constitutes the percentage of open spaces.
8.1.2 SOCIAL INFRA STRUCTURES
Social infrastructural facilities are provided regarding the regional bearing of the town.
Socio cultural facilities of the town of Mamallapuram are classified as follows.

EDUCATION HEALTH SERVICE DISTRIBUITON

FACILITIES FACILITIES FACILITIES

SOCIO-CULTURAL
FACILITIES

SOCIAL
INFRASTRUCTURAL
FACILITIES

43
8.2 ANALYSIS
The provision of social infrastructure amenities should necessarily consider the regional
bearings as medium size town, caters to neighboring villages. In order to efficiently cater to
the town and regional demand 25%, additional population is considered while providing
amenities.
8.2.1 EDUCTIONAL FACILITIES
The town has totally 8 schools and 2 colleges.
School Nos
Government Higher secondary 1
school
Government Panchayat middle 2
school
Noon meal school 3
Private schools 2

COLLEGE
1. Government college of sculpture
2. Royal engineering college

• INFERENCES
1. The Government Higher secondary school lacks basic facilities.
2. The teacher student ratio is low when compared with standards.

8.2.2 HEALTH FACILITIES

There is one primary health centre and one maternity centre for the town people. There
are two doctors, one for general and one for sidha. There is no inpatient facility in the
health center. On an average 80 to 100 patients are treated per day in the heath centre
as out patients. In case of emergencies the patient’s are send to Chengalpet medical
college or Chennai. There are three private clinics in the town.

44
Name No. Existing Doctors Employees Total Available No. Additional
of bed of beds requirement
units strength requirement
Primary health centre 1 - 2 17 5 beds / 15 45
1000
Dispensaries and 7 15 8 20
population
Clinics

• INFERENCES
1. No inpatient facility prevails in the health centre
2. Emergency cases are taken either Chennai or Chengalpattu.

8.2.3 SOCIO CULTURAL FACILITIES

Community halls and Kalyana mandapam meet the demand. There in no provision of
community centers in cluster levels.
8.2.4 OTHER SOCIAL INFRASTRUCTURE FACILITIES
GOVERNMENT OFFICES
There are 9 government offices in Mamallapuram town. The location of these facilities
are mainly concentrated in the core area of the town. They extend their facilities to the
new town area.
BURIAL GROUNDS
There are 9 burial grounds in and around the town maintained by the town Panchayat.
POLICE STATION : There are 3 police station, located much closer to the entry of the
town.
BANKS : There are 2 banks and an ATM center in the town.
PETROL BUNK : There is one petrol bunk located at Devaneri on ECR road.
• INFERENCE
The town is well served regarding social infrastructure facilities. But they seem to be
concentrated, rather than distributed.

45
8.3 UTILITY AND SERVICES
8.3.1 PHYSICAL INFRASTRUCTURE

8.3.1.1 WATER SUPPLY

The water source for the people of Mamallapuram town, is the ground water that is
tapped and stored in the over head tank and supplied to the public. The water is
supplied twice a day to the public and water is chlorinated once in two days. There
are 2000 service connections in the town out of which 1500 are house service
connection and the rest are commercial. At present the town Panchayat supplies
water at the rate of 33 lpcd.
INSTALLED AND MAITAINED BY LOCAL BODY
1. INFILTRATION WELLS
S.NO. LOCATION NO.

1 Pavalakkaara Sathiram 1
2 Devaneri 1

3 Opposite to motel Mamalla (Along Kovalam road – ECR) 4

4 East Raja street 1
5 Venpurusham village 1
6 Venpursham fisherman colony 1
Total 9

2. SUMP DETAILS
There is one 30,000 litres capacity sump opposite to Motel Mamalla along the
Kovalam East Coast road.

3. OVER HEAD TANK DETAILS

S.NO. LOCATION CAPACITY NO.

1 Pavalakkaara Sathiram 30,000 Litres 1

2 Poonjeri 30,000 Litres 1

3 Nearer to Kovalam Road Mandapam 1,50,000 Litres 1

46
4 East Raja street 50,000 Litres 1
5 Venpurusham village 30,000 Litres 1
Total 5

4. PUMP ROOM DETAILS

S.NO. LOCATION NO.

