V.

MARTYNOV

ENGLISH-RUSSIAN
GLOSSARY OF TERMS
ON EXTERNAL
ECONOMIC
ACTIVITY

FINANCY I STATISTIKA
PUBLISHERS
MOSCOW - 1992

'

&-

10

" "
1992

 65.051.9(2)43 21
29

: .. , ..

29

..
-
. - .: ,
1992.-176 .
ISBN 5-279-00741-2.
,
: -, ,
. , , ,
,

.
.
,
.

0702000000-017
0 1 0 (0 1 )-9 2

65.051.(2)43 21

ISBN 5-279-00741-2

.., 1992

.

.
-
, ,
; ;
; ;

; ,
, - ,
; ,


.


,
(.
) .

, - ,
,
,
.. ,


, .

, ,
. -
, -
,
-
. , 3.4.10ebill of exchange
: 3 -
; 4 -
; 10 - .

.

,

.

, ,
, ,

,
.
,

, ,
EBC

GDP
GNP
IDR

ICP

IMF

ISIC


PPP

SDR
SITC

SNA

BNE

c.i.f.
EMS
ECU
f.o.b.
GATT

acceptance and return

A
3.3.01. accept -
.

(bill of exchange) (draft) .
(acceptor)
.
3.3.02. acceptability -
.
,
. , (bank)

.
3.3.03. acceptance -
.
(bill of exchange) (draft),
(drawee).

,
.
(banker's acceptance)

[trade acceptance],
.
3.3.04. acceptance and return -
.
,


(bill of exchange) (draft) .

(drawee)
. ,
, (.acceptance)
(bank) ,
.

(drawer) .

acceptance comission

3.3.05. acceptance commission -

.
, {bank)
(draft). ,
,
[discount
market ].
3.3.06. acceptance credit - .
,
((acceptance house)
(bill of exchange) (draft),
.
3.3.00. acceptance financing - .
, (bank)

(. acceptance credit)
.


,
, ,
. ,
,
( ) .

,
(. acceptance house).
3.3.07. acceptance house - .
,
(acceptance financing)
, ,

,
. (acceptance credit)
(draft).
3.3.08. acceptance liability - .
(draft)
(bill of exchange),
(bank).

account of foreign investment

{liability on account of acceptances) .
3.3.09. acceptance supra protest -
.
(bill of exchange)
(draft),
(bank). (acceptor)

, ,
(drawer).
3.3.10. acceptor - .
,
(cu.accept) .
2.3.01. accessorial services-
, .

, ,
.
, ,
.
3.4.01. accommodation bill - .
(bill of exchange)
,

(endorsement).
3.4.02. accommodation endorsement -
.
(bank)
(bill of exchange)
-
.

,

, ,
, ()
, .
4.2.01. account of foreign investment -
.

10

accounting for foreign trade

CHC (rest of the

world accounts),
, .
: ,
-
, ,
,
.
2.1.01. accounting for foreign trade -
.
,

- (external trade systems of
recording). :

,
(bill of lading)
,
,

(transaction
records).
5.2.01. accuracy of purchasing power parity -
.
[index-number ]

.
: 1)
("")

(sampling
distribution applies to international comparison); 2)
-

;3)

-; 4)
(

admission temporaire

11

)
.
4.4.01. acquittance - ,
.
,
,
.
1.0.00. activity - .
,

.

International Standard Industrial Classification of all
Economic Activities),
CHC (System of National Accounts) .
4.6.01. administered pricing - ()
.
,
,
,
,
. -

.
()
,

(inflation);
,

.
2.1.02. admission temporaire - .
-
,
().

(flow of external trade):
[importation under bond] -
, -

12

agreed minute of debt reschedulings

,
;
[drawback ] -
,
.
4.4.02. agreed minute of debt reschedulings -

.
,

(
) , ..

(external
debt).
, ,
, ,
,

, .
4.1.01. allocation of special drawing rights (SDR) -
.

() (International Monetary Fund)
. (
) -
,
, (residents
of an economy) .


, .
4.1.02. analytic presentation of the balance of payments
.

average applies to purchasing power parity

13

(standard component of balance of payments),

. (balance of
payments)
,
.
, - .
- .
, - .
,
, ,
(

).
,
,
- , .
3.4.03. anticipatory letter of credit -
.
,

(bill of lading),
.
4.2.02. assets - .

,
, , ,
.
3.4.04. aval - .
,

- .





.
5.3.01. average applies to purchasing power parity - ,

14

average applies to purchasing power parity

.

- ,

.

(accuracy of purchasing power
parity)
.
, ,
, ,


.


(sampling distributing applies to international comparison) .


.

,
.
,

.

15

balance of payments (BOP)

4.2.03. balance of current transaction with the rest of the world

-
.

(rest of the world accounts), ,
- .
,


,
,
,
, , .
4.3.00. Balance of National Economy
().
,
,

,
.
(System of National Accounts)


,
. :
, ,
,
.

-
, .
4.1.00. balance of payments () - .
,

.

(cu.balance of payments

16

balance of payments account

manual). -
,
, -
, ,
(residents of an economy) .

,
,
..
:
, ;
; ;
.
(balance of external
trade)

.
(.
export of services) -
(, ,
, )
.
(unilateral transfers) ,

, .
(capital account)

.
[reserve capital account J o n e p a
(, ,
) .
4.2.04. balance of payments account
.
() (System of
National Accounts),
,

balance of payments manual

17

() (results o f external
transaction in statistics of gross national product).

: (. current
account of the balance of payments)
(capital transaction).
:
,

.
:


- ,
.
4.0.00. balance of payments and System of National Accounts
- .


(resident entity),
(financial instruments in
SNA and ).
,
.


,

().
(residents of an economy)
.
4.1.03. balance of payments manual
.
(International Monetary Fund)


, .

,
: ) ,

18

balance of payments statement

; ) ,

,

; ) ,
, ( )

,
.


.
, ,

. , ()
()
(
) .
4.1.04. balance of payments statement
.
- ,


.

,
,
,
.



,
. ,

, .
, ()
(

bank

19

), ()
.
4.1.05. balance on goods, services, income and unrequited
transfers , ,
.
,
,

.
,


.
: , ,
, ,
, ().


.

,
.

,
,
.


{residents of an economy)

.
1.3.01. bank .
,
,

, , .

,
,
- .

20

bankers acceptance

3.3.11. bankers acceptance .

(bill of
exchange) (draft)
. .
3.4.05. bankers bill .
(drawee)
(commercial bill)
, (bill of lading)
.
,

(bill of exchange) .


(accept),
2.2.00. bilateral agreement
.

, ,

,
.
2.2.01. bilateral restraint agreement
.
( )
,
,

,
.
3.4.06. bill .
,
.

.
3.4.07. bill at sight
.
,
. ,

bills in a set

21

(bill of exchange)
(accept)
. ( 5 )
,
.
3.4.09. bill of credit .
,
. ,
, ,
.
3.4.10. bill of exchange .
,
(flow of external
trade).

,
.

.
.
(accept) ,


.
3.4.11. bill of lading ,
.
, ,
.

.
,
,
.
3.4.08. bills in a set -
.
. ,
, (bill of lading)
.

22

bill payable

.
3.4.12. bill payable .

(trade acceptance),
.
3.4.13. blank endorsement .
(endorsement)
, (bill of lading), , (draft)
,
, . ,
,
.
3.4.14. blank transfer .

,
.
3.4.15. blanket inventory lien
.
,

.

, , .,

, .
2.2.02. blockada .
-
.
3.4.16. blocked account .
,
,
(exchange control).
, ,
.
3.2.01. blocked exchange .

,
(bill of exchange),

business cycie indicators

23

.
,

,
.

(bank)
(currency)
,

-, ,
.
1.1.00. business cycle - .


(activity).

,
,
.

: ,
,
, .
.
, ,
.
,
, ,
, , ,
.
,
-
,
.
1.1.01. business cycle indicators -
.
,

24

business cycle indicators

.
,

.
,
,

. ,
,
. ,
,

,
.
,
, -
.

25

capital transactions

3.3.12. call transaction -

.

, ,

.
4.1.06. capital account - .
(balance of payments),


,
. ,


, (residents
of an economy)
.
,
( )
( ),
(.
International Monetary Fund)
(balance of payments manual)
( (direct investment),
, )

(external transaction
in financial claim) .

-,..
.
(
)
,
(
) .
! -2-01. capital transactions - .
(. System of National Accounts), -

26

change of ownership

,
-
:
[capital accumulation account ]
[capital finance
account ].

,
, , , ,
,
.
:
, ,
, (

).


,
,

,
.


: , ,
,
..
4.1.07. change of ownership - .

