DESCRIPCIN DE LOS DATOS

Archivo patr7079.dat tiene datos sobre 346 empresas

Hay 4 lneas por cada empresa, con 25 variables

Invariante en el tiempo: CUSIP, ARDSSIC, SCISECT, logK, SUMPAT,

Variantes en el tiempo X: LOGR70, LOGR71, LOGR72, ....., LOGR77, LOGR78, LOGR79

Variantes en el tiempo Y: PAT70, PAT71, PAT72, ....., PAT77, PAT78, PAT79

Donde:
CUSIP

Nmero de identificacin para la empresa.

ARDSIC

Un cdigo de dos dgitos para la clasificacin industrial.

SCISECT

Dummy igual a uno para las empresas del sector cientfico.

LogK

El logaritmo del valor contable del capital en 1972.

SUMPAT

La suma de patentes solicitadas entre 1972-1979.

LOGR70-LOGR79

: Logaritmo del gasto en I+D durante el ao (en dlares de 1972).

PAT70-PAT79

El nmero de patentes solicitadas durante el ao en que fueron

finalmente concedidas.

LEYENDO LOS DATOS

Los datos estn en patr7079.asc archivo ascii

Hay 346 observaciones sobre 25 variables con cuatro lneas por observacin
Los datos tienen el formato siguiente:
La lnea 1 variables 1-8
I7, I3, I2, F12.6
La lnea 2 variables 9-14
F12.6
La lnea de 3 variables 15-20
F12.6
La lnea de 4 variables 20-25
F12.6

Leer utilizando el comando INFILE: FORMATO LIBRE SIN DICCIONARIO

El formato es libre, entonces no hay necesidad de un archivo de diccionario
Utilizamos el comando siguiente:
infile CUSIP ARDSSIC SCISECT LOGK SUMPAT LOGR70 LOGR71 LOGR72 LOGR73 /*
*/ LOGR74 LOGR75 LOGR76 LOGR77 LOGR78 LOGR79 PAT70 PAT71 PAT72 /*
*/ PAT73 PAT74 PAT75 PAT76 PAT77 PAT78 PAT79 using patr7079.asc

drop if _n>346

TRANSFORMANDO LOS DATOS

Utilizaremos el nmero de la observacin como un identificador de la empresa,

adems de CUSIP

gen id = _n
label variable id "id"
A continuacin describimos las variables en el conjunto de datos y resumimos
los datos

describe
summarize

DESCRIBIENDO LAS VARIABLES

. describe
Contains data
obs:
346
vars:
26
size:
38,752 (99.9% of memory free)
------------------------------------------------------------storage display
value
variable name
type
format
label
variable label
------------------------------------------------------------CUSIP
float %9.0g
ARDSSIC
float %9.0g
SCISECT
float %9.0g
LOGK
float %9.0g
SUMPAT
float %9.0g
LOGR70
float %9.0g
LOGR71
float %9.0g
LOGR72
float %9.0g
LOGR73
float %9.0g
LOGR74
float %9.0g
LOGR75
float %9.0g
LOGR76
float %9.0g
LOGR77
float %9.0g
LOGR78
float %9.0g
LOGR79
float %9.0g
PAT70
float %9.0g
PAT71
float %9.0g
PAT72
float %9.0g
PAT73
float %9.0g
PAT74
float %9.0g
PAT75
float %9.0g
PAT76
float %9.0g
PAT77
float %9.0g
PAT78
float %9.0g
PAT79
float %9.0g
id
float %9.0g
id
-------------------------------------------------------------Sorted by:
Note: dataset has changed since last saved

