ABC Amber CHM Converter Trial version, http://www.processtext.com/abcchm.

html

Thu tinh ch ng c m
Chn mt ming kinh kh, sch , rc u vo gia n mt lp cht ty ra, v lt mt c dnh cht ty ra hng xung pha di , h trn ming chic phch cha nc nng .My giy sau cm ming knh ln xem , bn s thy : Phn knh khng dnh cht ty ra th bm y nhng git nc rt nh ,c m :cn phn knh c dnh cht ty ra th khng c git nc nh, vn trong sut.(xem hnh v).

Hi nc gp lnh s ngng li trn mt knh rt nhiu nhng git nc rt nh. Nhng git n c , do nh hng ca sc cng b mt m co li thnh dng cu hoc bn cu , lm cho nh sng chi u ti n phi tn x, nn chng ta nhn thy c m. Cht ty ra c th lm gim sc cng b mt ca nc , lm cho hi nc khng th ngng k t thnh git nc nh , m ch dnh cht ln knh, hnh thnh mt lp nc mng u , nn nhn vo vn thy trong sut . Hin nay trn th trng c bn cht chng lm m thu tinh (knh.) l cn c vo nguyn l ny ch to nn. Nu mt knh c qut ln cht lm chng m th ma ng , chng ta eo knh i do th knh s khng b m c bi hi lnh gi.

Page 1

ABC Amber CHM Converter Trial version, http://www.processtext.com/abcchm.html

Nhit k bu t v bu kh
Ly ra hai nhit k . em bc u di ca mt nhit k bng bng , ri tm t phn bng, ri ti m phn bng bc bng cn hoc nc. Mt lt sau, bn s thy nhit ch trn nhit k l thp hn nhit k kia. Thc nghim ny ch ra iu g ? Cht lng ( nc ,ru .) c th bay hi v vic gim nhit ny chng t khi bay hi th cht lng tip thu nhit lng mi trng xung quanh.C th thy bng cch cho bay hi ( chng ct ) dn ti lm lnh. Bn xoa mt cht cn ln da s cm thy l do khi cn bay hi mang theo nhit lng ch bi cn .

Page 2

ABC Amber CHM Converter Trial version, http://www.processtext.com/abcchm.html

Chic c c bit t i
Tm mt tm knh , ngm trong nc mt lc, sau mt u t ln bn , cn mt u kia th gc ln my cun sch ( cao 5- 6m ). Ly mt chic cc thu tinh, ming cc c bi mt t nc, ri lt ng c, p ming cc trn ming knh . Khi , tay cm ngn nn t chy h nng phn y chic cc. B n s ngc nhin thy : Chic cc bit t n bit dch chuyn qua mt bn!

Gii thch: Do khi dng na h nng y chic cc th khng kh trong chic cc dn dn gin n v nhi t , mun thot ra ngoi chic cc . Nhng ming cc b lt p, li c mt lp nc bt kn ming cc , khng kh nng khng thot ra ni , ch c cch phi i chic cc ln . V nh vy, cng thm tc d ng ca trng lng t thn, chic cc trt sung theo chiu nghing t ming knh.

Page 3

ABC Amber CHM Converter Trial version, http://www.processtext.com/abcchm.html

Qu bng v vng st
Mang mt qu bng t cng t vo vng st th qu bng va lt qua , ri xung. em qu bng th vo trong mt chu nc nng. Sau khi ngm mt lc, li t qu bng vo vng st th q a bng khng lt qua vng st na . Nhng mt lt sau, qu bng li lt vo vng st.

Qu bng t nh bin thnh to, ri li bin thnh nh . Bn c bit v sao khng? Gii thch: Theo nguyn l nng th gin n, lnh co li, khng kh trong qu bng sau khi thu nhi t th n ra lm qu bng tr nn to, sau khng kh t t ngui i th qu bng cng nh li.

Page 4

ABC Amber CHM Converter Trial version, http://www.processtext.com/abcchm.html

Ming ng tan nhanh

Ly hai ming ng ging nh nhau, cng hai cc nc lnh ging nhau. em mt ming ng th vo mt cc nc th n rt nhanh chm xung y cc . em ming ng cn li buc vo mt dy treo vo cc nc kia. Quan st xem ming ng cc no tan nhanh ? Ming ng treo trong c c nc th ch my pht sau tan ht, cn ming ng th xung y cc th mi tan c mt phn.. L th l, cc nc c treo ming ng, na pha di cc c nc ng th vn c, na pha trn

cc l nc sch th trong sut, ranh gii rt r ga hai phn y. Nu thay i v tr treo ming ng trong cc lm thc nghim nh trn bn s thy v tr treo cng thp, tc ng ho tan cng chm, v tr treo cng cao th tc ng tan cng nhanh. ng tan trong nc ph thuc vo s khuych tn v i lu. Nhit nc lnh tng i th p, tc dng khuch tn khng r rt lm, cho nn ming ng chm y cc nc khng d ho tan. Cn ming ng treo trong cc nc, do nc ng nng hn nc sch nn nc ng chm xu ng, nc sch dng ln, hnh thnh i lu. V tr treo ming ng trong cc cng cao th phm vi i lu ca nc cng ln, ng cng d ho tan.

Page 5

ABC Amber CHM Converter Trial version, http://www.processtext.com/abcchm.html

Khn tay di la m khng h ng

ng l khn tay khng b hng, song nu bn lo ngi th dng chic khn tay c lm th nghim ny. Tri phng khn tay, t vo hai ng tin bng kim loi, bc li, dng tay gi cho mt vi trn ng ti n kim loi cng, st mt cht. Lc , bn c th em mu thuc l ang chy ri vo trn ng tin c bc vi mt lt m khn tay khng b chy bng (ch : khng di qu lu).

Khn tay khng chy bng l v tnh dn nhit ca kim loi l tng i tt. Khi u mu thuc ltip xc vi chic khn tay th nhit lng rt nhanh b ng tin kim loi hp th, phn tn, khin lp vi khn tay khng b chy. Nhng nu thi gian tip xc ko di qu th nhit lng khng d phn tn c nhanh, khn tay cng c th b chy en, thm ch chy thng.

Page 6

ABC Amber CHM Converter Trial version, http://www.processtext.com/abcchm.html

Ca khng rng
Chn mt tng nc , v mt si dy st nh. t tng nc ln gi , dng tay ko dy st trn tng nc ta nh dng nh ca: Dy st c ko t u ny n u kia ca tng nc , ri li theo chiu ngc li. Kt qa, tng c ca i ra, tay dy st ch nh chic ca khng rng.

Do gia si dy st v tng nc xy ra tc dng quan trng l ma st. Nhit lng sinh do ma st lm ch tng nc b ca nng chy thnh nc, do dy st nh c th di ng chm chm trong tng nc .

Page 7

ABC Amber CHM Converter Trial version, http://www.processtext.com/abcchm.html

Nc ng bng tc th
Bnh thng, ngoi tri mun nc ng bng khng phi d, nhng s dng cy gy thn ho hc th nc c th tc khc ng bng. Di y nu mt thc nghim chng minh. Cho vo mt ng nghim ln y nc sch, ri cho tip mt ht si, th ch trong chp mt, nc trong c ng nghim kt thnh tng bng c lt ngc ng nghim xung cng chng th lm tng bng tu t ra.

Do nc sch vo ng nghim ln l th nc c bit tc l nc v natri sunphat ngm mi phn t nc (Na2SO4. 10H20) theo t l 1:1,5,khuy u natri sunpht tan hon ton trong nc. Hn si th vo trong ng nghim l tinh th natri sunpht. Sau khi nc trong ng nghim ngui lnh, cho thm tinh th natri sunpht th dung dich trong ng nghim s ly tinh th lm trung tm trong qu trnh chm xung, kt tinh nhanh chng cc v tr xung quanh n, v rt nhanh ton b dung dch trong ng nghim ngng kt thnh dng bng. V sao trc khi th hn si vo trong nc sch trong ng nghim th dung di8chj natri sunpht cha kt thnh bng? l do natri sunpht phn tn trong dung dch hnh thnh mc gi l dung dch bo ho xong cha c mm kt tinh, nn natri sunpht ta nh tri ni cha c mt r bm vy nn cha th kt tinh. Lu rng natri sunpht ngm 10 phn t nc v natri sunpht khan c th mua cc ca hng bn ho cht th nghim, hoc ho cht cng nghip.

Page 8

ABC Amber CHM Converter Trial version, http://www.processtext.com/abcchm.html

Lng trng trng khng chn, long trng li chn

Trong mt chic cc kh, cho vo nc chim 2/3 dung tch cc, ri th tip vo nc trong cc mt qa trng g. Cm mt nhit k vo trong cc nc, ri un t t cc nc trn ngn la, khng ch nhit nc trong khong 70-750C, trong khong 5 pht, th vt qu trng g ra. p v v trng, cho trng g vo mt chic bt, s thy lng trng trng vn dng lng, cn lng trng th ngng kt dng rn.

Ch : Nhit khi un luc trng phi gi di 75oC, nu khng thc nghim s tht bi. Th nghim trn cho thy, im ng rn ( ngng kt) ca cc loi cht khc nhau l khng ging nhau. Thnh phn ca lng trng v lng trng l khng nh nhau, cho nn nhit khin chng rn l i (ngng kt) cng khc nhau : vi lng trng th nhit ng rn thp hn 75oC, cn vi lng trng trng th nhit ng rn cao hn 75oC.

Page 9

ABC Amber CHM Converter Trial version, http://www.processtext.com/abcchm.html

Nc nu mi khng si
Cho nc vo chic cc nh, v chic cc to, sau t chic cc nh vo chic cc to, v dng n cn nung nng pha y ca chic cc ln. Mt lt sau nc trong chic cc to si bng ln. Nhng tht l l nc trong cc nh li khng si bng ln, d c tip tc un lu hn na y chic c c to. Dng nhit k o th thy nhit trong chic cc to v chic cc nh u bng nhau.

Si l mt hin tng bc hi (kh) ca cht lng. Khi cht lng ho hi th n cn hp thu nhit l ng. Chic cc to t ngun la nn nc trong cc to khng ngng nhn c nhit lng, si khng ngng. Cn nc trong cc nh ch nhn c nhit lng t trong chic cc to, tc l nhit nc trong cc to tng th nhit nc trong cc nh cng tng. Khi nhit nc trong cc to tng n 100oC, nc trong cc nh cng tng ln n 100OC. Nhng, nc trong cc to tng n 100oC th si, nhit lng n tip tc nhn c u dng lm n c ho hi, nhit nc trong cc to khng tng hn na. (Lu : Khi si, nhit nc khng i l 100oC.) Do vy, gia cc to v cc nh khng c s trao i nhit na. Nc trong cc nh khng cn tip tc hp thu nhit lng t nc ca cc to nn khng th si.

Page 10

ABC Amber CHM Converter Trial version, http://www.processtext.com/abcchm.html

Bn l nh ca mu en vt th:
Mang mt chic hp kim loi c b mt nhn, v dng ngn la ca cy nn hun en mt pha thnh hp (hp khi vung) sau nc va si vo hp, t ln bn.

Dng hai nhit k c hiu chun ( kim xem cng trong mt mi trng th nhit o c gi ng nhau khng), buc u trn hai nhit k c th treo ln mt gi v v tr ch cch thnh hp kim loi khong 5 mm, khng tip xc vi thnh hp. Mt nhit k treo v pha thnh hp c hun en, cn nhit k kia th treo v pha thnh hp cha c hun en. Sau 3-5 pht, bn hy quan st hai chic nhit k v s thy nhit ch trn chic nhit k pha thnh hp en l cao hn chic nhit k kia. Ta bit vo ma ng, nn mc qun o en th tng i m hn mc qun o sng mu, mu nht. Vt th mu en c sc hp th nhit mnh nht. Thc nghim ny ch cho chng ta thm rng nhit bc x ca vt th en cng l mnh nht. l m t quy lut ph bin ca gii t nhin.

Page 11

ABC Amber CHM Converter Trial version, http://www.processtext.com/abcchm.html

Mu i than l g?
Dng mt chic kp kp gi mt chic ghim to, a vo t mt lc trong ngn la cy nn, ri l y ra. S thy chic ghim c bm mt lp mui en lm cho n trng nh mt chic ghim mu en.

Li em chic ghim en t thng ng trong ngn la cy nn, t mt lc th ly ra. Khi chng ta s thy mui trn chic ghim chng thy u na. chic ghim li phc hi nguyn trng. V sao li th nh? iu ny chng minh mui en l cc bon c th chy. Vic sn sinh mui en ch ng t nhin liu chy cha trit .