1 Pavalakkaara Sathiram 1
2 Devaneri 1

3 Opposite to motel Mamalla (Along Kovalam road – ECR) 1

4 East Raja street 1
5 Venpurusham village 1
Total 5

5. POWER PUMP DETAILS

S.NO. LOCATION HORSE POWER NO.

1 Pavalakkaara Sathiram 3 hp submersible pump 1

2 Devaneri 3 hp submersible pump 7.5 1
submersible pump
3 Opposite to motel Mamalla (Alon 5 hp submersible pump 7.5 1
Kovalam road – ECR) submersible pump
4 East Raja street 5 hp submersible pump 1
5 Venpurusham village 3 hp submersible pump 1
Total 5 hp submersible pump 5

47
INSTALLED BY TWAD AND HANDED OVER TO LOCAL BODY
EXISITNG CONDITION

1. INFILTRATION WELLS
S.NO. LOCATION NO.

1 Opposite to head pumping station located at western side of 2

Saluvankuppam Kovalam road
2 Opposite to head pumping station located at eastern side of 1
Saluvankuppam Kovalam road
Total 3

2. SUMP DETAILS

S.NO. LOCATION CAPACITY NO.

1 Opposite to head pumping station located at easter 50,000 litres 1

side of Saluvankuppam Kovalam road
2 Nearer to head pumping station opposite to Motel 2 lakhs litres 1
Mamalla along Kovalam road
Total 2

3. OVER HEAD TANK DETAILS

S.NO. LOCATION CAPACITY NO.

1 Deveneri 30,000 litres 1

2 Nearer to head pumping station opposite to Motel 4 lakhs litres 1
Mamalla along Kovalam road
3 Poonjeri 3 lakhs litres 1
4 Near to five rathas 2 lakhs litres 1
Total 4

48
4. PUMP ROOM DETAILS

S.NO LOCATION NO.

1 Nearer to main pumping in the eastern side of the 1

Salavankuppam – Kovalam road
2 Opposite to western side of Saluvankuppam – Kovalam 1
road in the Main pumping station – I
3 Opposite to motel Mamalla along the Kovalam road, 1
nearer to main pumping station – II
Total 3

5. POWER PUMP DETAILS

S.NO. LOCATION HORSE POWER NO.

1 In the well on the western side of 3 hp submersible pump 4

Saluvankuppam along the East
Coast road
2 In the well on the eastern side of 3 hp submersible pump 2
Salvankuppam along the East coast road
3 Along the east coast road in the Eastern 12.5 hp submersible pump 4
side of Saluvankupam nearer to Head and 1 hp submersible pump
pumping station
4 Opposite to model Mamalla along the 12.5 hp submersible pump 4
Kovalam Road, nearer to Main pumping and 7.5 hp submersible pump
station – II in the 4 lakhs litre sump
Total 14

49
 • POTENTIALS
1. The water supply distribution in the town is satisfactory, they are served
through the public fountains & individual connections in the core area.
2. The water supply for the areas of tourism & its related activities are done
effectively.
3. Ground water table @ a depth of 15’ – 20’
• INFERENCES
1. After tsunami, existing water sources are contaminated by sea water.
2. Temporary water resource has been tapped near Venpurusham for the town
• PROPOSALS
1. Provision of overhead tanks of adequate capacity to serve the relocated
population with about 50 lpcd.
2. House service connections are to be provided in the relocated areas
3. Recharge of ground water will be done through effective
implementation of rain water harvesting and restoration of water tanks
4. Provision of adequate number of public fountains in the monument
zones.
8.3.2 SANITATION
• EXISTING SCENARIO
There is no underground sewerage system in the town. Their own wet latrine connects the
houses in the town. The town lacks in a proper drainage system. Around 40% of the roads &
streets within the town are provided with storm water drains. Nearly, all the drains are
connected to nearby ponds. Hence the environs of the town seems to be dangerous by
letting out all the waste from the houses & nearby lodges into the ponds. Hence mosquito’s
menace to the people who stay in the town.
Type Total No. Total Total Total % of % of
of streets length of length of Length of coverage deficiency
streets in streets streets
Km covered yet to
in Km cover in
Km
Open 38 11.43 7.10 4.33 62.37 37.88
drainage
system
Source : Town Panchayat Mamallapuram