(
) . ,
(balance of payments) ,
,

.
3.1.01. c.i.f. (cost, insurance and freight) value-
(^
, ).
.

classification of external transaction in BNE

27

, . (
),
-
. -
,
, ,
, (
) .
1.2.02. classes of financial instrument in SNA
.
(. System of National Accounts)
,
:
(); ();
; ;
, ;
, ; ()
;

; (
); ( ) ;
( )
.
1.2.03. classification of external transaction in Balance of
National Economy -
,
.
(Balance of National
Economy) ,
.
(flow of external trade)
: 1)
,
,
; 2)
, , ,

, ,
, .

28

classification of external transaction in SNA

1.2.04. classification of external transaction in SNA -

,
.
(. balance of
payments account)
: ,
,
< ,

,
- .
- ,
;
;

, .. ,
;
.
:
,
; , ;
,
, .. ,
;
, .. , ;
.
-
:
,
, , ,
, ,
.
3.4.17. clean bill - .
(bill of exchange) ,
(
, ..).
2.1.03. clearance through customs for home use -
.
-

commodities

29

,


.
-
,
, .
- ,
,
, .
,
,

.
3.4.18. commercial bill - .
(bill of exchange) ,

.
2.1.04. commercial free zone - ,
.
,
,
,
.
-
.
.



, .

- .


.
1.2.05. commodities - .
,
, .

30

concept of an economy of balance of payments

(System of National Accounts)

,
,
,

,
, .
4.1.08. concept of an economy of balance of payments
.
-
(, ,
, , ,
) ,
.


( resident entity) ,

,
,
.
-
(balance of payments
statement) -

.
4.4.03. concept of external debt-
.
,
(financial instruments in SNA
and ) .

.
,
,
(residents of an
economy) .
,

contraction abroad

31

(allocation of special
drawing rights ( SDR)).
2.3.00. concept of services in international trade statistics
.
(International Monetary Fund)
(balance o f payments
manual) ,
,
(System of National
Accounts). -
,

.

,
.
,
,
.
.

,
(
).

.

.

: ,
(, , , ,
, ); (
, ); -
( -,
-, );
( ,
, , );
( ..).
2.3.02. constraction abroad - .
(. International Monetary Fund)

32

contraband

(balance of payments
manual)



(direct investment as component of capital account).
2.2.03. contraband - .
,

. ,
,
.
3.4.19. contract demurrage - .
,
(contract of affreightment).

, .
, ,
.
3.4.20. contract of affreightment -
().

(),
.
(bill of lading),
,
, ,
, . .
1.3.02. consumer installment credit -
.
,


.
.
4.6.02. consumer price index - .
(interna
tional price statistics),
-

Convention on International Trade

33

.
(inflation) .

,
,
,
.

,

.
2.2.04. conventional international law -
.
,
,

.
3.1.02. contract rate - .
- ,
, ,
[exclusive patronage
contract ] .


.
4.5.01. conventional duty - .

,
. ,
,
- .
2.2.05. Convention on International Trade in Endangered
Species of Flora and Fauna -
.
,

,
.
: ,
2.

. .

34

convertibility

(
); ,
,
( ); ,
,
. -
, ,

.
3.2.00. convertibility - .
(
)
.
,

-
.

(convertible currency). ,
, .
3.2.02. convertible currency - .



.
5.2.02. costing agreement - .


.

,
.
2.2.06. cultural adiaphora - .
,

( )
,

current account of balance of payments

35

. , -,
,
-.
2.2.07. cultural exclusive - .
,
. ,
, ,

.
1.3.03. currency - , .
-
, , ..
3.2.03. currency convertible in fact -
.
,
,
(,
),

.
1.1.02. currency ration -
.

,
,
,
.
, ,
Mi (. money).
3.2.04. currency risk - .
,
,.
.
(
),
.
4.1.09. current account of balance of payments -
.
(balance of payments) ,
*

36

customs declaration

,
,


. ,

,
,

(, , ).
2.1.05. customs declaration .

,
,
,
. ,
,


, .

,
,
, ,
, .
(
) , , ,
,
..



.
2.1.06. customs district for imports -
.
(
)
,
, ,

customs transit

37

.
.
,
. ,
,
,
-

.
4.5.02. customs duties - .
,
.
, ,
, .
-
.

. ,
,

.
2.1.07. customs frontier - .
,
. (customs
territory) (free zones
of external trade) .
2.1.08. customs territory - .

,

- .

,
(. customs frontier).
2.1.09. customs transit - .
,

38

Customs

Union

(customs
territory)
. ,
, .
,
, ,
,
,
.


,
(clearance through customs for
home use).
2.1.10. Customs Union - .
,

-
,
.
-

(commercial free zone), .
3.1.00. customs valuation .

.

,
- .


,

,
, , .
3.1.03. customs valuation code -
.

customs warehouse

39

. :
1) -
,
,
,
; 2) -
,
,
-; 3)
- ,
.
2.1.11. customs warehouse - .

,

. ,
,



.

,
.

debt

40

monetization

D
4.4.04. debt monetization -
.

,

, (
).
4.4.05. debt nation - -, -.
,

.
4.4.06. debt service ration -
.
() -
,

,
.
3.1.04. dedicated to single-use test - -

.
,
, ,
,
,
,
.
5.1.01. defence expenditures - .
(.
International Comparison Programme)

. :

;
;
, ; - ;
, ;

depreciation (monetary)

41

; .
4.6.03. deflationary gap - .

,
.
, ,
, ,
, . ,
,
( )
.
3.4.21. delayed payment credit -
.
(letter of credit) ,
() (draft) ,
.


. , ,
, \
.
3.3.13. delivery order - .
,

,
- .
3.4.22. demand bill - .
(bill of exchange) (draft),
.
1.3.04. demonetization - .

. ,
.
4.6.04. depreciation (monetary) - .
. :
-
(,
110

42

depreciation charge

, 100 , ,
9% (100:110);
-
.
4.2.05. depreciation charge -
.


, ,
,
.
1.3.05. despatch money - .
,

,
.
.
2.1.12. destination clause - .
(
), ,
.
,

.
5.1.02.detailed commodity categories (basic commodity
headings) - ,
.
-
,

.
3.2.05. devaluation - .

.
70-
, ,
- - ^! drawing rights (SDRj.

deviation methods in statistics of purchasing power parities

43

5.3.00. deviation methods in statistics of purchasing power

parities -
.

(accuracy of purchasing power parity)
, ..

,
.
-

, ,
,

(inflating).
-
(International Com parison
Programme)
.

-,
.
,
,

(. sampling
distribution applies to international comparison) .

( 0)
:
,
;
,
; ,
,
.
,
0
,

44

D.F.C. currency basket scheme

(xi xj) .
wB -,

, :
< 0
Wb ~ (xjB X i)/ (x jB ~ Xi ) + (

> Xo
W6

( X j ~ X i By ( x j

- X/B) +

(x jb ~

).

4.4.07.D.F.C. currency basket scheme -

.
,
(development
financing companies)

.
(). 1980 .

( , )
, ,
.
1.3.06. difference in conditions -
.
- ,
, .
,
,
(c.i.f(cost, insurance and freight)
value) ,
,
.

,
,
, ,
.
,
,
.

direct collection order

45

3.2.06. differential exchange rates -

.
,

. . ,

,

,

.
3.4.23. direct collection letter - .

,
(bill of exchange) .
3.4.24. direct collection order -
.
(draft), (bill of exchange)
, ,
(drawer) ,
(accept) (drawee).

(, .).

. ,

.

(. clean bill).


,


.
( ) ,

. ,
,

46

direct foreign trade turnover

,
.
,
,

.
,

.
4.3.01. direct foreign trade turnover -
.

(Balance of National Economy),
.
,

, ,

-,
-. ()
,
,
.

. (/.. (free
on board) value), - (./, (cost
insurance and freight) value).
4.1.10. direct investment as component of capital account .
(balance of payments),

-
, ,
,
.

,
.

[d irect foreign

divergence threshold

47

investment ],

.
,

,
[portfolio investment ].
3.2.07. dirty float - ()
[managed float ].
-


: ,
, ,
. , ,
,

^
, ,
,
.
3.4.25. discounting - , .
(bill)
.

, ,
.

(drawee) .
,
(
), ..

.
, , ,
,

[endorsers of the bill ].
3.2.08. divergence threshold - .

48

dock

receipt

, -
(European Monetary System) ,
,
- [European Currency Unit].
-
2,25%.
, -

.
,
75%
2,25%.

-
- .
3.4.26. dock receipt - .
,
.
(bill of lading) .
[stevedore ]
.

.
,
.
3.4.27.
documentary bill of exchange -
.
(bill of exchange) ,
, (bill of
lading) .
4.5.03. domestic taxes on goods collected at import-
.

,
, .

.
4.1.11.
double-entry system -
.

draft

49

(balance of payments)
(),
.


.
, .
,
,
.
,
, ,
(
, , ) ,
.. .
4.5.04. double taxation - .

,

- ,
. ,

, -
,
-,
,
.
3.4.28. draft - .


. , (. accept)
(drawee),
, ,

() ,

.
:
[at sight], ..

