C Dlya Chaynikov

by S t e p h e n R.
Davis
IDG
BOOKS
WORLDWIDE
iDG
An
Books Worldwide,
International
Data
Group
Inc.
C o m p a n y
F o s t e r C i t y , C A C h i c a g o , IL I n d i a n a p o l i s , I N N e w Y o r k , N Y
- *
2003
32.973.26-018.275
94
681.3.07
"""
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: info@dialektika.com, http://www.dialektika.com
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32.973.26-018.275

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IDG Books Worldwide, Inc.
Copyright 2001 by Dialektika Computer Publishing.
Original English language edition copyright 2000 by IDG Books Worldwide, Inc.
All rights reserved including the. right of reproduction in whole or in part in any form.
This edition published by arrangement with the. original publisher, IDG Books Worldwide, Inc.,
Foster City, California, USA.
Windows is a trademark of Microsoft Corporation... For Dummies, Dummies Man, and the IDG
Books Wordwide logos are trademarks under exclusive license to IDG Books Worldwide, Inc., from
International Data Group, Inc. Used by permission.
ISBN 5-8459-0160- (.)
ISBN 0-7645-0746- (.)
"", 2001
& IDG Books Worldwide, Inc., 2000

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n2 = ++nl; // - nl 2 -
nl = 5;
= nl + + ; // nl 6, - 5
, .2
nl ,
n l .
oneftcunoftoe/
,
. " = "
.
42
I. C++
.
.
C++ ,
variable = variable # constant
# - . ,
, :
nVariable = nVariable + 2;
, nVariable
nVariable.

.
,
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nVariable += 2;
: " nVariable 2".

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43

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44
I. C++
4.1.
; ,
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;
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( < ==)
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; ,
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, 0, :
== 0;
== =.
, C++, ,
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= 0; //' , ==
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int nl = l;
i n t n2 = 2;
n l < n2
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2, .
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:
// , 2 nl
(nl < n2)&& (2 < ) ;
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nl <= n2 (nl < n2) I I (nl == n2)

, ,
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:
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45
1, 2, 3 .
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- , ~
11
, ).
f l o a t , C++ ,
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,
.
:
float fl - 10.0;
float f2 - fl / 3;
fl== (f2 * 3
0) /
,
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3.3333, 3f. ,
. 3.3333 3, , , 10.0, 9.9999.
, .
.
.
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, C++ .
, :
float fl = 10.0;
float f2 = 120 % 11;
f1 == f2;
// ?
f 1 f 2 (
3, " ").
. :
, .
:
float
float
float
(fl -
fl = 10.0;
f2 = fl / 3;
f3 = f2 * 3 . 0 ;
f3) < 0 . 0 0 0 1 SS
(f3 - f l )
< 0.0001;
, f 1 f2 -
( 0.0001);
.
C++
:
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1 , ,
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1 || 2
! ,
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46
/. C++
C++ ]., ,
( &&) ( I |), 2
.

> , > 10
. , t r u e (),
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, C++ t r u e f a l s e .
> 10?
C++ i n t . 0
false, (true).
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,
0 (false), -1 (true).
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bool, t r u e f a l s e .
' C++
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.

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10. C++
. , , var 123.
123 1*100+2*10+3*1.
100, 10, 1 10.
123 = 1 * 100 + 2 * 10 + 3 * 1,
:
123 = 1 * 102 + 2 * 10 1 + 3 * 10
, 1.
4.
47

10
, , ,
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12
{.. 20).
,
( "", ,
). :
123i, = 1 * 8'" + 7 * 1 + 3 * 8 = 173 ,
10 8 : 10 . 8
. .

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:
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0*128
1*64
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48
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:
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, x*i v XL).
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), ~ :
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4.
49
& :
l(true) & 1 (true) l(true)
1 (true) & 0 (false) O(false)
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|:
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50
I. C++
, &, |, .
.
// BitTest
//

//
~,&,I

#include <stdio.h>
#include <iostreara.h>
i n t main(int nArg, char* pszArgs[])

{
//
c o u t . s e t f ( i o s : :hex, i o s : : h e x ) ;
//
int nArgl = 0x1234;
int nArg2 = OxOOff;
//
// NOT
= " << nArgl << '\"
cout << "Argl

- " <<
nArg2 << ' \ "
cout <:< "Arg2
= " << -nArgl <<
"\
cout << "-nArgl
M
= "
-nArg2 "\
cout -nArg2
// -
cout << "nArgl & nArg2 = "
<< (nArgl s nArg2)
<<
"\n";
cout "nArgl | nArg2 "
(nArgl | nArg2)
<<
"\n";
cout << "nArgl

2 = "
(nArgl
2)
<<
retui:n );
(,
main) c o u t . s e t f ( i o s : :hex) ;
( , ).
. nArgl, nArg2,
.
:
Argl
= 0x1234
Arg2
Oxff
-nArgl
Oxffffedcb
~nArg2
= OxffffffOO
nArgl S nArg2 = 0x34
nArgl | nArg2 = 0xl2ff
nArgl nArg2 = 0xl2cb
4.
51

.
- + . ,
| |. ,
.
& . ,
,
:
0x1234
&
OxOOOF
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0001
&
0000
0000
0010
0100
0000
0000
0000
0000
1111
0100

.
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1. , 1, ,
1 ,
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4.4.
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1 -
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*
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52
I. C++

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S
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5.
53
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t r u e , .
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e l s e : , C++ , ,
.
if ,
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i f :
// BranchDemo .
// ,
// ,
#include <stdio.h>
int main(int argc, char* pszArgs[])
(
// ...
int argl;
cout << " argl: ";
cin >> argl;
// ...
int arg2;
cout << " arg2: ";
cin >> arg2;
// , :
if fargl > arg2)
{
cout << " 1 , 2\n";
}
else
{
cout << " I , 2\";
return 0;
}
, , .
"argl arg2" , cout
" 1 , 2\"; . ,
, e l s e : cout
<<
" 1 , 2\.";.
54
I. C++

,
.
,
.
.

.
,
.
,
.
.
while
while.
:
while
{
{)
// ,
//
}
. var > 10,
v a r l == var 2 . ,
. ,
, . , while ,
,
( ,
... ).
,
? :
// WhileDemo .
//
// while
#include: < s t d i o . h >
# include: < l o s t ream. h>
i n t main(ir.t
arg,
char*
pszArgs[])
//
int loopCount;
cout: << " loopCount:
cin
>> loopCount;
";
/ /
while (loopCount > 0)
{
loopCount
l o o p C o u n t 1;
out << " "

<< loopCount << " \";
5.
55
return 0;
}
whileDemo ,
loopCount.
w h i l e . loopCount.
, (
), loopCount 1, .
,
loopCount .
, .
, 5.
, :
4
,
.
, 4
.
w h i l e , d o . . . w h i l e .
, ,
.
do
{
//
} while ();
, do. . .while
.
while
do. . .while. -
,
.

-
. ,
WhileDemo
:
//
{
loopCount = loopCount 1;
cout " "
}
, :
56
I. C++
//
loopCount--;
cout << " "
loopCount << " \";
.
.

, while. ,
:
//
while (loopCount-- > 0)
(
cout << " "
}
, , C++
. ,
; ?

. , ,
.
loopCount--, --loopCount loopCount

; loopCount
1, .
WhileDemo,
1? ,
- - l o o p C o u n t 0 .
loopCount-- 1
.
, ,
, ,
. .
, ,

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.
for
for.
while. for :
for (; ; >
i
//...
}
for .
,
5.
57
. ,
for.
. while, for
, .
,
for () .
, .
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for while:
;
while ()
/ / ...
for . C++
, , C++
for ( -
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for .
ForDemo , whileDemo, while
for.
// ForDemo. .
//
// for
#include <stdio.h>
int
main(int
arg,
char*
pszArgs[])
//
int loopCount;
cout " loopCount: " ;
in >> loopCount;
// ,
for (int i = loopCount; i > 0; i>

{
cout << " " << i-1 << " \";

}
return 0;
}
ForDemo , WhileDemo. loopCount

.
i
loopCount. , i
. , 1 i
.
58
I. C++
fo r ,
, .
for .
// ForDeno. .
/ /
// for
#include <stdio.h>
int main!int arg, char* pszArgs[])
{
//
int loopCount;
cout << " loopCount: ";
cin loopCount;
// ,
for (int i = 1; i <= loopCount;
cout << " " << i " \";
}
return 0;
,
for ,
. C + + ,
for . ,
r e t u r n , .. ,
i .
,
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: for while,
? for ,
for (, , )
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cout << " " <<loopCount << " \"
}
loopCount,
. ,
. ,
.
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5.
59
... ! ,
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.

C++ break
continue. ,
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C++ break.
. break
,
.
break :
while()
if (- )
{
break; //
// break,
}
//
break, BreakDemo
// BreakDemo .
//
,
//

//

#in1ude <sraio.h>
in: main(ir.t arg, char* pszArgs[])

{
//
int accumulator = 0;
out << " , "
<< " \";
cour. < < " "
<< " "
<< " \";
//
for(;;)
//
int value = 0;
cout << " : ";
cin >> value;
60
I C++
// ...
if (value < 0)
// ...
break;
// ...
accumulator = accumulator + value;
//
//
cout << "\ "
accumulator
"\";
return 0;
( , ,
)
for. .
,
. ,
break .
, break
.
.

,
. accumulator
, .
c o n t i n u e . ,
.
. ,
, :
while (1)
//
cout << " ";
can
inputVal;
//
if (inputVal < 0)
//
cout " "

" \";
//
continue;
//
5.
61

. ,

(
?).
? ( , , '.')
, , ,
.
,
. BreakDemo
,
. , NestedDemo,
, , .

, .
// NestedDemo .
//
,
//
.
//
,
//
0.
#include <stdio.h>
int main(ir.t arg, char* pszArgs[])
{
out << " "
<< " .\ "
<< " "
<< " \"
<< " , "
<< " \ \";
//
int accumulator;
do
{
//
accumulator = 0;
cout << "\ \";
//
(;;)
{
//
int value = 0;
cout << " : ";
cin >> value;
// ...
if (value < 0}
{
// ...
break;
}
// ...
62
I, C++
//
accumulator = accumulator + value;
// ...
cout "\ "
<< accumulator
<< "\";
I / ...
// ,
//
//
} while (accumulator != 0 ) ;
cout << " \n";
return 0;
//
,
.
if,
:
switch ()
{
case c l :
// , ==
cl
break;
case c2:
// , == 2
break;
default:
// ,
//
1
{int, long char); c l , 2,
. switch :
, ,
case.
, .
, d e f a u l t .
:
cout << " 1, 2 3 : " ;
cin >> choice;
switch (choice)
{
case 1:
// " 1 "
break;
case 2:
// "2"
break;
5.
63
case
3:
//' " 3 "
break;
default:
out << " 1, 2 3\"
, switch
if ( if-); , -
, switch .
switcn
break, .
64
I. C++
. w &:
Od?uw,uuHtw! O(buu,uuHtw! Mf-
!' . MHt
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.
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.

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quence{) ,
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tionDemo , .
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.
FunctionDemo , NestDemo
sumSequence {] .
6.
67
C++
. .
// FunctionDemo
//
.
//

//

#include <stdio.h>
// sumSequence
//
, ,
//
//
.
int sumSequence(void)
//
int accumulator =
0;
for (;;)
{
//
int value = 0;
cout << " :

";
cin >> value;
// ...
if (value < 0}
{
// ...
break;
// ...
// accumulator
accumulator = accumulator 4 value
//
return accumulator;
int main(int arg, char* pszArgs[J)
cout << " \"
<< ". \"
<< " .\"
<< " \"
<< " \";
// ...
int accumulatedVaiue;
do
I
// ,
//
cout << "\ \";
68
If.
accumulatedValue = sumSequence(};
//
<< " "
<< accumulatedValue
"\";
/ / . . .
} w h i l e ( a c c u m u l a t e d V a l u e != 0 ) ;
c o u t << " \ " ;
r e t u r n 0;
sumSequence ()
,
m a i n ( ) .
NestDemc.
, main(>
accumulatedValue sumSequence () .
sumSequence ().
accumulatedValue, .
, ,
, 0. ,
.
,
. ,
.
sumSequence ()
i n t sumSequence (void).
. ,
sumSequence () NestDemo.
: main
, (, NestDemo )
sumSequence (). ,
main , .

C++.
, .
C++,
:
< > name(< )
{
retui<>;
}
,
. ,
. , square (10)
10 , 100.
6.
69
, . -
, void. ,
void,
( FunctionDemo).
void, .
FunctionDemo sumSequence ( ) ,
.
void,
i n t fn (void) i n t fn ().

FunctionDemo . sumSequence ()
,
.
main ()
sumSequence () (
, , ).

sumSequence () .
, double char (
5, " ").
, void.
. ,
, . ,
, void-.
, ,
.
void echoSquare(>
cout << " :";
cin >> value;
cout << "\n"value*value "\n";
return;
,
return (
). .
r e t u r n void- .
,
.

,
, .. .

.
70
II.

,
. s q u a r e {>,
d o u b l e :
// SquareDemo
// ,
# i n c l u d e <stctio . h>
#include <lostrearn.h>
// square
//
doubleVar
//
returns doubleVar
double square(double doubleVar)
return doubleVar * doubleVar;

// sumSequence
// ,

// ,
// .
//
//
int accumulator^ 0;
for(; ; )
//
double dValue = 0;
out << " : ";
cin >> dValue;
// ...
if (dValue < 0)
// .
. . :
break;
// ...
int value = (int]square(dValue);
//
// accumulator
accumulator^ accumulator + value;
//
return accumulator;
int main (int arg, char* pszArgs
6.
71
cout " \n"

<< " . \."
<< " ^"
<< " \"
<< " .\"
" \."
<< " , \"
<< " \.";
// ...
int accumulatedValue;
do
{
// ,
//
cout << " \ \." ;
accumulatedValue sumScquence();
//
cout << " "
<< accumulatedValue
"\";
// ...
} while (accumulatedValue != 0 ) ;
cout << " \n";
return 0;
}
, FunctionDemo,
. squar e ()
.
sumSequence () : ,
, squar e () .

.
. , :
int product(int argl, int arg2)
{
return argl*arg2;

, :
: accumulator = accumulator + (int)dValue;
( i n t ) dValue ,
dValue (
double) i n t .
.
C++
. C++
: ,
.
.
72
//.
main ()
ir.ain() ,
(, ).
C++
, , main ().
, ,
.
main() ,
.
main (), C++
.
JCefiezjUfetca/
C++
(function overloading).
, ,
C++ .

( ),
:
void someFunction(void)
{
//...
}
void someFunction(int n)
(
//...
}
void someFunction(double d)
i
//... :
}
void someFunction(int nl, int n2)
{
//... ,
//
)
C++ , someFunction (void) , someFunction ( i n t ) ,
someFunction(double) , s o m e F u n c t i o n ( i n t , i n t ) .
,
. .
, void . ,
SumFunction (void) SumFunction () .
, someFunction () ,
, .
, .
, - ,
(, ,
). , ,
. , ,
.
6.
73
,
.
:
int intVariablel, intVariable2;
double doubleVariable;
//
someFunction();
// someFunction(void)
soraeFunction(intVariablel);
// someFunction{int)
someFunction{doubleVariable); // someFunction(double)
someFunction(intVariablel, intVariable2);
// someFunction(int, int)
//
someFunction(1);
// someFunctionfint)
someFunction(1.0);
// someFunction(double)
someFunction(1,2 ) ;
// someFunction(int, int)
,
.
(
) .
()
:
int someFunction(int n ) ;
// someFunction(int)
double someFunction(int n ) ; //
:
int someFunction(int n);
double d = someFunction(10) ,
//
i n t
double. :
int someFunction(int n ) ;
double someFunction(int n);
double d = someFunction(10);
//
// ?
C++ ,
double- .
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,
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.
sumSequence () square , ,
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.
( C++).
74
//.
- ,
main () , . :
int main(int argc, char* pArgs[])
someFunc(1, 2) ;
i n t someFunc(double argl, i n t arg2)

(
//... -
}
someFunc () main .
, someFunc ( i n t , i n t )
void. , , .
, C++
. , "
13. : .
main()
. .

. :
int someFunc(double, int);
someFunc(1, 2);
|
int someFunc(double argl, int arg2)

{
//... -
( ,
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some?unc (double, i n t ) . mainf) ,
1 double. , main () ,
someFjnc () .
, , .
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.
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int globalVariable;
void fn{}
1
, ,
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75
int localVariable;
static int staticVariable;
}
f n () l o c a l V a r i a b l e .

. , fn () ,
.
g l o b a l V a r i a b l e
.
s t a t i c V a r i a b l e -
. ,
( ,
). s t a t i c V a r i a b l e fn () . ,
l o c a l V a r i a b l e , s t a t i c V a r i a b l e
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- , f n ().
76
II.
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^
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71
. ,
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cin >>
if (valuc.l >= )
{
in >> value2;
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7.
77

. valueArray,
128 . ,
.
int value;
// ,
// 12 8 int
int valueArray[128];
// ,
// ;
// 128
for (int i = 0; i < 128;
cin >> value;
// ,
//
if (value < 0) break;
valueArray[i] = value;
( ) valueArray.
( i n t ) ,
,
, .
valueArray 128 .

valueArray.
, .
valueArray [0], valueArray [1] ..
valueArray [i] i- .
i , .. char, i n t long.
valueArray , vaiueArray [ij i n t .