Page 12

ABC Amber CHM Converter Trial version, http://www.processtext.com/abcchm.html

Bnh sa:
Dng sa b v ng lm bnh sa. Sau khi phi trn u, cho chng vo t ln lm ng k t 1-2 gi. Kt qu thc nghim s ra sao? Cng c th bn cho rng s c bnh sa xp, ngon ming i bn b. Nhng th by ra tr c mt bn li chng ging bnh sa, m chng ging kem que, trn b mt l nhng si bng trng, pha di l sa vn cha ng kt tt, chng h ging bnh sa c bn t no c! Hy nm th cc si bng xem c v g? Rt nht! chnh l kt lun cn phi c thc nghi m ny ca chng ta. V sao nhng si bng trn mt li khng c v ngt? Do nc kt bng th c khung hng y ra nhng th g l, khc vi n. Khi kt bng, phn t nc y ra ng v sa. Bnh sa ch thc, trong qu trnh sn xut phi khng ngng c khy trn, nu bn khng ngng khy trn th cng c th ch ra bnh sa ngon. ng nhin, nhit rt thp cng l mt iu kin ch c bnh sa. Bn c l cha ti Nam Cc, nhng t th nghim ny, bn c th ngh ra v ca nhng tng bng Nam Cc ra sao khng? Nc bin khi kt bng, cc phn mui trong nc cng b y ra, chuyn v ni c nhit cao. Nhit ca nc bin cao hn nhit ca ni bng, cho nn khi kt bng, phn mui trong bng cng chuyn v hng nc bin. Lc hp dn ca Tri t cng l mt nhn t quan trng; mui cha trong nc bin di tc dng ca trng lc s dn dn di chuyn xung pha di. Cho nn, bng Nam Cc l nht. Bng c v nht khng phi l mt sm mt chiu hnh thnh, m tri qua nm ny, thng khc mi dn dn y ra mui t bn trong n. Thng l bng ng kt mt nm th tan ra c th dng lm nc phc v cho n ung. Bng kt cng lu nm th cng gim lng mui

Page 13

ABC Amber CHM Converter Trial version, http://www.processtext.com/abcchm.html

Tnh kh l ca giy bng knh

Ly mt ming ba di chng 60 milimet, rng 5milimet. Cch u mt ming ba 15 milimet ng vo mt chic ghim v xc qua xc li my ln cho trn trong l kim, sau ng ghim (cng vi ming ba) ln tng; u kia ca ming ba ta ct thnh hnh nhn, lm thnh kim ch hng.

phn ui ca ming ba lm kim ch hng, dn thng xung pha di mt mnh giy bng knh (giy dng gi ko) di chng 50-60 milimet , rng chng 3 milimet. Nh vy, mnh giy bng knh s li kim ch hng nm ngang bng. Dng ghim ghim u di mnh giy bng knh trn tng. Khi , h hi nng vo ming giy bng knh th thy kim ch hng t t chc u xung, chng t ming giy bng knh dui di ra. Li dng que dim ang chy h mnh giy bng th thy kim ch h ng nhch u ln pha trn, chng t ming giy bng knh co li. Cng gia nhit (lm nng) v sao ming bng knh lc th dui di, lc li co li nh vy? Do giy bng knh c c tnh: khi m th gin ra, khi kh th co li. Ln th nht h hi nng vo gi y bng knh cng l gia m cho giy bng knh. Ln th hai dng que dim ang chy h th giy bng knh b kh. Do vy m xut hin hai hiu qa tri ngc nhau.

Page 14

ABC Amber CHM Converter Trial version, http://www.processtext.com/abcchm.html

Cy nn c pha mn ca

Dng giy bao xi mng qun thnh 2 ng giy ging nhau (di chng 100 milimt, ng knh ch ng 10 milimt). Mt ng giy xp nn, mt ng giy cho mt ca v xp nn vo. i xp nn ng rn th g, bc lp giy bn ngoi c mt ng thun nn v mt ng nn c cha nhng mt ca g. Dng hai ng vt nng s thy ng g c cha mt g c cng ( chu ti trng ) ln hn ng ch cha thun nn. l do cng mt ca g ln hn cng ca nn. Mt ca ng vai tr khung xng trong nn ng nn c mt ca. Ngi ta cho thm si, vo xi mng to thnh b tng khng ch tit kim xi mng m cn nng cao chu lc ti. Nguyn l ny c p dng cho cc trng hp mun nng cao ti trngca mt vt.

Page 15

ABC Amber CHM Converter Trial version, http://www.processtext.com/abcchm.html

Gi t nc bit nhy ma
Ma ng ngi h la bn bp la tht l iu th v. Ta cm gic bnh un nc t trn bp l si sng sc ch trong chc lt. Git nc ri xung sn l nng bn tung tng nh bit nhy ma vy! Git nc va quay, va nhy ta nh mt vt sng ng vy.

Hin tng th v ny xy ra khi sn l rt nng, nng ti rc hng. Nu sn l ch m nng th git nc s nhanh chng bay hi ri mt tm, mt tch, chng li du vt no c. Bn c th lp li hin tng kh bt ng trn bng thc nghim sau: t mt vung st ln bp l cho ti khi vung st nng bng ln. Vy ln vi git nc (ch : ng xa xa ra trnh b bng!). Bn s thy git nc tung tng ln hi bc, pht ra m thanh xo xo, v c th cho ti khi bay hi ht. Nu vung st ch m m th vy vi git nc ln, hin tng git nc nhy khng thy xy ra m n ch nng l bay hi cho ti khi ht sch. Chc bn c th hi: V sao git nc trn vung cng nng th bc hi cng chm hn khi chi c vung m m nng thi? ng l vung cng nng th git nc bay hi cng nhanh ch? Phi chng thc nhgim c g sai? Bn hy lp li th nghim vi ln v qua st k, qu l git nc nhy ma trn vung rc hng ti 3 - 4 pht, lu hn khi trn vung ch nng m. V hin tng ny, cc nh khoa hc cng thy l, dng my chp nh chp tc cao ch p v tr cc git nc nhy ma v cui cng pht hin ra b mt Gii thch: Khi git nc chm vo vung st nng th phn di ca git nc lp tc ho hi, h nh thnh mng ngn cch gia git nc v vung st, khin c git nc khng tip xc vi vung st. Nhit ca vung st thng qua hi nc truyn ti git nc do cng chm hn so vi truyn trc ti p. Mun ton b git nc ho hi phi cn thi gian 3- 4 pht. Trong thi gian , git nc c s h tr ca hi nc ( hi nc c p lc y git nc ln), do vy c th nhy tng tng trn vung st nng bng. Vung st ch nng m, git nc do khng ri vo do khng c s bo v, h tr ca hi nc, trc tip tip xc vi vung st, nn b bay hi rt nhanh, ch mt lt l bay hi mt tm!

Page 16

ABC Amber CHM Converter Trial version, http://www.processtext.com/abcchm.html

Cch nhn thy khng kh

M mt chic hp khng, nhn vo bn trong khng thy g,bn ni bn trong hp l rng, l khng c g. Chng ta ung ht nc trong mt cc nc, cng ni l chic cc khng. K thc nh vy l khng chun xc. Trong chic hp v chic cc u cha y khng kh m vi mt thng chng ta khng nhn thy. C cch no nhn thy khng kh khng?

u tin xin gii thiu mt cch n gin nht: Ly mt chu thu tinh, nc vo chu. Lt ngc m t chic cc, p ming xung mt nc trong chu v n xung pha di. Bn s thy ch c mt lng nh nc trn vo trong cc. Vy ci g ngn cn nc khng tip tc a vo trong cc? l khng kh! Khng kh chim c khng gian trong cc. Hin tng ny cho thy c khng kh trong y( xem hnh 1) Ma xun, mt tri m p chiu trn cnh ng trn thm nh, bn c nhn thy g khng? Nu b n quan st t m mt cht th s thy cc ni c ci bng m m o o ca khng kh nng bc ln y. Bui ti trn bn t mt ngn nn, chiu ln tng. Pha trn bng ca ngn nn c bng mu nht, khng ngng lay ng th chnh l bng ca lung khng kh nng y(xem hnh 2). V sao trong cc trng hp trn, khng kh li thot ci o tng hnh ca n vy?

l nh nhit. Khi ng thi tn ti khng kh nng v khng kh lnh th do khi lng ring ca chng l khc nhau, nn tc truyn ca khng kh lnh v trong khng kh nng cng khc nhau: trong khng kh nng, tc d truyn nhanh hn mt cht. i vi nh sng th khng kh nng, khng kh lnh l hai cht trong sut khng ging nhau. nh sng i gia b mt phn cch gia chng s pht sinh khc x. iu ny cng tng t nh sng b khc x ch mt phn cch gia khng kh v thu tinh; thu tinh tuy trong sut, nhng di nng chiu vn c bng. Trong thc nghim trn, nh sng chiu ra t chic n pin, do mt phn nh sng b khc x bi khng kh nng pha trn ngn la nn, nn khng ti p tc hng thng m lch theo hng khc, lm cho nh sng chiu ln tng c ch nhiu, c ch t, v do vy lm xut hin mt s bng m m. Ci bng m m ca khng kh th c gip g cho chng ta khng? Xe t, my bay, ho tin, vin n u chuyn ng trong khng kh(h .v). Chng khuy ng khng kh, hnh thnh vc xoy, dng xoy. Dng xoy khng kh ny li tc ng ln chuyn ng cc vt; nhng cng chnh nh dng xoy ny che khng cho ta nhn thy chuyn ng ca vt. Nu c th nhn thy th chng ta s bit xem nn c i tin nh th no vt chuyn ng gim tr lc ca khng kh. Li dng phng php tng t nh

Page 17

ABC Amber CHM Converter Trial version, http://www.processtext.com/abcchm.html

trnh by trn th c th nhn thy bng ca khng kh. Cc nh khoa hc cng ang lm nh vy v h t bng m m ca khng kh m nhn ra c rt nhiu th cn thit.

Page 18

ABC Amber CHM Converter Trial version, http://www.processtext.com/abcchm.html

Kh nn i lc s
Ly hai chic cc thu tinh ming to, y nh, xp chng ln nhau. Dng tay nhc chic cc bn trn, ri thi hi vo khe gia hai chic cc. Khi , chic cc bn trn b di ln nh trc nhy ra kh i chic cc bn di; tay chic cc bn trn phi dng lc n xung mi trnh c iu .

Nu t mt chic ghim sch gia hai chic cc, c khe nh gia chng, khng dng tay chi c cc trn na, v thi mnh, th chic cc trn nhy ra khi chic cc di tht! V sao li c th nh th nh? Nu biu din vo ban m th nht nh s thu ht khng t ngi. Khi biu din cn ch ng chic cc ri xung t gy thng tch cho mnh v cho ngi khc. Gii thch: Khi ban thi vo khe gia hai chic cc th hi khng h thot ra, v kt qu l hnh thnh m t lp nn gia hai cc thu tinh. Tip tc thi th lp nn cng dy, nn ln chic cc bn trn lm n b t ln; bn khng dng tay gi li th cui cng nht nh s b bt ra ngoi chic cc pha di.

Page 19

ABC Amber CHM Converter Trial version, http://www.processtext.com/abcchm.html

Nc bin sc
Trong mt cc nc cha y nc, cho vo hai tha canh sa b hoc nc cm, khuy u. Dng dy nh qun chc mt chic gng phng, ri treo ngm vo cc. Dng n pin va lp pin mi chiu vo chic gng phng, quan st thy nh sng phn x li t chic gng phng c mang mu.

Nu khng ngng thay i su ngm chic gng vo trong nc th mu sc ca nh sng phn x cng khng ngng bin i- khi chiu gng t ch nng xung su dn dn th mu nh sng phn x cng thay i nh nhau: trng vng - - sm( en). nh sng trng l tng hp ca 7 loi nh sng mu v c di sng khc nhau(, cam , vng, l c, lam, trm, tm) hp thnh. Trong nhng nh sng mu tm, lam c bc sng kh ngn, kh nng xuyn thu km, khi qua lp cht lng th b nhng phn t nc v nhng ht nh huyn ph lm tn x, nn khng c cch g xuyn qua lp nc; cn nh sng vng, cam, c bc sng tng i di, theo th t cng v sau bc sng cng di hn bc sng ca nh sng ng trc n, kh nng xuyn thu cng theo th t m tng ln. Do c hin tng nu trn.