50

drawee

, , ,
.
[time drafts]. , ,
(bankers
acceptance), ,
, - (trade acceptance).

letter of credit) - ,
,
, (drawer)
- (
), ,
(bill of lading).
, (..
,
).
,
.
, (bill of exchange)

.
3.4.29. drawee - .
,
,
(drawer).
3.4.30. drawer - .
, (drawee)

, (. bill of
exchange) (draft) .
3.4.31. due date - .
, (bill of exchange),
(draft)
.
3.1.05. dumping - .

, .

,

dumping

51

,
.

,
, ,
-.
:
(, ) [sporadic
or distress dumping ] -
.
;
[predatory dumping ] - ,
,
, ,

.
;
[persistent dumping ] - ,


,
.

52

eligible papers

E
3.4.32. eligible papers - .
(draft), (bill of exchange)
, [eligibility ]
(. bank).

(acceptability), .. ,

.
2.2.08. embargo - .
( )
.
,
,
. ,

, [civil
embargo ];
,
[hostile embargo ].
3.4.33. endorsement - , .
( )
. ,
, - [endorser]
( ,
,
).
[holder]
[negotiation], ..
- .
(draft),
(bill of exchange), ,
, (bill of lading),
.
[negotiability ]
, *.

exchange control

53

,
[order ] .
1.3.07. European Monetary System (EM S) -
().
,

.

,
.
[European Currency
Unit] - ,


[European Unit of Account],
- .
,
,

, , 25% .

,

[bilateral ratios ].
2,25% .
1.3.08. excess of loss treaty -
.
,

,
.
1.3.09. excess return - .


, .. ,
.
3.2.09. exchange control .
,

54

exchange

profits

. -

. ,


.
4.5.05.
exchange profits -
.
,
,
.
- ,
,
,

.
4.1.12.
exchange transactions
.
(balance o f
payments) , ,
,
[economic value ],
,
.

- [real resources],
, [goods,
services, income ] [financial items ].
4.5.06. excise tax - , ,
[internal revenue taxes ].

, .
(customs duties) ,
,
,
.


. ,

exports and imports of non-material services

55

[Internal Revenue Service], ,
(
, .),


. ,
, ,

.

, ,

[tax deferment bond]. ,
( )
,
[bonded warehouse ]
[foreign trade zone ].
2.2.09. exclusive dealing agreement -
.
,

,
.
2.3.03. export and import of material* services -
.

(direct foreign trade turnover)
(Balance of National Economy).
,

:
, ;
;

;
, .
2.3.04. exports and imports of non-material services -
.

56

exports as recording system

(Balance of
National Economy) ,
,
, ,
.
2.1.13. exports as recording system
.
,

( )
.

(. export of goods)
.
,

,
.
,
,

(f... (free on board) value).
4.5.07. export duties - .
,
,
.


[excisetax].
2.2.10. exports of goods - .
,

.
,
, - ,

.

exports of insurances

57

-
.


.
, , -

,
.
,
,
, ,

. ,

,
.

.
-.
2.3.05.
exports of goods transport services -
.
,

: 1)
,
; 2)
; 3)
; 4)
(
..) .
.
.

,
,

,
.
2.3.06. exports of insurances - .

58

exports of other kinds of transports services

-
,

. -
,
.

,

,
.
2.3.07. exports of other kinds of transports services -
.




, ,
, ,

.

( ).

,
,
.
2.3.08. exports of passenger transports services -
.



.

, ,
, ,
..
2.3.09. exports of services - .

external debt conversion

59

,
, , , ,
, -
.

,
,
,
.
4.4.00. external debt - .
,
,
,
.


,
, .
(. International Monetary Fund) ,
, -,
.
-
.
- ,

.


,
.
4.4.08. external debt conversion- .


. ,
-,

, .

60

external debt refinancing

4.4.09. external debt refinancing

.
() -

,
().
4.4.10. external debt reorganization -
.


: ,
, .
4.4.11. external debt rescheduling -
- .

.
4.4.12. external debt service payments -
.
-

.
4.4.13. external debt service ratio -
.


.
2.1.14* external trade systems of recording -
.
-

.

,
:
, ,-
, ,-.

external transaction in financial claim

61

4.1.13.
external transaction in financial claim -
.
(balance of payments) ,


()
().

-
-
, ,

.
[special
drawing rights (SDR) ], (System of National
Accounts) .



: (
) , , ,
, ,
, (
) .

factor services

62

F
4.1.14. factor services - .
,
.

. , ,
,
,
, ,
.
4.1.15. factoring - , .
,
, ()
, , , ,
,
.

,
, .

[old-line factoring ].

-
[recourse factoring ],
, .

.
3.1.06. fair market value -
.
,
.
,
,
,
(dumping).
4.4.14. familiar drawing techniques
.
(International Monetary Fund) ,
-,

financial instruments in SNA and BOP

63

(balance of payments) ,

.
[gold tranche], ..
,
, .
,
[credit tranche ],
..
.
1.3.12. flat money - , ,
, .
, ()
, -
; ,

; ,
.
4.4.15. financial innovation of external debt -
.

,

. ,
-
,
.
1.2.06. financial instruments in SNA and BOP -

() .
.
-

,
- ,
:
1.

[special drawing rights (SDR) ].

financial leasing

64

2. .
3. ().
4. .
5. .
6. .
7. .
8. .
1.3.10. financial leasing - .
(assets),

,
.
3.4.00. financial paper -
.

(), .
, ,


.
1.3.11. financial risk - .
, ,
-
.

, ,
,
-.
1.1.03. financial transactions- .
( System of National
Accounts)
,
,
.

( , ,
..).

flight of capital

65

,
.
5.2.03. Fisher purchasing power parity -
.

(purchasing
power parity) .


, ..
,
.
,
, .

- ,
,
.


,

-.

.
1925 .
. ,
.

.
1.3.13. flight of capital - .
(
) .
, ,
,
,
. 3.

. .

66

floating exchange rates

,
.
3.2.10. floating exchange rates -
.
.

.

.

,

- , ,
.
1.3.14. floating policy .
,
.
,
,
.

.
2.2.11. floating supply .
,

.
4.4.16. floor- .

[floating rate loans ]
,

.
1.2.07. flow of external trade -
.

(residents of
economy) residents entity) .
, -

flow of funds accounts

67

,
.

,

.
,

-, -
.
,
,
, ,
,
,
, .

, , ,
,
.
1.3.15. flow of funds accounts -
.
,

.

,
. ,


.

.


( System of
National Accounts).
,
.
, *

68

f.o.b. (free on board) value

, ,
,
.



.
3.1.07. f.o.b. (free on board) value -
( ).
, .

,
.
,

.
(International 1^ Fund)
.
,

.


.
-
( c.i.f.(cost, insurance and
freight) value).
(
-).
,
,
(policy) {bill of lading).
4.5.08. forced tax system
.
, (
) ,
.
, ,

foreign trade earnings

69

(tax) (
),


.
1.2.08. foreign aid for economic assistance
.
,
-
.

, , .
1.3.16. foreign credit insurance
.
,
,
.
,
(180 )
, (. policy).
4.1.16. foreign currency statement
.
,
, ,
.
4.1.17. foreign currency translation
.
(residents
of an economy) ,
(flow of external
trade) - ,
;

.
4.3.02. foreign trade earnings ()
.

,
(Balance of National Economy) .

foreign trade system

70

:
+ - + 1^ = + + ,

;
;
- ;
- ;
; /

,
Mi > /, / = ( Mi - /);
3i > Mi, Ci = (3 i M i ) 9
Mi, 3i
.
2.1.15. foreign trade system .
,

.
,
- ,

.

, , ,

, , ,

.


,
:
,
(customs warehouse) /'
(free zones of external trade) ,

Framework for Compiling Price Statistics

71

",
.
4.4.17. forfaiting - .

, ,
(
, ) .
,
(bill of
exchange) ( aval) , . .
.
4.4.18. forgiveness of external debt
.

.
3.2.11. forward exchange contract-
.


.


. ,
, ()
[forward rate ].
3.2.12. forward margin - .
()
- .
, -
, , ,
[premium],
- [discount ].
4.6.05. Framework for Compiling Price Statistics -
-
.

-
: ;

72

fronting

;
;
.
, (Interna
tional Monetary Fund)
,
(System of National Accounts).
(gross na
tional product)
,
(consumerprice index),
-
, -
.
3.3.14. fronting - .
,
(policy), (financial risk)
. ,
,
.

,
.

- [front policies ],
, ,
.
1.3.17. functional currency - , ,
.
,
.
, ,
.
3.2.13. fundamental disequilibrium -
.

-
.
4.4.19. funded debt - .

funds accounts

73

,
,
.
1.3.00. funds accounts - .
,

,

.

.

.

74

Geary-Khamis formula international prices

G
5.2.04. Geary-Khamis formula international prices -
- .
( )
,
-
.



-,
.