( ),
.
// ArrayDemo
// .
//
#include <stdio.h>
#include <lostream.h>
//
int sumArray(int integerArray[],

inr sizeOfloatArray);
void displayArray(int integerArray[], int sizeOfloatArray);
int main(int nArg, char* pszArgs[]}
//
int nAccumulator = 0;
cout << " ,"
78
II.
<<
cout <<
<<
<<
" \";
" , "
" "
" \";
//
int inputValues[128];
int umberOfValues = 0;
for f; numberOfValues < 12 8; numberOfValues++
{
//
int integerValue;
cout << " : ";
cin >> integerValue;
// ...
if {integerValue < 0)
\
II ...
break;
// ...
inputValues[numberOfValues] = integerValue
//
displayArray(inputValues, numberOfValues);
cout << " "
<< sumArray(inputValues, numberOfValues)
"\";
return 0;
// displayArray
// integerArray sizeOfloatArray
void displayArray(int integerArray[], int sizeOfArray)
{
cout << " "
<< " :\";
for (int i = 0; i < sizeOfArray; i++)
{
cout.width(3);
cout i ": " integerArray[i] << "\n";
}
cout << "\n";
// sumArray
//
int sumArray(int integerArray[], int sizeOfArray)
{
int accumulator = 0;
for (int i = 0; i < sizeOfArray; i++)
{
accumulator += integerArray[i];
}
return accumulator;
7.
79
ArrayDemo sumArrayf)
displayArra y (), .
.
i n p u t v a l u e s .
for.
integerValue . ,
break . , integerValu e
.
nuraberOfValues
. for.
. for
, 128, ..
( 128
, ).
i n p u t v a l u e s ,
128. ,
,
.
. , ;
, .
main
. displayArra y () for,
.
accumulator . sizeOfArray
, .
, C++ 0, 1.
, , for ,
i sizeOfArray. 128
integerArra y accumulator? ,
sizeOfArray, .

,
. , - , .
:
- , .
,
.
.
, , :
float floatArray[5] = {0.0, 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0);
f l o a t A r r a y [0]
0,
f l o a t A r r a y [1] 1, f l o a t A r r a y [2 ] 2 ..
.
, ,
floatArra y . C++ (
, ). ,
:
f l o a t
80
f l o a t A r r a y [ ]
{0.0,
1.0,
2.,
3.0,
4 , 0 } ;
II.

, 1.
(1).
1. C++
0! C++
valueAriray [01. C++ ;
128- i n t e g e r A r r a y [127], i n
tegerArray [128].
, C++ .
i n t e g e r A r r a y [200]. , C++
i n t e g e r A r r a y [-15].
.
.
. ,
, .
,
10- .
, .
, ,
. ..,
, .
, 20 .
(, ?). ,
. , -
- ( !). , ,
, - .
, (-
, , ,
).
. 20-
(arra y L;*0]) 10- ,
( , ).
! 2 0 ] - , .
, ,
.

i n t e g e r A r r a y 1128].
,
, .

, ArrayDemo ,
, . ,
,
.

.
.
displayArray () , Su
mArray ;) .
7.
81

.
.
,
( ).
C++ :
int intMatrix[10][5];
10 5 ,
50 . , i n t M a t r i x 10
, 5 .
, i n t M a t r i x [0] [ 0 ] ,
i n t M a t r i x [ 9 ] [ 4 ] .
i n t M a t r i x .
10 , .
, :
i n t
i n t M a t r i x [ 2 ] [ 3 ]
{{1,
2,
3 ) ,
(4,
5,
6}};
:
i n t M a t r i x [0] I, 2 3, a i n t M a t r i x [1] 4, 5 6 .
. C++
f l o a t , double, long,
.
.
, , :
c h a r
sMyNarae[]
{ ' S
' t ' ,
' e ' ,
' p ' ,
' h ' ,
' e ' ,
' n ' } ;
:
// CharDisplay

// MS DOS
#include <stdio.h>
//
void displayCharArray{char stringArray[],
int sizeOfloatArray);
int main(int nArg, char* pszArgs[])
char charMyName[] = { ' S ' , '

t', 'e', 'p', 'h', 'e 1 , 'n'};
displayCharArray(charMyName, 7 ) ;
cout << "\n";
return 0;
//displayCharArray ,
//
void displayCharArray(char stringArray[],
int sizeOfloatArray)
82
II.
for i int i = 0 ; i< sizeOfloat.Array;

{
cout << stringArray[i];
, ,
, ( ?).

displayCharArra y ()
displayCharArray () displayArra y ()
, .
; - :
.
, . ,
,
.
.
0, , .
0 0x30. - ,
0 (.. 0x00). 0,
\0.
\ , .
, :
// DispiayString
// MS DOS
#include <stdio.h>
//
void dLspIayString(char stringArray[]};
int maii(int nArg, char* pszArgs[j)
{
char charMyName[] =
{'S', 't', 'e', 'p', 'h', 'e', 'n',
displayString(charMyName);
cout << "\n";
retarn 0;
// displayString
void displayString(char stringArray[])
{
for (int i = 0; stringArray [ i ] != 0; i+-O
{
cout << stringArray[i];
charMyName
(\0) . d i s p l a y S t r i n g
, -.
d i s p l a y S t r i n g ()
- , , displayCharArray ().
7.
83
d i s p l a y S t r i n g () ,
. ,
( 6, " ").
, C++
. .
.
C++ .
, ,
. 8 9 :
char szMyName[] = "Stephen";

sz. .
"Stephen " ,
!
{/
. C++
,
. , ,
- .
,
.

. :
// Concatenate ,
// " "
#include <stdio.h>
// ,
//
#include <string.h>
//
void concatString(char szTarget[], char szSource[]);
int rnain(int nArg,
i
char* pszArgs[])
// ...
char szStringl[256];
cout << " #1: ";
cin.getline(szStringl, 128 ) ;
// ... ...
char szString2[128];
84
II.
cout << " #2: ";

cin.getline Is2String2, 128);
// ... " "
concatString(SzStringl, " " ) ;
// =treat(szStringl, " " ) ;
// ... ...
concatString(szStringl, szString2);
// =treat(szStringl, szString2);
// ...
cout << "\n" << szStringl << "\n";
return 0;
// concatString ~ szSource
//
szTarget
void concatString(char szTargetf], char szSource
(
//
int targetlndex = 0;
whiJ e (szTarget[targetlndex] )
(
targetlndex++;
//
int. sourcelndex = 0 ;
whil.e (szSource [sourcelndex] )
{
szTarget[targetlndex] =
szSource[sourcelndex];
targetlndex++;
sourcelndex+j-;
// -
szTarget[targetlndex] = ' \ 0 ' ;
}
main , g e t l i n e { ) . (
cir. >> s z S t r i n g
, .)
main () , c o n c a t S t r i n g {)
. c o n c a t S t r i n g ()
(szSource) (szTarget) . .
szTarget . concatString ; s z T a r g e t , t a r g e t l n d e x
.
t a r g e t l n d e x ssTarget .
while (value !=0) : while ( v a l u e ) ,
f a l s e , value 0,
t r u e .
7.
85
szSource,
, , szTarget. , sour
celndex szSource. c o n c a t s t r i n g ()
,
.
j_[e ,
.
""
, ,
.
,
. C++
:
char dash [ ] = " ",
c o n c a t S t r i n g ( d a s h , szMyName);
, dash
. c o n c a t s t r i n g (>
dash.
C++
C++
. , .
,
, . ,
. 7.1,
.
7.7.,
int strlen(string]
(
)
char*" strcat (target, source)
s o u r c e t a r g e t
char* strcpy(target, source)
s o u r c e t a r g e t
char* strstr(sourcel,
source2)
source!
int strcmp(sourcel, source2)
source2
int stricmp(sourcel, source2)

,
# i n c l u d e < s t r i n g . h > .
Concatenate c o n c a t S t r i n g ()
C++ s t r c a t ().
.

. , !
c o n c a t s t r i n g () ,
, C++.
86
II.
wchar_ t
+-1 char 8- ,
256 ( 0 255). 10 , 26
26 .
.
,
, . ,
, , .. , 8-
.
C++ wchar_t,
char. , char,
C++ . , w s t r s t r ( )
wchar_t.
, ,
. ,
, .
C++ .
p r i n t f ,
.
:
p r i n t f ( " ");
p r i n t f
, %. ,
:
i n t n l n t = 1;
double doubleVar = 3.5;
printf(" %i; "
" %f",
nlnt, doubleVar);
%i, %f,
:
1; 3.5

.
7.
87
C++
3 01 ...
/
s
/
^
*77
/ / C++ ,
* ^ * , ,
,
. ,
(.. ).
.
,
,
C++.
tncucoe aqftec
, C++ - .
, 0, 1, 2 ..
intRandy 0x100, a floatReader
0x180 ( ).
, ,
(
, ). ,
, . 8.1 (
Pentium GNU C++ Visual C++).
8.1.

( )
ir.t
long
float
double
,
(
& , ).
// Layout
//

88
//.
//

#include <sttiic.h>
int main(int intArgc, char* pszArgs[])
int
ml;
int
n;
long
1;
float f;
double d;
int
ir.2;
//
cout.setf(ios: :hex) ;
//
// ,
//
cout << "

= Ox" << (long)&ml
<< "\n
cout << "&n = Ox"
<< (long) &n < "\n
cout << "&1 = Ox" << (long)Si <<= "\n
cout << "sf - Ox"

<< (long) &f <<< "\n
cout << "&d = Ox"
<< (long) &d <i "\n
cout << "
= Ox"
<< (long)&m2 << "\n
return 0
He ,
.
. .
, ,
, 1 .. ( ).
GNU C++, Visual C++
.
/(
- , .
. 8.2 .
8.2.
& ()
* ()

,
( ).
( )
8. C++
89
void
fn()
in" irit.Var ;
iriL* pintVar;
pi ntVar - 6intVar; // pir.tVar intVar

*ntVar = 10;
// 10 int
// , pintVar
f n () intVar;
pir.tVar H;I i n t .
,
*,
.
i n t .
.
,

. , _ i n t , d double ..
.
& " ".
,
in-Var pintVar.
, fn <} 0x100,
i n t v a r 0x102, pintVa r 0x106 (
Layout;
).
s i n t v a r (0x102)
pintVar. 10 ,
, pintVa r ( 0x102,
.. intVar).

. ,
.
. , : 123 Main Street ( ,
! ,
). (, 123456).
123 Main Street,
0x123456.
123 Main Street. ,
, . :
, ,
, (
).
C++ , :
House myKouse;
House" houseAddress;
houseAddress = &nr.yHouse;
'houseAddress = couch;
: myHouse , a houseAddress
. myHouse houseAddress
, houseAddress.
90
i n t :
int myInt;
int* intAddress;
intAddress = sraylnt;
*intAddress = 10;
, : my i n t
i n t . raylnt intAddress 10
, , intAddress.

, , .
sintVar i n t , .. i n t * .
pintVar , :
i n t * pintVar = SintVar;
//
// * i n t
pintVar int*, a *pintVar int:
*pintVar = 1 0
//
// int
, pintVar, i n t . ,
bouseAddress , , , houseAddress
.
:
double dDubleVar
double* odoubleVar = sdoubleVar
*pdoubleVar =10.0
Pentium ,
, 14.
. ,
, :
int nl;
int* pintVar;
pintVar = &nl;
*pintVar = 100.0;
, ,
, , .
,
100.0 i n t , .
:
int iVar;
double dVar = 10.0;
iVar = (int)dVar;
:
int* piVar;
double dVar = 10.0;
double*
pdVar;
piVar (int*)pdVar;
14
, ,
,
. . .
8. C++
91
, ,
, . ,
, , ,
.
Layout Err :
// LayoutError
//

#include <stdio.h>
int main(int intArgc, char* pszArgs[])
rnt
rnt
int
upper = 0;
n
= 0;
lower = 0;
//
cout << "upper =

" <<: upper << " \n" ;
cout << "n

=
" n
"\n";
cout << "lower

= " << lower << "\n";
// double
// , int
cout << "\ double int\n";
double* pD = (double*
) .n;
*pD = 13.0;
//
cout << "upper = "

upper << "\n";
cout << "n
= " ' n
<< "\n";
cout << "lower = " << lower "\n";
main()
i n t . , .
.
, .
* = 13.0;, , double,
., i n t . .

upper "" - .
:
house* houseAddress = &"123 Main Street";
hotel * hotelAddress;
hotelAddress = (hotel*)houseAddress;
*hotelAddress = TheRitz;
houseAddress .
hotelAddress .
. "" . ,
"" , ,
, ( - !).
,
.
92
II.
* p i n t v a r = 100 . , C + + ,
p i n t V a r 1 0 0 . 0
.
Jtefteqana
.
, ,
.

, ,
. :
void fn(intArg)
{
int intArg = 10;
// intArg 10
}
void parent(void)
{
int nl = 0;
fn(nl);
// nl 0
}
p a r e n t () nl .
n l fn (). f n () intArg
10. fn()
. n l ,
, p a r e n t () 10.
nl 0.
, C++ , ,
.
,
.
, , - "
f n

O " ,
.

, ,
.
void
fn(int*
pintArg}
*pintPrg = 10;
void parent(void)
{
int r. 0;
8. C++
93
fn(Sn);
i
//
// 10
f n () .

, , , fn ().
, 0x102. f ()
, 0x102. fn () *pintArg = 10
10 i n t ,
0x102. , 10,
0x102 .

C++ ,
.
.
(, ,
).
void fnfints. intArg)
{
intArg = 10;
i
void parent(void)
i
int n - 0;
fn(ri)
// 10
}
frs () , ,
, 10 i n t , intArg.
/
(heap) ,
. ,
.
, ,
. , ,
:
double* f n ( v o i d ) ;
.
, ,
(.. ,
...).

, C++
, .. , .
:
94
//.
//
//
//
// ( )
int intGlobal;
// intChild child
//
// child()
// ( )
void child(void)
int intChild;
// intParent
void paremt (void)
{
i n t i n t P a r e n t = 0;
c h i l d () ;
i n t i n t L a t e r =
0 ;
i n t P a r e n t = i n t L a t e r ;
int main(int nArgs, char* pArgs[])
parent();
main (). main ()

p a r e n t ().
i n t P a r e n t , , .
.
p a r e n t c h i l d ().
i n t C h i l d ,
c h i l d O . i n t P a r e n t c h i l d () (
i n t P a r e n t c h i l d ),
.
c h i l d () i n t C h i l d
, .. ,
(, ,
).
c h i l d ()
p a r e n t (), i n t L a t e r ,
, p a r e n t ().
main () i n t L a t e r i n t P a r e n t
.
,
.
( ).
i n t G l o b a l ,
.
8. C++
95

,
.
double1 child(void)
double dLocalVariable;
return fidLocalVariable;
void parent(void)
<
double* pdLocal;
pdLocal = child ();
*pdLocal = 1.0;
, dLocalVariable
c h i l d ( ) . , dLocalVariable c h i l d ()
,
- .
5
* '
,
. ,

. ,
, d L o c a l V a r i a b l e ,
. ,
.

, C++
.
, .
,
"" C++. (heap).
, new;
, .
double.
double* child{void)
double* pdLocalVariable = new double;
return pdLocalVariable;
, pdLocalVariable
c h i l d ( ) , , ,
.
.
d e l e t e .
void p a r e n t ( v o i d )
{
// child()
//
double* pdMyDouble = child();
96
II.
//
*pdMyDouble = 1.1;
//
delete pdMyDouble;
pdMyCouble = 0;
, c h i l d O ,
double , .
, ,
pdMyDouble . ,
. ,
- , pdMyDouble,
.
, ,
, .
8. C++
97

/ ...
/
/
C++ ,
. ( 8, "
C++".)
; .

, 3, "
", .
(
7, " "). . 9.1
.
9.1.
pointer+offset
o f f s e t p o i n t e r
pointer-offset
pointer2-pointerl
,

pointer2
pointeri
offset i n t ( ,
, ++ +=, ).
, (
), ,
. ,
. , 123 Main Street, 124 Main Street
( 122 Main Street, ,
).
,
127 Main Street.
123 Main Street + 4 = 127 Main Street
, , 123
127, :
127 Main Street - 123 Main Street = 4
, :
123 Main Street - 123 Main Street =
98
II.

.
.
.
. .
0 , 1
..
32- ,
charArray. 0x110,
0xl2f. , cha
rArray[0; 0x110, c h a r A r r a y [ l ] 0x111, charAr
[2 ] 0x112 ..
p t r .

p t r = ScharArray[0];
p t r 0x110.
.
. 9.2.
,
charArray.
9.2.
0x110
+1
0x111
charArray[0]
charArray[1]
+2
0x112
charArray[2]
+n
0110+
charArray[n]
,
.
, char* p t r scharArray [0] ;, * ( p t r + )
charArray [n] .
* , ,
* p t r + ,
p t r .
, .
* ( p t r + n) , p t r
.

, C++ a r r a y f n ] * ( p t r + n), p t r
a r r a y . C++ a r r a y []
* ( s a r r a y [0] +). , char charArray [20], charArray
s c h a r A r r a y [ 0 ] .
, ,
( ). ,
, a r r a y [n] C++
* ( a r r a y + n) .
9.
99

( , ).
, d i s p l a y A r r a y (),
, :
// displayArray ,
// nSize
void displayArray(int intArray[], int nSize)
cout << " :\";
for (int n = 0; n < nSize; n++)

{
cout n << ": " << intArray[n]

M \n";
}
cout << "\n";
,
.
, :
// displayArray ,
// nSize
void displayArray(int intArray[], int nSize)
cout << " :\n";
int* pArray = intArray;
for(int n 0; n < nSize; n++, pArray++)
cout << n ": " << 'pArray "\n";
}
cout << "\n";
}
displayArray
intArray.
, "
15.
.
for
intArray. pArray,
.
,
, ,
, .
.
.
,
. . .
100

,
( C++ ).
(,
), 7, " ".
C++ .
,
.

