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Sample Problems

You have determined that for a certain implant you need to order a total of 200 mCi of Au-198, and the provider requires that the order be placed in terms of becquerels. How many becquerels does this represent? 200 mCi = 200 (3.7 x 107) dis. = 7.4 x 109 becquerels Every year a new decayed value must be determined for clinical use of the Cs-137 tubes. The decay is always calculated from the original assayed value obtained when the source was received. When source #10 was received on Sept. 2, 1989, that value was determined to be 69.5 mCi. What would be the activity for the date correct to July 1, 1993? 1397 days / 365.25 days/yr = 3.825 years 69.5 x e (-.693/30 x 3.825) = 63.6 mCi Solve for the activity at an earlier time than the known activity: If you place an order on Wednesday for 100 gold grains of an activity of 2 mCi each for the time of implant which would be Wednesday of the following week, what activity would you ask for on the order day? 2.00 = Ao x e (-.693/2.7 x 7 days) 2.00 = Ao x 0.1658 Ao = 2.00/0.1658 = 12.06 mCi/grain

Mean Life = 1.44 x T1/2 106 mCi of Au-198 is implanted into a pelvic mass. Determine the emitted radiation. Mean Life of Au-198 = Tav = 1.44 (T1/2) = 1.44 (2.7) = 3.888 days Emitted radiation = 106 mCi x 3.888 = 412.128 mCi-days In SI units: 412.128 x 60 min. x 60 sec. x 24 hr = 3.561 x 107 mCi-sec = 3.594 x 107 x (3.7 x 107) 1.317 x 1015 Bq = 1.317 x 1015 dis

Accumulated Dose Dc = Do x Tav = 1.44 x Do x T1/2 permanent implants Dc = Do x Tav (1 e t/Tav) non-permanent implants For a prostate implant in which 58 I-125 seeds were implanted, the dose rate at a point from the computer output shows 1.5 cGy/hr. What will be the total dose to that point after complete decay? Mean Life of I-125 (Tav) = 1.44 (60.2 days) = 86.688 days x 24 hrs/day = 2080.5 hours 2080.5 hrs x 1.5 cGy/hr = 3121 cGy

Ir -192 implant dose distribution, Doctor chose 60 cGy/hr line as isodose line which encompassed the treatment target and desires a total dose of 6000 cGy. Calculate the implant duration. 1.44 x 74.1 days = 106.704 days x 24 hrs./day = 2560.9 hrs 6000 60 cGy/hr x 2560.9 (1 e t/2560.9) 1 e t/2560.9 = 6000/60(2560.9) 1 e t/2560.9 = 0.03905 e t/2560.9 = 1 - .03905 ln (e-t/2560.9) = ln (.96095) -t/2560.9 = -.03983 T = 102 hrs

I was called to the OR on 9/4/94 where neurosurgeons were removing strips of I-125 seeds from a patients brain as the implant was causing necrosis. The implant had been performed at another institution, and the only information available was the date of the implant and the final total dose, which was 6/15/94 and 6500 cGy. The problem then becomes what dose was accumulated during the duration of the implant? Expected accumulated dose = 6500 cGy = Do x Tav 6/15/94 to 9/4/94 = 81 days elapsed time Tav for I-125 = 1.44 x 60.2 days = 86.688 days Dc = 6500 cGy (1 e -81 days/86.688) 6500 (1 0.3928) Dc = 3947 cGy

When a source is referred to as being a 10 mgRaeq source, we know that the exposure rate at 1 cm is: 8.25R/hr x 10 mgRaeq = 82.5 R/hr @ 1 cm If we wished to know the exposure rate at some other distance from the source, the inverse square law can be added to the equation. (Inverse Square Law for brachytherapy is not accurate until the point of calculation is at a distance from the source roughly 5 x the active length of the source). Our source is 1.5 cm active length, the inverse square law is accurate for distances equal to and greater than 7.5cm. Therefore if the point in question is 9cm from the 10 mgRaeq source, the exposure rate would be: 8.25 x 10 x (1cm/9cm)2 = 1.02 R/hr at 9 cm At 1 meter from a source, the activity is 0.496 mR/hr. What is the mgRaeq of this source? mgRaeq exposure rate at 1 meter = 8.25 x (1cm/100cm)2 = .000825 R/hr = .825 mR/hr @1m .496mR/hr/.825mR/hr = .601 mgRaeq