, .
-:

^LfijkQijk
= 2 ' ^ ;
J
]
i,
(); P P P j-

; Q/ -
i ; Pijk - i
.
3.1.09. General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) ().
1947 .
,

.
(customs duties)>
(customs
valuation)>
,
..

general principle of recording all out-flows and in-flows of goods

75

1.3.18. general asset currency- ,

.
(
, ),
.
1.3.19. general license - .
,


,
.
,

.
, ,
,
,

.
2.1.00. general principle of recording all out-flows and in-flows
of goods-
.


,
.

:
(custom s frontier), ;
(customs warehouse)\
(commercial free zone
; () ( customs dec
laration ).
, : - ; ,
; ;
- ,
, - ; ,
()

76

general tariff

.

.
4.5.09. general tariff - .

,
( customs duties)
.
.
4.6.06. gold crisis - .

,
, ,

.
(balance of
payments).
1.3.20. gold flows - , .

,
.
,
,

.

.
4.6.07. gold inflation - .

, ,


, ( inflation).
,
.
3.2.14. gold standard - .

,
.

.
-
,
.

gross capital formation

77

- .
4.4.20. grants from abroad - - .
, ,
,
.

.

,
,



.
4.2.06. gross capital formation -
.
- ( System of
National Accounts),
.
,
, - ,

.
, ,
.





,
. ,
,

,
.

.

78

gross domestic product derivated from net material product

, ,
, ,
.


.
-
, ,
, .
5.1.03. gross domestic product derivated from net material
product - ,
() (Balance of
Nation al Economy),
,

, ()
:
-



.
4.4.21. gross external debt -
.

(
) ( residents of an economy)

(. external debt)
.
4.2.07. gross national product (GNP) -
().
(System of National
Accounts),
.
. , ,
,

gross output of distributive trades

79

(Keynes J. The General Theory of

Employment Interest and Money, London, 1949, p.20).


,
, ,
, .

( ) ,
,
.
1.3.21. gross output of banks and similar financial institutions
-
.
,
,
: ,
.
4.2.08. gross output of distributive trades -
.

,
.

harbor dues

80

H
4.5.10. harbor dues - .
,

.
,

.
1.2.09. Harmonized Commodity Description and Coding
System -
.
,


.
1973


,

. 1981
. 1983


- ,
, .
1 1988.

- ,
, ,
.



. ,
, , .

,

. ,

hypothecation

81

,
,
.

(balance of payments) .
3.3.15. hedging - .


. ,
.
4.5.11. hidden tax - .
,
, (
).
( customs duties) .
1.2.10. horizontal integration, horizontal expansion -
, .

,
.
, ,
,
.
1.3.22. hot money - .
,
, , ,

( . convertibility)

.
,
,

.
3.4.35. house bill - .
(bill of exchange) ,
,
.
3.3.16. hypothecation - , .

82

hypothecation certificate (letter of hypothecation)

(accept),
,
, .
, , .
3.3.17. hypothecation certificate (letter of hypothecation) ( ).
, (bill of
exchange), .
-
( acceptance)

.

imports as recording system

83

I
2.2.12. imitation lag - ,
.
,

()
. .
( ) [demand
lag ], ,
.
-
[reaction lag ],

, , -
,
, .
4.5.13. import duties .
,


,
, .
2.2.14. import substitution - .

.
,

( ,
).
, ,

.
2.1.16. imports as recording sy stem -
.
,

(
) ,

84

imports of goods

.


(f.o.b. (free on board) value).
2.2.13. imports of goods - .
, -

, ,
, , .
,
,
,
. ,
(commercial free zones)
,
.
,
,
.
2.3.10. imports of services - .
,

,
, - ,
-,
, ,
, ,
..
,

, ,
(.
residents of an economy).
2.3.11. imports of transport services -
.


-

index-number applies to international comparison

85

, (c.z./. (cost,
insurance and freight) value),

;

.
,
,
(imports of services),
4.5.14. improper inducement - .
,
,

.
4.2.09. income explosion - .
, ,

.

.
3.3.18. indent - .

.
.
3.3.19. indent agent - -.
,
,
.
5.3.02. index-number applies to international comparison () ,
.
,
,
.

.
[analitic conception of index-number]
,
()

86

index-number of purchasing power

.
,
- (
)
( -), (
(gross national product) ,
-).
[synthetic
conception of index-number ] -
,
[frequnecy
distribution].
,

(
), .
1.3.23. index-number of purchasing power -
.
,
(consumer price index) .
1.1.04. index-number of world industrial production -
.
.

, .

,

(International
Standard Industrial Classification of all Economic Activities)
, ,
, .

.
-
,
.
.

industrial competitiveness index

87

,
, ,
(. indirect business tax
and nontax liability).
4.5.12. indirect business tax and nontax liability -

.
,
,
.
: ,
, ,
.
, ,

.
,
, ..
, .
,
,
, ,
.
5.1.04. individual consumption of population -
.

(International Comparison Programme),

,
, .
(System of National Accounts)



.
3.1.10. industrial competitiveness index -
.


.

88

infant industry

-
(inflation) ,

.
1.2.11. infant industry -
.

,
.
,
(,
) . ,
,
[effect of
scale] .
4.6.00. inflation - .
,
-

.
.
,
,
, ,
..
: , , ,
.

.

- ,
.
5.2.05.
inflation and purchasing power parity -
.


.

interest-bearing draft

89

.

,
, -
,
.

,
-
.

-
,

.
2.3.12. installation abroad -
.
,
.
(International Monetary Fund)
.
1.3.24. insurance - .
,
,

(assets) .
(policy) .
3.3.20. interest arbitrage .


.
3.3.21. interest-bearing draft - .
, {bill of exchange) ,
, (drawee)

.

90

interest

rate risk

,
[colonial clause ].
1.3.25. interest rate risk - .
,
,

,
,
, .
2.2.15. international commodity agreements -
.
,
,
.

.
,
,
,
,
.


.

, , ,
.
5.0.00. International Comparison Programme (ICP) -
( ).
, -

.
,
,

(gross domestic product),
(gross national product)

[factor income ].

international depository receipt (IDR)

91

,
, , .


(System of
National Accounts).
-




.
,

,
, , ,
(
, , ..).

, ,
.



,
,

(purchasing power paryties) .
1.3.26. international depository receipt (IDR) -
().
,
,
()
.
[share certificate ],

[Securities and Exchange Commission ]
(

92

International Monetary Fund (IMF)

,
), .
[American depository
receipt ], -
[European depository receipt ].
1.3.27. International Monetary Fund (IMF) -
().
,
1944 , -
() [Bretton-Woods Agreement J
-
.
1 1947,
.


-,
(balance of payments).
,
,

,
SDR [special drawing rights ] (. allocation of special drawing
riqhts).
,

.
-,
.

.

. -
.
5.3.03. international price statistics -
.

(International Monetary Fund) .

International Standard Industrial Classification

93

: IFS Supplement on Price Statistics. Supplement
Series 12, International Monetary Fund, 1986.

,

.

,
[financial instrument ]
.
,

() [real effective
exchange rates],
,
.
1.2.00. international standard classification of external
economic activity -
.



-
(residents of an economy).
,
,
.

(International
Standard Industrial Classification of all Economic Activities)
,
, ;
- ;
, ,
, -
;
- ..
1.2.12. International Standard Industrial Classification of all

94

International Standards of Accounting and Reporting

Economic Activities (ISIC) -

().
, ,
[entity ]
,
.
-
[establishment-type units ].

,
,
,
. ,
(
1989),
: , ,
;
; ;
; ; ;
; , ,
;
; , ;
;
, ;
;
; ;
; ,
;
.
1.2.13. International Standards of Accounting and Reporting
- .


(joint
venture).


(transaction) ,
, -

invoice

95

.
2.3.13. international tourism and business travel -
.
,

.
{Balance of National Economy)
.
2.1.17. items of foreign trade - .
,
.
: [commodities ],
,
;
[services ], -
, . ; [credits ], ,
,
.
[visible] ,
- [invisible ].
4.1.18. investment income as component of current account
.
,

, .
3.4.34. invoice - - ( ).
, ,

.
: ;
; ,
; ();
.
-,
,
, ,
, ,

96

invoice

()

() .

-.
[commercial invoice ]

.
, ,
[preliminary or provisional invoice ] ,


.
[finalinvoice]

, .
- [memorandum invoice ] -
(
),
.
.
[customs invoice ] ,
-.
.

.
[consular invoice ] -
. ,
()
-
,

.
,
,

.
.

judgement currency clause

97

J
1.2.14. joint venture - .
,
(.concept of an economy of balance payments)
.
,


.


,
.


,
,

, -
,
.
3.2.15. judgement currency clause - ,
.
,
. ,

,
, ,
,
.
,
1 . .
.

,
.
,
, ,

.
4.

knock off

98

2.2.16. knock off - , .

,
,
.
,
.

,
, .
. ,

.
2.2.17. know-how - -.
, ,
,

, .
, , ,
.
1.1.05. Kondratievs theory of large cyclical movement of
business activity -
.
, . .. (18921938) (., 1928),
60-70-
.