Page 20

ABC Amber CHM Converter Trial version, http://www.processtext.com/abcchm.html

Nhn hoa c mt:

Khi chng ta n ca hng thng nghip chn thng phm, thng ni: Tht hoa c mt! V sao li hoa c mt? y nht ng c nguyn l khoa hc nht nh ca n.Trc tin chng ta hy lm mt th nghim n gin sau y: Ly mt vt mu t di nng, chm ch nhn khng chuyn mt trong vng hai pht, sau t nhin ngng u ln, a mt chuyn ln nhn trn nh mu trng. Khi s thy trn nh c mu xanh b ng bnh, hnh dangs ca n cng ging vt th mu , v sc mu ht sc ti. Mu sc ny c th tn ti my giy; nu mt i, ch cn bn chp mt mt ci th n xut hin tr li. Hin tng ny chng ta gi l hoa mt! v sao vy? Do trn vng mc ca mt ngi c mt s t bo thn kinh th gic chuyn ph trch cm nhn mu sc, l t bo hnh chp. Cng c chia lm loi: mt loi chuyn hp thu nh sng , mt loi chuyn hp thu nh sng lam v mt loi chuyn hp thu nh sng mu lc(xanh l cy).Khi ba mu , lam, lc theo nhng t l nht nh ng thi c t bo hnh chp hp thu th i no cm bit l mu trng; nu ba mu , lc ,lam theo t l khcn mt th s cho cc mu sc khc. my v tuyn truyn hnh mu, mu sc trn cc mn hnh l do cc mu , lam ,lc tng hp m thnh. Bn c th dng mt chic knh phng i quan st mn hnh ca my truyn hnh mu s thy c iu . Khi bn chm ch nhn mt vt th mu trong mt thi gian di th nhng t bo thn kinh hp thu nh sng tr ln rt mi mt, phn ng vi nh sng yu i. Khi , bm chuyn mt nhn mu trng th nh sng mu trng c th chia ra l , lam, lc chng chiu vo mt bn, nhng cc t bo hp thu mu trong mt bn khng cn nhy na, do c m gic ca bn li l mu lam, lc. Ngc li, nu nhn mu lc qu lu, th cm gic ca mu mt i v i mu hng li l mu hng o- l do thiu mu lc (xanh l cy).

Page 21

ABC Amber CHM Converter Trial version, http://www.processtext.com/abcchm.html

L mt tri kiu nh
Ly knh phn quang trong n pin, t di nng tri l c c mt mt tri kiu nh - ng xem thng n nh, c th dng t chy mt que dim y! Ch cn t knh phn quang i chun vi mt tri, v t que dim vo ng tiu iim ca knh phn quang th ch lt sau, bng mt ting, que dim bt chy!

Nu nh sng qu yu, khng d lm bng chy th tt nht t u thuc ca que dim (u en) vo tiu iem ca knh phn quang. Gng lm c th hi t nhng tia sng phn x song song nhau trn tiu im ca n, lm cho nhit u dim t ch tiu iim tng ti trn nhit chy ca dim v dim chy bng ln.

Page 22

ABC Amber CHM Converter Trial version, http://www.processtext.com/abcchm.html

Nhng vng ho quang

ng cch chic gng ln lp cnh t qun o khong 1 mt, dng khn qung bng ni lng trm l y u mnh, ri gi n pin cao ngang u ri sng vo chic gng.Khi nhn thy nhng tia phn x li t chic gng( bn phi khng di dch, nu khng s nh hng ti hiu qa), s pht hin thy iu k l : Quanh u bn l nhng vng ho quang rt p.

nh sng khng ch c th phn x, m khi gp nhng vt cn rt nh ( thc nghim ny l nhng si ca khn ni -lng) th pht sinh nhiu x. Vi nh sng c mu sc( bc sng khc nhau th khi pht sinh nhiu x, mc un gy ca chng cng khc nhau,nn hnh thnh nhng vng sc mu rc r- nhng vng ho quang p v vn!

Page 23

ABC Amber CHM Converter Trial version, http://www.processtext.com/abcchm.html

ng xu dng cao
Chun b mt chic cc khng cho vo trong cc mt ng xu kim loi. Di chuyn chic cc ra cho ti khi mt bn va khng nhn thy ng xu trong chic cc. Gi nguyn vi tr u bn v chic c c, t t nc vo cc th bng bn li c th nhn thy ng xu!

Thc nghim ny cng ging nh bn cm mt i a vo trong nc s nhn thy on chic a trong nc nh b gy khc so vi on ngoi khng kh. l do nh sng t trong mi trng mt nc tin vo trong mi trng hai (khng kh) khc nhau v tnh cht, th pht sinh khc x. nh sng khc x chiu vo mt th chng ta c cm gic l ng xu trong cc t v tr y cc dng cao nn mt cht , lm ta c th nhn thy ng xu .

Page 24

ABC Amber CHM Converter Trial version, http://www.processtext.com/abcchm.html

Cc ngi sao bit chp mt?

Vo mt m trng, sao mc y tri. V sao nhng ngi sao phn ln khi t khi m? Mun lm r vn ny, trc tin chng ta hy lm mt thc nghim: Ly chic n pin, dn giy en ln c vng thu tinh trc bng n pin, gia giy en d d lu mt l nh bng ht u, ri c nh n pin trn bn, sao cho nh sng n pin c th ri xin vo b c tng trng. Ghi ly im m nh sng n pin ri sng vo bc tng. Sau , t mt ming thu tinh ng thng trn bn v song song vi bc tng, cho nh sng r i qua ming thu tinh ri mi chiu ln bc tng, ghi li du vi nh sng n pin ri vo bc tng So snh hai im nh du trn bc tng, thy chng khng trng lp vi nhau. iu ny chng t nh sng sau khi i qua ming thu tinh b lch i mt cht. Nu chng ta xp chng nhiu ming thu tinh (knh) lm mt nh thc nghim trinh by trn th s thy nh sng i qua cng nhiu ming thu tinhtrc khi chiu ln tung th mc b b lch cng ln. Do nh sng tuyn qua hai cht ( y khng kh v thu tinh) khc nhau th pht sinh hin tng khc x, ni nm na l b b lch. nh sng xuyn qua tng ming thu tinh th cng ln lt b b l ch, tc l ln lt b khc x, nn b b lch cng ln. Cc nh khoa hc pht hin thy nh sng i qua cng mt cht m c nng khc nhau th cng b khc x. Hiu c hin tung khc x, chng ta gii thch ti sao cc ngi sao li chp mt rt d dng m thi. Chng ta c th nhn thy 6500 ngi sao trn tri, ngoi ra cn c hng tinh pht sng nh mt tr i vy. Cc hng tinh ny cch chng ta rt xa, qung 3,4 nm nh sng, tc l khong 4 vn triu ki l mt, l nhng hng tinh gn nht. Do xa nh vy nn chng ta ch nhn thy nhng ngi sao b t xu nh mt im nh thi. nh sng ca n cng l le li, rt nh, rt nh. Sau khi xuyn qua cc lp khng kh dy hng trm nghn kilmt. M khng kh trong khng gian chuyn ng tng giy, tng pht, cc t ng khng kh cng khc nhau v nhit , mt . nh ca cc ngi sao s ht ln ny ti ln khc b khc x, lc th hi t, lc th phn tn. Chng ta nhn th cm thy ngi sao c lc sng, c lc m ti, ta nh chng chp mt vy. Cc ngi sao c chp mt khng ? C, l hnh tinh- chng t bn thn khng pht sng, m da vo phn x nh sng mt tri m pht sng. Tuy th tch ca chng nh, nhng so vi cc hng tinh th chng gn tri t hn rt nhiu. Do nh sng ca chng chiu ti tri t khng phi l mt tia nh m l rt nhiu tia. Tuy nhin, nhng tia sng xuyn qua nhng lp khng bin o cng pht sinh khc x, nhng mt thi khc no , mt s tia sng khng chiu ti mt chng ta, ngoi ra mt s tia sng li chiu vo mt chng ta. Cc chm tia sng c tng h b sung cho nhau, chng ta s khng nhn ra s bin ho sng ti ca cc hnh tinh, v thy chng khng bit chp mt.

Page 25

ABC Amber CHM Converter Trial version, http://www.processtext.com/abcchm.html

B mt ca my nh chng ng c:
Khi dng my nh ph thng chp th cn iu chnh c ly gia thu knh v phim chp. Nu qun iu chnh c ly , vng sng th tm nh chp s rt m, khng r. M sao my nh ca chng gc khi chp th chng cn di ng thu knh v sau hay v trc, ch cn chn cnh, v bm c( m ca my) l c tm nh rt r nt. Nguyn nhn v u th nh? K thc y chng c g ng gi l b mt c. Qua quan st thc nghim mt cht nh di y s r c. Chng ta u bit, my chp nh l p dng thu knh li thu thnh nh. Trong mt gian phng nh sng tng i ti, t thu knh li t chn ngang nh sng chiu vo phng, v t mt t giy trng di ng, tm mt im nh sng hin ln l r nht. im sng chnh l tiu im ca thu knh. Nu thu knh l 100 th tiu im li v sau 1 mt( 1 mt c gi l tiu c ca thu knh 100 ). Ghi l y v tr ca tiu im, ri t v tr li t giy v pha sau, s thy mt nh ngc r nt hin ln t giy trng. chnh l nguyn l ca vic chp nh, m t giy trng y l tng ng vi tm phim chp nm trong my chp nh . C nh t giy trng v tr va tm c( v tr hin nh ngc r nt), tm hai mc tiu khc nhau pha ngoi ca s, mt gn mt cht, mt xa mt cht. Bn s thy cn phi di ng thu knh th nh ca vt mi hin r nt trn t giy trng. l l do ti sao cn phi iu chnh v tr ca thu knh khi chp nh vt th nhng c ly khc nhau. Khi iu chnh c ly gia thu knh v t giy trng, bn rt ra c quy lut: Vt cng xa th nh ca n cng st gn tiu im; v nh vy khi vt th t xa di ng ti gn th nh ca n s t tiu im di ng v pha sau. Thao tc mt cch t m, chun xc s thy: Khi cnh vt cch tiu im ca thu knh gp hai l n tiu c tr ln th v tr nh ca n s gii hn trong khong gia tiu im v hai ln tiu c. Cho nn khi chp nh, cnh vt cn xa ngoi hai ln cch tiu im ca thu knh, v tr ca nh cng gii hn trong phm vi di bng mt tiu c pha sau tiu im. Nu bn c iu kin thay thu knh, tc l thay bng thu knh c tiu c nh hn lp li th nghim trn, th bn thy: nh hnh thnh trn t giy trng i vi cnh vt c cc khong khc nhau th c ly di dng ca thu knh s gim. Tiu c ca thu knh cng gn th khi chp nh, vic i chnh li cng d dng hn. Vy mt ngi khng bit dng my nh, c th khng cn iu chnh tiu im khng?

B mt ng ni nht my nh ny l tiu c ca my nh tng i nh, ni khc i l thu knh li, c ly, gia hai tiu im v hai ln tiu c l rt nh. Nh vy vt th cch thu knh mt kho ng nht nh l khng cn phi chnh, u c th hin nh r rng. ng nhin, ch l mt nguyn l c bn, my nh chng ngc cn nhng im c o thi t k trn thu knh na. Dng my nh ca chng gc thng l khng chp ra nhng bc nh c cht l

Page 26

ABC Amber CHM Converter Trial version, http://www.processtext.com/abcchm.html

ng cao, nht l khi chp nhng cnh vt qu xa, hay qu gn li khng chp c! Khi em nhng tc phm chng ngc chp c em phng to ln th khuyt im ny bc l rt r. Cho nn nhng nh nhi p nh chuyn nghip khng dng my nh ca chng ngc ( tc my nh du lch ang by bn nhiu cc ca hng nh).

Page 27

ABC Amber CHM Converter Trial version, http://www.processtext.com/abcchm.html

Khun mt ch c m t mt
Bn ng trc gng t cun sch ngay trc mi phn cch mt phi v mt tri. Mt nhn thng vo gng, khng lu sau, bn s thy trong gng mt khun mt tht k l: mt ch c mt mt! Trn mt ch c mt mt m mt li gia mt!

Do hai mt ca ngi tip thu hnh nh ca hai vt. Nhng ti i no th hnh nh li xp ch ng ln nhau. Trong th nghim vng nhn ca hai mt tri, phi l chia ring ra, ta nhn ca hai mt song song nhau, mt phi ch nhn thy nh ca mt tri, mt tri ch nhn thy nh ca mt phi, v ri khi ch ng xp li ln nhau th cm gic khun mt ch c mt mt.

Page 28

ABC Amber CHM Converter Trial version, http://www.processtext.com/abcchm.html

im m ca mt:
Dng tay che mt tri dng mt phi nhn con hu trong tranh. Khng ngng thay i c ly gi a mt phi v con hu, th ch cch xa con hu 20m, bn s khng nhn thy im en trn bc tranh. Nu ng ch xa hn hoc gn hn th im en li xut hin.

Mt c th nhn thy vt hon ton nh vo thn kinh th gic ca vng mc. Nhng ni tp trung thn kinh th gic th li khng nhn thy vt. l dim m. Khi bn ch nhn con hu, mt c ly nht nh no th nh ca im en va hay ri vo trn im m, cho nn bn cm thy im en khng tn ti trn bc tranh.

Page 29

ABC Amber CHM Converter Trial version, http://www.processtext.com/abcchm.html

Dng kim ch que dim

t cun sch dy ng thng ln mt gc bn v gm thng ng vo cun sch mt que dim. Sau , tay cm mt chic kim khu to, dui thng cnh tay, theo chiu ca que dim m m ch vo u que dim(hnh v)

Sau nhiu ln thao tc, chc bn s thy dng kim ch vo que dim ng thng d ch trng hn, cn que dim th kh ch trng hn. Di chuyn cun sch dy sao cho que dim nm ngang hng ngang tm mt th cng kh dng kim trng u que dim. Nhm mt mt thc hin ng tc trn th tnh chun xc t c li cng km hn ( ngha l cng kh trng u que dim ) Cm nhn lp th vi vt th l do s khc bit v th gic ca hai mt to nn. Mt ngi nm ngang nhau, trn mt ng thng, s cm nhn th gic vi que dim ng thng c sai bit ln hai m t nn cm nhn lp th l mnh, d phn on ra v tr ca que dim, tt nhin d ch trng u dim ng thng. i vi que dim nm ngang, s khc bit ch ging cm nhn c l nh, cm nhn lp th vi que dim l yu, nu kh khn phn on s xa, gn ca v tr que dim, do vy khng d ch chng. Nh m mt mt th s khc bit th gic ca hai mt khng c na, cho nn cng kh ch trng u que dim.