50
At present there are three public toilets of pay & use type, at
• Seashore Road
• Bus Stand
• Near Five Rathas
For the maintenance of the above toilets every year the local body calls in for tender with the
private agencies. The private agencies collect the amount from the users. Other than these
are other two toilets specifically for women which are at Devaneri Fisherman kuppam and
Venpurusham fisherman kuppam. These two toilets were constructed under “VAMBAY”
scheme and then handed over to the self-help groups for the maintenance purpose.
• INFERENCE
1. Most of the public toilets are not maintained properly.
2. Lack of proper drainage and under ground sewerage system.
3. Sullage disposal in the near by water bodies, surrounded by the residential zones
– are source for mosquito breeding.
• PROPOSALS
1. Construction of storm water drains in the relocation area
2. Proposed storm water drains must be linked with major water bodies
3. Proposal of sewage treatment plant in the relocated areas
4. Provision and proper maintenance of public toilets in the monument area

8.3.3 SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT

• EXISITNG CONDITION
Since the town is a tourist place. The amount of solid waste generated should be disposed
properly and effectively. The township finds it difficult to remove all the solid waste
generated in various parts of the town with only just seven scavengers, eleven hired private
scavengers, one supervisor and two power tillers with trailer. There are about 200 dust bins
provided at various parts of the town. The solid waste generated is collected on alternate
days. The solid wastes thus collected are being dumped now at Poonjeri Village.The total
extent of this yard is 4 Acres located along TKM road.

51
Population Generation Total Amount of Type of No of No of % of
of solid Amount of Clearence/day Vehicles Vehicles Trips uncleared
waste per solid waste waste
head/day generated
per day

12345 250 3.4 1.8 Tiller 2 6 52

Source : Town Panchayat Mamallapuram
• INFERENCES
i. Irregular collection of Waste results in environment degradation
ii. The number of public dustbins are insufficient
iii. Importance in collection of solid waste is given more prominence in the monument
zone than the residential areas
• PROPOSALS
1. Establishment of compost yards and landfill areas for waste management as per the
standards with proper infrastructural facilities
2. Proper access load should be provided for the transfer station
3. Segregation of waste at the source
4. The properly segregated biodegradable waste can be used for making manure by
composting which can be a good source of revenue to the local body.
5. Movable garbage bins should be procured and placed in the monument zone
6. The non-biodegradable waste can be used for controlled land filling. The sides of the
filling area should be retained properly. The waste should be compacted in layers and
covered with earth at the end of each day.
7. Women empowerment can also be used for waste collection.
8. Introduce vermi-composting.
9. Provide thick vegetation around compost yard for absorbing carbon di oxide emitted
during composting.

52
Considering the parameters for selection of the garbage disposal and sewage
treatment like ;

• Wind direction
• Low lying area for land fill
• Availability of land
• Ground water table
• Accessibility - access road
• 200 Mtrs from Lake or ponds.
• 100 Mtrs from River or stream
• 500 Mtrs. from Residential Area
• 300 Mtrs from Public Parks
• 500 Mtrs. from Water Supply Wells
• 200 Mtrs. from Highway.

With assumed waste generation of 250 g / per capita / day for a population of
40,000 by the year 2021 land fill is for combined solid waste.

Area required for solid waste disposal site is ,

Q = 40,000 x 250/ 103 x 103 = 10 Tons x 365

= 3650 M3 / Year

Area Required 3650 x 20 / 3 = 24320 M2

= 2.4 Ha.

Area for other purpose = 2.4 Ha x 2

Total Area Required is = 4.8 Ha.

53
8.3.4 STREET LIGHTS
At present all the streets are provided with street lights. The town Panchayat has a total of
577 street lights.
Type of lights Nos
Sodium Vapour Lamps 282
4 Nos – Tube lights 276
Halogen Lamps 18
High Mast Light 1
Focus Light 4

Focus lights are provided at ,

• Near Shore temple
• Near Arjuna’s Penance
• Near Light House

• INFERENCES
1. Adequate amount of street lights are provided
2. Streets lights are provided at the rate of 37 Nos per KM.

• PROPOSALS
1. Provide underground cables for the major streets of heritage and tourist
importance
2. Provide street lighting in relocated areas
3. Proper area should be left alone for locating transformers in newly developing area
4. Efficient management systems to be adopted.
5. High mast lights must be provided at important road junctions and also at junctions
of heritage value and tourist importance.