RESUMIENDO LOS DATOS

. summarize
Variable |
Obs
Mean
Std. Dev.
Min
Max
-------------+-------------------------------------------------------CUSIP |
346
531201.2
282074.9
800
989399
ARDSSIC |
336
9.97619
5.459706
1
21
SCISECT |
346
.4248555
.4950369
0
1
LOGK |
346
3.921063
2.095542
-1.76965
9.66626
SUMPAT |
346
284.7312
571.1136
0
3806
-------------+-------------------------------------------------------LOGR70 |
346
1.198348
1.941968
-3.67354
6.56641
LOGR71 |
346
1.169182
1.929444
-3.53055
6.95687
LOGR72 |
346
1.185953
1.929078
-3.35241
6.97009
LOGR73 |
346
1.231135
1.934896
-3.67395
7.06211
LOGR74 |
346
1.232636
1.946417
-3.15274
7.06524
-------------+-------------------------------------------------------LOGR75 |
346
1.165802
1.98001
-3.5476
6.76486
LOGR76 |
346
1.212888
1.979273
-3.84868
6.8285
LOGR77 |
346
1.250034
2.003002
-3.47884
6.90253
LOGR78 |
346
1.306511
2.019792
-3.2832
6.96345
LOGR79 |
346
1.345581
2.054982
-3.57742
7.03432
-------------+-------------------------------------------------------PAT70 |
346
40.00289
82.50335
0
608
PAT71 |
346
38.10983
78.40308
0
553
PAT72 |
346
36.30925
74.81591
0
557
PAT73 |
346
36.95376
77.91971
0
595
PAT74 |
346
37.60983
75.94388
0
528
-------------+-------------------------------------------------------PAT75 |
346
36.87283
75.98788
0
508
PAT76 |
346
35.84682
73.31613
0
487
PAT77 |
346
36.23121
72.75146
0
456
PAT78 |
346
32.80636
65.6505
0
434
PAT79 |
346
32.10116
66.36197
0
515
-------------+-------------------------------------------------------id |
346
173.5
100.0258
1
346

CAMBIAMOS LA ORGANIZACIN DE LOS DATOS

reshape long PAT LOGR, i(id) j(year)

describe
summarize

. reshape long PAT LOGR, i(id) j(year)

(note: j = 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79)
Data
wide
->
long
----------------------------------------------------------------------------Number of obs.
346
->
3460
Number of variables
26
->
9
j variable (10 values)
->
year
xij variables:
PAT70 PAT71 ... PAT79
->
PAT
LOGR70 LOGR71 ... LOGR79
->
LOGR
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------

DESCRIBIENDO LAS VARIABLES

. describe
Contains data
obs:
3,460
vars:
9
size:
141,860 (99.8% of memory free)
------------------------------------------------------------------------storage display
value
variable name
type
format
label
variable label
------------------------------------------------------------------------id
float %9.0g
id
year
byte
%9.0g
CUSIP
float %9.0g
ARDSSIC
float %9.0g
SCISECT
float %9.0g
LOGK
float %9.0g
SUMPAT
float %9.0g
LOGR
float %9.0g
PAT
float %9.0g
------------------------------------------------------------------------Sorted by: id year
Note: dataset has changed since last saved

RESUMIENDO LOS DATOS

. summarize
Variable |
Obs
Mean
Std. Dev.
Min
Max
-------------+-------------------------------------------------------id |
3460
173.5
99.89562
1
346
year |
3460
74.5
2.872696
70
79
CUSIP |
3460
531201.2
281707.7
800
989399
ARDSSIC |
3360
9.97619
5.452387
1
21
SCISECT |
3460
.4248555
.4943925
0
1
-------------+-------------------------------------------------------LOGK |
3460
3.921063
2.092814
-1.76965
9.66626
SUMPAT |
3460
284.7312
570.3701
0
3806
LOGR |
3460
1.229807
1.970524
-3.84868
7.06524
PAT |
3460
36.28439
74.46563
0
608

CREANDO NUEVAS VARIABLES CON AJUSTE POR PATENTES = 0

gen NEWPAT = PAT

replace NEWPAT = 0.5 if NEWPAT==0.
gen LPAT = ln(NEWPAT)
label variable LOGR "Ln(R&D)"
label variable LPAT "Ln(Patents)"
label variable PAT "Patents"