Page 30

ABC Amber CHM Converter Trial version, http://www.processtext.com/abcchm.html

Knh c khoan l nh Ly hai lp hp nha mm, c ng knh 30-40 milimt, dng u kim nhn h nng c mt l nh (ng knh khong 1 milimt) gia mt chic np. Sau hai bn ca mi np, khoan hai l nh lun dy, lm thnh mt cp knh eo (h.v)

eo cp knh ln mt, bn s nhn r mi th xung quanh. K l vi cp knh th ngi cn th, vin th nng n bao nhiu th cng u c th nhn thy mi vt rt r. y l vn dng nguyn l to nh qua l nh. Khi nh sng xuyn qua l nh, cho d vt hng sng gn hay xa, th nh ca n vn r. Vng mc mt ngi cng ta nh mn hng sng. Vi ngi m t b cn th th nh thng nh ri vo trc, mn hng sng (vng mc), cn vi ngi b vin th th nh ri ra sau mn hng sng. nh khng ri vo mn hng sng th nhn khng r. Khi mt knh c c l nh th d cn th hay vin th, nh u c th hnh thnh trn vng mc, cho nn nhn c r.

Page 31

ABC Amber CHM Converter Trial version, http://www.processtext.com/abcchm.html

Trng mu sc m bit s vt:

Ly t giy bng knh mu che mt nhn ra pha ngoi. i! C th gii u nhum mu ! Tri t rc ln mu nh sc tri chiu ri. Cn l cy xanh trong nh sng li tr thnh mu en. Nu thay bng giy bng knh c mu xanh l cy (lc) che mt th th gii c s bin i nh sau: Vt no c mu xanh l cy th gim mt cht mu sc, hin ln rt sng; cn o hoa mu hi n nn thnh mu en, gn nh mt i bi cnh u m! Chn hai bt ch mu: mt chic mu v mt chic mu xanh da tri( chon sao cho mu sc trng khp vi mu ca giy bng knh v xanh da tri), vit nh ln giy hai hng ch: Ti l mt h c sinh gii (dng bt ch m vit) v ti l mt hc sinh dt ( dng bt ch mu xanh m vit). Khi bn nhn qua giy bng knh mu xanh da tri, ch vit trn giy tr thnh mt hng ch Ti l mt hc sinh gii;cn khi nhn qua giy bng knh mu th ch nhn thy ch mu en: Ti l hc sinh dt. Thc nghim ny c thnh cng hay khng, yu t quan trng l mu sc ca giy bng knh phi m( mt t cha m th xp chng ln nhau my t cng mu), v nt ch phi vit nht, rng mt cht. Giy bng knh mu l mt ci ry(sng ) nh sng ( giy bng knh mu ch cho nh sng mu i qua, giy bng knh xanh ch cho nh sng xanh i qua); ta gi l tm lc sc mu, c cng dng r t ln. Khi chng ta nhn t giy trng i qua giy bng knh mu xanh l cy th giy c mu xanh l cy, cho nn vi nt bt ch mu xanh l cy ta s khng nhn r. M nh sng phn x t nhng ch mu th xuyn khng qua, do hin ra mu en trong mt ta. Tm lc sc mu rt c ch trong nhip nh. Khi bn ng trn to thnh c, mun chn my tr ng lm b cnh cho mt tm nh chp( chp en- trng) th kt qu thng tht vng do nhn vt, bi c nh trn tm nh chp c l bu tri xm xt, my trng n i u? Nhng ngi c kinh nghim s khuyn bn hy lp thm tm knh lc mu vng trn thu knh (ng knh) ca my nh. Lm nh, vy bn s chp c tm nh c my trng tht p. Do bu tri v my trng c nhiu u c mu rt sng, nh sng chiu ti lm cho phim nh b l sng qu, cho nn khng th phn bit ni. Tm lc mu vng c th lm yu i nh sng xanh (lam) c a bu tri, lm cho bu tri c mu xanh nht, my trng s hin ra. Sc mu thng thng bc l bn lnh bn trong ca s vt. Ngn la chy cng sng chng t nhit n cng cao. Nc bin cng xanh chng t hi vc cng su. L cng xanh chng t sinh tr ng cng tt. V tinh nhn to c nhim v ch yu l quan st din mo, mu sc ca tri t, nh n c th bo trc cho nhng ngi trn tri t bit v tnh hnh su hi ma mng- iu m trn tri t c dng knh phng i cng kh tm ra bng dng su hi. Nguyn nhn l v tinh nhn to c th pht hin su thay i mu sc ca ma mng, v phn tch s i mu , chng ta c th phn on pht sinh su bnh hi.

Page 32

ABC Amber CHM Converter Trial version, http://www.processtext.com/abcchm.html

Cch hay o s ca knh cn th:

Ly mt tm ba mu trng v nn hnh cp mt knh c kch thc gp i mt knh thc t c a ngi cn th ( ch v di, rng). t mt knh song song v pha trn tm ba , di l tia nng chiu thng vo. iu chnh c ly gia mt knh v tm ba sao cho bng ca mt knh chng kht ln mt v trn tm ba, v dng thc o c ly gia mt knh v tm ba. c ly chnh l tiu c o f (n v l mt) ca mt knh. Thay gi tr ca f vo cng thc: D =100 / f

Nh th c th tnh ra s ca mt knh ngi cn th theo nguyn l ng dng ca hnh hc, c th suy ra c ly gia mt knh v tm ba chnh l tiu c ca mt knh

Page 33

ABC Amber CHM Converter Trial version, http://www.processtext.com/abcchm.html

S chuyn ng k diu ca b t kh:

Ly mt chai thu tinh trong sut, ch cha mt t nc nng, ri xc mnh to ra bt ni ln pha trn. Quan st k thy nhng bt kh to th ni ln nhanh, bt kh nh th ni ln chm, c nhng bt kh rt nh th rt lu mi ni ln ti mt nc. l bt kh cng to th nhn lc y ca nc cng ln (h.v)

Ly mt ng thu tinh, cho nc vo m xc, lc lm cho bt kh to ra trong nc. Bn s thy bt kh nh ni ln nhanh hn so vi bt kh to. V sao vy? Do ng thu tinh c ng knh nh, khi bt kh dng ln cao gy tr ngi cho s lu ng ca nc. Nc lu ng chm th bt kh to dng ln cng tr ln rt chm.

Page 34

ABC Amber CHM Converter Trial version, http://www.processtext.com/abcchm.html

B mt v qu bng bn l lng trong khng trung

mt s on xic, c tit mc Hi Cu thi qa bng ni ln trong khng trung. Qa bng khng b ri, m cng khng bay i. Nguyn nhn no vy? Chng ta hy lm mt th nghim khm ph th nghim ny.

Dng giy cun li thnh mt ng di, ng knh nh, ri t qa bng bn trn ming ng gi ng ln pha trn v thi t u di ca ng. S thy qu bng bn s c y ni ln khi ming ng, nhng khng b thi bay i, d bn thi mnh ti mc no. Sau khi qa bng bn b thi i ln, dng kh ( do thi m to ra) d khuych tn ra xung quanh qua khe h gia ng dy v qu bng bn. Do dng kh c tc cao, nn p sut kh s gim, m qa bng bn pha i din vi pha b dng kh tc ng(phn trn qu bng bn) mt lc chu kh p tng i ln. Chnh khi p pha trn qa bng bn khng ch qu bng khng b thi bay i.

Page 35

ABC Amber CHM Converter Trial version, http://www.processtext.com/abcchm.html

T ba b th i bay cng khng ri

Tm mt li ng ch dng trong my may qun o. Ct ly mt ming ba hnh vung, ng mt chic ghim vo gia ming ba . Dng tay ming ba ghim lng vo l ca li ch. T pha trn ca li ch, ta thi mnh hi, ng thi b tay ming ba ra. Bn s thy t ba khng ri xung m vn l l ng st phn pha di ca li ch.

Khi bn dng sc thi th dng kh tc cao s thot ra t khe h gia phn di li ch v t ba. Kh p ch khe h nh hn kh p mt di ca t ba, do t ba b khng kh pha di nng ln, khng ri. cng chnh l nguyn l bay ln ca my bay. Mt trn ca cnh my bay c thit k c hnh lng mo, cn mt di th phng. Khi my bay bay v pha trc, dng kh mt trn ca cnh my bay c tc ln hn dng kh pha di cnh, do vy my bay c c lc nng ln tng i ln.

Page 36

ABC Amber CHM Converter Trial version, http://www.processtext.com/abcchm.html

B mt ca bin php gic hi

Bc s ng y khi tr bnh cho ngi bnh thng dng bin php gic, tc l dng mt bnh thu tinh hoc bnh s c nh, cho mt nhm bng vo trong bnh, sau khi chm la vo nhm bng trong bnh th chy mt lt ri lp tc p bnh vo ch au ca ngi bnh. Chic bnh s b ht cht vo . V sao li c th lm c nh th? tm gii p, trc tin chng ta lm mt thc nghim: Ly mt chic cc ung nc, hoc mt chai thu tinh. Tm mt ming vi hnh vung, to hn ming chai thu tinh dng lm th nghim, thm nc cho m, ri tri ln bn.

C nh mt cy nn ln bn v chm la. p ming bnh xung di v h trn ngn la nn cho khng kh trong bnh nng ln. Sau nhanh chng p bnh ln vung vi m. S thy bnh ht ming vi ln. l do khng kh trong bnh, mt phn sau khi thu nhit thot i. Sau khi p bnh ln vung vi t th nhit khng kh trong bnh s h xung ngay, p sut trong bnh nh hn p sut bn ngoi bnh. Di tc dng chnh lch gia p sut ngoi v trong bnh, ming vi m nh b mt bn tay v hnh n cht vo trong bnh, khng th ri xung. Gic chnh l p dng thc t khoa hc ny. Ngi c gic u cm thy mt phn da tht c ht ln trn (vo trong ng gic) v phn c c hiu qu k diu l mu lu thng tt.

Page 37

ABC Amber CHM Converter Trial version, http://www.processtext.com/abcchm.html

Ng n la bin thnh qu cu la
Ly mt on nn cm vo y mt chai rng ming. Chai c buc bng dy nh c th treo ln, hoc cm trng tay. t ngn nn cho chy, y np chai, dng tay nhc bnh ln, ri t nhin h tay cm dy treo bnh xung (tay cm dy treo thy nh l chng t chai ri xung t do). Khi , bn s thy m la vn hng ln trn, bng rt nhanh co li thnh qa cu la nho nh.

m la vn do s i lu khng kh nng, lnh m to thnh. Trong tnh trng mt trng lng (vt th ri t do l trng thi mt trng lng), khng kh nng lnh khng i lu, th m la t nhin co li dng hnh cu. Do khng c b sung xy, qu cu la rt nhanh b tt.

Page 38

ABC Amber CHM Converter Trial version, http://www.processtext.com/abcchm.html

Qu bng th i khng th to
Chun b mt qa bng bay v mt chic chai c di. Cho qa bng vo trong chai, vnh cht ming qu bng ra quanh ming chai. t mm vo ming chai, bn thi tht mnh xem qa bng bay phng to ln c no? Kt qa, qu bng ch phng ln mt cht, ri khng sao to ln c na!

Do trong chai c khng kh. Khi dng ming qa bng vnh cht ly ming chai th s khng kh b nt cht trong chai. Khi bn thi th tch trong chai, do b p co li mt phn, do p lc trong chai tng ln, p lc i vi qa bng bay cng tng ln. Khi p lc trong chai v p lc sinh ra trong qu bng bay l tng ng nhau th thi my qa bng bay cng khng to thm.

Page 39

ABC Amber CHM Converter Trial version, http://www.processtext.com/abcchm.html

Pho bn ra cu n khi
Tm mt ba cng di chng 250mm, rng chng 150mm, dng keo dn cht li. Dng ba cng che hai u ng. gia mt sau ca mt u ng, c mt l trn ng knh khong 10mm. Nh vy l kh u pho cun khi c lm xong.

t chy mt cy nn, t ln bn. Cch ngn nn 300mm, t yn v khu pho cun khi sao cho l nh ca ng pho i chun vi ngn nn. Sau cho y khi vo trong ng pho. Bn ch bp nh phn y ng pho vi ci, l ng pho phun ra lin tip nhng vng khi khin nhng vng khi cng kch ti tt ri i! Khi bn bp nh phn y ca ng pho, tm ba cng y ng b p, sinh ra chn ng, dn n trong ng to ra lung khi tin v pha trc (pha u ng pho). Do ba xung quanh c l trn cn tr lu ng kh, khin lung kh nhanh chng hng tp trung vo l trn, phun ra to thnh nhng vng khi. Ngn la nn b cc vng khi lin tip thi bt, cui cng phi tt chu thua! K thc khng np khi vo ng pho th c th lm thc nghim nh trn. Np khi vo ch cho d quan st, ng thi tng thm th v thc nghim.