54
 9 MUNICIPAL FINANCE

9.1 MUNICIPAL FINANCE

The concept of adequacy of municipal finance has received increasing attention since
the municipal bodies are facing a resource crunch and fiscal stress for the delivery of
municipal service. The financial operation generally comes under two categories –
Resource mobilization and expenditure allocation.

9.2 RESOURCE MOBILIZATION

The resource mobilization in urban local bodies can be discussed under two main
categories:

Revenue Income :
It refers to the items of receipt, which are of recurring nature and are a definite source of
income every year.

Capital Income:
It refers to the revenue derived from a one time transaction and it may not be permanent
source of income every year.

REVENUE INCOME

PROPERTY TAX PROFESSIONAL TAX GRANT WATER DRAINAGE INCOME FROM

PROPERTY &
SPECIAL
SERVICES
GENERAL RESIDENTIAL

STREET LIGHTING COMMERCIAL

SCAVENGING INDUSTRIAL COMMERCIAL

EDUCATION

55
 REVENUE EXPENCES

ESTABLISHMENT O&M EXPENSES DEBT SERVICING

STREET LIGHTING

WATER SUPPLY

CAPITAL INCOME

LOANS GRANTS DEVOLUTION FUND

CAPITAL EXPENDITURE

ROADS WATER SUPPLY UNDER GROUND PARK TOILET

DRAINAGE

9.3 REVENUE INCOME

The present practices of resource mobilization are from the taxes and fees to
some extent, fro the assigned revenues. Thus the sources of funds available to
municipal bodies generally fall under three catogories:
• Own sources – Tax and Non tax
• Assigned Revenue
• Grants

56
9.3.1Own sources

Own sources of municipal bodies include taxes, charges and fees and other income
derived by the municipality through its operations. Accordingly, they may be
classified as Tax and Non Tax Resources.

a) Tax Resources

Tax resources include taxes levied and collected directly by he Municipality.

Property Tax and Professional Tax are the major own tax sources of the
municipal bodies. Property Tax has been the most stable sources of revenue for
the Urban Local Bodies for a long time. In addition to these major taxes other
taxes that the municipal bodies collect, Professional tax is tax levied on all
registered employed professional and establishment in the organized sector. In
some state this collected by the state government and is transferred to local
bodies are advertisement tax, tax on carriage and animals and pilgrimage tax
based on the provision I the Municipal Acts.

b) Non-Tax Resources

Non-tax resources include all non-tax revenues like fees and charges levied
against the various services offered by the ULBs, as per the Act. Such revenue
sources include water charges; D&O trade license fee income from special
services (like education, lighting, medical institutions, etc.), income from
remunerative enterprises, interest on investment etc.

9.3.2 Assigned Revenue

Assigned Revenue include revenue transferred to the local body by the state
government under special acts. These are transferred to the local body in the
form of its share of taxes levied and collected by the state government from
establishments/ operations within the Municipal limits entertainment tax, motor
vehicle tax, surcharge on stamp duty land revenue magisterial fines etc… are the
items under which these revenues are realized by the municipality.

57
 9.3.3 Revenue Grants

The local bodies receive revenue grants from the state government to
supplement local body resources for meeting recurring expenses. The relevant
parts of the SFC recommendations with respect to the determination of the fund
are as follows:
ƒ 90% of the entertainment tax receipts shall be assigned to the local bodies
from the year 1997-98 as against in earlier years.
ƒ 8% of the total revenue from all state taxes excluding the entertainment tax
shall be transferred to the local bodies from the year 1997-98
ƒ 15% of the amount transferred, would be apart in an equalitarian and
incentive und, for correcting deficiencies arising out of the implementation of the
principles of distribution and to continue the incentive grants for improving the
local bodies would be in he ratio of 60:40
ƒ Balance 85% would be allocated between rural and urban local bodies in the
ratio of 55:45

9.4 Guidelines for utilization of the SFC Devolution:

• The amount should be utilized only for revenue expenditure.

• Accounts should be audited separately and separate audit reports issued.
In addition to the above mentioned traditional sources of revenues the SFC has
recommended the introduction of new tax domain such as advertisement tax,
cable TV tax, tax on luxurious hotels and lodging houses bedding tax, a share in
state excise revenue motor vehicle tax, a share in agricultural income tax,
sugarcane tax, urban land tax, terminal tax passenger and goods, surcharge on
the bus ticket and local body as on passenger traveling by bus.