.

(business
cycle indicators) -
.

100-150 -

.
,

Kondratievs theory of large cyclical movement of business activity

99

.

,
.



.

100

Laspeyres purchasing power parity

L
5.2.06. Laspeyres purchasing power parity -
.
,

.

:

pis - i s; \ i ; 2 pisQiir
s ;
2 pikQikr
PikQik

- - .
3.1.11. less than fair value - .

,


.
(dumping),
3.3.22. letter of comfort - .

( ),
,
,
. ,
-
.


.
3.4.36. letter of credit - .

, ()
() ,

letter of credit

101

(Mil of exchange) ,
. ,
, , [beneficiary ]. ,
,
, [applicant ].
[revocable], ..

, [irrevocable ], ..

, .
,
[confirmed ]
[unconfirmed ]. ,
( )
.

-. ,

.
,
( ),
,
.
(banker*s acceptance) .

[drafts at sight ],
.
[time drafts ],
[drafts at thirty
days sight ],

.
,
.

,
[discrepancy ].

102

letter of credit clause

.
,
, [discrepancy
presentation ].

,
,

[International Chamber of Commerce ]
,

[Uniform Customs and Practices ].
3.4.37. letter of credit clause .
, ,


.
3.4.38. letter of indemnity .
,
.
[foul bill of
lading ],
.
5 .1 .0 5 . linking the re su lts of region al international
com parison-
.

(1970, 1973 1975 .)


(purchasing power parities) .



.
(1980)
,
(International Comparison Programm) ,

loading

103

.


,

-
.

, .. ,
,
.


, (
-).
1.1.06. liquiditi ratio .
,
(Mi)
(),
,

(. money).
1.3.28. liquidity rationing -
.

.


, .
3.4.39. loading - .

,
(bill of
exchange), ().
,

104

loan as external means of financing

, - ,
.
4.4.22. loan as external means of financing -
.

,

, (
),
.


. ,
.


. (
)


.
4.6.08. loan pricing - .


.
[commitment fees ],

.
3.4.40. long bill - .
(bill of exchange),

. , ,
60-90 .
4.4.23. long rate -
.

(longbill),
.

loss payee

105

4.1.19. long-term capital transactions -

.

(balance of payments) ,
,
,
.
1.3.29. loss payee - .
(policy)
,
.
,

.

106

market price equivalents

M
4.1.20. market price equivalents -
.
(b a la n s o f
payments) (
)
(.financical
leasing)
,
,
.
1.1.07. market services .
, (
- ),

. ( System of National Accounts)
,
,
,
.
4.3.03. material product accounts concept of the internal
economy -
.


(Balance of National Economy)
,

.
,
.
5.1.06. measure of economic development at national and
international level -
.
,
,
() (gross national
product),
( )

merchandise

107

,
.

,
,
,
.



.

() [gross
domestic product], , ,
- .
2.2.18. merchandise - () .
, () -
()
.
,

,
. (balance
of paym ents)- () ,


(.residents of an economy).
,
,
.
, -
- (f.o.b. (free on board) value),
- , - (c.Lf. (cost, insurance and freight) value).

,
.. ,
, ,
.

108

merchandise inventories

4.2.10. merchandise inventories-

.
,
. (
)
.
,
.
,
.
,
,
, ,
.

. , ,
,
,


.
2.2.19. merchanting abroad-
.
,
(International Monetary Fund)
( balance of payments) ,
,
, , ^
.

,

(. residents of an economy) 9 ,
,
.
.
2.2.20. monetization of gold - .
() ()
,

money

109

(allocation of special drawing

rights SDR) .
- ,


. ,


.
( balance
of payments) ,

() ()
.

,
( ,
).


,
, ,
.
1.3.30. money - .
,
.

(inflation)

.

.
,
,
,
.

,
.

110

multiyear debt rescheduling agreement

:
Mi - , , ,
;
2 - , ,
;
- , Mi
2 .
,
() ,
2 .

,

- .
4.4.24. multiyear debt rescheduling agreement -

.
,

,

. -


(balance of payments) -.

notes bounds convertible into local equity

111

N
1.1.08. national economy .
(resident entity),

.

: ,
- ;
,
,
, ,
..; ,
.. ,

,
, ; ,
( commercial free zone).
1.3.31. net interest - .

,
.
1.2.15. noncommercial transactions -
.
,
[non-resident of an economy ]
.

(balance of payments) ,
,
.
1.1.09. non market services - .
,

,
.
(, , ),
(
, , ..).
4.4.25. notes bounds convertible into local equity -

112

notes bounds convertible into local eguity

,
.
, ,
.
-
.

on-lending

2.1.18. observation of international trade statistics

,
.


:
( merchandise),
; ,
; ,

, , , ;
; , ,
(, ) ;
,
; , ,
,
,
,
,
; ,
;
; ,

; ,
, ..,

; ,
()
( ); ,
, (
); ,
().
4.4.26. on-lending
.
,

.

114

output of foreign trade

.
4.3.04. output of foreign trade -

().
( Balance
of National Economy)

, -
,
.

,
. -

, ,
, .



.

.


,

.
,
.

:
<2=(#- )

(, > ; , < ) ,

; ~ ,

:

payments transaction

115

P
5.2.07. Paasche purchasing power parity -

.
-
,
.
,
, :
0 'ZpikQis _ 'pik/pis) (PisQis)
ZPisQte
fiisPis

pik - i ; pis i s; ^pikQb

5 ;
2 PisQis s
.
4.1.21. payments transaction

.
(balance of payments)
,
,
.

- ,
( )
,

[economic value],
.
[current transaction ].
)
- ,
, [goods,
services, income], [financial item s].


,
.

116

policy

,
(unilateral transfers),
,
,
.

(allocation of special drawing rights) (SDR)
,
,
, .
,
(), ,
,
.
1.3.32. policy - .
,
.
,

.

[foreign credit insurance association ].
4.6.09. price index for gross national product (GNP) -
().
,

(gross national
product) . ( )

(consumer price index), (wholesale
price index) [producer price
index ]. ,

,
,
(inflation)

.

purchasing power parities (PPP)

117

2.2.21. processing abroad of goods -

.
(balance of payments)
,
:

,
, , ,
,
.
, ,
,
(. residents of an
economy) .

.
5.2.00. purchasing power parities (PPP) -
.

,
-
.


,
, ..
-,
,
, , , .

-,

, .

,

-
(Balance of National

118

purpose of international comparison project

Economy), (System of
National Accounts) .
5.1.00. purpose of international comparison project -
.
(International
Comparison Programme)


,

.




.

(System
of National Accounts) -
.


,
.
,
,
, -
,
.
-

-.


,
,
,
.

quantity international comparison of gross domestic product________ 119

Q
5.1.07. quantity international comparison of gross domestic
product -
.

(International
Comparison Programme)
-
:


(purchasing power parities).


(System of National Accounts)
.


.


.
( )


.

120

relationship between purchasing pawer parity and exchang rate

R
5.2.08. relationship between purchasing pawer parity and
exchang rate -
.
,
(convertibility),

,
,
.
(purchasing power parities)

, ,
.



. ,
.

.
,
,

.
()
,
,
.

, ,
.

,

.
2.3.14. repairs abroad of capital goods -
.

,

rest of the world accounts

121

.


.
2.2.22. repairs abroad of goods -
.
,
, .
,
.
4.1.22. resident entity -
() .
(System of National
Accounts) (balance of payments)

[transactor ] [holders of stocks ].
4.1.23. residents of an economy -
.
(
)
, ,
, ,
,
;

,
.

.
4.2.12. rest of the world accounts -
.
- ,
(System of
National Accounts)

.

(international standard classification of external economic
activity).

122

results of external transaction in statistics of gross national product

CHC

(balance of current transaction with the
rest of the world),
- (account of
foreign investment), ,

.

[net lending] [net
borrowing ].

,

.
4.2.11.
results of external transaction in statistics of gross
national product -
,
.


(System of National Accounts)
(balance of
payments),
.
(gross national product) -
-
.
, ,

,

. ,

standard component of balancc of payments

123

s
5.3.04. sam pling distribution applies to international
comparison -
.


.

(purchasing power
parities)
-.
,
, -
, .
-
-

.
,
, , ,


-
(inflation).
4.1.24. shipment as component of current account -
.
(balance of payments) ,

,
- .

.
, , ,
.
4.1.25. standard component of balance of payments .
,

.

124

Standard International Trade Classification (SITC)

.
.
,
, ,
.


: .


. , ,
, ,

(. balance of payments account).
1.2.16. Standard International Trade Classification (SITC)
().
,

.

, , ,

.
,

(Harmonized Commodity Description and Cording
System),
,
, ,
.


,
.
,

.

subject of international trade statistics

125

,
-
, .
, ,
,
.



,
.
,
1985, 10 [sections ]:
; ;
, ;
, ;
, ;
,
; ,
;
; ;
, .