Page 40

ABC Amber CHM Converter Trial version, http://www.processtext.com/abcchm.html

Que dim bit nghe li

Ly mt que dim, dng t nha cao su bc u que dim diu chnh lng cao su bc thm que dim c th ng thng, ni l lng trong bnh nc. Cho que dim chun b xong nh trn, th vo bnh hp ming, cha y nc. Dng ngn tay ci n cht, bt ming bnh sao cho gia ngn tay ci v nc trong bnh khng lu li bt kh. Khi n ngn tay ci xung, que dim s chm xung y bnh; khi kh nng mt cht ( ch c p lc nh), que dim y bnh t t ni ln. Khng ch p lc ngn tay ln ming bnh c th lm cho que dim lp li chuyn ng chm, ni trong bnh.

y l mt thc nghim n gin v s chm, ni. Thn que dim bng g, c nhiu l hng n s h p thu mt lng nht nh khng kh. Theo p lc ca ngn tay ci m p lc vi nc trong bnh thay i, th tch khng kh trong bnh theo m tng, gim, khin trng lng ca que dim gim, t m xut hin hin tng ni, chm trong nc.

Page 41

ABC Amber CHM Converter Trial version, http://www.processtext.com/abcchm.html

Giam cht b t nc
Tm mt chic np y chic phch c, t gia y ca n c mt l t 3-4 mm, cho n vo chu r a mt cha y nc, sau t t nng cao chic np ln cao ti khong 100 mm, s thy nc qua l nh chy thnh ct, to nn bt nc chu nc. Khi lp tc h thp chic np xung th s thy m t hin tng k diu: Nhng bt nc va do ct nc xi xung to ra u b giam cht trong nc, khng ni ln trong nc, m cng chng khuych tn ra xung quanh.

Nguyn nhn lm bt nc khng ni ln l do nc xi mnh trit tiu lc ni ca bt nc. Th v sao bt nc khng b nc xi lm tan ra? l do ct nc xi vo nc c tc ln. Cn c theo nguyn l dng chy c tc ln th p sut ca n nh, th p sut tnh ca nc xung quanh l n hn p sut y ct nc. Nh vy m bt kh b hn ch di ct nc.

Page 42

ABC Amber CHM Converter Trial version, http://www.processtext.com/abcchm.html

T ng quay
Tm mt chic nt chai (bng bc, li e) ng knh khong 30 mm, c mt l nh gia. Dng st mng ct thnh mt cnh qut, ng knh bng ng knh chic nt chai trn, cng c mt l nh gi a, v b cong cnh mt cht ( theo chiu xon que dim, xuyn qua hai u nt chai v cnh qut qua l nh ca chng), sau th vo mt chic cc cha y nc ti ming cc. S thy nt chai ni nn trn mt nc ca cc, v ch mt lt sau, v ch mt lc sau cnh qut ko theo nt chai cng quay ch m chm.

Gii thch: Cnh qut quay c l do c i lu ca nc trong cc. Nhit nc ming cc v thnh cc thp hn nhit nc gia cc khin nc xung quanh chuyn ng xung di cc, n c nng ln gia th tri hng ln trn. S lu ng ca nc nh vy y cnh qut xoay trn. Cnh qut quay c l do tc dng ca lc; c iu nng lng to nn lc tn tr phn gia cc

Page 43

ABC Amber CHM Converter Trial version, http://www.processtext.com/abcchm.html

Qa bng bn ma ba- l
Lp mt ng cao su vo vi nc, tay cm u kia ca ng cao su nn, m vi nc, iu chnh mc chy ra nc u ng kia phun thnh ct nc thng ng, c ng knh khong 10 mm. t qu bng bn ln trn ct nc. S thy qa bng khng b y tung i, m cng khng ngng xoay chuyn, ging nh v ba-l di nc vy, ch cn iu chnh mnh, yu, v p lc nc thch ng, qu bng bn c th khu v trn mt ct nc lu, khng b ri xung.

V sao vy? Do dng nc phun ti qa bng vi tc tng i nhanh, cho nn xt khng kh tnh xung quanh ca dng nc l ni c p sut thp, qa bng bn chu p lc t xung quanh, hng vo trung tm dng nc. Nh vy qu bng bn b ht gi bi ct nc.

Page 44

ABC Amber CHM Converter Trial version, http://www.processtext.com/abcchm.html

My trt trong nc
Ly ming thic (hoc nhm) mng, theo kch thc trn ct thnh mt my bay nh. Ly thn my bay lm trc, b pha hai cnh cong ln my bay c hnh lng mo (lm u xung). u my bay ghim vo mt chic ghim dng iu chnh v tr trng tm. Th l lm xong chic my bay.

t my bay trong nc c th trt i trong nc, khng b chm. Nc cng nh khng kh u l cht chuyn ng, cho nn chng c rt nhiu tnh cht lu hc tng t nhau. Vi l do my bay c th trt lt trong nc.

Page 45

ABC Amber CHM Converter Trial version, http://www.processtext.com/abcchm.html

Vng trn di nc
Tm chai thuc au mt (lm bng nha trong), ct mi nha, vo mt t nc, ri cho thm my gi t mc xanh. Dng tay tri cm vng chai , quay u nhn ca chai vo trong nc ca chu nc, r i ch mt lc cho nc trong chu yn lng tr li. Khi dng tay phi n vo y ngoi ca chai, (ch : khng cn y bnh, v khng ng vo nc trong nc!), bn s thy mt vng trn mu mc xanh r t p xoay trn pht ra chu nc. Khng ngng n vo tay ngoi ca bnh, s hnh thnh mt chui vng trn rt r. Nhng vng trn di nc ny, do khng b nh hng ca i lu ca khng kh nng, lanh, nn so vi nhng vng khi thuc ph ra t ming ngi ht thuc, cn duy tr c lu.

Vng trn khi thuc l mt hnh thc cun xoy ca dng kh. Mi cht di chuyn vi tc cao qua l nh, khe hp, khi thot ra u hnh thnh tng cun xoy hnh vng trn. cng l nhng vng trn di nc m chng ta nhn thy trong chu nc.

Page 46

ABC Amber CHM Converter Trial version, http://www.processtext.com/abcchm.html

ng xun n i trn mt nc
Ly t thic mng ct thnh hnh nh ng xu nh. Cn thn t ng xu di chu nc, bn s thy ng xu ni ln trn mt nc.

Bn hy dng mt dy thp nh un thnh mt hnh bu dc ( van), ly mt si ch bng buc ngang trn vng thp , ri nhng tt c vo trong nc x phng mt lc ri nhc ra. S thy trn vng thp c dnh mt lp mng mng nc x phng. Nu bn dng que nh chc thng mng nh bn tri s i ch th si ch s b mng x phng pha bn phi ko, tr thnh mt vng cong hng v pha bn ph i; nu bn ph mng x phng bn tri th si ch s b mang x phng bn tri ko v, tr thnh mt vng cong hng v pha bn tri. Nu buc si st mt vng bng si ch, cng ngm vo nc x phng ri nhc ra, th khi ph mng x phng trong vng si ch nhanh chng thnh mt vng trng xoe. Nhng hin tng ny chng t b mt cht lng c khuynh hng co li ti mc nh nht. Lc lm cht lng co li, chng ta gi l lc co b mt ng xu ni nn dc l do sc cng b mt ny. Bn nhn thy mt nc xung quanh ng xu c lm xung, chng t ng xu mun chm xung. Nhng mt nc li gi n li. Ngoi ra, pha di ng xu c hnh thnh mt lp m khng kh. cng l mt l do ng xu ni ln trn mt nc.

Page 47

ABC Amber CHM Converter Trial version, http://www.processtext.com/abcchm.html

Lc ma trong nc
Chun b cho thc nghim ny: 1 ming ng xp, 1 ming x phng, mt ca g, hai ci chu ra m t, nc.

nc ti chu ra mt c hai chu, ri th mn ca vo trong hai chu nc. mn ca phn b u trn mt nc, sau th ming ng xp vo gia mt chu, th ming x phng vo ch u kia. S thy mt ca chu nc c ming ng xp b ht vo gia chu, cn chu nc c ming x phng ch mt ca dt xa trung tm chu ( tc l nhanh chng khuch tn hng ra ngoi) l do ng xp l vt c tnh ht nc tng i mnh, khi th vo nc th nc lp tc b n ht, mt ca s dn dn di chuyn theo hng ca ming ng xp ang tan ra. X phng gp nc th tan dn, dn dn hnh thnh mt lp mng x phng cc mng trn mt nc. Mt ca, di tc dng sc cng b mt tng i ln ca nc xung quanh n, ni trn mt n c, lp tc khuch tn hng ra ngoi, cch xa ming x phng. Thng qua thc nghim ny, c th thy: khi ng xp tan trong nc, c lc hp dn ( lc ht), cn x phng khi tan trong nc li to ra lc khuch tn.

Page 48

ABC Amber CHM Converter Trial version, http://www.processtext.com/abcchm.html

Con thuyn t ng
Ct con thuyn nh bng ba cng, ri khot ui thuyn mt l nh, nht vo l mt cc trn mc bt bi ( mc c du), t thuyn vo chu ng nc sch. S thy con thuyn t n chy ln pha trc.

Cn thuyn chy ln pha trc hon ton l do c sc cng b mt ca nc. Mc bt bi lm gi m sc cng b mt ca nc, lm sc cng b mt ca nc pha trc thuyn cng c sc li thuy n tin ln, cho ti khi mc bt bi ph v sc cng b mt ca ton b nc trong chu th con thuyn m i dng li, khng tin ln pha trc na. Hy lm tip mt thc nghim: Th mt vng si ch ln mt nc trong chu nc th vng ch c hnh mo m khng theo quy tc no. By gi ly mt que dim xt my ln trn ming x phng, ri xu vo trong vng ch . Bn s thy g ? Vng ch t ng tr thnh vng trn. Do x phng cng ph v sc cng b mt ca nc. Nc pha trong vng ch sau khi ph v s c cng b mt th sc cng b mt ca nc ngoi vng ch dn cn tn ti ko vng ch mi h ng cho ti khi vng ch tr thnh vng trn mi dng.

Page 49

ABC Amber CHM Converter Trial version, http://www.processtext.com/abcchm.html

Hn Chy trn mt nc
H nc ma thu tht cun ht con ngi bit bao. My trng lng ng trn bu tri xanh thm in hnh trn mt nc h phng lng nh gng. Cnh vt thi v ti c lc ngay ngi ln cng khng cm ni, nht mt hn nm lia trn mt nc ri ngm nhng vng nc t t to lan. No, chng ta hy cng lm mt thc nghim nh: Nm thia lia trn nc Mi bn hy gii thch mt cht xem: Hn nng hn nc, th vo nc l chm xung. Th th v sao li c th nhy tng tng trn mt nc? Thc nghim khoa hc ny s gii thiu vi bn nhng b quyt trong nm thia lia: Mu cht l cn chn hn phng, cng dt cng tt ( mng), ri ng ci st mt nc dng sc lia tht nhanh hn trn mt nc. Khi hn s ny trn mt nc theo dao ng gim dn cho ti khi tc c a n chm dn th mi chm hn xung. i, th l r ri! Chnh tc khin hn khng chm. K thc mi ch ni bn ngoi ca hin tng, cha ni n bn cht. Nc y xt cho cng c tc dng g? Mun tr li cu hi , xin mi lm tip mt thc nghim na: Dng cnh ca bn tay chm n c v xo bn tay ra p xung mt nc. Hai ln lm nh th, bn c cm gic th no? Hn rng bn s thy tr lc ca hai ln khc nhau: khi xo bn tay v nc th tr lc ln, do di n tch tip xc ca tay v nc ln. iu ny chng t tr lc ca nc v din tch tip xc c mi tng quan. Tip tc th nghim: M bn tay p nc, mt ln p nhanh, mt ln p t t.Cm gic th y th no? Khi p nhanh vo nc th thy tr lc ca nc cng ln hn mt cht. iu ny chng t : Tr lc ca nc v tc tc ng lc c mi tng quan. Chng ta thng ni: Mm nh nc, ni nc l vt mm nht. Nhng ai tng ng c u nhy nhy xung nc hn c kinh nghim v vic b nc p vo ngi, thm ch ti chn thng. l tr lc ca nc gy nn.

Page 50

ABC Amber CHM Converter Trial version, http://www.processtext.com/abcchm.html

Tc dng ca chn nhi

Chng ta xem trn ti vi thy th ln trc khi ln xung nc, u phi mc qun o c bit b st ngi, i chn nhi, nn cn gi h l ngi nhi. l do con ngi hc theo ch, nhi, vt, v m t s th chn mng khc.