9.5 COLLECTION AND BALANCE STATEMENTS

DCB statements related to mainly tax and non tax items. The demand has been on the
increase year by year particularly the tax component. The arrears in demand are more of
the taxes, the non-tax portion being almost insignificant.

58
9.5.1 Income and Expenditure Details of Town Panchayat.
Income ( Rs. In Lakhs)

Components 1992-93 1993-94 1994-95

Property Tax 4.5468 5.5114 4.1726
Professional Tax 0.0686 2.0192 1.1689
Vehicle Tax 0.0145 0.0415 0.0060
Entertainment Tax 0.2628 0.1686 0.3426
Stamp duty 8.2682 5.4482 9.8866
Rent from property 0.8306 0.8022 1.3492
Bus Fees 2.0537 5.2321 2.7742
Advance 0.3025 1.6907 0.1995
Deposit 0.9265 1.1737 0.5150
Grants 2.0000 - -
Others 1.5931 5.7208 5.3336
Total 20.8675 27.9818 26.7485
Old balance 13.6900 13.0040 6.0940
Grand Total 34.5575 40.9858 32.8426

Expenditure( Rs. In Lakhs)

Components 1992-93 1993-94 1994-95

General 9.6806 23.5741 17.5837
Electricity Bill 1.3294 1.4350 2.2278
Labour Payment 3.1886 3.6705 4.2314
Water line repair 0.6154 1.5822 1.4042
B.S. Employees 0.4586 0.5296 0.6043
payment
Road Laying 4.1017 0.4989 1.2599
Water Line 0.5917 1.7825 0.7542
Extension
Total 19.9663 33.0731 28.0656
Others 1.5853 1.8186 1.9210
Grand Total 21.5535 34.8918 29.9867
Source: Administrative report – Town Panchayat Office, Mamallapuram New Town.

9.5.2 Demand and Collection Performance :

1992-93 1993-94 1994-95

Total Rs. in % of Rs. In % of Rs. In % of
Lakhs demand Lakhs demand Lakhs demand
Demand 9.432 - 8.434 - 9.985 -
Collection 2.586 27.41 3.589 42.55 2.905 29.09
Balance 6.846 72.58 4.845 57.44 7.08 70.91
Source: Administrative Report – Town Panchayat Office, Mamallapuram New Town.

59
9.5.3 Abstract
Revenue

S.NO Components 2001-02 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05

1. Tax Revenue 16,09,153 20,83,057 26,57,111 6,84,415
2. Non Tax Revenue 7,13,493 927,491 19,11,921 7,823
3. Assigned Revenue 44,11,198 51,15,261 36,36,662 6,83,906

4. Grants from government 1,37,400 87,20,000 10,89,306 18,21,938

5. Grants from Government _ _ _ _
6. Loan from Government _ _ _ _
7. miscellaneous _ _ _ _
Total 68,71,244 89,97,809 92,95,000 31,98,082

Expenditure

S.NO Components 2001-02 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05

1. Revenue expenditure 25,75,036 24,06,179 16,05,779 14,58,960

2. Capital expenditure 39,28,592 79,70,091 78,02,520 21,141378

3. Date of Internal Audit 19:11:2003 _ _ _

3. Date of Internal Audit by _ _ _ _

Director of Local Fund
Audit
4. Date finalizing of Annual _ _ _ _
A/C’s

9.5.4 Details of Tax Revenue / Non Tax Revenue / Assigned Revenue

Grants / Loans Received and Expenditure during the year 2001-2002 to
2004-2005

S.NO Nature of Receipt 2001-02 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05

I Tax Revenue
1. House Tax 744270 1105911 1271950 597573
2. Advertisement 5670 _ _ _