Generando los residuos MCO de LPAT regresado en LOGR

. regress LPAT LOGR

Source |
SS
df
MS
-------------+-----------------------------Model | 9543.62221
1 9543.62221
Residual | 3601.41249 3458 1.04147267
-------------+-----------------------------Total | 13145.0347 3459 3.80024131

Number of obs
F( 1, 3458)
Prob > F
R-squared
Adj R-squared
Root MSE

=
3460
= 9163.58
= 0.0000
= 0.7260
= 0.7259
= 1.0205

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------LPAT |
Coef.
Std. Err.
t
P>|t|
[95% Conf. Interval]
-------------+---------------------------------------------------------------LOGR |
.8429456
.0088058
95.73
0.000
.8256806
.8602106
_cons |
.8988033
.0204519
43.95
0.000
.8587043
.9389022
------------------------------------------------------------------------------

predict uols, residuals

. describe

Contains data from patr7079.dta

obs:
3,460
vars:
11
20 Feb 2013 10:16
size:
169,540 (99.7% of memory free)
----------------------------------------------------------------------storage display
value
variable name
type
format
label
variable label
----------------------------------------------------------------------id
float %9.0g
id
year
byte
%9.0g
CUSIP
float %9.0g
ARDSSIC
float %9.0g
SCISECT
float %9.0g
LOGK
float %9.0g
SUMPAT
float %9.0g
LOGR
float %9.0g
Ln(R&D)
PAT
float %9.0g
Patents
LPAT
float %9.0g
Ln(Patents)
uols
float %9.0g
Residuals
----------------------------------------------------------------------Sorted by: id year

. summarize
Variable |
Obs
Mean
Std. Dev.
Min
Max
-------------+-------------------------------------------------------id |
3460
173.5
99.89562
1
346
year |
3460
74.5
2.872696
70
79
CUSIP |
3460
531201.2
281707.7
800
989399
ARDSSIC |
3360
9.97619
5.452387
1
21
SCISECT |
3460
.4248555
.4943925
0
1
-------------+-------------------------------------------------------LOGK |
3460
3.921063
2.092814
-1.76965
9.66626
SUMPAT |
3460
284.7312
570.3701
0
3806
LOGR |
3460
1.229807
1.970524
-3.84868
7.06524
PAT |
3460
36.28439
74.46563
0
608
LPAT |
3460
1.935464
1.949421 -.6931472
6.410175
-------------+-------------------------------------------------------uols |
3460
-2.77e-10
1.020378 -3.400903
2.814375

. xtsum, i(id)
Variable
|
Mean
Std. Dev.
Min
Max |
Observations
-----------------+--------------------------------------------+---------------id
overall |
173.5
99.89562
1
346 |
N =
3460
between |
100.0258
1
346 |
n =
346
within |
0
173.5
173.5 |
T =
10
|
|
year
overall |
74.5
2.872696
70
79 |
N =
3460
between |
0
74.5
74.5 |
n =
346
within |
2.872696
70
79 |
T =
10
|
|
CUSIP
overall | 531201.2
281707.7
800
989399 |
N =
3460
between |
282074.9
800
989399 |
n =
346
within |
0
531201.2
531201.2 |
T =
10
|
|
ARDSSIC overall |
9.97619
5.452387
1
21 |
N =
3360
between |
5.459706
1
21 |
n =
336
within |
0
9.97619
9.97619 |
T =
10
|
|
SCISECT overall | .4248555
.4943925
0
1 |
N =
3460
between |
.4950369
0
1 |
n =
346
within |
0
.4248555
.4248555 |
T =
10
|
|
LOGK
overall | 3.921063
2.092814
-1.76965
9.66626 |
N =
3460
between |
2.095542
-1.76965
9.66626 |
n =
346
within |
0
3.921063
3.921063 |
T =
10
|
|
SUMPAT
overall | 284.7312
570.3701
0
3806 |
N =
3460
between |
571.1136
0
3806 |
n =
346
within |
0
284.7312
284.7312 |
T =
10
|
|
LOGR
overall | 1.229807
1.970524
-3.84868
7.06524 |
N =
3460
between |
1.944421 -3.120133
6.911438 |
n =
346
within |
.3347099
-1.19673
4.218814 |
T =
10
|
|
Continue