,
. ,
, .
7, " ",
c o n c a t S t r i n g {), .
:
void c o n c a t S t r i n g ( c h a r s z T a r g e t [ ] , char s z S o u r c e [ ] ) ;
,
. ,
, .
szTarget c o n c a t S t r i n g ()
while:
void c o n c a t S t r i n g ( c h a r s z T a r g e t [ ] , char szSource[])
{
//
i n t intTargetlndex = 0;
while(szTarget[intTargetlndexj)
{
intTargetIndex++;
,
:
void c o n c a t S t r i n g ( c h a r * pszTarget,
char* p s z S o u r c e ) ;
:
void concatString(char* pszTarget, char* pszSource)
//
while(*pszTarget)
pszTarget++;
c o n c a t S t r i n g while ,
szTarget [ i n t T a r g e t l n d e x ] 0.

pszTarget.
9.
101
ptr+ + p t r
p t r + 1.
while pszTarge t
, . , pszTarge t ,
, .
c o n c a t s t r i n g ( )
:
// ConcatenatePtr
//
" ",
//

//

#include <stdio.h>
void concatString(char* pszTarget, char* pszSource);
{
// ...
char szStringl [256];
cout " #1: ";
cin.getline (szStringl, 128);
// ... ...
char szString2 [128];
cout << " #2: ";
cin.getline(szString2, 128 ) ;
// ... " " ...
concatString(szStringl, " " ) ;
// ... ...
// ...
cout << "\" szStringl "\";
return 0;
// concatString *pszSource
//
*pszTarget
void concatString(char* pszTarget, char* pszSource)
{
//
while(*pszTarget)
{
pszTarget++;
}
//
// (
// , ,
102
// )
while(*pszTarget++ = *pszSource++)
main f)
, c o n c a t s t r i n g ()
.
, c o n c a t s t r i n g
char*. , while
c o n c a t s t r i n g {) pszTarget.
c o n c a t s t r i n g ()
pszSource pszTarget.

while (), .
1. , pszSource.
2. pszSource
.
3. ,
pszTarget.
4. pszTarget
.
5. , .

while (). , pszTarget
.

: ? ,
char*
?
c o n c a t e n a t e ()
C++, .
,
C++. , C++, ,
, . ,
,
while (*pszTarget++ = *pszSource++) {} ,

.
.
,
, FORTRAN,
.
, ,
C++,
.
9.
103
, , C++,
. C++
.
.
//
*pszArray++ = '\0';
/ /
*pszArray2 '\0';
pszArray2 = pszArray2 + 1;
//
//
, ,
.

.

, szTarge t + n s z T a r g e t [ ] ,
szTarge t . szTarge t
0x100, 0x105.
,
i n t , .
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110
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// ...
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{
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{
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{
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void concatString(char szTarget[], char szSource[]};
int main.int nArg, char* pszArgs[])
cout << " \" ;
cout << "( .)\\";
// ...
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cout << " #1:";
cin.getline(szStringl, 128);
// ... ...
char szString?. [128];
cout << " #2:";
cin.getline(szString2, 12 8; ;
// ... " " ...
concatString ( szSr_ringl , " " ) ;
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// ...
cout << "\n" << szStringl << "\";
return 0;
// concatString - * pszSource
11. C++
125
//
* pszTarget
void concatString (char szTarget[], char szSourcel])
int nTargetIndex;
int nSourcelndex;
//
while(szTarget[++nTargetIndex])
//
while(szSource[nSourcelndex])
szTarget[nTargetlndex] =
szSource[nSourcelndex];
n7argetlndex++;
nSourceIndex++;
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szTarget[],
char
szSource[])
i n t nTargetIndex = 0;
int nSourcelndex = 0 ;
//
while (szTarget [+J-nTargetIr.dex] )
//
whij e(szSource[nSourcelndex])
{
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nTargetIndexi-+;
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131
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Go.
.

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BUDGET.
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BUDGET (
). :
| / ;
fi
. / ;
| / ;
I ^ ,
.
,
( , !).
.
BUDGET .
// BUDGET1.CPP ""
#include <stdio.h>
//
const int maxAccounts = 10;

//
unsigned accountNumber[maxAccounts];
double
balance[maxAccounts];
//
void process (unsigned^ accountNurnber,
doubles
balance);
132
II.
void init(unsigneds accountNumber,

doubles
balance);
// main
/ /
{
//
int noAccounts = 0; //
//
while (riOAccounts < maxAccounts)
{
char transactionType;
cout << " , X :'
c;.n >> transactionType;
/'/ , X
;.: (transactionType == ' ' | |
transactionType == 'X')
1
break;
...
(transactionType == '1 ||
transactionType == '')
// ... ...
init(accountNumber[noAccounts],
balance[noAccounts]);
// ...
process(accountNumber[ncAccounts],
balance[noAccounts]>;
//
noAccounts++;
//
//
double total = 0;
cout << " :\n";
for (int i = 0; i < noAccounts; i++)
i
ccut << " "
<< accountNumber[i]
<< " = "
<< balance[i]
<< "\n";
//
total += balance[i];
//
11. C++
133
cout << " = "

<< total
<< "\";
return 0;
1
// init ,
//

void init(unsigned& countNumber,
doubles
balance)
{
ccuc << " :";
cin >> accountNumber;
balance = .0;
// process
//

void process (unsigneds accountNurober,
doubles
balance)
{
cout << " \"
<< " \'
double transaction;
do
(
cout << ":";
cin >> transaction;
// ?
if (transaction > 0)
{
balance += transaction;
// ?
if (transaction < 0)
{
//
transaction = -transaction;
if (balance < transaction)
{
cout << " :
<< balance
<< ", "
<< transaction
<< "\";
}
else
{
balance -- transaction;
} while (transaction != 0) ;
134
II.
,
( , ):
X :
-: : 1234

:200
:-100
200
: 100, 200
:0
X :
:2345
:200
:-50
:-50
:-50
:0
X :X
1234 = 100
2345 = 50
= 150
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accountNumber [n], .
11. C++
135
, ,
MAXACCOUNTS
: ;
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. X,
main ().
,
MAXACCOUNTS, , .
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'X', ''
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/&

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C+ + ,
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, ;
// dataset
class NameDataSet
{
public:
char firstName[128];
char lastName [128];
int creditCard;
}
// dataset
NameDataSet nds;
c l a s s ,
, .
s t r u c t ,
c l a s s , p u b l i c .
public . (He
, , .
, p u b l i c p r i v a t e .
p r i v a t e , p u b i i c :-).)
142
///. ""
p u b l i c .
, NaneDaraSet ,
. , i n t
( , ).
,
.
nds,
NameDataSet. , nds ,
.
, nds KameDataSet
, NameDataSet. , firstName
, .
.
:
NameDataSet nds;
nds.creditCard = 1;
cin >> nds.firstName;
cin >> nds . lastNairve;
nds NameDataSet ( NameDa

t a S e t ) ; n d s . c r e d i t C a r d nds;
nds . c r e c i t C a r d i n t , ,
nds . firstName, char [ j .
,
: nds,
. -
10 (,
!).
.
nds ,
, .
i n t getlJata (NameDataSet& nds)
{
coir: << " : " ;
cin >> nds.firstName;
if fstricmp(nds.firstName, "exit") == 0)
{
return 0;
cout << " :";

cin. >> nds . lastName;
cout << " :
cir >> nds.creditCard;
return 1;
13. C++
743
// displayData
void displayData(NameDataSetfi nds)
{
cout << nds.firstName
<< " "
<< nds.lastName
"/"
<< nds.creditCard
"\n";
}
{
const int MAX = 25;
// 25 NameDataSet
NameDataSet nds[MAX];
// ,
//
coat << " / :\"
<< " 'exit'\"
" \";
int index - 0;
while (getData(nds[index]) & index < MAX)
{
index++;
}
cout "\:\n";
for (int i = 0; i < index; i++)
{
displayData(nds[i]) ;
}
return 0;
}

NameDataSet,
// DataSet
//

#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
// NameDataSet
/ /
class NaineDataSet
{
public:
char firstName[128] ;
char lastName [128];
int creditCard;
};
int getData(NameDataSetS nds)
{
cout << " : ";
144
HI. ""
cin
>> nds.firstName;
if (stricmp(nds.firstName, "exit") == 0)
{
return 0;
out << " : ";
cin >> nds.lastName;
out << " :
cin
nds.creditCard;
return 1;
// displayData
// NameDataSet
void displayData(NameDataSet& nds)
{
cout << nds.firstName
<< " "
<< nds.lastName
"/"
nds.creditCard
<< "\n";
}
int mainfint nArg, char* pszArgs[])
{
const int MAX = 25;
// 25 NameDataSet
NameDataSet nds[MAX];
// ,
//
cout << " / \"
<< " 'exit' ";
int index = 0;
while (getData(nds[index]) & index < MAX)
{
index++;
}
cout << ":\n";
for (int i = 0; i < index; i++)
i
displayData(nds[i]);
)
return 0;
}
main () 25 NameDataSet,
.
whil e getDat a ,
. , getDat a ()
0
( 25).
displayData , .
13. C++
145
g e t D a t a O NameDataSet,
rids. "&"
15, " ".
g e t D a t a O
firstName. s t r i c m p O
, " e x i t " , getData O
main (), , . (
s t r i c m p O , . "EXIT",
" e x i t " .) " e x i - " ,

nds.
dispIayDat a () nds.
:
/
'exit'
: Stephen
: Davis
: 123456
: Marshall
: Smith
: 5678 90
: exit
:
Stephen Davis/123456
Marshall Smith/567890
, .
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.
. Marshal l Smith
. e x i t
. , ,
.
146
III, ""
14

6 ...
/
-/ -
S -
/ -
S
S -
S -
S -
*77

^ *' . Savings
.
class Savings
public:
unsigned accountNuraber;
float balance;
};
Savings :
void fn(void)
Savings a;
Savings b;
a.accountNumber = 1; // , ...
b.accountNumber = 2; // ...
a.accountNuniber b. accountNumber.
,
( ).
.
C++ ,
. ,
Savings , -
.
14.
147

-,
. , :
, ,
..

. C++ strcmp ()
getLine () . 26,
" -", ,
- (in >> cout <<) ,
.
Savings
:
class Savings
public:
unsigned accountNumbere
float balance;
unsigned deposit(unsigned amount)
balance += amount;
return balance;
Savings
d e p o s i t (). Savings
. , MicrowaveGven ( )
cook () (), Savings d e p o s i t ().
, , -.
-
-?
:
class Savings
public:
unsigned accountNumber;
float balance;
I;
unsigned deposit(Savings & s, unsigned amount)
s.balance += amount;
return s.balance;
i
: "&"
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deposit() " ".
,
Savings. ,
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148
III. ""
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p o s i t (), .
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, , "".
2)<5 cfti/-
: -
( , ?).
-
-,
Student :
class Student
public:
int
semesterHours;
float gpa;
//
float addCourse(int hours, float grade)
//
//
float weightedGPA;
weightedGPA = semesterHours * gpa;
//
semesterHours += hours;
weightedGPA +=
grade * hours;
gpa = weightedGPA / semesterHours;
//
return gpa;
addCourse ( i n t , f l o a t ) - Student.
, Student, semesterHours gpa.
,
, ,
,
- .
14.
149
-
. -
, C++. ,

C + + , , ,
"-" (, ,
).
" ",
"" "-", .
"" C++ ,
.

- .
a d d C o u r s e ( i n t , f l o a t ) s t u d e n t : : a d d C o u r s e ( i n t , f l o a t ) ,
.
addCourse ( i n t , f l o a t ) , - .
, Student (: :
-).
, .
.
addCourse ( i n t , f l o a t ) ,
Student; ,
, (
: ,
).
Teacher: : addCourse (ir.t, f l o a t )
Golf: : addCourse (int., f l o a t ) . addCourse ( i n t , f l o a t )
, ,
.
-
- , ,
- :
class Student
public:
int
semesterHours;
float gpa;
};
Student s;
void fn(void)
// - s
s . seinesterHours = 10;
s.gpa = 3.0;
,
. , .
150
III. ""
Student s;
void fn(void)
//
semesterHours = 10;
/ / ?
Student::semesterHours = 10;
// , ,
// ,
//
-
- -
, .
Student f;
void fn(void)
// s
s.semesterHours = 10;
s.gpa = 3.0;
s . a d d C o u r s e ( 3 , 4 . 0 ) ; / / -
}
, - ,
- . ,
, .
, .
: "s ,
addCourse () "; , , s
, .
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2) -
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den t : : addCourse () ... ? addCourse () ,
!
: - ,
? , . ,
Student addCourse (), ,
addCourse (). ? :
#include "student.h"
float Student: :addCourse (int hours, float grade)
float weightedGPA;
weightedGPA =
semesterHours * gpa;
//
14.
151
weightedGPA += hours * grade;
return gpa;
int main(int argcs, char* pArgs[])
Students;
Student t;
s.addCourse{3, 4.0); // 4
t. addCourse (3, 2.5); /'/ 2 ...
return 0;
addCourse () s,
s. , s e mesterHours s . addCourse ()
s. semesterHours, gpa s.gpa.
main (), addCourse () t
Student, t t . semesterHours t . gpa.

- , ?
-
. , -
:
s . a d d C o u r s e ( 3 , 2 . 5 ) S t u d e n t : : a d d C o u r s e f&s, 3, 2.5)
(, , ;
,
).
, ,
, .
.
, - ,
, ,
(this) .
, t h i s . S t u d e n t : :addCourse ()
:
float Student::addCourse(int hours, float grade)
{
float weightedGPA;
weightedGPA - this->semesterHours * this->gpa;
//
this->semesterHours += hours;
weightedGPA += hours * grade;
this->gpa = weightedGPA / this->semesterHours;
return this->gpa;
}
, t h i s - >
, .
152
III. ""
, -, "",
, -,
. ,
.
^ &
: :
, ,
. ,
.
: : ,
. addCourse ()
: : a d d C o u r s e ( i n t , f l o a t ) .
: : , .
:
// addCotrse
f l o a t adcCourse(in hours, f l o a t grade)
return
h o u r s * g r a d e ;
c l a s s S t u d e n t
p u b l i c :
int
s e m e s t e r H o u r s ;
f l o a t g p a ;
//
<
//
vêightedGPA = addCourse (semesterHours, gpa);
//
//
weightedGPA += addCourse(hours, grade);
//
return gpa;
, - S t u d e n t : : addCourse ()
: : addCourse () . : : addCourse
Student S t u d e n t : : addCourse () .
-
,
.
,
. : :
( ):
14.
153
// addCourse
float addCourse(in hours, float grade)
{
return hours*grade;
}
class Student
[
public:
int
semesterHours;
float gpa;
//
float addCourse{int hours, float grade)
{
//
weightedGPA = ::addCourse(semesterHours, gpa)
//
//
weightedGPA += ::addCourse(hours, grade);
gpa = weightedGPA / semesterHcurs;
//
return gpa;
, .
, : , ,
. - , "
" " -" -
. .
.
,
.
-
- , .
, , s t u den t . h:
class Student
(
public:
int semesterHours ;
float gpa;
//
{
//
//
float weightedGPA;
154
III. ""
//
sernesterHours += hours;
weightedGPA += grade * hours;

pa = weightedGPA / semesterKours.
//
return gpa;
-
-, ,
(, inline) (
, ).
inline-,
-, , ,
.
inline-
. ,
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- .
s t u d e n t , , :
class Student
(
public:
int
semesterKours;
float; gpa;
14.
155
//
//
// Student
float Student::addCourse(int hours, float grade)
float weightedGPA;
//
weightedGPA += grade * hours;
return gpa;
addCourse ().
.
-
, , ,
.
Student S t u d e n t : : addCourse ()
. , .
Student , s t u d e n t . h ,
,
Student..
S t u d e n t ,
. S t u d e n t .
.obj-,
.
6, " ".
-
- , (
6, " ", , ). ,
,
.
class Student
public:
//grade
float grade();
//grade
//
float grade(float newGPA);
II... - ...
};
class Slope
public:
//grade
156
///. ""
float grade () ;
//... -...
};
//grade
char grade{float value);
{
Student s;
s.grade(3.5};
//Student::grade(float)
float v = s . grade ();//Student::: grade ()
char = grade(v);
//::grade (float)
Slope o;
float m = .grade();//Slope::grade()
return 0;
}
main () .
,
, ,
( ).
.
-
S t u d e n t : : grade ( f l o a t ) S t u d e n t : : grade () .
.
s . grade ()
S t u d e n t : : grade () , s Student.
: : grade ( f l o a t ) ,
.
Slope, - Slope : :grad e ( f l o a t ) .
14.
157
15

...
S
S
S
/
S
Linked List Data
*77
C++ -.
* * , ;
? (
, ). Student,
, , .
OnfteqeAettue

. ,
.
, , 0.
C++ ,
.
int array[10];
// 10
,
:
a r r a y [ 0 ] = 10;
[ 9 ] = 20;
// 10
// 20
( 0)
10, 2 0.
, C++ 0
, , 1.
, ,
, .
.
.
158
///. ""
innvariable;
//
int" pVariable = &.variable;
// pVariable
*pVariable = 10; // 10 ,
// pVariable
pVariabl e ,
v a r i a b l e . ,
pVariable , 1.
( , !),
:
S v a r i a b l e ;
^ pVariabl e ;
,
10, , .
, ( ,
).
7, " ",
() , 8, "
C++ 1 ', 9, " ",
.
, .
:
c l a s s Student
{
public:
int
semesterHours;
float gpa;
float addCourse(int hours, float g r a d e ) ;
};
void someFn()
{
// 10
Students[10;;
// 5.0
s [ 4] .gp a = 5 . 0 ;
(!]
// ,
// ...
s [ 4 ] . a d d C o u r s e ( 3 , 0.0 ) ;
}
s s t u d e n t . s [ 4 ]
, , s [ 4 ] -gpa
. s [ 4 ] . a d d C o u r s e ()
.
15.
159

, .
class Student
{
public:
int
sernesterHours;
float gpa;
float addCourse fint hours, float grade) {return 0.0};
};
{
// Student
Student s;
// Student
Student* pS;
// pS s
pS - &s;
return 0;
}
pS " s t u d e n t " ; ,
s t u d e n t * .