3. Professional Tax 140320 144880 165593 5787

4. Tax on Agriculture _ _ _ _
5. Water Tax 1224 1424 _ 815

60
6. Pilgrimage Tax _ _ _ _

7. Other Taxes (if any) 717669 830842 1219578 80240

II Non-Tax Revenue

8. Market Rent 483751 271839 170834 7823

9. Ferry Rent _ _ _ _
10. Any other Income 229742 655652 1741087 _
III Assigned Revenue
11. Local cess _ _ _ _
12. Local cess surcharge _ _ _ _
13. Duty on transfer of property 2122130 2723244 2723244 _
14. Entertainment Tax _ _ _ _
15. Mines & Minerals _ _ _ _
16. Surcharge on sales Tax _ _ _ _
17. Vehicle entrance fees 1419000 895000 _ _
18. Other (devolution funds) 870068 1497017 913418 683906
IV Grant from govt. of TN &
govt. of India
19. Part II Scheme (Augmentation _ _ _ _
of Water Supply) VAMBAY
20. Infra structure Facilities _ _ 88115 85000
21. 11th Finance commission Grant _ 432000 170000 168100
22. National Slum Development _ 440000 354191 23404
Pro.
23. SJSRY _ _ _ _
24. Water Supply Improvement _ _ _ _
11th finance
25. Drainage Improvement _ _ _ _
26. Burial Ground improve mental _ _ _ _
27. Shandy improvement _ _ _ _
28. Improvement to C.C. road _ _ _ _
29. Temple Town Development _ _ _ _
30. Equalization & incartion grants _ _ _ _
31. Drought relief Grant _ _ 300000 565000
32. MPLAD Scheme _ _ 177000 225000
33. MLACD Scheme _ _ _ _
34. Namekku Name Thittam 50000 _ _ _
35. Conversion of Dry Latrine into _ _ _ _
Flush out latrine
36. Funeral Rites Adidravidar _ _ _ _
37. Funeral Rites Backward _ _ _ _
Classes
38. District Development _ _ _ 355434
Programme
39. State Finance Commision _ _ _ _
40. Election Grants 87400 _ _ _

61
41. Bio Gas Scheme _ _ _ _
42. Siddha Grant _ _ _ _
43. Grant from Street Light _ _ _ _
44. Maternity Dept of chief of _ _ _ _
welfare grant
45. Govt. grant bitumen _ _ _ _
46. Education Grant _ _ _ _
47. Dispensary Grant _ _ _ _
48. Small Savings Grants _ _ _ 400000
49. Makkal Nala Paniyalar _ _ _ _
50. Anna Marumalarchi Thittam _ _ _ _
51. Employment Assurance _ _ _ _
scheme (EAS)
52. Samatuvapuram _ _ _ _
53. Central sanitation scheme _ _ _ _
54. District Health Scheme _ _ _ _
55. Sport Grant _ _ _ _
56. Local Road Grant _ _ _ _
57. Allopathy Grant _ _ _ _
58. Irrigation Grant _ _ _ _
59. JVVT _ _ _ _
60. NABARD _ _ _ _
61. Social forestry grant _ _ _ _
62. JISY _ _ _ _
63. IAY _ _ _ _
64. Million well scheme _ _ _ _
65. SISY _ _ _ _
66. Jawahar Rozgar Yojana _ _ _ _
scheme
67. Chula Grant _ _ _ _
68. Paradan Mantri Grammodhya _ _ _ _
Yojana
69. Jawahar Gram Samidhi _ _ _ _
70. Rural Water Supply _ _ _ _
71. SGSY _ _ _ _
72. Credit Cum Subsidy Grant _ _ _ _
73. Any other Grant DD Plan _ _ _ _
V Loans from Government / _ _ _ _
Others
74. Improvement to Roads from _ _ _ _
NABARD
75. Conversion of dry latrine into _ _ _ _
flush out latrine
76. TUFIDCO own fund loan _ _ _ _
77. IDSMT Loan _ _ _ _
78. HUDCO _ _ _ _

62
 79. TNUIFSL _ _ _ _
80. Other Loan (if any) _ _ _ _
Grant Total 6871244 8997809 9295000 3198082
VI Total Expenditure During the
year
(Including Establishment charges _ _ _ _
but exceeding investment made,
Transfer of funds from one
account to another account and
advances paid to the Staff)

S.NO Expenditure 2001-02 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05

Actuals Actuals Actuals Actuals
1. REVENUE ACCOUNT
2. A.) Salaries including
conservancy staff
3. a.)Provincialised 398499 237945 331660 101987