MIRANDO LOS DATOS EN SU FORMA ORIGINAL

. reshape wide PAT LOGR LPAT uols, i(id) j(year)
note: j = 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79)
Data
long
->
wide
-------------------------------------------------------------------------Number of obs.
3460
->
346
Number of variables
11
->
46
j variable (10 values)
year
->
(dropped)
xij variables:
PAT
->
PAT70 PAT71 ... PAT79
LOGR
->
LOGR70 LOGR71 ... LOGR79
LPAT
->
LPAT70 LPAT71 ... LPAT79
uols
->
uols70 uols71 ... uols79
--------------------------------------------------------------------------

. summarize
Variable |
Obs
Mean
Std. Dev.
Min
Max
-------------+-------------------------------------------------------id |
346
173.5
100.0258
1
346
LOGR70 |
346
1.198348
1.941968
-3.67354
6.56641
PAT70 |
346
40.00289
82.50335
0
608
LPAT70 |
346
2.112845
1.904053 -.6931472
6.410175
uols70 |
346
.2038998
.9604677 -2.990364
2.814375
-------------+-------------------------------------------------------LOGR71 |
346
1.169182
1.929444
-3.53055
6.95687
PAT71 |
346
38.10983
78.40308
0
553
LPAT71 |
346
2.038442
1.928317 -.6931472
6.315358
uols71 |
346
.1540819
1.023832 -2.755215
2.426553
LOGR72 |
346
1.185953
1.929078
-3.35241
6.97009
-------------+-------------------------------------------------------PAT72 |
346
36.30925
74.81591
0
557
LPAT72 |
346
2.033894
1.885582 -.6931472
6.322565
uols72 |
346
.1353962
.9739384 -3.246577
2.62656
LOGR73 |
346
1.231135
1.934896
-3.67395
7.06211
PAT73 |
346
36.95376
77.91971
0
595
-------------+-------------------------------------------------------LPAT73 |
346
1.957524
1.945464 -.6931472
6.388561
uols73 |
346
.0209412
.9827114 -2.423676
2.708687
LOGR74 |
346
1.232636
1.946417
-3.15274
7.06524
PAT74 |
346
37.60983
75.94388
0
528
LPAT74 |
346
1.995871
1.950387 -.6931472
6.269096
Continue . . . . . .

. correlate LOGR70 LOGR71 LOGR72 LOGR73 LOGR74 LOGR75 LOGR76 LOGR77 LOGR78 LOGR79
(obs=346)

|
LOGR70
LOGR71
LOGR72
LOGR73
LOGR74
LOGR75
LOGR76
LOGR77
LOGR78
LOGR79
-------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------LOGR70 |
1.0000
LOGR71 |
0.9739
1.0000
LOGR72 |
0.9697
0.9858
1.0000
LOGR73 |
0.9625
0.9790
0.9885
1.0000
LOGR74 |
0.9576
0.9740
0.9793
0.9900
1.0000
LOGR75 |
0.9499
0.9669
0.9720
0.9845
0.9922
1.0000
LOGR76 |
0.9445
0.9601
0.9654
0.9781
0.9856
0.9928
1.0000
LOGR77 |
0.9400
0.9542
0.9601
0.9725
0.9803
0.9877
0.9925
1.0000
LOGR78 |
0.9325
0.9475
0.9517
0.9659
0.9758
0.9838
0.9860
0.9943
1.0000
LOGR79 |
0.9180
0.9353
0.9381
0.9552
0.9641
0.9727
0.9770
0.9860
0.9931
1.0000