By gi mi bn chun b na chu nc, tay cm hai chic a, hi dong mt cht, ri khu ng trong nc. Sau lng a vo mt ti nha, ri li qut trong chu nc. Bn hn s cm thy ch dng hai chic a m qut nc th chng to ra ng lc y nc c bao nhiu. Cn sau khi lng ti nha thm vo th c th to nn ng lc qut nc tng i ln. Thc nghim trn cho chng ta hiu tc dng ca chn nhi m ngi th ln s dng.

Page 51

ABC Amber CHM Converter Trial version, http://www.processtext.com/abcchm.html

Nguyn l ca tu ngm

Mt s vt th th vo nc s b chm, nh hn , tng st mt s vt th li ni trong n c, nh ti nha kn cha kh, mnh g li c mt s vt th va c th ni, va c th chm, nh tu ngm ... Th th vt th ni, hay chm trong nc th cn c nhng iu kin g?

Ly mt chic ng tim bng thu tinh, y ng ti st y ca ng tim. ch lp kim tim vo mt ng nha tng i di. Th ht tt c vo trong mt chu nc cho chm xung y chu. Dng sc thi vo u ng nha th ra ngoi chu nc th ng y t t trt v pha u ca ng tim, v chic ng tim t t ni ln. Khi tr cho khng kh thot ra ( hoc rt ra) th chic ng tim li chm xung. Trong thc nghim ny, trng lng ca chic ng tim khng h thay i, nhng th tch ca n th c thay i. Khi n y nc ra c th tch cng ln th n chu lc ni tc ng cng cng ln. Khi lc ni thng lc hp dn m chic bm tim phi chu th n s ni ln, v ngc li th s chm xung.

Page 52

ABC Amber CHM Converter Trial version, http://www.processtext.com/abcchm.html

C t nc v t ln tri

Cha y nc vo trong na qa bng bn, gi cho ngang bng ri th ri xung mt t. Khi , nc tung ln s hnh thnh mt ct nc cn cao hn c chiu cao m t ta th na qu bng bn xung.

Do khi nc ri xung t th mt t c phn lc lm bt n tr li; ngoi ra v qa bng bn c ng c tnh n hi nht nh, khi p vo mt t, phn y ca 1/2 qa bng bn b p thnh dng dt, khi n phc hi nguyn dng ( ca hnh khum 1/2 qu bng bn) th cng lm cho nc vt ln trn. Vi cc l do , ct nc tung ln l rt cao.

Page 53

ABC Amber CHM Converter Trial version, http://www.processtext.com/abcchm.html

Tr ng tm ri ra ngoi thn th

Trng tm con ngui u? Vn ny khng th gii quyt trong chc lt l xong. Do trng tm m t linh ng, tu ni tu lc m thay i v tr ca n. Khin ng thng th trng tm qung lng. Nhng khi bn gi cnh tay ln, hoc gi chn ln th trng tm thay i ri. Khi gp lng th trng tm ri ra pha ngoi thn th.

Cho nn s linh ng ca trng tm l do s thay i v t th ca chinh bn. Dng phng php th c nghim c th thun tin l gii s thay i ca trng tm. Bn c th dng ba cng c th lm mt m hnh ngi, bao gm u, thn trn, chn di v t chi hp thnh. Cc b phn c th khu li lin tip c th chuyn ng c th chuyn ng v to ra mt s t th khc nhau. Trong hun luy n th dc cng thng dng phng php tng t nghin cu trng tm con ngi. Phng php xc nh trng tm vt th rt n gin: dng dy treo m hnh ln, theo chiu ca dy treo v mt ng thng, sau li chuyn n mt ch khc treo v li v mt ng thng; giao im ca hai ng l trng tm ca m hnh. Nu hai ng khng ct nhau trn m hnh th c n ko di chng ct nhau ngoi m hnh ( khi trng tm ngoi thn th). Hiu c phng php ny, chng ta c th tm ra v tr trng tm cc t th thn th con ngi. Di y chng ta dng m hnh ny nghin cu trng tm ca vn ng vin nhy cao. Chng ta u bit k lc nhy cao ca th gii khng ngng c lp mi, phi chng lc bt nhy ca ngui hin ai tt hn ngi c i? Cc nh khoa hc thng qua rt nhiu thc nghim thy rng: lc nhy bt ln ca con ngi u sai bit khng nhiu, chng khong 1 mt, ngay vi vn ng vin nhy cao u t cng khng nhy cao hn bao nhiu. Ton b trng lng ca c th con ngi c th xem nh tp trung trng tm, cho nn sc bt nhy ln ch quyt cao m trng tm c kh nng nng ln c. Khi ng thng, trng tm ng cch mt t 1 mt, cao bt nhy l mt mt, khi bn nhy cao trng tm c nng ln cch mt t 2 mt. Nhng quy inh ca b mn nhy cao l yu cu vn ng vin nhy qua x: y l b mt thnh tch nhy cao khng ngng nng ln. Nhy cao c nhiu t th: kiu nhy p, kiu p bng, kiu n lng, khng cn ai dng kiu nhy qua tr ng tm na. v sao vy? By gi chng ta dng thc nghim tm cu tr li. em m hnh ngi xp thnh 3 kiu nhy cao: kiu nhy bc, kiu p bng v kiu un lng, sau xc nh trng tm ca chng. Bn s thy khi vn ng vin dng kiu nhy bc nhy x th trng tm cnh tay, khi dng kiu p bng th trng tm di mt cht, khi dng kiu n lng th trng tm thp nht: phn di ca

Page 54

ABC Amber CHM Converter Trial version, http://www.processtext.com/abcchm.html

c th Do khi vt x, trng tm cng tt th thnh tch nhy cao cng tt; khi bn p dng chnh xc kiu nhy n lng qua x, trng tm thp hn thn th khong 300 mm. Ngi c thn cao 2 mt, c sc bt 1 mt th cao trng tm ca ngi t 2,30 mt. Cn ngui p dng kiu nhy bc th x t mc hai mt th cng khng nhy qua ni!

Page 55

ABC Amber CHM Converter Trial version, http://www.processtext.com/abcchm.html

V trng quay tt
Dng ko ct v trng thnh mt ci bt ( ly phn to ca v trng), t ln mt mnh g m b mt c bi trn bng mt lp nc. Ch cn nghing mnh g l v trng quay tt. Nu khng ng ng thay i gc nghing ca mnh g th v trng quay lin tc, nghing ng trng rt vui mt, ta nh lm xic vy

Gii thch: Do nc trn mnh g dnh na v li v do trng tm ca na v trng thp hn so vi tm ca nguyn v trng, cho nn khi nghing mnh g, m ch quay tt.

Page 56

ABC Amber CHM Converter Trial version, http://www.processtext.com/abcchm.html

B mt con lt t khng b ng
Dng giy ba cng ct thnh 1/2 vng trn ng kinh 130 mm, sau ct thnh hai mnh bng nhau, ly mt mnh ct thnh hnh r qut, sau dn li bng h dn thnh thn ca con lt t.

Ly mt chic a, t u vung quay xung di, t thng ng dn cht vo con lt t, lng ( tm vng trn mt y) buc mt on dy- u trn chic a dn vo hnh u ngi lm bng giy ba. Sau lng chic a kp mt chic cp. Th l con lt t c lm xong. Nu chic cp kp tm ngang l thp th khi nhc dy buc ln, thn con lt t thng xung pha di, v khi dt con lt t ln mt bn th n cng khng bao gi . Nu chic cp kp buc cao qu th xch dy buc ln, con lt t s chi u xung khi con lt t t th khng n nh. T c th thy mun cho con lt t khng b , trng tm ca n phi thp hn tm ca vng trn mt y con lt t. Nh th, khi con lt t nghing i th im ch lch mt cht so v trng tm th trng tm thay i rt nhanh lm cho con lt t phi quay tr li.

Page 57

ABC Amber CHM Converter Trial version, http://www.processtext.com/abcchm.html

Mt tr ng lng
Vt th thng khng xut hin hin tng mt trng lng. Nhng vt th rt cao trong khng gian khin lc hp dn bt nh hng hoc vt th chuyn ng vi tc cao hng v trung tm tri t th s pht sinh hin tng mt trng lng ( v d ngi i thang my t tng cao xung tng thp chng h n).

Di y chng ta lm thc nghim n gin bit khi qut v hin tng mt trng lng. Tm hai hn gch, xp chng ln nhau, gia t mt bng giy di. Dng dy buc hai hn gch treo ln khng trung. a que dim ang chy t t dy hai hn gch ri t do, ng thi dng tay tri rt bng giy. S thy rt bng giy ra rt d dng. Cho thy cc vin gch khi ri t do, n tr ng thi mt trng lng. Tm mt hp st, c vi l nh cho trn tru v dng dy nh treo ln. nc vo trong hp th n c s chy ra t cc l nh. Khi cho hp ri t do t trn cao xung th trong lc hp ri, nc gn nh ngng chy ra. Nc khng gy p lc vo thnh trong ca hp, chng t nc mt trng lc.

Page 58

ABC Amber CHM Converter Trial version, http://www.processtext.com/abcchm.html

M ph ng theo tu ngm tht

Ly mt qu bng bay, c hnh hi di, lng vo vi nc np y nc. Tm mt nt chai nha c gia nt mt l nh ( ng knh 1-2 mm), t vo ming qu bng bay, dng dy cao su qun cht li. Nc trong qu bng, s c th phun qua l nh. Sau th qu bng cha y nc vo trong nc. Do t l ca qa bng v nt chai nha cng khng khc nhau my, nn qa bng khng ni nn mt nc, cng khng chm xung y nc.

Do tc dng ca nc phun, qa bng t t tin v pha trc, ta nh mt chic tu ngm vy.

Page 59

ABC Amber CHM Converter Trial version, http://www.processtext.com/abcchm.html

Chic ti bit quay trn

Tm mt ti nha, dng ko ct hai gc y to thnh hai l nh to bng ht u. Ly mt on dy di 600 mm, buc vo hai u vo hai gc ca ti nha; gia on dy tht thnh mt nt hai dy hp thnh mt chc ba.

Sau , nhng ti vo chu nc c cha y nc, dng tay cm dy nng chic ti ln th chic ti va phun nc ra, v quay trn theo hng ngc vi hng nc phun ra? Ti nha s d quay ngc vi chiu nc phun ra l do tc dng ca phn lc. Li thm khi ct n c trong ti nha chi tc dng ca p lc t ti nh phun ra, ct nc ng thi c mt phn lc tc d ng vi phn trn ca ti nha. Nn ti nha mi pht sinh chuyn ng quay trn.

Page 60

ABC Amber CHM Converter Trial version, http://www.processtext.com/abcchm.html

Vng st nh u
Dng si dy di 800 mm, buc vo hai u dy mt chic vng bi st nh (hoc chic c-cu). Tay tri t, gi mt chic a th ra cnh chic bn. Tay phi cm vo on dy bc qua chic a treo chic vng st ln.

Sau , ko ln ri th xung vng st ung da. Khi thy ng tc ko th nhp nhng vi dao ng ca vng st th vng st s u a chng khc g ngi ta nh u vy. Lp li th nghim v qua st cn thn, bn s thy: Khi vng st u a ti hai u cng l lc bn ko th si dy. iu ny cng trng vi vic ngi nh u khi u ti hai u th cng l lc vn ngi ng dy, v u n qung gia li ngi xung. iu ny li b sung nng lng cho chuyn ng ( vng st u a, v ngi u a).

Page 61

ABC Amber CHM Converter Trial version, http://www.processtext.com/abcchm.html

Con quay bng ng xu

Ly mt ng xu trn, dn ln lng ca n mt ming bng dnh, dng u bt ch nhn n gia mi ng bng dnh to nn mt hm nh, sau dng mi nhn ca chic com-pa i ng xu ln ch hm nh. Dng tay cn ng xu v quay kho cho ng xu t t trn chic mi nhn com-pa. Dng ming thi ng xu theo chiu quay ca n, s c th lm ng xu quay cng tt. Khi dng thi th ng xu cng cn quay rt lu mi ri xung. Do ng xu quay cng ging nh mt con quay quay vy. Con quay c tnh n nh h quay l khng c tnh nghing

Page 62

ABC Amber CHM Converter Trial version, http://www.processtext.com/abcchm.html

Cn xem khng kh nng bao nhiu

Khng kh l cht kh khng mu, khng v, trong sut. Quanh chng ta u c khng kh tn ti: trn mt t, trong m khong, trong t , g, nc u c n.