4. b.)Non Provincialised 2179537 2141838 1245083 1356973

5. c.)Terminal Benefits _ 26396 29036 _
Total 2575036 2406179 1605779 1458960
B.)Obligatory Services
(Maintenance)
6. a.)Water Supply Materials & 703820 201075 622507 205434
Labour
7. Water Supply maintenance _ _ _ _
Payable to TWAD & Other
8. Public Health 379466 289820 565380 179376
9. Sanitation & Sewage 66270 _ _ _
10. Solid Waste Disposal 189815 _ 106610 _
11. Street Light _ 83800 262066 231296
12. Roads _ _ _ _
13. Storm Water Drain _ _ _ _
14. Burial & Burning Ground _ _ 150539 _
15. Office Management Expn. 78631 130904 55630 88578
16. Subsidy paid under SJSRY _ _ _ _
Self Employment
17. Library Chess Remitted _ _ _ _
18. Others 655768 170098 95474 _
19. Fund Change 225000 347000 _ _
Total 2298770 1222697 1858206 704684
C.)Discretionary Service
20. Parks & Play Grounds _ _ _ _
21. Library & Reading Room _ 170098 195613 _
22. Markets / Bus Stand _ 32575 _ _
23. Shops & shopping complex _ 92409 37461 _
24. Building properties _ 2687200 106270 _
25. Others _ _ 225000 132000
26. Total _ 2982282 564344 132000
Total (A+B+C Revenue 4873806 6611158 4028329 2295644
Expn.)

63
 CAPITAL ACCOUNT
1. Roads 237877 174503 954555 249605
2. Culverts 91568 _ 474673 _

3. Strom water drain _ _ 450000 _

4. Water Supply _ 318020 15954 686389
5. Street light _ 1362807 1266668 114890
6. Public Health sanitation 130654 865782 500000 226810
7. Solid waste & Dustbin Drought _ _ _ _
4. Others
8. Slaughter House _ _ _ _
9. Burial & Burning Ground _ 149000 _ _
10. Retaining wall _ _ _ _
11. Community toilet _ _ 136104 _
12. Community Hall _ _ _ _
13. School Building _ _ 1000000 _
14. Market _ _ 76939 _
15. Bus stand 797504 895000 350000 _
16. Shops & Shopping Complex _ _ _ _
17. Bus shelter _ _ _ _
18. Foot path _ _ _ _
19. Rest house _ _ _ _
20. Other MP Fund 224527 _ _ _
Total 2 ( Capital account) 1482130 3765112 5224893 1277694
21. Water Supply Govt. Loan _ _ _ _
22. Water supply LIC Loan _ _ _ _
23. IUDP 147692 _ 155077 _
24. IDSMT _ _ _ _
25. Mega city _ _ _ _
26. CMDA _ _ _ _
27. Other loan Repayment _ _ _ _
Total (1 to 3) 6503628 10376270 9408299 3573338
28. Closing Balance _ _ _ _
29. Without Deposits & advances _ _ _ _
Grand Total 6503628 10376270 9408299 3573338

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 10 POLICIES & STRATEGIES

The New town development authority should form a joint committee with the
representation from following departments,

• Archeological Survey of India

• Tourism Department
• Local Bodies
• Ministry of Environment
• Fisheries Department

A Joint Committee could address the issues of the tourists, local residents,
environment, coastal regulations etc. in a phased and a systemic manner.

10.1 MACRO LEVEL ISSUES

The macro level issues to he addressed are :

a) Implications of CRZ
b) Monument regulations
c) Kalpakkam Sterile Zone
d) Ferry Service between Chennai & Mamalapuram
e) Extention of MRTS till Pondicherry
f) Sculpture Industrial Zone
g) Extending 6 lane proposal of OMR till Mamalapuram ECR
h) Archeological excavations

a) Implications of Coastal Regulation Zone

Though coastal regulation zone was formulated in the year 1991 by the central
government few state governments were against it because its implications could
create huge loss in terms of economics along the coastal stretch.

But the devastrations caused by Tsunami on 26th December 2004 has changed
the entire equation on implementation of coastal regulation zones by the State
Government.

Two fisherman's settlement and a few resorts in Mamalapuram have incurred

huge loss on property as far as Tsunami was concerned.

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Policy decision to be taken are :

™ Relocating the existing population living under the CRZ. New sites have to be
identified within the town of Mamalapuram and government through the new
town development authority could provide basic infrastructure facilities (sites
and services) and soft loans could be provided for the construction of houses.

b) Monumental Regulations

The heritage town of Mamalapuram has no. of structures declared as

monuments. The archeological survey of India lay's down there zone's in and
around the monument.
• The Protected Zone
• The Prohibited Zone
• The Regulated Zone

The Protected Zone

The protected zone is the monument as such where in no developmental of

building activities is permitted (Landscaping, Borewells etc are permissible).