[divisions], 67,
[groups ] 261; [basic
headings] 3118.
4.2.13. statistical units SNA - CHC
(System of National Accounts) .
CHC,
,

, .
2.0.00. subject of international trade statistics -
.

(international trade statistics)
,

.

126

System of National Accounts (SNA)

,
,
,
.


.
,
,
:
,
; ,
,
(balance of
payments); ,

.
4.2.00. System of National Accounts (SNA) -
().


.
,
,
, .
( )

.
,
, -
.
,
,

, .

-
,
.

System of National Accounts (SNA)

127

(gross national product) ,
,

.


, ,
.

tax

128

4.5.00. tax , duty, levy- , , , .

, ,
. ,
,
(System of National Accounts)
. ,
, .. ,
,
.
4.5.15. taxes on international trade
.

.


;
, , .
, , -, ; -,

,
.

(customs duties) .
(balance of
payments) ,

,
.
(gross national product).
3.1.12. term of trade - .

, ..
.
5.2.09. Tomqvist purchasing power parity
.

(ps) ()

transaction records

129

, 1936

.

(/) s ,
(ws) (^ ,
:

/?=

[/ ^ +2.

3.3.23. trade acceptance - .

,
.
4.4.27. trade and project loans - ,

.
,

,
.

.
4.2.14. transaction - .
, ,
;
,
;

.
4.1.26. transaction records-
().
(International Monetary Fond)
(balance of payments)
() ,
, , ..
()
.
()
,
. .

130

transactor (in SNA)

..
4.2.15. transactor (in SNA) - (
).
.
[classifications of transactors ]
(System of National Accounts)

[industries] [institutional
sectors ]. -




[kind of activity classification].


(International Standard Industrial Classification
of all Economic Activities), ..
[establishment-type units ].

,

, ..
(statistical units SNA),
[enterprise-type units ].
:
; (
) ;
,
;
( ,
).
4.1.27. travel as component of current account -
.
(balance of payments),
,

,

travel as component of current account

131

.

.

[international tourist receipts ] , -,
,
, ,
,
; -, ,
,
,
.

unilateral transfers

132

u
4.1.28. unilateral transfers - .
(balance of payments),

- ,
, , .
-
-
.
,

,
,

.
4.1.29. unit of account in balance of payments statistics
.

(balance of payments)

,
.
. (International
Monetary Fund)
,
(.
valuation of international transaction)
,
,
, CHC (System of National Accounts).
,
,
.
. ,
,
.
, ,

unit of account in balance of payments statistics

133

(
) (convertibility).
,
,

.

,
,

, ,
.

134

valuation of commodities in external trade

3.0.00. valuation of commodities in external trade -

.

(. residents of an
economy) .

-,
(insurance)
, , ..
(international trade
statistics)
,

.
4.3.05. valuation of economic links witn foreign countries
.

(Balance of National Economy)
,
, -,

; -,
; -,

,
,

.

,
. ,
-
,
.
3.1.13. valuation of exports of goods -
.

valuation of imports of goods

135

(international trade
statistics)
(f.o.b. {free on
board) value), ..
-.
- - ,
, -, ; -,
; -,
,

; -, .


,
.

,
.
3.1.14. valuation of imports of goods -
.

(c.i.f.
(cost, insurance and freight) value).

, .
-. -
-
-. -

- -.

.
,
, ,
, ,
- .
,

136

valuation of international transaction

,
-
, {f.o.b. {free on board)
value),
.
4.1.30. valuation of international transaction
.

{balance of payments)
.

,
,

.

,

(International Monetary Fund)
,
,

- ,

.

, .
,
,
, , -,
,
, ,
, -,
, ,

.

.
3.1.15. value of merchandise - ,

137

value of merchandise

.
,
,
.
() ,
(balance of payments).
.

,

.
, ,

, (f.o.b.
(free on board ) value) -
.

wholesale price index

138

w
4.6.10. wholesale price index - .
,
(International Monetary Fund)

- .

.

- ,
, ..

,

.

.
,
().
(index-number applies to
international comparison)

, .
,
,


[producer price
index ].
, , ,
,
.
5.1.08. world comparisons of real product -
.
,
(. gross domestic product derivated
from net material product),
.

(International Comparison programme)

139

world comparisons of real product

,
.
,
(individual consumption of
population); ;
;
;
.
,
, ,
-
.

BALANCE OF PAYMENTS MANUAL
Fourth Edition: International Monetary Fund,
Washington, 1977.XVl,203p.


4- ., ,
, 1977, 203 .

BALANCE OF PAYMENTS MANUAL,

. :

;
residents of an economy);
(valuation of international
transaction);
[time of recordings ];
( unit of account in balance of payments
statistics)
,
;
,
(analytic presentation of the balance of payments) ;
(standard component of
balance of payments) ; (balance on
goods, services, income and unrequited transfers);
(capital account).

141

EXTERNAL DEBT
Definition, statistical coverage and methodology.
World Bank, International Monetary Fund,
Bank for International Settlements,
Organization for Economic Cooperation and
Development,
Paris,1988,178.

,
,
,
,
,
, 1988,178 .


.
,
,

.

,
(concept of external debt).

(financial
instruments in SNA and BO P).



.
(gross external
debt).
.


.

142

E U R O PEA N SY ST E M OF IN T E G R A T E D
ECONOMIC ACCOUNTS (ESA)
Statistical Office of the European Communities
Luxemburg 1980, 230 p.

,
, 1980, 230 .

,
,
.
,
.
:

(statistical units
SNA),
,
(classification of external transaction in
SNA) ,
,
[net lending or net
borrowing of the nation ].
(national economy),
[institution
unit], [institution sectors]
[branches ].
,
[transaction on goods
and services ], .

: (exports of goods),
(imports of goods), (exports of services),
(imports of services) .
, ,

143

,

(taxes on international
trade).
,
(financial transactions).
, ( ,
, ..).
,

.

.
INTERNATIONAL TRADE STATISTICS
Concepts and definitions.
United Nations, New York, 1982, 83 p.

.
,
-, 1982, 83 .
,


.
,

, .
,

(observation of international trade statistics).

(external trade system of recording).

, (customs frontier),
(custom s d eclaratio n ),

144

(customs territory),
(customs warehouse). ,
(foreign trade system)


.

(Harmonized Commodity
Discription and Coding System).
(f.o.b.
(free on board) value) (c.i.f.
(cost, insurance and freigt) value).

, -
, .

List of terms combined to form groups and

classes
Class :
Group:

Group:

ACTIVITY
business cycle
business cycle indicators
currency ration
financial transaction
index-number of world industrial
production
Kondratievs theory of large cyclical
movement of business activity
liguidity ratio
market services
national economy
non market services
international standard
classification of external economic
activity
capital transaction
classes of financial instrument in SNA
classification of external transaction in
Balance of National Economy
classification of external transaction in
SNA
commodities
financial instruments in SNA and BOP
flow of external trade
foreign aid for economic assistance
Harmonized Commodity Description
and Coding System
horizontal integration
infant industry
International Standard Industrial
Classification of all Economic Activities
(ISIC)

. .

Code
1.0.00
1.1.00
1.1.01
1.1.02
1.1.03
1.1.04
1.1.05
1.1.06
1.1.07
1.1.08
1.1.09

1.2.00
1.2.01
1.2.02
1.2.03
1.2.04
1.2.05
1.2.06
1.2.07
1.2.08
1.2.09
1.2.10
1.2.11
1.2.12

146
In te rn a tio n a l S ta n d a rd s of Accounting

a nd Rep o r t i n g
joint ve n t u r e
n o n c om m e r c i a l t r a ns a c t i o ns
S t a n d a r d Int er nati onal T r a d e
Cl as s i f i c a t i o n ( S I TC )
fu n d s a c c o u n t s
bank
c o n s u m e r i n s t a l l me n t credit
cur r e nc y
d e mo n e t i z a t i o n
de sp a t c h m o n e y
di f f e r e n c e in c o n d i t i o n s
Eu r ope a n Mo n e t a r y S y s t e m ( E MS )
e x c e s s of loss treaty
e x c e s s return
fi nancial l e a s i n g

1. 2. 13
1. 2. 14

f i nancial risk

1.3.1 1
1. 3. 12
1. 3. 13
1. 3.14
1 . 3. 15
1. 3. 16
1. 3. 17
1. 3. 18
1. 3. 19
1 . 3. 20

flat m o n e y
flight of capital
fl oati ng policy
flow of f u n d s a c c o u n t s
forei gn credit i ns ur a n c e
funct i onal cu r r e n c y
ge ne r a l a s s et c u r r e n c y
ge ne r a l l i c e n s e
gol d fl ows
gross o utput of b a n k s a n d s i mi l a r
fi nancial i ns t i t ut i o ns
hot m o n e y
i n d e x - n u m b e r of p u r c h a s i ng p o we r
insurance
int erest rate risk
int erna t i o na l d e p o si t o r y receipt ( I D R )
I nt ernati onal M o n e t a r y Fu n d ( I MF)
li quidity r a t i o ni ng
loss p a y e e
money
net int erest
policy