If the 10 mgRaeq source from previous example is a Cs-137 tube, we can refer to the exposure rate constant for Cs and calculate how many mCi that source represents. 10 mgRaeq Cs-137 = 82.5 R/hr at 1 cm 82.5 R/hr @ 1cm / 3.32 (exp.rate const. for Cs-137 = 24.8 mCi Cs-137 8.25/3.32 = 2.48 x 10 mgRaeq = 24.8 mCi What is the exposure rate at 80 cm for a 7000 Ci Co-60 2cm diameter source with 15% filtration? 12.9 R/hr @ 1cm/mCi = exposure rate constant factor for Co-60 (1/80)2 x 7000mCi x .85 x 12.9 = 11,992.97 R/hr More commonly for Co-60 11,992.97/60 min/hr = 199.88 R/min

An implant using 60 cm of Ir-192 wire at .76 mgRaeq/cm represents how many mCi or Ir-192? 60 cm x .76 mgRaeq/cm = 45.6 mgRaeq total Exp. Rate constant for Ir-192 = 4.69 R/hr at 1cm Therefore mCi I-192 = 45.6 x (8.25/4.69) = 80.2 mCi

Air Kerma Rate Converting mgRaeq dose rate to Air Kerma Rate, using conversion factor from exposure to air kerma (0.873 cGy/R): 8.25R x 0.873 = 7.202 cGy Then 8.25R/hr at 1cm would be 7.202 cGy/hr at 1cm. To convert to micro Gray, multiply by 10,000: 7.202 cGy x 10,000 = 72020 Gy @ 1cm To convert to dose rate at 1 meter means using inverse square law which states that dose is reduced by the factor of inv.sq. of distance: (1m =100cm) 2 (1cm/100cm) x 72020 = 7.202 So, the mgRaeq dose rate expressed in reference air kerma rate is 7.202 Gy/hr @ 1 meter OR 7.202 Gy h-1 m2 The total reference air kerma is the sum of the products of the reference air kerma rate and the duration of the application of each source. If we consider the problem where we used 80.2 mCi of Ir-192, and say the implant was left in place for 100 hours, the total reference air kerma rate would be: 4.69(exp.rate.const.) x .873 = 4.094 So dose rate per mCi I-192 = 4.094 cGy/hr @ 1 meter 4.094 cGy x 104 = 40940 Gy @ 1cm x (1/100)2 = 4.094 Gy/hr @ 1 meter So for the 80.2 mCi the air kerma rate = 80.2 x 4.094 = 328.3 Gy/hr @ 1 meter And for 100 hours of implant time, total reference air kerma: 328.3 Gy/hr @ 1m x 100 hours = 32830 Gy @ 1m