. correlate LPAT70 LPAT71 LPAT72 LPAT73 LPAT74 LPAT75 LPAT76 LPAT77 LPAT78 LPAT79
(obs=346)
|
LPAT70
LPAT71
LPAT72
LPAT73
LPAT74
LPAT75
LPAT76
LPAT77
LPAT78
LPAT79
-------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------LPAT70 |
1.0000
LPAT71 |
0.9336
1.0000
LPAT72 |
0.9194
0.9270
1.0000
LPAT73 |
0.9184
0.9324
0.9230
1.0000
LPAT74 |
0.9147
0.9120
0.9226
0.9279
1.0000
LPAT75 |
0.8967
0.9003
0.8954
0.9228
0.9352
1.0000
LPAT76 |
0.8992
0.8908
0.8925
0.9158
0.9321
0.9383
1.0000
LPAT77 |
0.8987
0.8918
0.8966
0.9032
0.9163
0.9341
0.9371
1.0000
LPAT78 |
0.9063
0.9006
0.8961
0.9090
0.9258
0.9231
0.9259
0.9440
1.0000
LPAT79 |
0.8888
0.8867
0.8949
0.9068
0.9259
0.9221
0.9285
0.9423
0.9470
1.0000

. correlate uols70 uols71 uols72 uols73 uols74 uols75 uols76 uols77 uols78 uols79
(obs=346)
|
uols70
uols71
uols72
uols73
uols74
uols75
uols76
uols77
uols78
uols79
-------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------uols70 |
1.0000
uols71 |
0.7430
1.0000
uols72 |
0.6846
0.7131
1.0000
uols73 |
0.6624
0.7200
0.6779
1.0000
uols74 |
0.6737
0.6514
0.6725
0.6923
1.0000
uols75 |
0.6098
0.6157
0.5642
0.6749
0.7304
1.0000
uols76 |
0.5974
0.5557
0.5442
0.6251
0.6993
0.7370
1.0000
uols77 |
0.6118
0.5672
0.5859
0.6035
0.6491
0.7293
0.7732
1.0000
uols78 |
0.6400
0.6134
0.5771
0.6243
0.6780
0.7034
0.7388
0.7992
1.0000
uols79 |
0.5546
0.5565
0.5573
0.5996
0.6574
0.6633
0.7307
0.7717
0.8005
1.0000

. corr LOGR70 LOGR71 LOGR72 LOGR73 LOGR74 LOGR75 LOGR76 LOGR77 LOGR78 LOGR79, cov
(obs=346)
|
LOGR70
LOGR71
LOGR72
LOGR73
LOGR74
LOGR75
LOGR76
LOGR77
LOGR78
LOGR79
-------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------LOGR70 | 3.77124
LOGR71 | 3.64913 3.72275
LOGR72 | 3.63283 3.66927 3.72134
LOGR73 | 3.61657 3.65472 3.68967 3.74382
LOGR74 | 3.61953 3.65803 3.67708 3.72834 3.78854
LOGR75 | 3.65264
3.6937 3.71249
3.7716 3.82398 3.92044
LOGR76 | 3.63047
3.6665 3.68594 3.74568 3.79696 3.89091 3.91752
LOGR77 | 3.65636 3.68762 3.70965 3.76915
3.822 3.91731 3.93472 4.01202
LOGR78 | 3.65767 3.69257 3.70831 3.77496 3.83617 3.93433 3.94176 4.02249 4.07956
LOGR79 | 3.66361 3.70848
3.7188 3.79819 3.85624
3.9579 3.97376 4.05856 4.12187 4.22295