Chng ta sng trong mi trng khng kh. Vy khng kh c trng lng hay khng? Hy lm m y thc nghim cn khng kh bit c u . Ly qu bng bay, tm mt chic cn Thin bnh, m t chic kim to. em hai qa bng bay c kch thc xp x nhau, bm cng. Dng dy nh buc hai u vo q a bng bn, ri treo ln ( mc vo mt chic inh no ) cho hai qu bng cn bng vi nhau. Dng kim chc thng thot khng kh ra t mt qa bng. S thy qu bng cha y khng kh ko dy tt xu ng pha di. em hai qu bng bay cha y khng kh t ln hai chic cn ca chic cn Thin bnh, thm qu cn nh a cn bn phi, bn tri ngang bng nhau. Sau chc thng khng kh thot ra mt qu bng bay. Khi s thy cn khng cn gi dc cn bng na, m nghing v pha c qu bng bay cha y khng kh. Nhng thc nghim trn chng minh khng kh c trng lng. Qa bng bm cng to th khng kh cha trong n cng nhiu, trng lng cn cng cng ln. Mi mt khi khng kh nng1,29 kilgam (gam)

Page 63

ABC Amber CHM Converter Trial version, http://www.processtext.com/abcchm.html

m h c v chn ng
Chng ta tham gia d hi vn ngh, c th nghe c ting ht din vin v nhng bn nhc din t u tht tuyt vi. Vy th ting ht, ting nhc tu ln u m ra, c sinh ra nh th no? Hy lm vi thc nghim tm hiu iu nh! tay vo ch yt hu ca bn, ri bn ht, hay ni mt cu g y, tay s c cm gic rung rung; dng di nn ln mt chic trng, a tay ln mt trng cng c cm gic rung rung; nu nn mnh nn m t trng c cnh hoa; cnh hoa s b bt tung ra khi mt trng, hoc b bt tung ln rt cao Nh hin tng cho thy m thanh do s chn ng ca vt th m pht ra. Vy m thanh cao hay thp c sinh ra nh th no? Mi bn lm vi thc nghim nh: Ly mt si dy n di, c nh mt u trn mp bn, ko cng v gy pha u dy kia, s thy tn sut rt nh, m thanh pht ra rt thp. Rt ngn chiu di dy th ra khi mt bn, s thy phn dy th ra mt bn cng ngn th chn ng cng nhanh, tn sut cng cao, m thanh do chn ng ca dy bn c m sc cng cao. Mc nhng si dy nha nhot trn tm ba cng, lun gia bt ch gin cch gia hpv si dy do mc cng ca cc si dy l khc nhau m khi gy chng s pht ra m sc khc nhau. Do m thanh chn ng ca ngun m: Vt th chn ng cng nhiu, m thanh pht ra cng m nh m sc pht ra cng cao

Page 64

ABC Amber CHM Converter Trial version, http://www.processtext.com/abcchm.html

S lan truyn tht k diu ca m thanh

Nu bn dng my ghi m ghi li ni ca bn ri pht li, bn s c cm gic khng phi l li ni ca bn, m ngi khc li nhn ra thanh m l ca bn. Ti sao th nh? Do m thanh t my ghi m truyn qua khng kh, cn m thanh m chnh bn nghe c th mt phn truyn li t khng kh, mt phn l v i no truyn li, nn bn nghe m thanh t ting ni ca mnh m c phn khng ging ting ni ca bn. m thanh khng ch truyn qua khng kh m cn truyn qua cht rn, cht lng , nhng qua mi trng nghe c th c nhng ch khc nhau. Dng rng cn vo vng st ng h bo thc, sau dng hai tay bt tai, bn vn nghe rt r ti n g lc qua, lc li ca ng h. N cn rt r hn ting tch tc truyn qua khng kh vo tai bn rt nhi u. Cn mt thc nghim c th chng minh cht rn truyn m. gia mt on dy treo mt chic tha bng kim loi, dng tay p hai u dy vo hai l tai, sau cho chic tha xoay i, xoay li khng ngng p vo ci bn. Khi bn s thy ting ng trm, t a nh ting ng h ln g vo bn tai vy. Khi bi hy so snh m thanh truyn trong khng kh v m thanh truyn trong nc c g khc nhau: Mt ngi cch bn khong 15 m, g hai hn vo nhau trong khng kh, sau g hai hn vo nhau trong nc, bm khom mnh vo trong nc m nghe. Bn s nghe trong nc, ting hai hn va vo nhau nghe cng r hn, vang hn. Tc truyn m trong cht rn v cht lng cn nhanh hn trong khng kh. c ng st, ngi ta p tai trn ng st c th nghe thy m thanh ca bnh xe tu ho, bit c tu ho t ni xa ang ti, m khng nghe thy g trong khng kh. l do tc truyn m qua ng st nhanh hn tc truyn m trong khng kh m khng h yu i. Nhng m thanh khng d truyn qua vt liu qu mm, xp, ri do chng thng hp thu m thanh truyn ti phng cch tng, ngi ta thng che mn trao ca, tri thm nhng vt liu ny c kh nng hp thu m thanh rt mnh

Page 65

ABC Amber CHM Converter Trial version, http://www.processtext.com/abcchm.html

Cng dng ca tai ngoi

Trong mi trng yn tnh, t ng h trc mi chng 17cm rt kh nghe thy ting tch tc ca chng. Nu t mt chic mui to chp nghing tai v iu chnh phng hng ca ci mui th c th nghe c ting tch tc ca ng h.

Rt nhiu ng vt c tai ngoi rt to, c vnh tai cn c th tu chuyn ng theo hng ca m thanh pht ra. Do vnh tai c tc dng phn x v thu thp m thanh.

Page 66

ABC Amber CHM Converter Trial version, http://www.processtext.com/abcchm.html

Chong chng lm xic

em mt chic a rc t trn xung b i mt na, tr thnh mt chic a dt. Dng dao nh v ch khc trn bn cnh chic a thnh bn on, mi on cch nhau chng 20 milimt. Dng tm ba ct thnh bn l 40 x 10 mm lm chong chng, gia chong chng c mt l nh; dng chic ghim to lng qua l nh v ng vo u chic a chong chng quay t do.

Khi bn cm mt chic a khc t ln khc ca mt on chic a xt i xt li th chong chng s quay nhanh. Khi xt vo cnh ca mt mt on khc th chong chng lp tc quay ngc li. Khi xt vo mt cnh khc th lp tc quay ngc.. Chong chng lp lng trn chic kim Chic kim to khng th vo v tr trng tm. Nn khi chic a b chn ng th c kh nng s lm cho chng chuyn ng. Ngoi ra do tin hnh ma st vo cnh bn ca a, m a li dt, s dn n da b chn ng, khng phi l chn ng qua li gin n m li chn ng kiu elp. Khi chuyn sang ma st cnh bn th phng hng chn ng elp li ngc li, tt nhin chong chng s quay ngc li

Page 67

ABC Amber CHM Converter Trial version, http://www.processtext.com/abcchm.html

m nhc d i nc
Tm mt qa bng bay, cho tai nghe ca my thu m ( hoc my thu ghi m ) cho vo trong qu bng, thi qa bng, dng dy qun cht ming qu bng, sau dng my thu m pht ra mt on nhc, m lng cn m hi to mt cht, Khi bn c th nghe thy ting m nhc truyn ti t qu bng. l do m thanh c th truyn qua khng kh.

Ly mt chu nc sch, ngm qu bng c tai nghe vo trong nc, m thanh rt nhanh b mt ht. Khi , bn p tai vo trn thnh chu nc th li c th nghe c m nhc cn r hn c trong khng kh. V cht lng, cht kh v cht rn u c th truyn m thanh. Trong chu nc, s chn ng m thanh dn n s chn ng phn t nc xung quanh dn n di vo thnh chu, dn n chn ng rt nh trong phn t chic chu, lm cho m thanh c th lan truyn, cho nn tai da vo thnh trn c a chu c th nghe thy ting m nhc. Nhng do mt nc c mt mng mng, chn ng ca m thanh li qu nh, khng th vt kh i mt nc, kt qa m thanh b giam trong nc, bn ngoi tt nhin s khng nghe thy.

Page 68

ABC Amber CHM Converter Trial version, http://www.processtext.com/abcchm.html

Con nhn giy

Ct t t bo mt mu nh trang v hc sinh, ri ct thnh 8 di giy song cn dnh chng vi nhau mt chiu ca t giy. Ct xong vut cc di giy dng ln, dnh vo trn vch tng, dng ti nh a ma st t trn xung di, bn c thy t giy dnh trn vch tng khng? G t giy xung, bn s thy 8 di giy s hng ra ngoi v lay ng qua li, trng ging nh mt con nhn. T giy c ma st s mang in tch, v do mi di giy u mang in tch ging nhau, cho nn chng y nhau v tch nhau ra.

Page 69

ABC Amber CHM Converter Trial version, http://www.processtext.com/abcchm.html

My in nghim n gin
Chun b mt ci l, mt dy kim loi, mt ci lc nha, mt s di kim loi mng v mm. Mang si dy kim loi un cong v mc vo trong l. em di kim loi mng gp cong, treo ln si dy kim loi. Sau dng sc ma st trn chic lc dt bng len hoc trn tm da ri a chic lc st ng vo dy kim loi. S thy hai u ca si dy kim loi mng tch ri nhau ra.

Chng ta bit: Chic lc nh ma st trn len v trn da m mang in. Khi n tip cn dy kim loi v di kim loi mng th pht sinh cm ng in. Do hai u mt ca di dy kim loi mng u mang in ging nhau ( cng du ) nn c tc dng y nhau, do hai u mt tch ri nhau ra. Nhng, nu khng kh m kh cao th khng nn lm thc nghim ny (cc vt liu th nghim c n c sy trong mt thi gian trong t sy). trong phng c iu ho nhit , hoc trong phng m p ca ma ng th tin hnh thc nghim ny tng i d dng. Cc di kim loi c ch t mng m ng ca nhm. Mt mt ca nhm cn c tip xc vi dy kim loi.

Page 70

ABC Amber CHM Converter Trial version, http://www.processtext.com/abcchm.html

Bin inh st thnh st t

Tm mt nh st di 3- 4 phn, t trn bp la cho ti , ri vi trong ct cho ngui i t t, lm vy gi l non ( hoc ram mm). Sau khi inh st ngui, t n cnh chic kim u to, n chng c cht lc t no vi chic kim u to c.

Sau tay tri cm chic inh, mt u hng v ng phng Bc, mt u hng v ng phng Nam, tay phi cm mnh g, p 7 8 nht trn u nh. Bn li em inh st vo hp chic kim u to c th ht kim u to. iu chng t, nh nhng ci p mnh g y, chic inh st ho t, tr thnh st t ri. Tuy vy, lc ca n khng l n. Ch cn dt n theo hng Ty - ng ri li p my ci th lc ca n li bin mt. Do chic inh st trc khi c t ho, bn trong n c rt nhiu phn t nhim t rt nh, sp xp ln xn chng theo cht t no, lc t tng h trit tiu nhau. Khi bn t inh st theo hng Nam Bc, v p vo n th nhng phn t b chn ng, d i tc dng ca t trng tri t, s sp xp trt t tr li, inh st tr ln c t tnh. Khi bn t inh s t theo hng ng - Ty, v p n, th cc phn t bn trong n li xp xp hn lon, cho nn inh st khng cn t tnh na.

Page 71

ABC Amber CHM Converter Trial version, http://www.processtext.com/abcchm.html

Lm th no tng cng t tnh

Tm hai on li ca di 50 mm, cho chng nhim t ti cng mt ming st t. Dng ba p vi nht vo mt on li ca ( on li ca ny vn khng c ri khi t cc). Sau ly cc o n li ca ra, ln lt cho ht inh st loi nh. Kt qu: on inh st qua p th t tnh mnh ln rt r.

Ly hai on li ca khc ( cng di), cng cho ht nhim t cng mt cc ca ming st t ( nam chm), v ly mt trong hai on li ca ( khng c ri khi t cc) t trn ngn la n n t chy 1/2 pht, sau ly c ra. em hai on ca cho ht inh nh. C th thy vic p, vi c t nng u c th gip cho nhng phn t nhim t trong on ca st linh hot ln, t m cng d sp xp trt t di tc dng ca t trng mnh t tnh c tng thm.

Page 72

ABC Amber CHM Converter Trial version, http://www.processtext.com/abcchm.html

Kim ch nam mang t tnh

Bng t m my ghi m dng qua c th dng lm kim ch nam. em bng t ct ly mt o n thnh mi tn, ri em on xt vi ln ln st t ( nam chm), sau th ln mt nc. on bng t s chuyn ng xoay trn trn mt nc, ri cui cng mt u hng v pha Nam, mt u h ng v pha Bc v ng im trn mt nc. Qut ln bng t l vt liu t cng, loi vt liu ny sau khi t ho th c th duy tr t tnh, nn bng t c c c tnh ny sau khi ghi m, c th gi lu di tn hiu t , Vi ming bng t c, nu khng st vi ln trn st th cha b t ho, ng nhin khng th dng lm kim ch nam.

C mt s vt liu nh li st ca ng c in, my bin p, ng-ten t tnh ca my thu m, sau khi b t ho th khng th duy tr c t tnh. Nhng vt liu c gi l vt liu t mm.