1. 2. 15
1. 2. 16
1. 3 . 0 0
1.3.01
1. 3. 02
1.3. 03
1. 3. 04
1. 3. 05
1. 3. 06
1. 3. 07
1. 3. 08
1. 3. 09
1. 3 . 1 0

1.3.21
1. 3. 22
1. 3. 23
1. 3. 24
1. 3. 25
1. 3. 26
1. 3. 27
1 . 3. 28
1. 3 . 2 9
1. 3. 3 0
1.3.31
1. 3. 32

147

Class
Group:

Group:

SUBJECT OF INTERNATIONAL
TRADE STATISTICS
g e ne r al princi ple o f r e c o r d i ng all o u t
flows and in-flows o f go od s
a c c o u n t i n g for f orei gn trade
a d m i s s i o n t e mp o r a i r c
c l e a r an c e thr ough c u s t o m s for h o m e
us e
c o mm e r c i a l free z o n e
cust oms declaration
c u s t o m s district for imports
c u s t o m s front ier
c u s t o m s territory
c u s t o m s transit
C ust om s Union
customs warehouse
d e st i n a t i o n c l a u s e
e xp o r ts a s re c o r d i ng s y s t e m
e x t e r n a l trade s y s t e m s of r ec o r d i ng
f orei gn trade s y s t e m
i mp ort s as r e c o r d i ng s y s t e m
i t ems o f forei gn t r a de
o b s e r v a t i o n of i n t e r n a t i o n a l trade
st at i s t i c s
bil ateral a g r e e m e n t
bil ateral restraint a g r e e m e n t
b l oc kad a
contraband
c o n v e n ti o n a l i n t e r n a t i o n a l law
C o n v e n t i o n on Int e r na t i o na l T r a d e in
E n d a n g e r e d S p e c i e s o f Flora a n d F a u n a
cultural a d i a p h o r a
cult ural e x c l u s i v e
'embargo
. e xc l u s i v e d e a l i n g a g r e e m e n t
e x p o rt s o f g o o d s
f l oat i ng s u p p l y
i mi tat i on lag
i mpor t s of g o o d s
import s u b s t i t ut i o n

2.0.00
2.1.00
2. 1. 01
2.1.02
2.1.03
2.1.04
2.1.05
2.1.06
2.1.07
2.1.08
2.1.09
2.1.10
2. 1. 11
2.1.12
2.1.13
2.1.14
2.1.15
2.1.16
2.1.17
2.1.18
2.2.00
2. 2. 01
2.2.02
2.2.03
2.2.04
2.2.05
2.2.06
2.2.07
2.2.08
2.2.09
2.2.10
2. 2. 11
2.2.12
2.2.13
2.2.14

148

international commodity agreements

knock off
know-how
merchandise
merchanting abroad
monetization of gold
processing abroad of goods
repairs abroad of goods
concept of services in international trade
statistics
accessorial services
constraction abroad
export and import of material services
export and import of non-material
services
exports of goods transport services
exports of insurances
exports of other kinds of transports
services
exports of pasenger transports services
exports of services
imports of services
imports of transport services
installation abroad
international tourism and business travel
repairs abroad of capital goods
VALUATION OF COMMODITIES IN
EXTERNAL TRADE
customs valuation
c.i.f. (cost, insurance and freight) value
contract rate
customs valuation code
dedicated to single-use test
dumping
fair market value
f.o.b. (free on boad) value
foreign market price
General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade
(GATT)
industrial competitiveness index

2.2.15
2.2.16
2.2.17
2.2.18
2.2.19
2.2.20
2.2.21
2.2.22
2.3.00
2.3.01
2.3.02
2.3.03
2.3.04
2.3.05
2.3.06
2.3.07
2.3.08
2.3.09
2.3.10
2.3.11
2.3.12
2.3.13
2.3.14
3.0.00
3.1.00
3.1.01
3.1.02
3.1.03
3.1.04
3.1.05
3.1.06
3.1.07
3.1.08
3.1.09
3.1.10

149

Group:

Group:

less than fair value

term of trade
valuation of exports of goods
valuation of imports of goods
value of merchandise
convertibility
blocked exchange
convertible currency
currency convertible in fact
currency risk
devaluation
differential exchange rates
dirty float
divergence threshold
exchange control
floating exchange rates
forward exchange contract
forward margin
fundamental disequilibrium
gold standard
judgement currency clause
acceptance financing
accept
acceptability
acceptance
acceptance and return
acceptance commission
acceptance credit
acceptance house
acceptance liability
acceptance supra protest
acceptor
bankers acceptance
call transaction
delivery order
fronting
hedging
hypothecation
hypothecation certificate
indent

3.1.11
3.1.12
3.1.13
3.1.14
3.1.15
3.2.00
3.2.01
3.2.02
3.2.03
3.2.04
3.2.05
3.2.06
3.2.07
3.2.08
3.2.09
3.2.10
3.2.11
3.2.12
3.2.13
3.2.14
3.2.15
3.3.00
3.3.01
3.3.02
3.3.03
3.3.04
3.3.05
3.3.06
3.3.07
3.3.08
3.3.09
3.3.10
3.3.11
3.3.12
3.3.13
3.3.14
3.3.15
3.3.16
3.3.17
3.3.18

150

Group:

indent agent
interest arbitrage
interest-bearing draft
letter of comfort
trade acceptance
financial paper
accommodation bill
accommodation endorsement
anticipatory letter of credit
aval
bankers bill
bill
bill at sight
bills in a set
bill of credit
bill of exchange
bill of lading
bill payable
blank endorsement
blank transfer
blanket inventory lien
blocked account
clean bill
commercial bill
contract demurrage
contract of affreightment
delayed payment credit
demand bill
direct collection letter
direct collection order
discounting
dock receipt
documentary bill of exchange
draft
drawee
drawer
due date
eligible papers
endorsement
invoice

3.3.19
3.3.20
3.3.21
3.3.22
3.3.23
3.4.00
3.4.01
3.4.02
3.4.03
3.4.04
3.4.05
3.4.06
3.4.07
3.4.08
3.4.09
3.4.10
3.4 11
3.4.12
3.4.13
3.4.14
3.4.15
3.4.16
3.4.17
3.4.18
3.4.19
3.4.20
3.4.21
3.4.22
3.4.23
3.4.24
3.4.25
3.4.26
3.4.27
3.4.28
3.4.29
3.4.30
3.4.31
3.4.32
3.4.33
3.4.34

151

house bill
letter of credit
letter of credit clause
letter of indemnity
loading
long bill
C l a s s . BALANCE OF PAYMENTS AND
SYSTEM OF NATIONAL ACCOUNTS
Group:
balance of payments (BOP)
allocation of special drawing rights (SDR)
analytic presentation of the balance of
payments
balance of payments manual
balance of payments statement
balance on goods, services, income and
unrequited transfers
capital account
change of ownership
concept of an economy of balance of
payments
current account of balance of payments
direct investment as component of capital
account
double-entry system
exchange transactions
external transaction in financial claim
factor services
factoring
foreign currency statement
foreign currency translation
investment income as component of
current account
long-term capital tansactions
market price equivalents
payments transaction
resident entity
residents of an economy
shipment as component of current account
standard component of balance of

3.4.35
3.4.36
3.4.37
3.4.38
3.4.39
3.4.40
4.0.00
4.1.00
4.1.01
4.1.02
4.1.03
4.1.04
4.1.05
4.1.06
4.1.07
4.1.08
4.1.09
4.1.10
4.1.11
4.1.12
4.1.13
4.1.14
4.1.15
4.1.16
4.1.17
4.1.18
4.1.19
4.1.20
4.1.21
4.1.22
4.1.23
4.1.24
4.1.25

152

Group:

Group:

Group:

transaction records
travel as component of current account
unilateral transfers
unit of account in balance of payments
statistics
valuation of international transaction
System of National Accounts (SNA)
account of foreign investment
assets
balance of current transaction with the
rest of the world
balance of payments account
depreciation charge
gross capital formation
gross national product (GNR)
gross output of distributive trades
income explosion
merchandise inventories
result of external transaction in statistics
of gross national product
rest of the world accounts
statistical units SNA
transaction
transactor (in SNA)
Balance of National Economy
direct foreign trade turnover
foreign trade earnings
material product accounts concept of the
internal economy
output of foreign trade
valuation of economic links with foreign
countries
external debt
acquittance
agreed minute of debt reschedulings
concept of external debt
debt monetization
debt nation
debt service ration
D.F.C. currency basket scheme

4.1.26
4.1.27
4.1.28
4.1.29
4.1.30
4.2.00
4.2.01
4.2.02
4.2.03
4.2.04
4.2.05
4.2.06
4.2.07
4.2.08
4.2.09
4.2.10
4.2.11
4.2.12
4.2.13
4.2.14
4.2.15
4.3.00
4.3.01
4.3.02
4.3.03
4.3.04
4.3.05
4.4.00
4.4.01
4.4.02
4.4.03
4.4.04
4.4.05
4.4.06
4.4.07

