Active Power & Frequency Control

Interconnected Tie line system

. G
.

PG1 Pload = PG 0 + 101 ( f act f 0 ) 10 2 ( f act f 0 ) PL 0

 dp L . dp G
dp

.
) dP = dPD dPG = dPD dPtie (+ exit from region) (-enter to region

dP dPD dPG
=

df
df
df
dPD dPG MW

df
df Hz

=K

Stiffness . % %
.
dPG
df

GG G G

dPD
df

LL L L

:
dP
dP
df =
df
K

K =

dP = dPG dPD

df .

. .
KB

B dp G

dp dp D

A KA tie line

dptie
dp AB
dp 12

Reserve
.
KE .

.
.
+

 B dPD .
. dP
A
dP A.
) dPtie A ( B +
dPtie A B .
dP (dPtie )
) (0 + dPtie
=
df B = D
= df A
KB
KA

A B A + dPtie B

- dPtie .
B tie line
.

dP f

KA
dPtie =
K A + KB

df A = df B .

50Hz B A
MW
MW
)(stiffness
,500
HZ
HZ

750 tie line

B 300MW : tie line

B A
B . f A = f B
) (dP dPtie
) (0 + dPtie
=
KB
KA
300 dPtie
dP
= tie dPtie = 180MW
500
750
0 + Ptie 180
=
= 0.24Hz
KA
750

= f A

300 180
= 0.24Hz
500

P Ptie
KB

= f B

f act = f 0 f = 50 0.24 = 49.76Hz

f .
tie . :
A

dPtie
KA

fA = f +

dptie
KB

fB = f

dPtie
K AKB
=
f A fB K A + KB

K AKB
K AKB
= ) ( fA fB
f AB
KA + KB
KA + KB

= dPtie

f A f B K A

K B .
- f
tie line .

180
= 50Hz
750

= 49.76 +

180
= 49.4Hz
500

= 49.76 +

Ptie
KA

Ptie
KB

fA = f +
fB = f

dPD dPG

df
df

) dPG ( PT PG

=K

dPD
df

SS PD = PG

K = K1 PT K 2 PL

K ) (
.
.

.

.


.
V10 V20

) sin( 10 20

P120

V1 = V10 < 10

V2 = V20 < 20

1 2

2 = 20 + 2

) cos( 10 20 )( 1 2

1 = 10 + 1
V10 V20
X

P12

=
) cos( 10 20

V10 V20
X

T120

1 d

f = 2 dt ( ) = 2 fdt
= 2f = 2f
) f = 1 d ( +
0
2 dt

) P12 2T120 ( f1dt f 2 dt

2T120
= ) P12 ( S
)) (f1 ( s ) f 2 ( s
s

P12 + P21 = PLOSS 0 P21 = P12

Tie Line

f1

P21

P12

1
s

2T
f 2

V2 = v2 2

ACE2
f 2

ACE1

f1

V1 = v1 1


- .
)Flat frequency control (infinile Bias

- tie line .
.
)Flat tie line control (zero bias

Ptie

- .
Tie Line with frequency Bias

tie line

tie Line error
.

f
B

TieLine
f
A

B :
) ACE = ( P0 Pact ) 10 ( f 0 f act
ACE = P + K f
AB
A

.
MW
0.1Hz

: Area Bias

ACE : Area Control Error

P0 , f : Programmed Power and Frequency

Pact , f act : Actual Power and Frequency

.
A B 200MW A
B A 150MW B 50HZ 50.05HZ

B B .
50MW

0.1HZ
ACB B = (200 (1501) 10(50)(50 50p5) = 75MW

B
B 75MW .

 Frequency Control

.
.
.
.

.

. :
ACE1 f1
ACE 2 f 2

)(ACE .
.

.

. .


.

f 1 ( s )

1
R1
PD1 ( s )

K
I1
s

PT 1 ( s )

G1

GT 1

K P1
1 + sTP1

Pref 1

f (s)
1

P12 ( s )

ACE1 = f1

+
1
s

2T

P12 ( s )

ACE2 = f 2
Pref 2

KI2
s

P21 ( s )

G2

GT 2

PT 2 ( s )

1
R2

f 2 ( s )

K P2
1 + sTP 2

PD 2 ( s )

f (s)
2

 Tie Line with Frequency Bias

.
:
ACE1 P12 + B1f1 O
ACE 2 P21 + B 2 f 2 O

:
Pref ,1 = K 11 (P12 + B1 F1 )dt
Pref , 2 = K 12 (P21 + B 2 F2 )dt

K 1l K 12 B1 B 2 .

.


.

.

P12.0 + B1 fo = o
P21.0 + B 2 fo = o
f 10 = f 20 = f 0
P21 = P12 MW

)(Ploss = 0

:
(B1 + B 2 )f 0 = 0 f 0 = P12.0 = P21.0 = 0

ACE i = Pij + B i f i

f 1 ( s )

1
R1

B1

PD1 ( s )

K
I1
s

PT 1 ( s )

G1

GT 1

K P1
1 + sTP1

Pref 1

P12 (s)

P12 ( s )

1
s

KI2
s

P21 ( s )

G2

B2

Pref 2

2T

P12 ( s )
ACE 2 = P21 + B2 f 2

P12 ( s )

ACE1 = P12 + B1 f 1

P21 ( s )

f (s)

GT 2

PT 2 ( s )

1
R2

f 2 ( s )

K P2
1 + sTP 2

PD 2 ( s )

f (s)
2


A 2

L 1 L 1 Overload .
20

L2
10

L1

.
) Overload(
.
VA

IA

VBC
C

V A' N = V AN + V = V AN + tV BC = (1 j 3t )V AN = V AN

V A V A V A .
.
VA
VC
VA

V = tVBC
VA = VA

VBC

IA
VB

 ) (

.
V I P .
P = VI cos

|| Vbc

Van =

o
180

V .
VC VC

VA VA

VB VB

 V 90 o 90 o

.
V .
V VA VA

.
VA

VA

VA

) (
. .
.
2

L1

L2
C

VA

VA

IC

 - 230kv 600MW 1 2

40 L 2
L1
phase
phase

60

1 23okv 2
2 23okv L1
2 L1 L 2 .
.

V1 V2

sin

V1 V2

=p

230 2
sin
40

= p1

V1 V2
p 1 = 360MW

p 3 = 60MW

p 2 = 240MW

230 2
= p2
sin p 1 + p 2 = 600 = 15.796 o
60

V 2 V3

230 2
)sin(
40

= p1 = 300

230 2
)sin(
60

= p 2 = 300

= 19.893o , = 6.78 o

V1

V
V

V2

.
)
( P3
Ic V2 90 o V )
( V Ic I 2 I1

.
V

IC
V = 27.344kv / line

V
V = 15.78kv / phase
V2

= Tan

V
Zloop

= Ic
j15.78
= 0.15780 KA / phase
j100

0.1578 = 20.45MW / phase~ 20MW

230
3

= Ic

= P1 = V2 Ic
P3 = 3P1 ~ 60MW