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Types of gradient
Ruling gradient: The steepest gradient allowed on the track section. It determines the max load that the locomotive can haul that section. The steep gradient needs more powerful locomotives, smaller train loads, lower speed, resulting in costly hauling.
In plains: In hilly regions: 1 in 150 to 1 in 200 1 in 100 to 1 in 150
Momentum Gradient: The gradient on a section which are steeper than the ruling gradient acquire sufficient momentum to negotiate them are known as momentum gradient. Pusher gradient: As stated above a ruling gradient limits the maximum weight of a train which can be hauled over the section by a locomotive. If the ruling gradient is so severe on a section that it needs the help of extra engine to pull the same load than this gradient is known as pusher of helper gradient. In Darjeeling Railways 1 in 37 pusher gradient is used on Western Ghat BG Track. Gradient at stations: at stations gradient are provided sufficient low due to following reason:
To prevent movement of standing vehicle To prevent additional resistance due to grade.
Degree of curve:
A curve is defined by its degree or radius. The degree of a curve is the angle subtended at the center by a chord of 100 feet or 30.48m. R is the radius of curve; Circumference of the curve= 2 R Angle subtended at the center by the circle = 360 degree Angle subtended by the arc of 30.48m =
360 1747.26 1750 X 30.48 = 2 R R R
Grade compensation
Numerical example: The ruling gradient on a BG track section has been fixed as 1 in 200. What should be the compensated gradient when a 4 degree horizontal curve is to be provided on this ruling gradient? Solution: As per IS recommendation the grade compensation on BG track is 0.04 % per degree of the curve. Then compensation for 4 degree curve = 0.04 X 4= 0.16% Ruling gradient is 1 in 200 = 0.5 % Allowable gradient to be provided = 0.5 0.16 = 0.34 = 1 in 249
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Speeds
Equilibrium speed: It is the speed at which the effect of centrifugal force is exactly balanced by the superelevation provided. It can also be said that when the speed of a vehicle running on a curved track is such that the resultant weight of the vehicle and the effect of radical acceleration is perpendicular to the plane of rails and the vehicle is not subjected to an unbalanced radical acceleration, is in equilibrium then its particular speed is called equilibrium speed. Maximum permissible speed: This is the highest speed which may be allowed or permitted on a curved track taking into consideration of the radius of curvature, actual cant, cant deficiency, cant excess and the length of the transition curve. When, the maximum permissible speed on the curve is less than the maximum sanctioned speed of the section of a line, permanent speed restriction become necessary on such curves.
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Cant
Cant deficiency: Cant deficiency is the difference between the equilibrium cant (theoritical) necessary for the maximum permissible speed on a curve and the actual cant provided there. As per Indian Railways, Cant deficiency is recommended as follow:
BG Track: MG track: NG track: 75 mm 50 mm 40 mm
Cant Excess: When a train travels on a curved rack at a speed lower than the equilibrium speed, then the cant excess occurs. It is the difference between the actual cant provided and the theoretical cant required for such lower speeds. Maximum value for cant excess is
BG track: MG Track: 75 mm 65 mm
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Centrifugal Force:
When a body moves on a circular curve, it has a tendency to move in a straight direction tangential to the curve. This tendency of the body is due to the fact that the body is subjected to a constant radial acceleration.
v2 Radial acceleration = R
This radial acceleration produces a force known as centrifugal force whose value is given by the following relation:
Wv F = gR
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e P = G W
e P = G W P e = *G W
GV e= gR
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Superelevation
GV e= 127 R
Where, e is super elevation in mm; G is the gauge in mm + width of the rail head in mm; V speed of the train in kmph; R radius of the curve in m.
For BG track: For MG track: For NG track: G = 1676 mm+ 74 mm=1.75 m G = 1.058 m G= 0.772 m
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Gauge
BG MG NG
10 16 40
V = 4 . 4 R 70
For non-transition curve (80% of the speed on the transition curve):
V = 0 . 8 * 4 . 4 R 70
b) For High speed track:
V = 4 . 58 R
R is the radius in m, V is speed in Kmph:
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Rational formula
Rational formula considering superelevation:
a) BG track: V = 0 . 27 ( Ca + Cd ) R
Ca is actual cant provided in mm; Cd is the cant deficiency permitted in mm; R is radius in m; V is maximum speed in kmph.