,
s.
{
//
Student s;
Student* pS= &s; // s
// gpa ,
// pS ( )
*pS.gpa = 3.5;
return 0;
}
, . ,
". " " * " .
C++ . ,
, .
i n t i = 2* (1+3);
//
.
i n t m a i n ( i n t a r g c , char* pArgs[})
{
Student
s;
Student* pS= Ss; // s

// gpa ,
// pS ( )
(*pS).gpa = 3.5;
160
III. ""
return 0;
"ps , pS, , .gpa
.

*
.
, .
C++ ->,
*;
, pS->gpa (*pS) .gpa.
,
( ).
/

.

, C++
. ( 6, " ", .)
, :
.
#include "Student.h"
// Student no
void soneFn(Student valS)
cout << "GPA = "
valS.GPA "\n";
i
Student s;
s.semesterHours = 10;
.gpa = 3.0;
// s
s ome Fn(s);
return 0;
main () s,
s ome Fn ().
5^^
, .
15.
161
v a i s soraeFnO
s main ().
valS s main {).

,
.
#include <stdio.h>
#include <iostreara.h>
class Student
(
public:
int
semesterHours;
float gpa;
float addCourse(int hours, float grade){return 0.0};
};
void someFn(Student* pS)
f
pS->semesterHours = 10;
p5->gpa = 3.0;
pS->addCourse (3, 4.0); // -
}
{
Student s;
// s someFn(>
someFn fSs);
// pS
Student* pS;
pS = Ss;
someFn(pS);
return 0;
}
, someFn () ,
Student . s someFn ()
s.
: ps
-.

someFn ().

, :
? , ,
,
.
-, ,
.
, :
162
III. ""
#include <stdio.h>
class Student
{
public:
int
semesterHours;
float gpa;
float addCourse(int hours, float grade)(return 0.0;};
};
void someFn(Student copyS)
{
copyS.semesterHours = 10;
copyS.gpa
= 3.0;
copyS.addCourse(3, 4.0); // -
}
int mainfint argc, char* pArgs[])
{
Student s;
s . gps. = 0.0;
// s.gpa someFn
cout " s.gpa = " s.gpa << "\n";
//
cout << " someFn(Student)\n";
someFn(s);
// s.gpa someFn 0
cout << " .gpa = " << s.gpa << "\n";
return 0;
}
someFn ()
s. someFn () ,
. , copyS
s, soraeFn ()
s, , main .
.
s.gpa = 0
someFn(Student)
s.gpa = 0
someFn () ,
, :
#include <:stdio.h>
class Student
{
public:
int
semesterHours;
float gpa;
float addCourse(int hours, float grade){return 0.0;};
15.
163
void someFn(Student * pS)

{
pS->sernesterHours = 10;
pS->gpa
= 3.0;
pS->addCourse(3, 4.0);
// -

{
Student s;
s.gpa = 0.0;
// s.gpa someFn
cout << " s.gpa = " << s.gpa << "\n";
//
cout << " someFn(Student)\n";
someFn(&s);
// s.gpa someFn 3.0
cout << " s.gpa = " << s.gpa << "\n";
return 0;
)
someFn ()
s ( ,
).
:
s.gpa = 0
someFn(Student)
s.gpa = 3 . 0

9, " ",
, .
#include "Student.h"
// ,
void someFn(Students refS)
I
refS.semesterHours = 10;
refS.gpa = 3.0;
refS.addCourse(3, 4.0); // -
}
Student s;
{
someFn(s);
return 0;
}
someFn () ,
. , s ome Fn () s, ma in () .
s;
C+ + .
164
III. ""
[tct/
, ,
. , ,
. ,
, :
MyClass* myFunct)
{
//
MyClass me;
MyClass* pMC = &mc;
return pMC;
}
myFunc () , ,
, myFunc (), .
:
MyClass* myFunc(}
{"
MyClc.ss* pMC = new MyClass;
return pMC;
}

.
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MyClass :[100];
[ 3 ;
// 100
/ / (+1) -
.
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void
(
fnfint nSize)
//
//MyClass
MyClass* pMC = new MyClass[n];
//
15.
165
//
, .
MyClass YourClass .
, .
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. (
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,
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class LinkableClass
public:
LinkableClass* pNext;
//
};
LinkableClass.
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LinkableClass*,
, ,
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0. ,
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void addHead(LinkableClass* pLC)
pLC->pNext = pHead
pHead = pLC;
166
III, ""

. :
void addlail(LinkableClass* pLC)
//
LinkebleClass* pCurxent = pHead;
// ,
//
// pNext
while- (pCurrent->pNext != f LinkabieClass* ) 0]
pCurrent = pCurrent->pNext;
// LC
pCurrent->pNext = pLC;
// 0
// ,
//
pLC->pNext = (LinkableClass&*}0;
}
addTail ()
, pNext .
. addTail () pLC* .
( .
,
pHead. pHead , .)
remove () .
1, , 0 .
void remove(LinkableClass* pLC)
LinkableClass* pCurrent = pHead;
// , *pLC
if {^Current == (LinkableClass*) 0)
return 0;
//
//
while (pCurrent->pNext);
//
if(pLC==pCurrent->pNext)
//..-
//
pCurrent->pNext = pLC->pNext;
// ,
//
pLC->pNext = (LinkableClasss*)0;
return 1;
return 0;
}
15.
167
removed , . ,
0 ( *pLC ).
, remove ,
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pNext pNext . , ,
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.

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JlfiOiftcuuta fjnked&stData
LinkedListDat a
, .
// LinkedListData
//

#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
// NameDataSet
//
class NameDataSet
{
public:
char szFirstName[128];
char szLastName [128];
int nSocialSecurity;
//
NameDataSet* pNext;
};
//
NameDataSet* pHead = 0;
// addTail
void addTail(NameDataSet* pNDS)
{
// ,
//
pNDS->pNext = 0;
// ,
//
168
///. ""
//
if {pHead == 0)
pHead = pNDS;
return;
// ,
NameDataSet* pCurrent = pHead;
while(pCurrent->pNext)
pCurrent = pCurrent->pNext;
//
pCurrent->pNext = pNDS;
// getData
//
; ,
//

NameDataSet* getData()
//
NameDataSet* pNDS = new NameDataSet;
//
cout << " : ";
cin >> pNDS->szFirstName;
// 'exit'...
if ((stricmp(pNDS->szFirstName, "exit") == 0))
// ... ...
delete pNDS;
// ... ,
return 0;
//
cout << " : ";
cin >> pNDS->szLastName;
cout " : ";
cin >> pNDS->nSocialSecurity;
//
pND->pNext - 0;
//
return pNDS;
// displayData NameDataSet
void displayData{NameDataSet* pKDS)

{
cout; pNDS->szFirstName
<< " "

pNDS->S2LastName
15.
169
<< pNDS->nSocialSecurity
"\n";
cout << " / \"
" 'exit' \";
// NameDataSet
NameDataSet* pNDS;
while (pNDS = getDataO)
f
//
// NameDataSet
addTail(pNDS);
//
// ( ,
// )
cout ":\";
pNDS = pHead;
while(pNDS)
//
displayData(pNDS);
//
pNDS = pNDS->pNext;
I
return 0;
, LinkedListData
. main () getData (),
NameDataSet . " e x i t "
, getData () . main (} addTail (),
, getData (), .
NameDataSet,
main () , displayDat a ().
g e t D a t a O NameDataSet.
getDat a ()
. " e x i t " ,
0. g e t D a t a O
, pNext
.

! : " ".
addTai l ()
addTai l , ,
. pHead , addTai l
.
d i s p l a y D a t a () .
170
III. ""
16

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13, " C++" , .

p u b l i c , .. ,
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p u b l i c
, , .
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, .. , .
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, s t u d e n t .
, , (
spendKoney ( ) drinkBee r (
), ):
addCourse ( i n t h o u r s , f l o a t grade) ;
grade f) ;
hour s () .
s t u d e n t ,
"" s t u d e n t .
class Student
{
public:
// grade
float graded
{
return gpa;
}
// hours
int hours f)
{
return semesterHours;
}
// addCourse
//
//
protected:
int semesterHours; //
float gpa;
//
};
semesterHours gpa
Student, .
Student s ;
172
III. ""
// ( ,
// )
s.gpa = 3.5;
//
float gpa = s.grade(); //
// ,
//
return 0;
gpa
.

,
p u b l i c p r i v a t e .
, .
.

p r i v a t e . ,
p r i v a t e . p r o
t e c t e d p r i v a t e 21,
" ".
xoftouiu
, ,
, .

p r o t e c t e d gpa
.
, .
gpa,
, , :
class Student
{
public:
// grade ,
float grade()
return gpa;
//
float grade(float newGPA)
float oldGPA = gpa;
//
if (newGPA > 0 && newGPA <= 5.0)

{
gpa = newGPA;
return oldGPA;
16. : !
173
II...
protected:
float gpa;
};
grade ( f l o a t )
gpa. ,
.
gpa , ,
0 5.0.
s t u d e n t ,
.

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Student .
class Student;
{
friend void initialize(Student*);
public:
// ,
protected:
float gpa;
774
III. ""
// Student
//
void initialize(Student *pS)
pS->cpa=Q;
//
pS->=emesterHours = 0;

. , , . ,
,
. , ,
.
class Student;
class Teacher
i
friend void registration();
protected:
int noStudents;
Student *pList[100];
public:
void assignGrades();
};
class Stjdent
friend void rpî.t:". .' '
public:
// ,
protected:
Teacher *;
float gpa;
};
r e g i s t r a t i o n
s t u d e n t Teacher, ,
.
, s t u d e n t ,
. :
.
, , , , Teacher,
s t u d e n t . ,
. -
:
class Teacher
// ,
public:
);
class Student
friend void Teacher::assignGrades();
public:
// ,
protected:
16. : !
175
float gpa;
};
void Teacher::assignGrades
{);
{
//
// Student
, -
, s t u d e n t .

. , -
, :
class Student;
class Teacher
protected:
int noStudents;
Student *pList[100];
public:
};
class Student
friend class Teacher;
public:
- -
// ,
protected:
Teacher *pT;
float gpa;
);
- Teacher
s t u d e n t .
.
176
///. ""
17
:

& ...

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int me;
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int noMe;
17. : 177

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struct Student
int
semesterHours;
float gpa;
};
void fnf)
{
Student s = {0,0};
// ... ...
C++,
.
.
class Student
public:
// ... ...
protected:
int
semesterHours;
float gpa;
};
void fn()
{
Student s = {0,0);
// ,
// -
// ... ...
f ()
semesterHours gpa, (
).
178
///. ""
, ,
, .
, .
.
class Student
public:
void init()
semesterHours = 0;
gpa = 0.0;
// ... ...
protected:
int semesterHours;
float gpa;
};
void fn ()
{
Student s;
// ...
s.init{);
// ...
// ... ...

. , ,
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class Student
public:
Student()
out << " Student\n";

semesterHours = 0;
gpa = 0.0;
17. : 179
// ... ...
protected:
int
semescerHours;
float gpa;
void fn()
{
Student s;
//
// ... ...
}
s t u d e n t : : s t u d e n t (]
, s.
(inline) .
,
:
class Student
{
public:
Student();
// ... ...
protected:
int
semesterHours;
float gpa;
i;
Student: :Student
(
cout << " Student\n";
semesterHours = 0;
gpa = 0.0;
I
voidf.n(]
{
Student s;
//
// ... ...
int main(int arges, char* pArgs[])
{
fn();
return 0;
I
main() ,
.
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GNU C++ 29, "
".
,
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s t u d e n t : : s t u d e n t () (
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180
///. ""
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Student s [5];
//
//... ...
}

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void n i)
{
Stucent s;
//
// ... ...
s . St udenz () ; // ,
//
}

void.
-, ,
.
, ,
, :
# i n d u c e <iostream . h>
c l a s s Student
{
public :
SU.dent ()
{
coui << " Student\n";
semes torHours = ;
gpa = 0.0;
)
// ... ...
protected:
int
semesterHours;
float gpa;
};
class Teacher
(
public:
Tea-her()
cout << " Teacher\n";
class T jitorPair
17. : 181
public:
TutorPair()
cout << " TutorPair\n";
noMeetings = 0;
)
protected:
Student student;
Teacher teacher;
int noMeetings;
};
TutorPair tp;
cout << " rnain()\n";

return 0;

:
Student
Teacher
TutorPair
main()
tp main;) T u t o r P a i r .
T u t o r P a i r ,
- s t u d e n t t e a c h e r .
s t u d e n t ,
. Teacher.
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.
, T u t o r P a i r
s t u d e n t t e a c h e r .
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182
III. ""

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"", .. ).
, .
Student :
class Student
public:
Stucent()
sernesterHours = 0;
gpa = 0.0;
-Student()
//
// ... ...
protected:
int
semesterHours;
fleet gpa;
};
, ,
C++, .
(" "),
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, .
, ,
. ,
-. T u t o r P a i r ,
.
#incluae <stdio.h>
#includes<lostream.h>
class Student
public:
Student()
semesterHours =
0;
gpa = 0.0;
-Studentf)
// ... ...
protected:
int: semesterHours ;
float gpa;
17. : 183
class Teacher
I
public:
Teacher()
cout " Teacher\n";
-Teacher()
cout << " Teacher\n";
class TutorPair
pub-1i :
TutorPair()
cout << " Tutor?air\n";
noMeeHings = 0;
-TutorPair(>
cout << " T u t o r P a i r W ;
protected:
Student s;
Teacher t;
i.nt noMeetings ;
};
i n t rnain ( i n t a r g c s , c h a r * pArgs [ ] )
TutorPair
tp;
cout << " main()\n";
return 0;
, :
Student
Teacher
TutorPai r
main()
TutorPair
Teacher
Student
, T u t o r P a i r t p ,
main .
.
184
III. ""
18

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faucCHcufyutHbsccHaflfUfKMo/
//
C++ , :
#include <string.h>
class Student
{
public:
Student(char *pName)
{
out << " " << pName << "\n";
strncpy(name, pName, sizeof(name));
name[sizeof(name) 1] = '\0';
}
// ... ...
protected:
char name(40];
int
sernesterHours;
float gpa;
};
18.
185

,
, ,
. -, .

, ,
, . ,
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count ,
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.

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, , -, .
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s s t u d e n t ,
Student (char* ). s main ().
#include <string.h>
class Student
public:
Student(char "pName)
cout << " " << pName << "\n";

s t r n c p y (name, pNarrLe, s i z e o f (name) ) ;
name[sizeof(name) 1]
= ' \ 0 ' ;
semesterHours = 0;
gpa = 0.0;
-Student()
cout << " " << name << "\n";
// ,
name[0] '\0';
// ... ...
protected:
char name[40];
int
semesterHours;
float gpa;
186
///. ""
int main(int argcs,
char* pArgs[])
Studen t s ( " D a n n y " ) ; //

r e t u r n 0;
)
/ /
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17, " : ",
, pName, char*.
- ,
name, .
s main (). , ,
s .
s Danny. main()
Danny.
:
Danny
Danny
"
inline-".
( !).
:
#include <string.h>
class Student
{
public:
Student(char *pName)
-Student()
//... ...
protected:
char name[40];
int
semesterHours ;
floa'i
II (
// )
Student::Student(char *pName)
{
cout << " " pName << "\n";
strncpy(name, pName, sizeof(name)I;
name[sizeof(name) 1] = '\0';
semesterHours = 0;
gpa = 0 . 0 ;
}
// ,
Student::-Student()
cout << " " << name << "\n";
}
C++,
.
18.
187

-, :
.
" " ,
, .
, ,
6, " ".
C++ , ,
. , Student
, :
#include <string.h>
class Student
public:
Student()
out << " ";
semesterHours = 0 ;
gpa = . ;
name[0]
= '\0';
}
Student (char ^pNair.e)
out << " " < <" pNane << "\n";

strncpy (narr.e, pName, sizeo: (name) ) ;
name [ sizeof (name ) 1'. = ' \0 '

;
semesterKours = 0 ;
gpa = 0;
}
Student (char "*pName, int xfiEcurs, t'loat xfrGPA)
cout << "

" << p.Mame << "\n";
strncpy (name,
pName , sizeof (narr.e) ) ;
name [ si zeof (name )
1 ] = ' \Q ' ;
semesterHours
= xfurs;
gpa = xfrGPA;
-Student()
j
cout << " \";
// ... ...
protected:
char name[40];
int
semesterKours;
float gpa;
};
//
//
7
int main (int arges, char* pArqs[])
Student noName;
188
HI. ""
Student freshMan("Smell E. fish");

Student xfer("Upp R. Classman", 80, 2.5);
return 0;
}
noName ,
s t u d e n t : : s t u d e n t ,
. ( , ,
, .)
freshMan ,
char* ; xfe r .
, ( ) .
,
, .
#include <io5treairi. h>
#include <string.h>
class Student
{
public:
S t u d e n t ( c h a r *pName ="no name",
i n t xfrHours = 0,
f l o a t xfrGPA = 0.0)
{
cout << " " << pName << " \ n " ;

strncpy{name, pName, s i z e o f ( n a m e ) ) ;
name [sizeof(name) 1] = ' \ 0 ' ;
semesterHours = xfrHours;
qpa = xfrGPA;
}
-Student()
{
cout << " \";

}
// ... ...
protected:
char name[40];
int semesterHours ;
float gpa;
f
Student noName;
Student freshMan("Smell E. Fish");
Student xfer{"Upp R. Classman", 80, 2.5);
return 0;
}
,
, f r e s h Man noName.
C++
, .
.
,
.
18.
189
fcofiaitftifkJH0fto6
no
, C++ .
, C++ ,
, . ,
, , C++
( ,
), - .
, C++ (
C++ , ,
).
:
, ,
.
.
.
class Student
{
//... , ,
};
{
Student noName;
return 0;
}
noName , C++
.
s t u d e n t C++ ,
- .
.
class Student
{
public:
Student(char *pName);
}
};
int main(int arges, char* pArgs