Page 73

ABC Amber CHM Converter Trial version, http://www.processtext.com/abcchm.html

Dng nc lch i
M vi nc my nc my t trong vi chy ra thnh dng rt nh ( c th dng mt vi ming vi mn buc lng quanh vi nc). Tip nhanh chng dng thc nha ma st ln tc hoc qun o len, ri a thc nha li gn st dng nc nh. Bn s thy hin tng g sut hin? Dng nc nh b thc ht li gn.

Quay u thc li ( ngc hng c) th dng nc cng chy lch i. Nu a thc chm vo dng nc th n khng cn ht dng nc na. Do ma st m thc nha mang in, chng ta gi loi in l tnh in. Cc nh khoa hc cho r ng mi vt cht du gm hai loi ht mang in, mt loi l prton mang in dng, v loi in kia l electon mang in m. Thng thng th proton v electon c khi lng tng ng, nn vt cht khng mang in, m l trung tnh. Dng nc b lch i l do thc nha mang in ht dng nc khng mang in. Khi a thc vo trong dng nc th in tch trn thc b nc mang i nn khng th tip tc ht dng nc, dng nc khng b lch i na. Trong khng kh bnh thng c mang nhng dng nc cc nh, cc dng nc cng hp th electon (in t). Cho nn th nghim t nh in phi thc hin trong mi trng kh gio mi thc hin c.

Page 74

ABC Amber CHM Converter Trial version, http://www.processtext.com/abcchm.html

My ch th dng in
My ch th dng in l mt loi dng c kim tra xem trong ng in c hay khng dng in ch y qua.

t hp kim ch nam vo mt hp nha hoc hp ba cng, c kch thc nh v bao dim, dng dy buc qun quanh n 40 vng, dng di bng keo c nh mt pha bn ca hp, hai u day di ra thm 200mm v cch mi u 20 mm dng dao nh co i lp bc sn ri qun vo chic ghim sch b ng kim loi, dng bng keo trong c nh. Khi trong vng dy c dng in chy qua th xung quanh dng dy s pht sinh mt t trng, v t trng ny nh hng ti ch hng vn c ti chic kim t tnh (kim ch nam) lm n lch i. Cho d d ng in rt nh chy qua vng dy th kim ch nam cng b lch i. Li ly mt cc pin kh, mt bng n nh 1,2 von, mt cng tc lm thnh mt mch in n gi n. Cng ni tip my ch th dng in vo mch in . Kim tra cc mi ni bo m tip xc tt. ng cng tc, bng n nh pht sng, kim ch nam lch i chng t dng in i qua. Nu i cc dng, m ca cc pin kh th bng n nh vn sng, kim ch nam vn b lch i theo chiu ngc li vi chiu thc nghim trn. iu chng t hng kim ch nam lch i c lin h vi chiu dng in. Li dng im ny chng ta c th dng my ch th dng in lm my ch th ca dng in ( cc m hoc cc dng). My ch th dng in cn c th dng o cng dng in trong mch in: lch ca kim cng ln chng t dng in cng mnh. Ch cn mc ni tip thm vo mch in mt cc pin na l b n s nhn thy iu ny.

Page 75

ABC Amber CHM Converter Trial version, http://www.processtext.com/abcchm.html

ng c in bin thnh my pht in

Tm mt ng c in mt chiu vn dng trong cc vt. Trn nm xon ng ca bng n 1,5 von dng trong n pi cun mt dy ng nh. Ly mt dy ng hn vo m thic ca chm nh chic n pin. m u dy kia ca on dy ng trn ln lt qun vo hai u tip im ca ng c in theo cch mc ni tip. Khi , dng ngn tay xoay trng trc ca ng c in th bng n khng pht sng. Bng n khng pht sng khng phi ng c in khng pht in m l dng in sinh ra qu yu.

Nu ngh cch lm cho trc ca ng c in quay nhanh ln th bng n in s pht sng. C th bng cch lp mt van xe p lng vo trc ca mt ng c in, ri qun dy quanh dng sc ko mnh u dy cn th ra ko trc ng c quay nhanh th bng n pin s pht sng. iu ny chng t ng c in pht in. Do loi ng c in dng trong chi tr em l ng c in mt chiu kiu nam chm vnh c u , nn c th bin n thnh my pht in. V kt cu n hon ton ging my pht in mt chiu. phi mt ngoi ca qun dy quay ca ng c in c hai mnh st t vnh cu. Khi ngoi lc lm quay vng dy th trong t trng ca st s pht sinh dng in cm ng, v chnh dng in cm ng ny lm bng n pin pht sng. Ni mt ng c ang chy vo mt ng c khc th ng c c ni cng pht in.

Page 76

ABC Amber CHM Converter Trial version, http://www.processtext.com/abcchm.html

Cu to c a pin
Chun b cc dng c: Chic km, inh, ko va mt chic pin c. Chng ta ct dc chic pin c hiu cu to ca pin, v hiu r dng in chy trong pin nh th no.

Dng km bc i o ngoi ca pin l v st hoc giy. Bn trong l v trng bc, tip tc bc ra, bn thy gia ming nha hnh tr c mt li mu en l thi than. Pha y ca pin l ming st v dc gn lin vi v km. Ho cht dng h cha y gia thi than v v km. Ta thy trong ho cht c hai loi vt th khng ging nhau c t tch ra, nh thi than v v km. Ho cht tc ng vi nng khc nhau; xung quanh thi than v xung quanh v km pht sinh in th cao, thp khng ging nhau. Nu dng dy dn lin kt in c in th cao trn cc than th hng v in v pha v km c in th thp. Nh th, dng in s hot ng. Ho cht trong pin v v km lin tc pht sinh phn ng ho hc. Pin dng lu th v ngoi ca n tng i mm.

Page 77

ABC Amber CHM Converter Trial version, http://www.processtext.com/abcchm.html

Pin c chua
Chun b hai si dy li ng, mt chic ghim sch v mt qu c chua. Chng ta dng chng lm mt chic pin c chua nh sau:

Trc tin b thng mt u chic ghim v xu vo trong qu c chua, sau ni chc mt si dy li ng vo chic ghim. Sau khi bc i lp v nha hai u mt si dy ng khc th xu mt u vo qu c chua ch st ngay ch st ghim sch xu vo qu c chua. By gi li ca bn tip xc vo hai u dy dn t qa c chua. Li bn nh b t v cm gic nh b chch au. Hy th thay bng qa c cm gic nh vy khng? Ni th dng c ch in xem kim ch c lch khng? Bn s kt lun v sao?

Page 78

ABC Amber CHM Converter Trial version, http://www.processtext.com/abcchm.html

n hai cc pht sng

Hin nay rt nhiu n ch th dng trn cc dng in trong gia nh l n hai cc pht sng ra cc mu sc khc nhau nh xanh, , vngChng ta n ca hng bn in v tuyn mua mt chic v nghin cu.

n hai cc pht sng c hai chn: Mt chn di v mt chn ngn. Tm mt chic pin, v mt on dy in. em cc dng pin ni vi chn di n, bn s thy n hai cc pht sng. Khi o hai cc ca pin th n hai cc khng pht sng na. Do n hai cc c tnh c o l dn in mt chiu, ngha l ch cho dng in i theo mt h ng thi, i hng th hu nh khng c dng in chy qua.

Page 79

ABC Amber CHM Converter Trial version, http://www.processtext.com/abcchm.html

Hin tng in sng

Vn m chic bt th in, ly si l xo kim loi ra, ri ly ra ng nng c v ngoi bng thu tinh. Cm chc ly mi kim loi ca u kia ma st vi tc nhanh trn ming bt xp, th bn s thy trong ng nong c pht x nh sng rt mnh, nu phng lm thc nghim tng i ti th nhn thy tng i r.

Khi ma st ng nong th n nhim in rt mnh. in t chy vo trong ng neng lm cho, mi ng kim loi chy bn trong pht sinh hin tng phng in, m trong ng thu tinh c cha y kh nong nn trong khi pht in n pht ra nh sng mu sm.

Page 80

ABC Amber CHM Converter Trial version, http://www.processtext.com/abcchm.html

Chp sng k diu

Tm mt chnh lu ca n hunh quang 8ot hoc 12ot, v mt ng nong nh ( c th ly trong bt th in) ni thnh mt mch in. Ly mt min pin v ni vi ming nng ri li dt ra. Ngay va lc dt ra, thy trong ng nng c mt chp sng mu .

Chng ta bit bng n nng sng lu, hai u ng n ti thiu phi c in p 70 vn, mt chic pin ch c in p 1,5 vn th khng th trc tip lm ng n nng pht sng. Vy chp sng l do bng n cao p pht sng trong vng dy ca chnh lu trong khonh khc to ra. n hunh quanh l da vo cao p ti trn 1000 vn, pht sinh chnh lu m lm sng n.

Page 81

ABC Amber CHM Converter Trial version, http://www.processtext.com/abcchm.html

Cch no sng hn
Mi bn thit k mt mach in nh sau: Mc ni tip hai bng n 2,5 vn v 3,8 vn, sau n i chng vi mt b pin th khi bng n 3,8 vn sng ln mt cht. Nu mc song song hai bng n trn, ri ni chng vi mt b pin th khi ch c bng n 2,5 vn sng ln mt cht V sao li sy ra nh th?

Gii thch trn cng thc: U = RI ( hiu in th bng tch ca in tr v cng dng in) in tr ca bng n 3,8 vn ln hn in tr ca bng n 2,5 vn nn khi mc ni tip, do dng in c cng ln nh nhau, in p bng n no c in tr ln th cao, cho nn bng n 3,8 vn sng hn mt cht. Khi mc song song, do in p hai u bng n bng nhau nn bng n no c in tr th cng l ln, cho nn bng n 2,5 vn sng ln mt cht.

Page 82

ABC Amber CHM Converter Trial version, http://www.processtext.com/abcchm.html

nh hng k l
em hai ng c in vn dng trong cc chi mc ni tip vi nhau ri mc vi mt pin. S thy chng t t chuyn ng quay trc. Dng tay gi cht trc ca mt ng c th ng c kia quay cng nhanh hn. nu li chuyn sang gi ng c va quay nhanh, th trc ca ng c kia cng quay nhanh ln.

Ngc li, nu em hai ng c in mc song song ri ni li vi mt pin th nh hng gia ng c in l rt nh. Do c th thy, mc ni tip hai ng c in th nh hng ca chng vi nhau tng i ln (do in p ca ng c in khng h n nh); mc song song hai ng c in th nh hng ca chng l rt nh ( do in p ca ng c in lun bng in p ca ngun in). Nu trong sinh hot hng ngy, cc dng in s dng lun mc song song.

Page 83

ABC Amber CHM Converter Trial version, http://www.processtext.com/abcchm.html

ng c in t ng n gin
em dy in c bc ng knh 0,4mm, di 2000 mm qun quanh mt hp dim thnh vng dy hnh ch nht 50x35cm. Hai u dy sau khi qun my vng trn qun dy th t mt mt trn qun dy m c ko v hai pha, trn cng mt ng thng, trng vi trc ca cun dy. Gi ng c dng chic ghim st b cong li lm thnh, sau c nh trn mnh g nh.

t mt dy trn gi th mt mt ca n hng xung di; co sn ca hai u dy ca cun dy hng xung pha di. Cui cng mang st t (nam chm) c inh mt pha ca cun dy. Ni pin vi hai chn gi kim loi ( chic ghim), in s truyn vo qun dy lm n t ng quay. C thay i cc m, dng ca pin th vng dy vn quay , tuy s thay i t ng hng quay. Do hai u ca qun dy rt ra t cng mt mt ca vng dy, cho nn trng tm ca vng dy khng nm trn trc chuyn ng. Nh vy vng dy lun c mt chiu nghing xung pha di. Do sn mt dy hng xung pha di c co sch, cho nn tip c in ca ngun pin. Na kia ca vng dy l chuyn ng nh qun tnh.

Page 84

ABC Amber CHM Converter Trial version, http://www.processtext.com/abcchm.html

Dng in v s to g
Tm 3 chic inh, dng ct nh cho sng, t song song trn vi lp giy lc ( c th dng giy v sinh thay th). Ni hai chic inh vi hai cc ca b pin: Chic th nht vi cc dng, chic th hai vi cc m. Chic inh th 3 khng ni vi dng in no c. Dng nc mui thm t giy bc, lun gi m. Sau hai ngy s thy chic inh s 1v chic inh s 3 b g vng, c bit inh s 1 b g n ng nht, cn inh s hai th khng b g.

Kim loi g l do b xy ho m trong phn ng kim loi b xy ho thc cht l mt electon. D mt electron nn d b g. Sau khi ni kim lai vi dng in mt chiu cc dng, do dng in hot ng, qu trnh mt electron cng nhanh, cho nn chic inh s 1 b g nhanh nht. Ngc li, kim lai ni vi cc m, dng in c tc dng ngn tr n mt electron, do khng d b g. Cn c nguyn l in ho hc , trong cng nghip thng dng dng in ngn tr kim lo i khi b g, v cng c th dng dng in thc y o xt ho kim loi.

Page 85