What is the dose rate @ 1 cm from a 15 mgRaeq source? What is the dose rate from this source @ 10cm? 15 x 8.25R/hr @ 1cm = 123.75R/hr @ 1cm x (1/10)2 = 1.2375 R/hr At a point 7.5cm from a source, the dose rate is 2.53 R/hr. What is the mgRaeq of the source? If this source is Cs-137, how many mCi does this represent? 2.53 x (7.5/1)2 = 142.3125 R/hr @ 1cm/8.25 R/hr @1cm = 17.25 8.25/3.32 x 17.25 = 42.87 mCi of Cs What is the exposure rate at 100 cm for a 9000 Ci Cobalt-60 source with 10% filtration? 12.9 R/hr @ 1cm/mCi x 9,000,000 mCi x (1/100)2 x .90 = 10,449 R/hr /60 min = 174.15 R/hr A gynecological insertion using 186 mCi of Cs-137, and was left in place for a total of 46 hours. Calculate the total reference air kerma rate. Exposure rate = 186 mCi x 3.32 R/hr/mCi = 617.52 R/hr @1cm 617.52 x .873 cGy/R = 539.095 cGy//hr @1cm = 539.095 Gy/hr @ 1m x 46 hrs = 24,798.4 Gy @ 1m You need 200 mCi of Ir-192 for an implant to be performed in 2 weeks. If you call in the order today, how many mCi of Ir-192 do you request? 200 mCi = Ao x e ln2/74.1 x 14 200 mci = Ao x .87725 Ao = 228 mCi In an Ir-192 implant to the tongue, the doctor chose the 60 cGy/hr line for the target dose rate to give a total dose of 3500 cGy. Insertion time was 5:00pm on 10/17/95. Calculate the implant duration time including decay and state the date and time the radioactive material should be removed. Dc = Do x Tav (1 e t/Tav) Tav for Ir-192 = 1.44 x (74.1 x 24) = 2560.896 hrs 3500 = 60 x 2560.896 (1 e-t/2560.896) 3500/(60 x 2560.896) = 1 e t/2560.896 1 - .022778 = e-t/2560.896 ln(.97722) = -t/2560.896 -t = -.02304 x 2560.896 T = 59.012 hrs = 2d 11h 1 min 10/20/95 @ 4:01AM What is the dose rate at 2.5cm from a 48.2 mgRaeq point source? 48.2 mgRaeq x 8.25 R/hr@1cm/mgRaeq = 397.65 R/hr @1cm 397.65 x (1/2.5)2 = 63.624 R/hr @2.5cm What is the exposure rate at 20 cm for a 2500 Ci Cesium-137 source with 7% filtration? 3.32 R/hr @ 1cm = exposure rate constant 2500 Ci = 2,500,000 mCi 32 x 2,500,000 x (1/20)2 x .93 = 19297.5 R/hr @20 cm/60 min/hr = 321.6 R/min @ 20 cm You need 54 mCi of I-125 for an implant in 4 days. What activity do you ask for when you call in the order today? 54 = Ao x e ln2/60.2 x 4 Ao = 56.55 mCi

An I-125 implant was performed that would have delivered a minimum tumor dose of 10,000 cGy, if it had been left in the tissue permanently. Due to need for further surgery, the implant was removed after 22 days. What was the dose delivered in the time the implant was in place? Tav = 1.44 x 60.2 = 86.688days Dc = 10000/86.688 x (86.688) x (1 e-22/86.688) Dc = 10000 x .22414 Dc = 2241 cGy

What is the dose rate at 1 cm from a 25 mgRaeq source? What is the dose rate from this source at 5 cm? 25 x 8.25 = 206.25 R/hr @ 1cm 206.25 x (1/5)2 = 8.25 R/hr @5cm

At a point 10 cm from a source, the dose rate is 1.4 R/hr. What is the mgRaeq of this source? If this source is Ir-192, how many mCi does this represent? 1.4 x (10/1)2 = 140 R/hr @1cm 140/8.25 = 16.97 mgRaeq 8.25/4.69 x 16.97 = 29.85 mCi of Ir-192 What is the exposure rate @ 50 cm for a 5000 Ci Cs-137 source with 5% filtration? 3.32 x 5,000,000 x (1/50)2 x .95 = 6308 R/hr @ 50cm = 105.13 R/min @50cm

An Ir-192 implant using 72mCi of Ir-192 was left in place for a total of 95 hrs. Calculate the total reference air kerma rate. 4.69 x .873 = 4.094 cGy/hr @1cm/mCi 4.094 x 72 x 95 = 28,003 Gy @ 1m

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