{
Student noName;
return 0;
To, s t u d e n t ( c h a r * ) , ,
C++
. GNU C++
( , :
):
Error: no matching function for call Student::Studentf)
(: ,
Student::Student())
190
III. ""
, s t u d e n t : : Student ().
, :
class Student
public:
Student(char *pName|;
Studentf);
};
Student noName;
return 0;
, , C++
.
/&>&///#
- , ,
f l o a t i n t . ,
. ,
, ?
.
#include <string.h>
int nextStudentld
= 0;
class Studentld
public:
Studentld()
value = +rnextStudent!d;
coat << "

"
<< value << "\n";

}
protected:
int value;
class Student
public:
Student(char "pName =
"no name")
{
out << " " << pName << "\n

:;trncpy(name, pName, sizeof(name) ) ;
name [sizeof(name) - 1] =
'\0';
protected:
char
narr.e [40] ;
Studentld id;
int main!int argcs, char* pArgs[])
18.
191
Student s("Randy");
return 0;
}
s t u d e n t
. "" ,
nextStuden t 13.
Studen t id. Student ID . Student id,
Student St.uder.tlD.
s t u d e n t SLudentlo,
- , ,
.
Studenti D Student.
C++ , id
StudentiD : : StudentiD ().
Student, ,
. ( , ,
. Outline inline func
tions.) :
1
Randy
: Studenti D ,
Student.
( ,
, .
"".)
,
, C++, -
. .
- (, , ).
, . ,
? ?
: ,
, s t u d e n t , ,
, stuaen_iD.
, .
#include <string.h>
class Student Id
{
public:
Studentld(int id = 0)
{
value = id;
out << " id, "
<< value << "\n";
}
-Studentld(}
{
cout << " " << value << "\n";
192
III. ""
protected:
int value
class Student
public:
Student(char *pName
= "no name", int ssld = 0)
f
cout " " << pName << "\n";

s-rncpy(name, pName, sizeof(name));
name[sizeof(name} - 1] =
'\0';
/'
/ / -
S-udentld id(ssld);
protected:
char name[40] ;
StudentId id;
};
Student s("Randy", 1234);
cout " main\n";
return 0;
Studer.tID ,
( ,
,
; ). s t u d e n t
(.. ) id
S t u i e n t l D .
,
, , ,
id, 0
Randy
id, 1234
1234
main
0
, s t u d e n t l D
: 1234.
, 1234
main{). , s t u d e n t l D
Student.
. id
Student.
id
s t u d e n t .
.
, ,
.
. C++ :
18.
193
Student(char *pName = "no name", int ssld = O):id(ssld)

{
cout " " << pNarae "\n";
strncpy{name, pName, sizeof(name));
name[sizeof{name] 1] = '\0';
}
protected:
char name[40];
Studentld id;
);
.
, .
. C++ :
" id s s l d . -,
, ".
, ,
.
id, 1234
Randy
main
1234
" : "
. , .
class SillyClass
{
public:
SillyClass(int& i) : ten(10), refl(i)
{
}
protected:
const int ten;
intS refl;
};
{
int i;
SillyClass sc (i);
return 0;
}
S i l l y C l a s s - ten r e f l
.
. ,
.

s t u d e n t
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Student noName;
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194
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class DoNothing
public:
DoNothing(int initial)
out << " DoNothing "
<< initial
<< "\n";
void fn(int i)
static DoNothing dn(i);
cout << " - fn i = " << i << "\n";
int main(int argcs, char* pArgs[]}
fn(10);
fn(20);
return 0;
:
DoNothing 10
- fn i = 10
- fn i = 2 0
, fn (} ,
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// Student.H:
class Student
public:
Student (unsigned id) : studentld(id)
const unsigned Studentld;
I;
class Tutor
public:
Tutor (Students s)
tutoredld = s.studentld;
protected:
unsigned tutoredld;
};
// FILE1.CPP
//,
18.
197
Student randy(1234);
// FILE2.CPP
//
Tutor jennyfrandy);
s t u d e n t ,
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. randy, jenny.
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class Student
public:
Student (unsigned id, unsigned age) : sAge(age), sld(id)
const unsigned sld;

const unsigned sAge;
};
s l d sAge,
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198
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void fn(Student fs)
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//
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#include <string.h>
class Student
public:
//
Student(char *pName = "no name", int ssld = 0)
cout << " "
<< pName
"\n";
strncpy (name, pNarne, sizeof (name) ) ;
name[sizeof(name) 1] = '\C';
id
= ssld;
//
Student(Students s)
cout "
s.name
<< "\n";
strcpy(name, " " ) ;
streat(name, s.name);
id = s.id;
Student{)
cout << ": " << name << "\n
protected:
charname[40];
int id;
// fn
void fn(Student s)
200
III. ""
cout << " fn(}\n";

}
int main 'int argcs, char* pArgs [ ] )
{
Student rar.dyC'Randy", 1234);
cout << " f n ( ) \ n " ;
fn (i cindy) ;
cout << " fn()\n";

return 0;
}
:
Randy
fn()
Randy
fn()
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fn()
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( f n () ).
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19.
201
#include <string.h>
classStudent
public:
Student(char *pName = "no name")
cout << " "
pName "\n";
s t r n c p y (name, pNarne, s i z e o f (name) ) ;
n a m e [ s i z e o f ( n a m e ) 1] = T \ 0 ' ;
Student(Students s)
{
cout << " " << s.name << "\n'
strcpyfname, " ") ;
streat(name, s.name);
-Student( )
cout << " " << name << " W
protected:
char name[4 0 ] ;
class Tutor
{
public:
Tutor(Students s) : student(s)
//
// s tudent
(
cout << " \";
)
protected:
Student student;
};
void fn(Tutor tutor)
(
cout << " fn()\n";
}
int mainfint arges, char* pArgs[])
i
Student randy("Randy") ;
Tutor tutor(randy);
cout << " fn{}\n";
fn(tutor);
cout << " fn( ) \n" ;
return 0;
}
:
202
III. ""
Randy
Randy
fn()
Randy
fn()
Randy
fn(}
Randy
Randy
randy s t u d e n t ,
.
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#include <string.h>
class Pe rson
public:
Person(char *pN)
{
cout << " " << pN << "\n";
pMame = new char[strlen(pN) + 1];

if (pName != 0)
strcpy(pName, pN) ;
-Person()
{
cout << " " << pName << "\n";

II
19.
203
pName[O] '\0';
delete pName;
protected:
char *pName;

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Person pi("Randy");
Person p2 = pi;
return 0;
//
}
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204
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class Person
public:
//
//
Perscn{Persons p)
cout << " " .pName

<< " \";
pName = new char[strlen(p.pName) + 1];

if {pName != 0)
strcpy(pName, p.pName);
//...
...
,
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pName
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pName
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Randy
Randy
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Randy
19.
205
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//
int main (int argcs, char* pArgs[])
Student s;
s = fn(};
// fn()
//
return 0;
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return 0;
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{
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// Student, fnl(),
// fn2().
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206
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{
public:
Student()
{
//..., ...
}
Student(Student s)
{
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{
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{
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209

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class Student
public:
Student fchar *pName = "no name")
strcpyfname, pName);
noOfStudents++;
-Student()
noOfStudents;
int number()
return noOfStudents;
protected:
static int noOfStudents;
char name[40];
};
Student si;
Student s2;
noOfStudents s t u d e n t ,
s i s2. , s t u d e n t
name noOfStudents,
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Student()
210
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noOfStudents++; //
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void fn(Student&
si,
Student s2)
//
cout " "
<< si.noOfStudents
//
<< " \ " ;
//
}
fn () noOfStudents
s i . , s i s2 noOfStudents,
: s i ? s2?
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//... , ...
void fn:Student& si, Student s2)
1
//
cout << " "
<< si.noOfStudents "\n";
cout << " "
<< s2.noOfStudents << "\n";
!
, :
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void fn;student& s i , Student s2)
//
cout << " "
<< Student::noOfStudents
<< " \ n " ;
, , C++
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class Student
Students nextStudent ();
//... , ...
void fn(Student& s)
cout s.nextStudent().noOfStudents << "\n";
20.
211
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212
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class Student
public:
static int number{)
return noOfStudents;
//. .. , ...
protected:
char name[40];
};
int Student::noOfStudents = 0;
Student s;
cou- << s.number!) << "\n";
coun << Student::number() << "\n";

return 0;
, -
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class Student
public:
//
static char *sName()
return name;
// ?
//... , ...
protected:
char name[40];

};
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#include <string.h>
class Student
public:
// , ,
//
lit ( ,
// ...
Student (char *pName);
-Student () ;
//findName
static Student* findName(char *pName);
protected:
20.
213
static Student *pFirst;
Student *pNext;
char name[40];
};
Student* Student::pFirst = 0;
//findName
//

//
,
//
.
Student* Student::findName(char *pName)
// ...
for (Student *pS = pFirst; pS; pS = pS->pNext)
// ...
if (strcmp(pS->name, pName)
== 0)
{
//,..
return pS;
// { )
return (Student*)0;
Student si("Randy");
Student s2("Jenny");
Student s3("Kinsey");
Student *pS = Student::findName("Jenny");
return 0;
findName () p F i r s t ,
. findName s t u d e n t ,
name , ,
. -
, .
int main(int argcs, char* pArgs[]}
Student si("Randy"};
Student s2("Jenny");
Student s3("Kinsey");
Student *pS = si.findName("Jenny");
return 0;
s i findName ;
, , findName ()
.
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214
III. ""
this
, t h i s ,
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class SC
{
public:
void nFn(int a ) ;
// , SC::nFn(SC * t h i s , int a)
s t a t i c void sFnfint a ) ;
// , SC::sFn(int a)
};
v o i d fn(SC s)
f
s.nFn(lO);
// S C : : n F n ( s s , 10);
s.sFn(lO);
// S C : : s F n ( 1 0 ) ;
}
, nFn () ,
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// BUDGET2.CPP , .
#include <stdio.h>
//
const int maxAccounts = 10;

// Checking
class Checking
public:
Checking(int initializeAN = 0)
accountNumber = initializeAN;
balance = 0.0;
//
int accountNo()
return accountNumber;
double acntBalance()
return balance;
//
void deposit(double amount)
balance += amount;
void withdrawal(double amount);
// cout
void display()
{
cout << " " << accountNumber
216
III. ""
<< " = "

"\n";
<< balance
protected:
double balance;
};
// withdrawal -
//
inline-
void Checking::withdrawal(double amount)
{
if (balance < amount)
{
out << " :
<< balance
<< "( " << amount
<< "\";
}
else
{
balance -= amount;
// ...
if (balance < 500.00)
{
II ...
balance -= 0.20;
// Savings
class Savings
{
public:
Savings(int initialAN = 0)
1
accountNumber = initialAN;
balance = 0.0;
noWithdrawals = 0;
//
int accountNo()
return balance;
//
balance += amount;
void withdrawal(double amount);
20.
217
// display 'cout
void display()
{
cout << " " << countNumber
<< = " << balance
<< " ( = "
noWithdrawals
<< ")\n";
}
protected:
double
balance;
int
noWithdrawals;
};
void Savings::withdrawal(double amount)
{
if (balance < amount}
{
cout << " : "
<< " " << balance
<< ", " << amount
<< "\";
// ...
if (++noWithdrawals > 1)
{
// ... S5
balance -= 5.00;
//
balance -= amount;
//
void process(Checking* pChecking);
void process(Savings* pSavings);
//
Checking* chkAcnts[maxAccounts];
Savings* svgAcnts[maxAccounts];
// main
{
1
// 'X ''
int nChkAccounts = 0; //
int noSvgAccounts = 0;
char accountTyoe;
// 'S' ''
while (1)
{
cout << " S , "
<< " , "
<< "X :";
cin >> accountType;
// , X
218
III. ""
if (accountType == 'x' II accountType == 'X')

i
break;;
}
// E
switch (accountType)
{
//
case '':
case ' :
if {noChkAccounts < maxAccounts)
{
int acnt;
cout << " :";
cin >> acnt;
chkAcnts[noChkAccounts] = new Checking(acnt);
process(chkAcnts[noChkAccounts]);
noChkAccounts++;
}
else
{
cout << " \";
}
break;
//
case 's':
case 'S':
if (noSvgAccounts < maxAccounts)
{
int acnt;
cout << " :";
cin >> acnt;
svgAcnts[noSvgAccounts] = new Savings(acnt);
process(svgAcnts[noSvgAccounts]);
noSvgAccounts++;
}
else
{
cout << " \
}
break;
default:
cout << " ...\";
/ /
double chkTotal = 0;
cout << " :\";
for (int i = 0; i < noChkAccounts; i++)
{
chkAcnts[i]->display();
chkTotal += chkAcnts[i]->acntBalance
double svgTotal = 0;
cout << " :\n";
20.
219
for (int j = 0 ; j < noSvgAccounts; j-t-r)

i
svgAcnts[j]->display{);
svaTotal += svaAcnts [~j ->acr.tBalance() ;
double total = chkTotal + svgTotal;
out << " = "
chkTotal
<< "\n";
out << " = "
<< svgTotal
<< "\n";
out << "
<< total
<< "\n";
return 0;
= "
// (Checking)
void process (Checking* pCheckir.g)
out << " ,\"
<< " , 0 \'
double transaction;
do
{
cout << " : ";
in >> transaction;
//
if (transaction > 0}
{
pChecking->deposit(transaction);
//
{
pChecking->withdrawal(-transaction);
) while (transaction J = 0);
// (Savings)
void process(Savings* pSavings)
{
cout << " ,\"
<< " , 0 \";
double transact!on;
do
{
cout << ":";
cin >> transaction;
//
220
III. ""
pSavings->deposit(transaction);
/ /
pSavings->withdrawai(-transaction) ;
}
,
, ( - ).
,
.
8 ,
, X :S
:123
,
, 0
:200
:-20
:0
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, X :S
:234
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345 = 9 . 8
456 = 580
:
123 = 180 ( = 1)
234 = 175 ( = 2)
= 7 59.8
20.
221
= 355

= 1114.8
-, checking.
. "= 0"
, .
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Checking c2 = new Checking();
c l checking , 123,
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accountNof) acntBalanc e ()
ccountNurr.be balance .
,
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d e p o s i t () withdrawa l ()
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inline-. withdrawal (), ,
, .
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noWithdrawals,
.

svgAcnts chkAcnts .
maxAccounts.
main () Budget!,
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main () . , , main () ,
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Checking). main (), .
: Savings
Checking ,
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class GraduateStudent : public Student
I
};
GraduateStudent Student.
, GraduateStudent . , GraduateStu
dent , .

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. , Student
GraduateStudent.
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Student Studen t Person, GraduateStuden t
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ftcuc
GraduateStudent ,
.
#include <string.h>
class Acvisor
classStudent
{
public:
Student{char *pNarr.e = "no name")
{
strncpy(name, pName,
average = 0 . 0 ;
semesterHour = 0;
sizeof(name));
v
ddCourse(inthours,floatgrade)
{oida
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v
e
r
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seme=h
ster
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s*average+grade};
s
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} average=average/semesterHours;
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tu
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nae
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re
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gtee;riHours;}
protc
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trn
ed:ame[40];
i
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r
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f
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a
ta
v
e
r
a
g
e
;
);
classGraduateStudent:publicStudent
21.
227
public:
int qualifier( > { return qualifierGrade;}
protected:
Advisor advisor;
int qualifierGrade;
int main{ )
{
Student llu("Lo Lee Undergrad");
Graduatestudent gs;
llu.addCourse(3, 2.5);
gs.addCourse (3, 3.0);
return 0;
}
Studen t , . l i u
Student. GraduateStuden t
Student ; p u b l i c s t u d e n t
GraduateStuden t Student.
p u b l i c ,
, (
?).
gs S m a e n t , .
-
name,
senesterHcurs,
average
\-
addCourse (). , GraduateStuder.t q u a l i f i e r (),
a d v i s o r q u a l i f ierGrade- , gs
Student - .
.
void fn(Students s)
{
// ..., ...
intmain()
{
GraduateStudent gs;
fn(gs);
return0;
}
, f n i )
s t u d e n t . main ()
G r a d u a t e S t u d e n t . ,
( - , !) "GraduateStudsn t Student" .
- Student
GraduateStudent , .
i n t main( )
[
GraduateStudent
gs;
// Student::addCourse()
gs.addCourse (3, 2.5) ;
return 0;
228
IV.

, ,
, ,
. .
,
GraduateStudent ,
Studen t ( ). s t u d e n t
, Person,
s t u d e n t . ,
, ""
, .
-,
. ,
- ( ).
class GraduateStudent : public Student
{
public:
GraduateStudent(char *,
Advisors adv) : Student(pName),
advisor(adv)
{
qualifier-Grade = 0;
}
// ,
};
void fn!Advisors advisor)
{
GradaateStudent gsC'Yen Kay Doodle", a d v i s o r ) ;
// . . . , ...
}
GraduateStuden t Stu dent, pName.

-, , Studen t
Advisor. Advisor ( ad
v i s o r ) GraduateStudent .
, ,
, GraduateStudent .
! , Advisor,
Student . s t u d e n t Person,
Student .
. s t u d e n t ,
GraduateStuden t .
.
, GraduateStuden t
Student Advisor, -. -
Advisor, , Studen t -
Advisor, , GraduateStuden t Advi
21.
229
sor. , GraduateStuden t Advisor.

?
.
, , ,
. , .
, (, ,
, ).