. corr LPAT70 LPAT71 LPAT72 LPAT73 LPAT74 LPAT75 LPAT76 LPAT77 LPAT78 LPAT79, cov
(obs=346)
|
LPAT70
LPAT71
LPAT72
LPAT73
LPAT74
LPAT75
LPAT76
LPAT77
LPAT78
LPAT79
-------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------LPAT70 | 3.62542
LPAT71 | 3.42766 3.71841
LPAT72 | 3.30077 3.37068 3.55542
LPAT73 | 3.40193
3.4977 3.38596 3.78483
LPAT74 | 3.39695 3.42993 3.39306 3.52084 3.80401
LPAT75 | 3.38226 3.43906 3.34448 3.55628 3.61338 3.92414
LPAT76 | 3.32971 3.34055 3.27286 3.46477 3.53553 3.61458 3.78184
LPAT77 | 3.42902 3.44597 3.38769 3.52126 3.58121 3.70784 3.65203 4.01564
LPAT78 | 3.37508 3.39639 3.30461 3.45871 3.53151 3.57622 3.52144 3.69953 3.82498
LPAT79 |
3.3613
3.3959 3.35138 3.50404
3.5867 3.62798 3.58651 3.75052 3.67869 3.94496

. corr uols70 uols71 uols72 uols73 uols74 uols75 uols76 uols77 uols78 uols79, cov
(obs=346)
|
uols70
uols71
uols72
uols73
uols74
uols75
uols76
uols77
uols78
uols79
-------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------uols70 | .922498
uols71 | .730646 1.04823
uols72 | .640368 .711053 .948556
uols73 | .625208 .724381 .648858 .965722
uols74 | .620033 .639082 .627633 .651934 .918202
uols75 | .584139 .628663 .548069 .661464
.69804 .994636
uols76 |
.56946 .564637 .526075 .609677 .665059 .729528 .985089
uols77 | .625143 .617873 .607078 .630927 .661711 .773868 .816422 1.13188
uols78 |
.65154 .665618 .595684 .650282 .688582 .743492 .777204 .901132 1.12331
uols79 | .577476 .617691 .588469 .638759 .682971 .717139 .786204 .890068 .919781 1.17534

XTDATA: LINEAL PANEL BUSQUEDA DE ESPECIFICACION

. use patr7079, clear
. regress LPAT LOGR
Source |
SS
df
MS
-------------+-----------------------------Model | 9543.62221
1 9543.62221
Residual | 3601.41249 3458 1.04147267
-------------+-----------------------------Total | 13145.0347 3459 3.80024131

Number of obs
F( 1, 3458)
Prob > F
R-squared
Adj R-squared
Root MSE

=
3460
= 9163.58
= 0.0000
= 0.7260
= 0.7259
= 1.0205

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------LPAT |
Coef.
Std. Err.
t
P>|t|
[95% Conf. Interval]
-------------+---------------------------------------------------------------LOGR |
.8429456
.0088058
95.73
0.000
.8256806
.8602106
_cons |
.8988033
.0204519
43.95
0.000
.8587043
.9389022
------------------------------------------------------------------------------

EFECTOS FIJOS
xtset id year
panel variable:
time variable:
delta:

id (strongly balanced)
year, 70 to 79
1 unit

xtdata, fe
(convierte los datos a una forma adecuada para estimacin con
efectos fijos.)

graph7 LPAT LOGR, xlab ylab s(p) c(s) bands(20) saving

(stpanre, replace) title("Regresion (Efectos Fijos)
entre: Ln(Patents) on LOG(I&D)")

EFECTOS FIJOS
Regresin por mnimos cuadrados da errores estndar equivocados, ya
que no controla el agrupamiento.
(Recordemos que nuestra data est configurada para considerar efectos fijos)

. regress LPAT LOGR

Source |
SS
df
MS
-------------+-----------------------------Model | 17.5209736
1 17.5209736
Residual | 979.446416 3358 .291675526
-------------+-----------------------------Total | 996.967389 3359
.29680482

Number of obs
F( 1, 3358)
Prob > F
R-squared
Adj R-squared
Root MSE

=
=
=
=
=
=

3360
60.07
0.0000
0.0176
0.0173
.54007

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------LPAT |
Coef.
Std. Err.
t
P>|t|
[95% Conf. Interval]
-------------+---------------------------------------------------------------LOGR |
.2175953
.028075
7.75
0.000
.1625494
.2726412
_cons |
1.668886
.03561
46.87
0.000
1.599067
1.738706
------------------------------------------------------------------------------