The Prohibited Zone

Hundred meters radius around the monument (Protected Zone) where in

construction activity of any form is prohibited. Existing buildings are frozen for
future developments and building permissions are denied.
The policy decision to be taken

™ Remove the existing building entirely

™ The alternative sites to be identified and people have to be relocated.
™ The concept of sites and services could be applied here for the benefit of the
relocating people.
™ The area coming under the prohibited zone are to be landscaped and basic
facilities for the tourist population such as public fountains, resting shelters,
parks, play areas, etc.

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The Regulated Zone

In the regulated zone the building activities could be carried out with building
permission from the archeological survey of India. (Permissible Till Ground and
First). After enforcement of all the regulations area left out for commercial
activities catering tourist population is very less.

So the regulated zone can be demarcated for commercial purpose with restricted
FAR.

c. Kalpakkam Sterile Zone

Around 200 ha. of land falls under sterile zone presently few residential buildings
are propping up in the sterile zone which are unauthorized. Sewage treatment
plant and garbage disposal sites are presently identified by local bodies in the
sterile zone of Poonjeri area.

d) Ferry Service between Chennai and Mamallapuram

The sea coast of Bay of Bengal has the finest beaches whose potential has not
been utilized on the aspect of tourism.

Policy decision to be taken are :

™ To promote tourism in Mamallapuram a ferry service can be introduced

between Chennai and Mamallapuram.

™ A study has to be done for identification of the jetty on the coast of

Mamallapuram.

™ A ferry service along the Buckingham Canal can also be explored.

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e) Extension of MRTS till Pondicherry

The railways is one of the major and consistent mode of transport in India. As per
the press release by the Railway Minister A.K.Moorthy in the year 2000
government has plans to propose a rail connectivity from Chennai to Pondicherry
Via. Mamallapuram. With the proposal of administrative city in Thiruvadanthai
and Tayur the chances of implementing the scheme is more.

Policy decision to be taken are :

™ Allocation of land for the railway station in Mamallapuram has to done at the
earliest in consultation with the railways department.

f) Sculpture Industrial Zone

Considering Mamallapuram has a heritage and tourist town the development of

new industries seems to be very remote. More over the rules laid by the new
town development authority does not permit any large scale industrial activities
within the town.
The sculpture activities is happening in Mamallapuram for hundreds of years.
The projection forecasts a tremendous increase in the tourist population which is
very essential for the survival of sculpture activities.

• Presently the sculpture activities are spread around the monument zones in
bits and pieces.
• The work space are inadequate and working conditions are poor.
• The residential powers supply load is being utilized for the machineries used
for sculpture related activities.
• Proper show rooms are not their to display their products.
• Road side encroachments.

To sum up the sculpture related activities are dying in Mamallapuram and for
rejuvenate of the sculpture related activities a exclusive zone for sculpture
industry has to be created with considering the following parameters.

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1. Access road connecting highway for transport of stones and sculpture
through lorry or containers.
2. Adequate storage space for raw stones and finished sculptures.
3. Clean work environment and adequate work space.
4. Accessibility for the tourists to view the displays under one roof.
5. Building or Hall where in day to day workshops can be conducted for the
tourists, quality improvement programmes for laborers.
6. An exhibition hall to display though sculptures.

g) Extending the 6 lane proposal of OMR till Mamallapuram

ECR

The existing 6 lane proposal on OMR from Chennai till Sirucheri should be
extended till Mamallapuram with the given speed of growth of IT industries along
the OMR it would engulf Mamallapuram town in no time. Few sites along the
OMR in Mamallapuram has been plotted for IT development.

Policy decision to be taken are :

™ An exclusive IT corridor zone on both sides of OMR should be

allocated on town of Mamallapuram.

h) Archeological Excavations

History of Mamallapuram states there had been around seven temples near the
shore temple which mere said to have submerged under the sea. Recently
marine archeological survey of India has conducted some studies off the shore of
Mamallapuram and have identified few sculptures and temple bases.
On shore excavation along the coast of Mamallapuram had led to new findings.
Grabha graha of two more temples has been found which does not belong to the
style as that of the shore temple.

Policy decision to be taken are :

™ Restoration of the 2 temple basis which has found near the shore temple and
new studies have to be conducted in and around the town of Mamallapuram.

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