153

Group:

Group:

external debt conversion

external debt refinancing
external debt reorganization
external debt rescheduling
external debt service payments
external debt service ratio
familiar drawing techniques
financial innovation of external debt
floor
forfaiting
forgiveness of external debt
funded debt
grants from abroad
gross external debt
loan as external means of financing
long rate
multiyear debt rescheduling agreement
notes bounds convertible into local equity
on-lending
trade and project loans
tax
conventional duty
customs duties
domestic taxes on goods collected at
import
double taxation
exchange profits
excise tax
export duties
forced tax system
general tariff
harbor dues
hidden tax
indirect business tax and nontax liability
import duties
improper inducement
taxes on international trade
inflation
administered pricing
consumer price index

4.4.08
4.4.09
4.4.10
4.4.11
4.4.12
4.4.13
4.4.14
4.4.15
4.4.16
4.4.17
4.4.18
4.4.19
4.4.20
4.4.21
4.4.22
4.4.23
4.4.24
4.4.25
4.4.26
4.4.27
4.5.00
4.5.01
4.5.02
4.5.03
4.5.04
4.5.05
4.5.06
4.5.07
4.5.08
4.5.09
4.5.10
4.5.11
4.5.12
4.5.13
4.5.14
4.5.15
4.6.00
4.6.01
4.6.02

154

Class:
Group:

Group:

deflationary gap
depreciation (monetary)
Framework for Compiling Price
Statistics
gold crisis
gold inflation
loan pricing
price index for gross national product
(GNR)
wholesale price index
INTERNATIONAL COMPARISON
PROGRAMME (ICP)
purpose of international comparison
project
defence expenditures
detailed commodity categories (basic
commodity headings)
gross domestic product derivated from net
material product
individual consumption of population
linking the results of regional
international comparison
measure of economic development at
national and international level
quantity international comparison of
gross domestic product
world comparisons of real product
purchasing power parities (PPP)
accuracy of purchasing power parity
costing agreement
Fisher purchasing power parity
Geary-Khamis formula international
prices
inflation and purchasing power parity
Laspeyres purchasing power parity
Paasche purchasing power parity
relationship between purchasing power
parity and exchange rate
Tornqvist purchasing power parity

4.6.03
4.6.04
4.6.05
4.6.06
4.6.07
4.6.08
4.6.09
4.6.10
5.0.00
5.1.00
5.1.01
5.1.02
5.1.03
5.1.04
5.1.05
5.1.06
5.1.07
5.1.08
5.2.00
5.2.01
5.2.02
5.2.03
5.2.04
5.2.05
5.2.06
5.2.07
5.2.08
5.2.09

155

Group:

deviation methods in statistics of

purchasing power parities
average applies to purchasing power
parity
index-number applies to international
comparison
international price statistics
sampling distribution applies to
international comparison

5.3.00
5.3.01
5.3.02
5.3.03
5.3.04

:
:

,


,

-

()

1.0.00

1.1.00
1.1.04

1.1.01
1. 1.02
1.1.06
1.1.08
1.1.09
1.1.07
1.1.05
1.1.03

1.2.00
1.2.11
1.2.09
1.2.10
1.2.02

1.2.03
1.2.04
1.2.07
1.2.13
1.2.16

157

()

()

()

()
,
, "
, ,

1.2.12
1.2.15
1.2.01
1.2.14
1.2.05

1.2.06
1.2.08
1.3.00
1.3.01
1.3.18
1.3.13
1.3.21
1.3.19
1.3.14
1.3.22
1.3.04
1.3.30
1.3.05
1.3.08
1.3.07
1.3.23
1.3.29
1.3.26
1.3.27
1.3.03

1.3.12
1.3.32

158

, ,

:


:

1.3.20
1.3.02
1.3.25
1.3.17
1.3.06
1.3.28
1.3.09
L3.24
1.3.16
1.3.15
1.3.10
1.3.11
1.3.31

2.0.00

2.1.00
2.1.02
2.1.04
2.1.16
2.1.03
2.1.12
2.1.15
2.1.14

2.1.18
2.1.01
2.1.17
2.1.07
2.1.05
2.1.08
2.1.11

159

:


,

2.1.10
2.1.09
2.1.06
2.1.13
2.2.00
2.2.02
2.2.07
2.2.06
2.2.18
2.2.01
2.2.12
2.2.13
2.2.14

2.2.05
2.2.03
2.2.04
2.2.15
2.2.20
2.2.17
2.2.19
2.2.21
2.2.16
2.2.22
2.2.11
2.2.09
2.2.10
2.2.08
2.3.00
2.3.01

160

:

:

()

(, ,
)

( )

, -

2.3.11
2.3.10
2.3.13
2.3.14
2.3.02
2.3.12
2.3.07
2.3.03
2.3.04
2.3.09
2.3.08
2.3.05
2.3.06

3 .0.00
3.1.00
3.1.09
3.1.05
3.1.11
3.1.10
3.1.02
3.1.03
3.1.06

3.1.01
3.1.07
3.1.14
3.1.13

161

:



,

,







:

3.1.15
3.1.04
3.1.12
3.1.08
3.2.00
3.2.01
3.2.09
3.2.04
3.2.07
3.2.05
3.2.06
3.2.11
3.2.14
3.2.02
3.2.15
3.2.10
3.2.08
3.2.12
3.2.03
3.2.13
3.3.00
3.3.10
3.3.07
3.3.09
3.3.04
3.3.11
3.3.12
3.3.06
3.3.17
3.3.05
3.3.18

162

()






,

-

3.3.19
3.3.16
3.3.08
3.3.01
3.3.02
3.3.03
3.3.21
3.3.20
3.3.13
3.3.22
3.3.23
3.3.14
3.3.15
3.4.00
3.4.36
3.4.03
3.4.21
3.4.37
3.4.05
3.4.13
3.4.14
3.4.16
3.4.06
3.4.12
3.4.38
3.4.20
3.4.26
3.4.27
3.4.40
3.4.35
3.4.01
3.4.02
3.4.33
3.4.18
3.4.08

163

()

:

:


,,

3.4.09
3.4.11
3.4.39
3.4.24
3.4.10
3.4.07
3.4.23
3.4.04
3.4.19
3.4.15
3.4.22
3.4.32
3.4.31
3.4.34
3.4.30
3.4.29
3.4.28
3.4.25
3.4.17
4.0.00
4.1.00
4.1.02
4.1.05
4.1.04
4.1.17
4.1.13
4.1.18
4.1.12

164

,


()



:
( )

4.1.28
4.1.19
4.1.24
4.1.16
4.1.07
4.1.08
4.1.26
4.1.10
4.1.01
4.1.29
4.1.23
4.1.03
4.1.11
4.1.25
4.1.30
4.1.06
4.1.09
4.1.27
4.1.15
4.1.14
4.1.22
4.1.20
4.1.21
4.2.00
4.2.02

165

,









( )
: ()

()






:


,


,

4.2.03
4.2.08
4.2.07
4.2.06

4.2.11
4.2.09
4.2.14
4.2.05
4.2.13
4.2.12
4.2.01
4.2.04
4.2.10
4.2.15
4.3.00
4.3.04
4.3.02
4.3.03
4.3.01
4.3.05
4.4.00
4.4.21

4.4.25
4.4.07
4.4.01
4.4.22
4.4.27
4.4.08
4.4.19

166

-, -
-

:
, ,

4.4.13
4.4.26
4.4.16
4.4.12
4.4.11
4.4.03
4.4.04
4.4.23

4.4.02

4.4.24
4.4.18
4.4.06
4.4.05
4.4.20
4.4.10
4.4.09
4.4.14
4.4.15
4.4.17
4.5.00
4.5.06
4.5.03
4.5.04
4.5.01
4.5.13

167

:






()

-


()

:
( )
:

,

.
(
)

4.5.12
4.5.15
4.5.14
4.5.09
4.5.10
4.5.05
4.5.08
4.5.11
4.5.02
4.5.07
4.6.00
4.6.03
4.6.07
4.6.06
4.6.10
4.6.02
4.6.09
4.6.04
4.6.05
4.6.08
4.6.01

5.0.00
5.1.00

5.1.03
5.1.02
5.1.04
5.1.07

168

:
















-

:




() ,

5.1.05
5.1.01

5.1.06
5.1.08
5.2.00
5.2.01

5.2.08
5.2.05
5.2.06
5.2.07
5.2.09
5.2.03
5.2.02
5.2.04
5.3.00
5.3.04
5.3.03
5.3.02
5.3.01

169

100

13

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102
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8

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19
19
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75
20
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22
22
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111
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59

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75

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81
81

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76
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83
84
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87
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86
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27

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59
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92

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94
108

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63
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97
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JI.H. , . .
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