, ( ),
.
, , ,
, ,
, .
.
:
class Vehicle
class Motor
f
};
class Car : public Vehicle
{
public:
Motor motor;
};
void VehicleFn(Vehicles v);
void raotorFn(Motors m);
in t main()
!
Car c;
VehicleFn();
//
motorFn(c);
//
motorFn(.motor);
//
return 0;
}
VehicleFn () , Vehicle.
motorFn () , Motor, Motor.
,
, : motorFn ( .motor) .
230
IV.
22

-:

& ...
S
/
S
</
S
^ ,
\* , .
( ):
void son'5Fn{int)
void ' (char*)
void som- (char* ,
..
double)
someFnO .
: someFn(int) someFn (char*)
+- , ,
.
,

, .
, - .
- .
. ,
, - ?
:
c l a s s S t utient
(
public:
// . . . , . . .
floc.t c a l c T u i t i o n ( ) ;
class G::aduateStudent
public Student
public:
float calcTuition ( ) ;
};
22. -:

{
Student s;
GraduateStudent gs;
s.calcTuition();
// Student::calcTuition()
gs.calcTuition (); //. . .
//GraduateStudent::calcTuition()
return 0;
}
,
calcTuitio n (), C++ , c a l c T u i t i o - ()
. , .
, , ,
, , .
s.calcTuition()
Student::calcTuition;),
s S t u d e n t , g s . c a l c T u i t i o n ()
G r a d u a t e S t u d e n t : : c a l c T u i t i o n { ).
, ?
,
:
class Student
!
public:
// ,
float calcTuition()
{
return 0;
classGraduateStudent:publicStudent
{
public:
floatcalcTuition()
(
return0;
void fn(Students x)
{
x.calcTuition();
// calcTuition()
// ?
}
int main{int arges, char* pArgs[]}
{
Student s;
GraduateStudentgs;
fn{s);
fn(gs);
return 0;
)
c a l c T u i t i o n ()
f (). ,
fn () , Student, Graduate-Student.
GraduateSudent Student!
232
IV.
, ,
. , 21, " ".
, fn () .
Student. ,
C++ fn () Student.
Studer.t fn ()
, fn (Students) f n ( s t u d e n t * )
. , , 15,
" ".
. c a l c T u i t i o n {>
Student: : c a l c T u i t i o n (),

Student,
GraduateSudent::calcTuition(),
G r a d u a t e S t u d e n t . C++ "",
! ? .
,
. ,
C++ ( GNU C++ , , Visual C++)
,
, .
fn()
. Student,
GraduateStudent. ,
( " "). fn()
, C++ ,
: Student GraduateStudent.
, ,
.
Student,
f (). , ,
. f n ()
Student, fn ()
s, GraduateStudent, f n () gs. ?
,
,
.
(.. ) (),
- . C++ . (
. ,
C++!) ,
.

.
,
, C++
. .
(overriding).
,
.
22. -:

( ),
- . ,
, ,
.
, ,
, -. ,
, Ada.
.
, , . ,
, ,
s t u d e n t .
, ,
. (
"",
Microsoft... .)
,
, , -
(, , !).
, -
someFunction () - c a l c T u i t i o n () (
...).
void someFunction(Student s s)
//..., ...
s.calcTuition{);
//... ..
C++ ,
someFunction {) , ,
GradusteStudent .
define STUDENT 1
#define GRADUATESTUDENT 2
void someFunction{Students s)
i
//..., ...
// ,
//
switch (s.type)
case STUDENT:
s.Student::calcTuition();
break;
case GRADUATESTUDENT:
s.Graduatestudent::calcTuition{);
break;
//... .. .
234
IV.
type.
type = STUDENT type = GRADUATESTUDENT
GraduateStudent. type
s. ,
, ,
.
, . -,
. ,
c a l c T u i t i o n ()
, . ,
, .
-, ( ) ,
, .
, .
.
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, (, ,
).

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.

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. :
. : , ,
. ( ) , ( ,
) , (
) , (
Oven) (), ,
(Microvawe). , :
, ,
.
/
C++ ; , ,
, , C++ .
, .
( ) . - C++
, , C++
,
.
.
- , C++
v i r t u a l , .
22. -:
class Base
public:
virtual void fn()
f
cout << " Base\n";
}
};
class Subclass : public Base
public:
virtual void fn()
{
cout << " Subclass\n";
void test(Bases b)
b.fn ();
//
)
int mainfint argcs, char* pArgs[])
Base be;
Subclass sc;
cout << " test(be)\n";
test(be);
cout << " test(sc)\n";
test(sc);
return 0;
v i r t u a l C++ , f n ()
-. f n (} ,
, -
, f n () .
fr, ()
t e s t () . t e s t () , b . f n O
Base: : f n (). t e s t ()
Subclass , Subclas s : : () .
:
test(be)
Base
test(sc)
Subclass
C++,
.
.
.
,
.
236
IV,
/
-
, ,
. .
#include <dos.h>
c l a s s Stuff !) {};
// sleep{}
class Nachos : public Stuff {};
//
//
class Oven
{
public:
virtual void cook(Nachos& nachos);
//
void turnOn();
//
void turnOff();
//
void insert(Stuff& s) ; //
void remove(Stuff& s ) ; //
protected:
float temp;
};
void Oven::cook(Nachos& nachos)
{
//pa ( )
// 3 50)
turnDn();
while (temp<350) {}
// 15
insert(nachos);
sleep(15*60);
//
remove(nachos);
turrOff();
}
class Microwave : public Oven
{
public:
virtual void cook(Nachosk nachos);
void rotateStuff(Stuff& s);
};
void Microwave::cook(Nachos& nachos)
{
//
// ,
insert(nachos);
turnOn(;;
/ /~
// ( ^ )
sleepOO);
// 30
rotateStuff(nachos);
sleep(30);
// 30
22. -:
// ,
turnOff();
remove(nachos);
Nachos makeNachos(Oven& oven)
f
//
Nachos n;
//
// ,
oven.cook{n);
// ...
return n;
}
Nachcs, s t u f f ().
Oven turnOn ( ) , t u r n o f f () , i n s e r t ()
remove () (
). , Oven - cook (Nachos& ),
.
cook (Nachos&) ,
Microwave, Oven, -.
Oven: : cook (Nachos&) 350,
15 .
. Oven ,
Microwave: : cook (Nachoss) , 30
, 30 ,
.
, , .
makeNachos () Oven . oven (),
, oven, cook ().
Oven : : cook () Microwave : : cook () ,
. makeNachos (}
, .
? -,
, , .
,
.
-, . ,
, -
makeNachos!) ( ,
,
!). , ConvectionOver.
- ConvectionOven: : cook (Nachos&),
makeNachos {), .
.
, ,
, !
238
IV.

tfufuni/
,
, , .
C++ ,
.
,
- ,
. -
, , ,
. ,
, ,
.
class Base
{
public:
virtual void fn(int x)
{
cout << " Base, int x = " << x << "\n";
c
lassSubclass:publicBase
{
publv
ii
cr
:tualvoidfn(floatx)
{
cout " float x = " x "\n";
void test(Bases b)
(
int i = 1;
b. fn (i);
//
float f = 2.OF;
b.fn(f);
//
{
Ease be;
Subclass sc;
cout << " test(be)\n";
test;(be);
cout << " test(sc)\n";
test(sc);
return 0;
22. -:
,
f n () Base f n ( i n t ) , Subclass
fn ( f l o a t ) . ,
.
:
test(be)
Base, int = 2
Base, int = 2
test(sc)
Base, int x = 1
3ase,
int = 2
i n t , ,
f n ( i n t ) be, sc. ,
f l o a t i n t t e s t (}
Base: : fn () . , ,
t e s t (), .
.() B t e s t { ) Base: : fn ( i n t ) .
,
.
,
, -
, -
. ,
.
class Base
public:
//
Base* makeACopy()
//... ,

1
public:
//
Subclass* makeACopy{)
//... ,
};
void fn (BaseClassS be)

{
BaseClass* pCopy = be.makeACopy(};

// . . .
:
Subclass,
Base: imakeCopy{) .
240
IV.
.
-, - .
- ,
, , .
-,
,
.
, B a s e : : f n ( ] ,
, , fn () .
void test (Bases b)
b.base::fn f);
//
, .
, .
, -
.
, ,
-
. , ,
.
.
, .
, ,
, , , :
class Base
public:
-Base();
);
(
public:
-Subclass();
void finishWithObject{Base* pHeapObject)
delete pHeapObject; // -Basef)
//
// pHeapObject
, f inishWithObject () ,
Subclass, Subclass :
, . ,
, .
?
: .
, C++
22. -:
!
,
, .
.
,
( !): ,
(, ),

. ,
!
242
IV.
23

- ...
J
/
/ : BUDGET3.CPP
.
; ,
.
, .
, .

. :
. .
. ,
.
, , ,
. , ,
,
.
, ,
(factoring)
( , ;
, : 12 2,
2 3...).
, ,
Checking Savings, BUDGET,
. , ,
, -
. Checking Savings . 23.1.
, .
; S . .
| S -.
% S -.
'- / , ,
\
, ; ,
1
. , I
, .
" S .
/ .
23.
243
Savings
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Iwithdrawal!)
1
1
deposit!)
. . - " ^ pRrst
accountNoQ
p N e x t
| first)
j count
accountNumber
withdrawal!):
deposit!)
accountNo{)J pNext
~]count
i ,
-jaccountNumber
next(}
noAccountsfJ DoWtihdrawasl
. 23.1. Checking Saving

.
. 23.1 , checking Savings

wit-hdrawal (}
.
,

-
d e p o s i t (). , , ,
(
). .
, . Savings
, Checking, Savings
Checking. . 23.2. Savings
Checking. , noWithdrawal
w i t h d r a w a l ! ) . ,

(
,
,
Checking
).
Savings
|wfttidrawal!)
=
Checking ,
deposit;)
|accountNo() pi-ret
,
pNext
count
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.
accountNumber 1

next()
, s a v i n g s
noAccountsO
checking.
" ? .

". , , ,
Savings

.
| withdrawal!)]noWittidrawals
,
.
,
Puc. 23.2. Savings
"",
Checking
, ,
244
IV.
.
.
, . ,
, .
,
, .
checking. ,
, checking,
. rninimumBalance.
. Savings Checking, ,
Savings . ,
.
. ,
miniraumBalance. ,
.
. ,
-. Savings
,
Checking. , Checking
Savings .
? Checking Savings,
. ( Account),
, Checking Savings. . 23.3.
Account
[withdrawal)
jdeposit!)
pfirst
1accountNoQ" pNext
count
accountNumber
balance
|noAccountsj)"
Checking
withdrawal!) j minimumBalance
Savings
withdrawal!) noWrthdrawals
. 23.3. Checking Savings, Account

Account ?
, (
). ( , )
-, .
.
, Savings Checking
( ).
, Account,
23.
245
.
, Checking,
Savings.

. - ,
, ,
. : ,
...
, ,
, .
Mouse J o y s t i c k ""
.
. Mouse Display
.
( )
. , , "" ,
, . 23.4.
, Checking Savings
Account . Conventional
. ,
, .

( , , .
,
).
,
.
. , . 23.4,
, (. 23.5).
,
, .
, ,
. ,
Account. ,
Account.
- Account ,
. Account .withdrawal ()
.
. Savings : :withdrawal () ,
Checking: : withdrawal ( ) . Account: : withdrawa l () ?
.
:
" ?" .
" , ?"
.
" , , !"
...
246
IV.
Account
Conventional
Savings
Timed
Market
CD
Checking
K501
Stock
Mutual Funds
SpecialChecking
Puc. 23.4.
Account
RemotefyAccessible
Stock
LocallyAccesable
Checking
SpecialChecking
Market
CD
MutualFunds
Savings
K501
Puc. 23.5.
, . ,
" ". ( )
. ,
. ,
, w i t h d r a w a l ()
( , ,
" ").
, .
, .
, ,
,
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, , .
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.
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.
23.
247

.
, ...
, -
( . , , , ).
, w i t h
drawal () Account. , ,
. C++ w i t h d r a w a l ( ) ,
,
, , .
18 ( ,
).

Account.
//Account
class
Account
protected:
Account(Accounts ) ;
public:
Account(unsigned accNo, float initialBalance = 0.0F);
unsigned int accountNo{);
float acntBalance{};
static Account *first(};
Account 'next();
static int noAccounts();
//
void deposit();
//
virtual void withdrawal(float amount) =

0;
protected:
// ,
//
static Account *pFirst;
Account *pNext;
static int count;

//
float balance;
I;
withdrawal (} = 0 ,
.
,
. Account ,
.
, ,
. . .
248
IV.
,
, .
, .
,
. :
.
; ,
. ,
.
void fn()
Account acnt(1234,100.00);
acnt.withdrawal(50);
//
//, -,
// ?
,
, . ,
? ,
Account: :withdrawal () .
. Account
.
, Account,
.

,
. Savings ,
withdrawal ()
. Savings ,
withdrawal () . checking:
, withdrawal ()
, .
, , .
.
class Display
public:
virtual void initialize () =

0;
virtual void writefchar *pString) =
0;
classSVGA:publicDisplay
// - "
virtual void initialize!);
virtual void write(char *pString);
class H W G A : public Display
//
23.
249
virtual void write(char *pString);

classThreedVGA:publicHWVGA
virtual void initialized;
};
voidfn()
SVGAme;
VGAvga;
//
S
Display, ,
: i n i t i a l i z e () w r i t e f ] .
.
-.
SVGA . ,
, . , SVGA
i n i t i a l i z e d w r i t e f ) ,
.
HWVGA . ,
VGA-. Displa y
, ThreedVGA, 3-D,
.
,
VGA ( , ,
). , HWVGA,
w r i t e () ( HWVGA ).
i n i t i a l i z e () ,
HWVGA -.
, w r i t e () HWVGA,
, i n i t i a l i z e ()
.
ThreedVGA HWVGA,
, i n i t i a l i z e {),
. , f n ()
ThreedVGA.

(.. ).
.
,
,
. ,
, .
.
250
IV.

,
.
, , ,
. :
void fn(Account *pAccount);
//
void otherFn ()
Savings s;
Checking c;
//Savings Account
fn(&);
//Checking
fn(sc);
pAccount Account. ,
- ,
Checking Savings.
, fn ( ) , Checking,
Savings ( Account).
, Account,
.

w i t h d r a w a l ; ) ,
? Savings Checking,
, Account? -
. C++
, .
,
, .
,
.
,
Account:
class Account
// , ,
// withdrawal()
class Savings : public Account
public:
virtual void withdrawal(float amnt);
void fn(Account *pAcc;
//
23.
251
pAcc->withdrawal(100.OOf);
// ,
// withdrawal()
// Account
int main f)
!
Savings s;
//
fnf&s);
//
}
, s.
f n (},
withdrawal (). , withdrawal () Account,
.
, ,
.
: raain() f n () s. fnf) ,
, withdrawal () , ,
w i t h d r a w a l ! ) .
,
.
. , - , ,
withdrawal ,
, , . ,
.
, .
Account:
class Account
{
// , ,
// withdrawal()
virtual void withdrawal(float amnt) = 0;
};
{
public:
virtual void withdrawal(float amnt);
};
void fn(Account *pAcc)
i
//
//
pAcc->withdrawal(100.OOf);
int main()
{
Savings s;
//
fn(&s);
//
252
IV.
, Account - withdrawal {).

, , pAcc->withdrawal (),
Account::withdrawa l () . .
. , . ( ,
, .)

, , ,
. ,
.
.??

Budget 1, 2,
- Budget2,
3. -
Budget3.
Budget
.
.
,
. Budget2 Budget3 Checking ()
Savings () .
, 500 ,

, .
Budget2 3udgetl :
, , ,
. , Budget2
Savings Checking, ,
.
Budget3 :
,
, ;
-
;
,
;

, .
"" -
,
, Account
.
.
23.
,

,

253
// BUDGET3.CPP
//
.
//
,
//
Budget2,
//

//
.
//

//
( ,
//
).
//
//
, ,
//
,
//
.
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <ctype.h>
#include <string.h>
class LinkedListObj ect
{
public:
LinkedListObject()
f
//
//
addToEnd();
//
static LinkedListObject* first()
{
return pFirst;
}
LinkedListObject* next()
{
return pNext;
i
void addToEnd() ;
protected:
// ,
//
//
static LinkedListObj ect J pFirst,:
LinkedListObject* pNext;
//
//
LinkedListObject* LinkedListObject::pFirst = 0;
//
void LinkedListObject::addToEnd()
// this
// count
254
IV.
if (pFirst == 0)
{
// ;
pFirst = this;
}
else
{
//
LinkedListObject* pA;
for (pA = pFirst; pA->pNext; pA = pA->pNext) {}
,' /
pA->pNext = this;
)
pNext = 0;
//
// Account
//
: ,
//
.
//
withdrawal() - ,
//

class Account : public LinkedListObject
{
public:
Account::Account(unsigned accNo,
double initialBalance = 0.0)
{
// -
;CcountNumber = accNo;
balance = initialBalance;
//
count++;
//
int accountNo()
{
}
{
return balance;
}
stati int noAccounts{)
{
return count;
// ,
// .
//
static Account* first(]
{
return (Account*)LinkedListObject::first
23.
255
Account* next()
return (Account*)LinkedListObject::next()
}
//
balance += amount;
virtual void withdrawal(double amount) = 0;
//
void display()
cout << type()
<< " " << accountNumber
<< " = "
<< balance
"\n";
virtual char* type() = 0;
protected:
static int count;
//
double
balance;
//
int Account::count = 0;
// Checking
//
. ?
class Checking : public Account
{
public:
Checking::Checking(unsigned sccNo,
double initialBalance = 0.0) :
Account(accNo, initialBalance)
//
virtual void withdrawal(double amount);
char* type()
f
return "";
// withdrawal -
//
Account::withdrawal() ,
//
20
//
$500
void Checking::withdrawal(double amount)
{
if (balance < amount )
256
IV.
:out << "

" " << balance
<< ", " << amount
<< "\";
balance -= amount;
.'/ ,
.'/
..1 (balance < 500.00)
balance -= 0.20;
// Savinqs , Checking,
//
{
public:
Savings::Savings(unsigned accNo,
double initialBalance = 0.0)
Account(accNo, initialBalance}
{
noWithdrawais = 0;
i
//
virtual void withdrawal(double amount);
char' type()
{
return "";
protected:
int noWithdrawals;
// withdrawal - -
//
Ac:ount::withdrawal() ,
//

//
$5
void Sav Lr.gs : : withdrawal (double amount)
{
if (balance < amount)
{
;out << "
" " << balance
<< ", " << amount
<< "\";
}
else
23.
257
if (++noWithdrawals > 1)
{
balance -= 5.00;
}
balance -= amount;
//
unsigned getAccntNo(};
void
process(Account* pAccount);
void
getAccounts();
void
displayResults(>;
// main
{
// ,
getAccounts();
//
displayResults(>;
return 0;
// getAccounts
void getAccounts(>
{
Account* pA;
// , "" "X"
char
accountType;
// S
while (1)
{
cout " S ,\"
<< " , X : ";
cin >> accountType;
switch (accountType)
{
case '':
case ' :
pA = new Checking(getAccntNo(In
break;
case 's':
case 'S':
pA = new Savings(getAccntNo()) ;
break;
case 'x':
case 'X 1 :
return;
default:
cout << " .\";
}
//
process(pA);
258
IV.
// displayResuits ,
//

void displayResults()
(
//
double total = 0 . 0 ;
coir: << " :\";
for (Account* pA = Account::first();
; pA = pA->next())
{
pA->display();
total += pA->acntBalance();
}
cou~ << " = " << total << "\n";
// getAecntNo
unsigned getAecntNo()
{
uns igned acentNo;
cou~ << " : ";
cin >> accntNo;
return accntNo;
// process(Account)
void process(Account* pAccount)
{
coin << " ' , \"
<< " , "
"0 ";
double transaction;
do {
cout << ":";
cin >> transaction;
//
{
pAccount->deposit(transaction);
}
//
if (transaction < 0) {
pAccount->withdrawal(-transaction);
}
}
,
, {, ,
). ,
.
S ,
, X : S
23.
259
: 123
,
, 0
:200
:-20
:0
S ,
, X : s
: 234
,
, 0
:200
:0
S ,
, X :
: 345
,
, 0
:200
:-20
:0
S ,
, X :
: 456
,
, 0
:600
:-20
:0
S ,
, X :
:
123 180
234 = 175
345 = 179.8
456 = 580
- 1114.8
- Budget3
LinkedListObject . ,
.
, - f i r s t () next () . ,
LinkedListObject , ,
-.
, Budget3, Account.
, , :
? S ;
5 S ;
/ .
, ,
d e p o s i t {) Account. ,
260
IV.
,
. Account: w i t h d r a w a l ()
( " " ).
Account
LinkedListObject,
Account. Account
, (
, ).
count,
Account.