b) On MG track:
V = 0 . 347 ( Ca + Cd ) R
C) On NG track:
V = 3 . 65 R 6
R is the radius in m, V is speed in Kmph:
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V = 4 . 4 R 70
On high speed track
V = 4 . 58 R
For non-transition curve (80% of the speed on the transition curve):
V = 0 . 8 * 4 . 4 R 70
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V = 0 . 27 ( Ca + Cd ) R
MG Track:
V = 0 . 347
( Ca + Cd ) R
NG track:
V = 3 . 65 R 6
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L is the desirable length of transition curve; Ca is actual cant in mm; Vm is the maximum permissible speed, in Kmph
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Numerical Examples
a) On a BG route involving high speed, A 100 m transition curve has been provided and a superelevation of 80mm has been managed. The degree of curve is 10 and the maximum sanctioned speed for the curved section is 170 kmph. Determine maximum permissible speed on the curve.
(Hint: assume cant deficiency as 100 mm)
b)
Find out the superelevation to be provided and the maximum permissible speed for 20 BG transition curve on a high speed route having a maximum sanctioned speed of the section as 100 kmph. For calculating the equilibrium superelevation the speed given as 75 kmph and the booked speed for goods traffic is 50 kmph.
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Numerical Examples
c) Calculate the superelevation and maximum permissible speed for a 30 curve on a high speed BG track with the following data:
maximum sanctioned speed = 130 kmph equilibrium speed = 85 kmph booked speed for goods train = 50 kmph Solution hints: Calculate R Equilibrium superelevation (with V = 85kmph): Equilibrium superelevation for sanctioned speed(130kmph): Cant deficiency: which is more than permissible value of 100mm Actual cant then to be provided = should be maximum value of 165mm. Equilibrium superelevation for goods train for 50kmph (e=59mm) 22 Cant access= 165-59=106mm but (limited to the 75mm.)
Calculate the maximum permissible on a curve of high speed BG route with the following data:
Degree of curve = Superelevation = Length of transition curve = Sanctioned speed of the section = 10 85 mm 125m 170 kmph
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Transition Curves
Objectives of providing transition curves: To attain gradual rise of the outer rail; To decrease the radius of the curve gradually from infinite at the straight end of the rack to that of the circular curve at the junction with the circular curve of the selected radius. To provide smooth running of vehicles and provide comfort to the passengers To reduce chance of derailment.
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This is adopted in Indian railways. Rate of decrease of the radius of curvature increases rapidly 3 X Equation of the cubic parabola is Y=
6 RL
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L is the length of transition curve in m; e is the actual cant in cm; D is the cant deficiency in cm; V is the maximum speed in kmph.
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Numerical example:
Find out the length of transition curve for a four degree BG circular curved track having a cant of 15 cm. the maximum permissible speed on the curve is 90 kmph. Find out the shift and offset at every 15 m interval of the curve. Draw the transition curve also. Assume maximum permissible cant deficiency is 75 mm.
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Solution hints:
Length of transition curve: L = 7.2 x e =7.2 x 15 = 108 m L= 0.073D x Vmax.
=0.073 x 7.5 x 90 = 49.28
L = 0.073 x e Vmax
= 0.073 x 15 x 90 = 98.55
Hence the length of Curve will be the greatest of three values i.e 108 m. 29
Shift = L2/24R = (108 x 108)/(24 x 1750/4) = 11664/10500 = 1.11m Offset at every 15 m interval is calculated by the cubic parabola equation as follows
At 15 m;
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Vertical curves
As per existing provision the vertical curves are provided only at the junctions of the grades where algebraic difference between the grades is equal to or more than 4 mm per meter or 0.4% the minimum radius of the vertical curve should be as follows:
BG Track: MG track:
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Numerical Example
A rising gradient of 1 in 150 m meets a falling gradient of 1 in 250 on a group A route. The intersection point has a chainage of 1000m and its RL is 100 m Calculate following:
i) Length of the vertical curve ii) RL of vertical length and chainage of various points
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Solution Hints:
First gradient = +0.67 % Second gradient = -0.4 % Difference in gradient = +0.67-(-0.4) = 1.07 % Radius of the curve as per given value R = 4000m
Then L = Rx = 4000x(1.07/100)= 42.8 m. Chainage of point A = 1000-21.4 = 978.6m Chainage of point B 1000+21.4 = 1021.4 m RL of point A = 100-(21.4/150) = 99.860m RL of point B = 100 (21.4/250) = 99.914m
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