. .
accountNoO accountBalar.ee (} ,

, .
- Account: : f i r s t (; n e x t ()
L i n k e d L i s t O b j e c t .

L i n k e d L i s t O b j e c t , f i r s t () n e x t ( ) ,
Account.
d i s p l a y () type()
.
checking Account .
Checking , Account.
- withdrawal ,
.
Savings Checking: , ,
withdrawa l (J.
Account,
withdrawal (), ,
.
, , .
ge~ Account () checking Savings (
, ). ,
Account.
d i s p l a y R e s u l t () ,
,
, ( )
.
p r o c e s s ! ) .
( Account: : d e p o s i t ( ) ) (
S a v i n g s : : w i t h d r a w a l { ) C h e c k i n g : : w i t h d r a w a l ( } ,
, pAccount).
,
p r o c e s s ( ) . -, ,
. ,
p r o c e s s ! ) .
23.
261
,
.
, Budget3, .
Budget
(Budgetl) -
(Budget2) -
(Budget3).
262
IV.
& ...

C++,
C++
- .

-.
, C++
,
,
.
, ,
,

( ).
:
24

/ &...
:
f
, C++ (+, -, & ..)
^ * . (, )
, i n t , double char (
). , ,
, ( ).
, : C++ ,
, . ,
, .
"". ,
, C++.
, C++
. ,
, ,
.
, ; - ,
, " " ">>"... ,
, (
). ,
, .
(
- , - -
,
):
, .
, , , - .
///oneftcufiofto6:
qaautiie * /
C++ , ,
, int char.
, ?
24.
265
, ,
. , USDollar,
.
. ,
( -) ?
? ? ,
. ,
USDollar USDollar. ,
USDollar . .
USDollar USDollar...
USDollar
.
:
//expense
//
( )
USDollar expense{USDollar p r i n c i p l e , double rate)
{
//
USDollar interest = principle.interest(rate);
//
//
returnprinciple,add(interest),-
, :
//expense
//
( )
USDollar expense(USDollar principle, double rate)
USDollar interest = principle*rate;

return principle + interest;
, ?
, ,
.
/
, ?
. , +
+(,)? , , a d d ( a , b ) ? . ,
.
C++ ,
o p e r a t o r ,
. , +,
i n t i n t , ,
: i n t o p e r a t o r + ( i n t , i n t ) .
, , ,
double ( double opera
t o r (double , double)). , ,
i n t double.

. ,
266
V.
. ,
(, ,
).
,
USDollar (
,
).
// USDoliar ,
//
.
//

class USDDllar
friend USDollar operator+ (USDollar&, USDollarS) ;
friend USDoilarS operator++(USDollarS);
public:
USDollar(unsigned int d, unsigned int c ) ;
protected:
unsigned int dollars;
unsigned int cents;
//
USDollar::USDollar(unsigned int d, unsigned int c)
dollars = d;
cents = c;
while (cents >= 100)
dollars++;
cents -= 100;
// operator+ si s2
//

USDollar operator+(USDollars si, USDollarS s2)
unsigned int cents = si.cents + s2.cents;
unsigned int dollars = si.doliars + s2.doliars
USDcJlar d(dollars, cents);
return d;
// operator++ ,
//

USDollarS cperator4-f (USDollar& s)
s.cents++;
if {:;.cents >= 100)
3.cents -= 100;
.dollars++;
i
return s;
24.
267
int main(int argcs, char* pArgs[

USDollar dl{1, 60)
USDollar d2(2. 50)
USDollar d3(0. 0);
d3 dl +d2;
++d3;
return 0;
USDolla r ,
. 100.
,
, ,
.
o p e r a t o r + operator+ +
, USDollar.
, ...
f r i e n d 16, " :
!". ,
.
. ,
. o p e r a t o r + () ,
USDollar.
,
. ,
( , ).
, , ,
.
. , , ,
.
, ;
, . :
. , f r i e n d
.
. ,
. I
, ,
. - . , ;
:
,
.
;
o p e r a t o r + ( ) (.. ),
( s i s2). o p e r a t o r + ( )
s i s2.
U Dollar.
, o p e r a t o r + + ( ) , .
o p e r a t o r + + ( ) , .
100, , ,
1, , , ,
268
V.
, operator + (USDollars, USDollaru)

. operator+( )
; -,
, - . ,
. ,
.
+= , + =.
, .
o p e r a t o r + + ( ) opera t o r () , ,
. , C++
, C++ .
C++
++ ++.
, .
operator+ + (ClassName)
, a operator+ + (ClassName, i n t ) .
0.
--.
.
, d3 = d l + d2 ++d3?
noq/^?
o p e r a t o r ^ () , a operator+ + ()
? ,
!

, .
operator+()
.
, + , , , o p e r a t o r + ()
- .
// ,
// ,
//
USDollarA. operator+ (USDollarS s i , USDollar& s2)
{
si.cents += s2 .cents;
if (si.cents >=100)
{
si.cents = 100;
si.dollars++;
}
si.dollars
+=
s2.dollars;
24.
269
return
si;
, , u l = u2
u 3 ; , ul 2.
, o p e r a t o r + ( ) ,
. o p e r a t o r + ()
, .
-! ,
.
USDollarS operator+(USDollarS si, USDollarS s2)
{
unsigned int cents = si.cents + s2.cents;
unsigned int dollars = si.doliars 4 s2.dollars;
USDollar result(dollars, cents);
return result
1.
,
. , r e s u l t ,
. ,
,
, r e s u l t .
,
?
USDollars operator+fUSDollars s i , USDollarS s2)
f
unsigned i n t cents = s i . c e n t s + s 2 . c e n t s ;
unsigned i n t d o l l a r s = s i . d o l l a r s i- s2. d o l l a r s ;
r e t u r n *new USDollar(dollars, c e n t s ) ;
2, , ,
, ,
: .
, .
, ""
.

.
.
: ,
o p e r a t o r + () ? ,
,
.
, .
, , :
SomeClass f ( ) ;
LotsClass g 0 ;
fn()
270
V.
int
i;
i = f !)
12 - g {) ) ;
, f ( ) , ,
( ) . , ,
.
operator++()
o p e r a t o r * () , o p e r a t o r * * (} .
,
. s.
.
//
USDollarfi operator**(USDollarb s)
{
s.cents++;
if (E.cents >= 100)
{
s.cents -=100;
.dollars**;
}
retuin s;
}
,
.
//
USDollar operator**(USDollar& s)
{
s.cents**;
if {<;:.cents >= 100)
{
'..cents- =100;
.dollars**;
}
return s;
3. s ,
.
= ++, ++(++)?
, 2.
, 1, 1
, .
+* (*+) , .
,
.
:
, .
,
. .
24.
271
Oneficwiofibi -

-. USDol l a r :
class USDollar
{
public:
USDollar (unsigned i:it d, unsigned inc. c} ;
L'SDoilar& operatcr+-i () ;
USDollar operator*(USDollarS s);
protected:
unsigned int cents;
'JSDollar: : USDol lar {unsigned int d, unsigned int )
{
dollars = d;
cents = ;
whi]e (cents >= 100;
(
cents -- IOC;
// operator* - this s2
//
D HCJ
USDollar USDollar::operatorÛSDollarS s2)
{
// "this->"
ur.signed int = this->cent s t- :-/' . cents ;
unsigned int d = t.hi s->dol . ars + s2 . del .1 ars ;
USDollar t (d, c) ;
return t;
// operator++ ,
//

USDollar& USDoliar::operator++()
{
this->cents++;
if" (this->cents >= ICO)
{
ihis->cents -- 100;
return ^this;
{
USDollar dl{1, 60);
USDoliar d2(2, 50);
272
V.
USDoIlar d3 (0, 0) ;
d3 dl + d2;
++d3;
return 0;
}
" t h i s - > " ,
-
. , , t h i s
.
USDoIlar: : o p e r a t o r s fUSDollars)
: : operator*
(uSDollarb, U S D o l l a r s ) .
, . .
//operator !
USDoIlar operators fUSDollars s i , USDollars s2)
(
unsigned i n t = s i . c e n t s + s 2 . c e n t s ;
unsigned i n t d = s i . d o l i a r s + s 2 . d o l i a r s ;
USDoIlar d ( d o l l a r s , c e n t s ) ;
retur n d;
}
//operator+ -
USDoIlar operator! (USDollars si, USDollars s2)
{
unsigned int = this->cents + s2.cents;
unsigned int d = this->dollars + s2.doliars;
USDoIlar t(dollars,cents);
return t;
}
, . , s i
s2, - " " (, t h i s ) s2.
, ,
, ; ,
.
oqna /
, , ,
C++ o p e r a t o r * (double, USDollars)
o p e r a t o r * ( U S D o l l a r S , double) .
4.
.
,
. -,
. o p e r a t o r * () ,
, :
USDoIlar o p e r a t o r * (double f, USDollar& s)
24.
273
//... ...
}
inline USDollar operator* (USDollars s, double f)
{
//
return f*s;
}
,
.
inline-
.

: -,
?
-.
()
[]
->

- , . ,
-.
USDollar operator*(double factor, USDollarS s);
void fn(USDollarfi principle)
i
USDollar interestExpense = interest^principle;
: -, o p e r a t o r * {) double.
.
, .
, "" ,
; . , , , ,
i .
onefuundfwg
//*
,
. .
i n t i = 1;
double d = 1.0;
// 1
d = i + d;
274
V.
// 2
i = i t ;
i n t double. C++ op
er a tor + ( i n t , double) , o p e r a t o r + (double, double).
( i n t , double) C++ i n t i double (,
"i double"), (double, double).
,
, double
i, .. i n t .

, C++ ,
. ,
double JSDollar.
class
USDollar
{
f r i e n d U S D o l l a r o p e r a t o r ^ ( U S D o l l a r b s i , USDollarfi
s 2 ) ;
p u b l i c :
U S D o l l a r { i n t d, int
c) ;
U S D o l l a r ( d o u b l e v a l u e )
d o l l a r s = ( i n t ) v a l u e ;
c e n t s = (int) ( ( v a l u e - d o l l a r s ) * 1 Q O + 0.5) ;
//. . . , ...
C++ double
USDollar. (, C++ ,
"" double.)
:
void fn (\JSDollar& s)
{
//
// operator-f (USDollar&, USDollars)
s = USDollar(1.5) + s; // ...
s = 1.5 + s;
// ... ..,
s = s + 1.5;
// ... ...
s = s + I;
//
// int double,
//
o p e r a t o r + (double, USDollars), opera

t o r * (USDollars,, double). C++ double USDollar
operator--)- (USDollars, USDoilar&).
,
. ,
.

,
.
24.
275
5. C+ +
.
, ,
.

.
:
class USDollar
{
public:
USDollar(double value = 0.0);
operator double()
{
return dollars + cents/100.0;
}
protected:
unsigned int cents;
};
USDollar:rUSDollar(double value)
{
dollars = (int)value
cents = (int)((value dollars) * 100 + 0.5);
}
o p e r a t o r doubl e ()
USDollar double,
, , 100.
:
int mainfint argcs, char* pArgs[])
{
USDollar dl(2.0), d2(1.5), d3;
//
d3 = USDollar((double)dl + (double)d2);
//
d3 dl + d2;
return 0;
}
o p e r a t o r
, . - us Dol
l a r : : o p e r a t o r double () USDollar
double. , ,
. ( C++ : "
, ".
, C++ .)
USDollar double ,
oper a t o r + (double ,
d o u b l e ) , USDollar
.
276
V.
, . C++
d3 = dl + d2, d l d2 dou
ble, USDollar. -$,
, , ,
C++.
,
. C + + USDollar
double,
. USDollar ,
double.
,
, .
double, USDollar
double , . ,

. ,

, ..

, , C++
USDollar dl double d2.
.
1 C++ o p e r a t o r + (USDollar, double).
2. , C++ ,
USDollar double.
3 , C++ , -
.
, ;
.
6.
, .
,
.
7.
. ,
.
class A
{
public:
(& ) ;
};
class
{
public:
operator
A{);
24.
277

, ,
: : o p e r a t o r A() : :(&) ,
.
, ,
. ,
. ,
,
.
278
V.
25

* ...
S , , ...
S
/
24, " ",

. ,
,
.
, C++ . ,
,
c p e r a t o r = () .
fiaxfotfia,
/ ftaJotfia...
,
: .
, source d e s t i n a t i o n :
v o i d fn()
{
struct mistrust source,

destination = source;
destination;
C++
operator={) .
. ,
, o p e r a t o r - ()
.
,
19, " ".
:
void fn(MyClass& me )
{
MyClass newMC = me; / /
newKC = me;
/ /
}
, ,
newMC, newMC .
. newMC MyClass.
25.
279
,
. , ,
, ,
. ,
, .
nefizfUj3K6U
oneftoj&ofia/
. ,

Name ( ,
).
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <ctype.h>
class Name
{
public:
Name()
{
pName = (char*)0;
)
Name(char *pN )
{
copyName(pN);
}
Name(Names s)
{
copyName(s.pName);
}
-Name()
{
deleteName();
//
Namei operator^(Names s)
{
// ...
deleteName();
//... ,
copyName(s.pName);
//
return *this;
protected:
// copyName pN
//

void copyName(char *pN)
280
V.
int length = strlen(pN) + 1;

pName = new char[length];
strncpy(pName, pN, length);
i
// deleteName pName
void deleteName()
(
// ...
if (pName)
i
// ... ...
delete pName;
// .,. ,
//
= 0;
// pName ,
// ASCIIZ
char *pName;

Name s("Claudette") ;
Name t("temporary") ;
t = 3;
//
return 0;
Name ,
. Name ,
.
o p e r a t o r = ( ) . ,
.
. . t
(temporary). t = s,
deleteName () , ,
, ,
, copyName () .
deleteName ( ) ,
, ,
.
.
,
.
.

, ?
, , ,
, Name .
25.
281
Name ,
, , pName. ,
. (
) copyName ().
// copyName pN
//

voici copyName (char JpN)
{
int length = strlen(pN) + 1 ;
pName = new char[lengthj;
strncpy(pName, pN, l e n g t h ) ;
}
, ,
, pN 19.
Name,
,
(,
?).
Name
, ( de
leteName{)), copyName ().
.

, " ".
"",
.
, ,
,
class MyClass
{
public:
Name n a m e ;
int age;
MyClass(char* pName,
(
age = newAge;
int newAge)
: name(pName )
void fn()
{
MyClass a f"Kinsey", 16) ;
MyClass
a b;
bfChrista",
1);
( : name fpName),
18, " ".)
19
, ,
,
(
). . .
282
V.
.
, name Name: : o p e r a t o r ^ {).
: ... !.,
( , ),
.

: o p e r a t o r = ( )
Names. void C++ ,
.
void otherFn(Names);
void fn(Kamefi oldN)
{
Name newN;
//:, . . .
otherFn{newN = oldN);
//... , ...
Name newerN;
newerN = newN = oldN;
}
newN = oldN void, ,
.
,
. ,
(i = I) 1.
i = j = 1; C++. i
j = 1, 1.
o p e r a t o r = ( )
* t h i s C++.
, : o p e r a t o r = ( )
-. , ,
.
-
. ,
+= *=;
.
,
, .
, ,
, , :
class Name
{
/ / . . . , ...
protected:
25.
283
//
Names operator^(Name& s)
{
return * this;
.
void fn(Name& n)
{
Name newN;
newN = n;
// : operator^()!
}
fn () .
,
.
284
V.
26
-
/3 & ...
/
S
S
S
S
S
...
fstream
strstream

" "
11, " C + + " ,

, -.
24, "
", , - -
<< >>, ,
, . (
, 24, "
".)
- .
: ,
; . ,

-.
, -,
i o s t r e a m . h , operator>>()
operator<< (). ,
.
// :
istream-i operator>> (istreams source, char*

pDest ) ;
istreani operator (istreams source,
int s dest) ;
istream.i operator {istream& source,
char s dest) ;
II. .
. ...
// :
istreamS operator<<{ostreams dest, char* pSource);
istreamS operator(ostreams dest, ints source);
istrearas operator(ostreams dest, chars source);
//... ...
26. -
285
|? )%
: -
operator>> {)
,
a operator<< (} .
, , :
void fn()
cout << " \";
C++ , ostream,
char*. ,
o p e r a t o r < < ( o s t r e a m s , c h a r * ) i o s t r e a m . h. C++
c h a r * , "
\" cout . ,
o p e r a t o r < < ( c o u t , " \").
c h a r ' , C + + ,
.
, cout ostream?
i o s t r e a r c . h (
. 26.1).
, main () .
26.1. -
cm
ccut
istream
ostream
cerr
ostream
clog
ostream
\ : " ?
? ,
?". ?
, .
C++ - ,
o u t p u t ( ) ,
: .
:
i void displayName(char* pName, i n t age)
1
{
:
o u t p u t ( c o u t , " " ) ;
:
output(cout, pName);
output(cout, "; ") ;
output(cout, age);
'
output(cout , " \ n " ) ;
; }
. -,
, .. ostream ,
286
V.
. -,
. , .
void f n f i n t a, i n t b)
{
cout "a + b" a + b "\n";
// cperator+
// operator
// ,
//
//cout " + " ( +
//
//cout (" + " )
) << "\";
+ ( "\");
}
-, ,
. , - ',
:
void fn(int a, int b) f
((cout "a + b") a + b) "\n";
}
.
;
, , ,
. "<<" , - , [
" " - . , " "?..
ostream? ostream ,
-. A i s t r e a m
.
FILE, s t d i o . h .
f open ()
FILE, ,
-. f... () ,
f p r i n t f ; , fscanf() f g e t s ( ) .
-
ostream istream,
.

ofstream, i f s t r e a m fstream
fstream.n - .
,
ostream istream.
, ,
- .
ofstream, ,
; :
ofstream::ofstream(char* pFileName,
int mode = ios::out,
int prot = filebuff::openprot) ;
26. -
287
.
, .
mode . 26.2, a p r o t . 26.3.
, OR (
i o s f i l e b u f f ostream).
26.2. mode ofstream
1OS
ios
ate
in
ios
out
( o s t r e a m )
ios
trunc
, (
)
ios
nocreate
( i s t r e a m }
ios
noreplace
ios
binary
( )
26.3. prot of stream
f i l e b u f : : openpro t
f i l e b u f : : sh_none
f i l e b u f : : sh_rea d
f i l e b u f : :sh_write
MYNAME,
.
#include <fstream.h>
void fn()
{
// MYNAME ,
//
ofstream myn("MYNAME");
//
<< " \";
}
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), ofstrea m ,
(,
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).
288
V.
v o i d fn(>
{
// BINFILE ;
//,
ofstrea m bfile("BINFILE" , i o s : : b i n a r y I i o s : r a t e ) ;
II...
...
- bad () 1,
. ,
, :
#include <stream.h>
void fn )
{
ofstream myn("MYNAME");
if(nyn.bad())
// ...
{
err << " MYNAME\n";
return;
}
//
<< " \" ;
}
ofstream,
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i f s t r e a m , ofstrea m ,
.
void fr. ()
(
// ;
// ,
ifstream bankstatement("STATEMNT", ios:mocreate);
if ;bankStatement.bad())
{
cerr "He STATEMNT\n";
return;
}
// ,
// (eof)
while (Ibankstatement.eof())
{
bankStatement accountNumber >> amount;
II... ...
26. -
289
STATEMNT, bankstatement.
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- , ).
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s t r s t r e a m . h .
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s p r i n t f O H s s c a n f ( ) .

.
// Visual C++
#ifdef WIN32
//... 8.3...
#include <strstrea.h>
//... ...
#else
//
#include <strstream.h>
#endif
//parseString ,
//
,
//

char* parseString(char* pString)
i
istrstream inp(pString, 0 ) ;
int accountNumber;
float balance;
inp >> accountNumber >> balance;
char' pBuffer = new char[12B];
290
V.
ostrstream out(pBuffer, 128);

out << " = " << accountWumber
<< ", = $" << balance;
return pBuffer;
}
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void fn(float interest, float dollarAmount)
26. -
291
cout << " = ";

cout.precision(2);
cout << dollarArriount;
cout.precision(4);
cout << interest
<< "\n";
i
p r e c i s i o n (> dollarAmount
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void fn(float interest, float dollarAmount)
{
cout << " " ;
<< setprecision(2) << dollarAmount
<< setprecision(4) interest
<< "\n";
}
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292
V.
#include <lostrearn.h>
# i n c l u d e <iomanip.h>
v o i d fn{)
cout. <<
<<
<<
setw ( 8 )
10
20
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/ / 8 . . .
/ / . . . 10, . . .
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cout; <<
<<
setw (8) // . . .
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20
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int previousPrecision;
// :
previousPrecision = cout.precision();
// ,
//
previousPrecision = cout.precision(2);
cout << value;
//
cout.precision{previousPrecision);
"" ,
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26. -
293
&
C++
. , ,
.
-,
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. , , USDollar 24,
" ", d i s p l a y ! ) .
#ifdef _WIN32
#include <strstrea.h>
#else
#include <strstream.h>
#endif
class USDollar
I
public:
USDollar(double v = 0.0)
{
//
dollars = (int)v;
// ,
// 0.5
cents int(( v dollars ) *" 100.0 + 0.5) ;
}
operator double()
{
return dollars + cents / 100.0;
}
void display(ostreams out)
{
out << '$' << dollars '.'
//
<< setfill('O') << setw(2) cents
//
<< setfill( ' ' ) ;
protected:
unsigned int cents;
// operator
ostreams operator << (ostreams , USDollarfi d)
{
d.display (o);
return o;
294
V.

{
USDollar usd(i.50);
our << " = " << usd "\n";
usd = 2.0 * usd;
cout << " " << usd << " \n" ;
return G;
}
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. ,
ostream, cout.
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ostream.
, d i s p l a y ()
0.
, 10 .
, d i s p l a y {} USDollar
operator< < (ostreams , u S D o l l a r s ) .
uSDollar ,
, main ().
:
= $1.50
S3.00
, c p e r a t o r < < ( )
ostream, . ,
.
operator< < () ,
void fn(USDollars usd, float i)
{
cout << " " << usd << ", = " << i;
}

void fn'USDollar& usd, float i)
I
(((cout << " ") << usd) << ", = ") << i;
}
"" cout.
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ostream,
.

void, ,
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I
usd.display(os);
return cout;
26. -
295
, ostream ,
, cout , ostream .
, cout
c s t r e a n . ,
.
void storeAccount(int account,
USDollar balance,
char* pName)
{
ofstream outFile("ACCOUNTS", ios::ate);
outFile << account << balance << pNarae;
account o u t F i l e
oporator< < !ostream&, int&) , o u t F i l e . o u t F i l e
operator<<(ostream& , USDollarS) USDollar.
cout o u t F i l e .
pName cout , .
" "
, ,
: cout << b a s e c l a s s o b j e c t , C++
,
. ,
-, .
, .
class Currency
i
public:
Currency(double v = 0.0)
{
//
unit = (int)v;
//
cents = int((v unit) * 100.0 + 0.5);
}
virtual void display(ostreamk out) = 0 ;
protected:
unsigned int unit;
unsigned int cents;
};
class USDollar : public Currency
{
public:
USDoilar(double v = 0.0) : Currency(v)
296
V.
/ / : $ 1 2 3 . 4 5
v i r t u a l void d i s p l a y ( o s t r e a m s out)
{
c u t << ' $ ' u n i t << ' . '

<< s e t f i l l ( ' O ' ) << setw(2) << c e n t s
<< s e t f i l l ( ' ' ) ;
class UAH : public Currency

(
public:
UAH(couble v 0.0 ) : Currency(v)
// : 123.00 .
virtual void display(ostreams out)
{
out. << unit << ' . '
// 0
<< setfill('O') << setw(2) << cents
//
<< setfill{' ')
" .";
ostreams operator<< (ostreams o, Currency^ c)
{
.display(o);
return o;
}
void fn (Ourrencys c)
{
// ,
// operator (ostreams, Currency;*)
// -
out << " " <<
"\";
int mainiint argcs, char* pArgs[])

{
// USDollar ,
//
USDollar usd(1.50);
//
UAH d ( 3 . 0 0 ) ;
fn(d ;
r e t u r n 0;
}
Currency USDollar UAH. Cvrrc-.ic-;

d i s p l a y (> 1 .
, . d i s p l a y () .
operator<<( ) , , operator<<( )
26. -
297
uSDollar, .
UAH, operat.or<< () .
, operator<<( ) , ,
, :
$1.50
3.00 .
, ,
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298
V.
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int factDrial(int n)
{
//
// ,
//
if ( < 0)
(
Chrow " ";
}
//
int accum
while(n >
{

=1 ;
0]
*= ;
}
return accum;
i n t main(int argcs,
{
char* pArgs[])
27.
299
try{//
out << "Factoria l of -1 is "
<< factorial(-1) endl;
//
cout << "Factorial of 10 is "
<< factorial{10) << endl;
//
catch (char* pError) {
cout << " : " << pErrcr << endl;
)
return 0;
}
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300
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f a c t o r i a l ()
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errRtn = someFunc{);
if (errRtn)
{
errorOut{" someFn()"};
return MY_ERROR_1
}
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{
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return MY__ERROR_1
}
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27.
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class Cb j
{
public:
Cbj (char c}
label c ;
cout << " " << label << endl ;
}
~Obj
{
out << " " << label << endl ;
protected:
char label;
void fl () ,void f2() ;
int main(int, char*[j)
Obj a('a') ;
try
{
Obj b( 'b') ;
f l () ;
}
catch(float f)
{
cout << " float" << endl;
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catch(int i)
{
cout << " int" << endl ;
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{
cout << "..." << endl;
)
return 0;
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{
try
i
Obj c('c');
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302
V.
cout << " char*" << endl;

void f2 ()
{
Obj d ( ' d ' ) ;

t h r o w 10 ;
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).
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//Exception
//
class Exception
{
public:
Exception(char* pMsg, char* pFile, int nLine)
{
strncpy(msg, pMsg, sizeof msg);
msg[sizeof msg 1] = '\0 ' ;
;3trncpy (f ile, pFile, sizeof file};
27.
303
filetsizeof file 1 ] = 'NO';

lineNum = nLine;
}
virtual void display(ostreams out)
I
out << " < " << msg << ">\n";
out << " #" << lineNum
<< ", " << file << endl;
}
protected:
//
char msg[80];
// ,
char file[80];
int lineNum;
};
:
throw Exception(" ",
LINE ,
FILE ) ;
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FILE
LINE
.
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try
//...
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, . ,
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.
304
V.
class InvalidArgumentException : public Exception

{
public:
InvalidArgumentException f ir.t arg, char * pFile,
int nLine )
: Exception(" ", pFile, nLine )
{
invArg = arg;
}
virtual void display(ostreams out )
{
Exception::display(out);
cut << " " << invArg << endl ;
}
protected:
int invArg;
J;
c a t c h Exception, I n v a l i
dArgumentException , InvalidArgumentEx
c e p t i o n Exception, - d i s p l a y ! ) .
27.
305
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Bed
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weight
SleeperSofa
1foldOutO
. 28.1. -
306
V.
sieeperSofa :
class Bed
{
public:
Bed(>>}
void sleep(){}
int weight;
);
class Sofa
{
public:
SofaO (}
void watchTV(){}
int weight;
// SleeperSofa
class SieeperSofa : public Bed, public Sofa
{
public:
SieeperSofa(){}
void foldOut{){}
i n t main(int argcs, char* pArgs[])
1
SieeperSofa ss ;
// , .. .
ss.wai.chTV () ;
// Sofa: :watchTV()
/ / . . .. . . .
ss.foJ.dOut () ;
// SieeperSofa: : foldOut ()
// . . ..
ss.sleep();
// Bed::sleep( )
retur n 0;
}
SieeperSofa Bed Sofa.

SieeperSofa,
. , ss . s l e e p (),
ss . watchTV(). SieeperSof a Bed, Sofa.
, SieeperSofa , foldOut ().
,
.
. , Bed Sofa
weight (). ,
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28.
307
: . sleeperSof a 3 e d : : w e i g h t
Sofa: :weight. .
weight , ,
weight .
:
void fn()
{
SleeperSofa ss;
cout "3ec = "
<< ss. weight
<< "\";
//. ?
, weight
, .
.
void fn()
{
SleeperSofa ss;
cout << " - "
<< ss.Sofa::weight
<< "\n";
//,
}
,
:
.
f n () , s i e e p e r S c f a
Sofa. ,
.
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. 28.2.
F u r n i t u r e () . ,
,
:
//Furniture ;
"weight" ""
class Furniture
{
public:
308
V.
};
Furniture() {}
intweight;
class Bed : public Furniture

public:
Bed() {}
void sleep{) {}
class Sofa : public Furniture
public:
SofaOf }
voidwatchTVO{)
class SleeperSofa : public Bed, public Sofa
public:
SleeperSofa() {}
void foldOut {}
void fn()
SleeperSofa ss;
cout << " = "
<< ss.weight
"\n";
Furniture
weg
i ht
Bed
sieepO
Sofa
wae
thTVO
N
Se
l eperSofa
I
i
fod
l OutO
Puc. 28.2.
28.
309
-... " "", "

, weight . ss
F u r n i t u r e ?
void fn()
{
SleeperSofa ss;
Furniture* pF;
pF = (Furniture*)Sss;
cout "Bee = "
<< pF -> weight
<<"\n";
};
ss F u r n i t u r e . ,
- , SleeperSofa*
F u r n i t u r e * . , , ?
. SleeperSofa
F u r n i t u r e . F u r n i t u r e Bed Sofa,
SleeperSofa . SleeperSofa
, . 28.3.
Furniture
Bed
( Furniture)
_ ,
Bed
Furniture
Sofa
( Furniture)
__,
Sofa
-
SleeperSofa

SleeperSofa
. 28.3. SleeperSofa
, SleeperSofa
Sofa,
SleeperSofa
.
Sofa F u r n i t u r e .
Bed,
SleeperSofa.
F u r n i t u r e ,
Sleeper -
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. 28.2. ,
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! , S l e e p e r S o f a
F u r n i t u r e Bed Sofa . C++
,
virtual.
310
V.
"urniture
Furniture
weight
weight
Bed
s!eep()
Sofa
watchTV()
j
1
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SleeperSofa
foldOut()
*
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class Furr.iture
f
public:
Furnit ure f) {}
int weight;
class Bed : virtual public Furniture
public:
Bed() {}
void leep(){}
class Sofa : virtual public Furniture
public:
Sofa() {}
void watchTVO { \
};
class SleeperSofa : public Bed, public Sofa
{
public:
SleeperSofat) : Sofa(), Bed() (}
void foldOutf)()
28.
311
void fn()
SleeperSofa ss;
cout "Bee = "
<< ss.weight
"\n";
v i r t u a l ,
Bed Sofa F u r n i t u r e . :
"- F u r n i t u r e , ,
". SleeperSof a , . 28.5.
Furniture
Bed
( Furniture)
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( Furniture)
SleeperSofa

SleeperSofa
. 28.5. SleeperSofa

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Bed Sofa, F u r n i t u r e .
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Basel* pBX = (Basel*)pSC;
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Base2
* pB2 - (Base2 )pSC;
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Subclass sc;
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28.
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Array{int s)
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-Array{>
{
delete pData;
size - 0;
pData = 0;
}
//
int data fint index)
{
return pData[index];
}
int data (int index, int newValue)
{
int oldValue = pData[index];
pData[index] = newValue;
return oldValue;
}
protected:
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int pData;
};
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by S t e p h e n R.

int main(int nNumberofArgs, char* pszArgs[])

cout << " : ";

nNFactor = 212 - 32;

nFahrenheit = nNFactor * nNCelsius/100 + 32;

i n t main(int nNumberofArgs, char* pzArgs[ ])

(n.Valuel f nValue2 ( nValue3)

double fValue = nValuel + 1.0;

float fVariable = 1.0;

(IntValue / IntDivisor)* IntDivisor

: " nVariable 2".

float f2 = 120 % 11;

1 (true) & 0 (false) O(false)

O(false) 5 0 (false) O(false)

0 (false) & 1 (true) 0(false)

, " " (XOR),

, , & 0x3 0x2.

i n t main(int nArg, char* pszArgs[])

= " << nArgl << '\"

cout << "Argl

cout << "nArgl & nArg2 = "

<< (nArgl s nArg2)

cout << "nArgl

out << " "

while (loopCount > 0)

cout << " "

loopCount << " \";

loopCount--, --loopCount loopCount

cout " loopCount: " ;

for (int i = loopCount; i > 0; i>

cout << " " << i-1 << " \";

ForDemo , WhileDemo. loopCount

in: main(ir.t arg, char* pszArgs[])

<< " \";

cour. < < " "

<< " "

<< " \";

cin >> value;

accumulator = accumulator + value;

cout << "\ "

cout << " ";

cout " "

accumulator = accumulator + value;

cout "\ "

cout << " \n";

Od?uw,uuHtw! O(buu,uuHtw! Mf-

cout << " :

cin >> value;

accumulator = accumulator 4 value

int main(int arg, char* pszArgs[J)

cout << " \"

<< ". \"

<< " .\"

<< " \"

<< " \";

cout << "\ \";

cout << " :";

cin >> value;

cout << "\n"value*value "\n";

double square(double doubleVar)

return doubleVar * doubleVar;

out << " : ";

cin >> dValue;

int value = (int]square(dValue);

while (pszTarget++ = pszSource++) {} ,