Qucs and FlowCode PDF

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Qucs FlowCode
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1. Qucs .................................................. 5
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2. ..............................................................................62
Qucs ......................................................................................................62
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Qucs ....................................................................................................69
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2. ....................................................................................................................114
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3. Qucs ..................................................................................................................145
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3. Qucs.....................................................................................................................157
1. ...................................................................................157
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2. FlowCode.................................................................................................230
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FlowCode ...............................................................................232
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Qucs FlowCode
Qucs
...............................................................................................................235
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Calculation...................................................................257
FlowCode....................................................................................258
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() .............................................................................................................287
, , , , ..................................295
USART PWM ....................................................................................................308
FlowCode ..............................................................316
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FlowCode .............................................................................................334
Proteus ...........................................................................................................341
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MBR951:
********************
.SUBCKT XMBR951 1 2 3
CBPAD 2 1 9E-14
CEPAD 1 3 9E-14
Q1 1 2 3 DMBR951
.ENDS
********************
.MODEL DMBR951 NPN
+ IS = 8.633E-16
+ BF = 105
+ NF = 0.9909
+ VAF = 26
+ IKF = 100
+ ISE = 1E-15
+ NE = 1.356
+ BR = 60
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+ VAR = 5
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+ MJE = 0.5089
+ CJC = 7.3E-13
+ VJC = 0.25
+ MJC = 0.27
+ XCJC = 0.5
+ TF = 9E-12
+ XTF = 500
+ VTF = 3
+ ITF = 1.1
+ PTF = 85
+ TR = 1E-09
+ FC = 0.5
*$
, .cir.
168
..
Qucs FlowCode
Qucs
SPICE
,
.
. 10.22. SPICE
, :
.
, , :
. 10.23.
, . SPICE:
, .SUBCKT XMBR951 1 2 3 . ,
>> :,
, .
,
. , ,
. 1 (),
. .
, .
169
..
Qucs FlowCode
Qucs
. 10.24. , SPICE
.
, ,
, .
. 10.25. LM124
170
..
Qucs FlowCode
Qucs
,
. .
. 10.26.
: VHDL Verilog.
, , VHDL,
Verilog. Verilog:
// Verilog code for AND3 gate
module and3gate (a, b, c, d);
input a, b, c;
output d;
assign d = a & b & c;
endmodule
, , SPICE .
.v, Verilog.
,
, .
171
..
Qucs FlowCode
Qucs
S1-S3
, TruthTable .
, verilog.
. 10.27.
.
. 10.28. Verilog
Verilog.
Verilog
(HDL), .
Verilog HDL, VHDL, ,
(RTL)
. .
Verilog-AMS (Verilog Analog Mixed-Signal Simulation) ,
,
,
172
..
Qucs FlowCode
Qucs
. Verilog-AMS (IEEE
1364, Verilog-D) Verilog-A, ,
, . Verilog-AMS
:
/,
/-rtl/
/-rtl/ . , Verilog-AMS
,
, ,
, , .
Verilog-AMS .
. ++
. /++
Verilog-AMS.
ADMS (. http://mot-adms.sourceforge.net) Verilog-AMS
.
XML ,
.
XML /++ ,
API. :
( ), ;
API;

, Verilog-AMS .
, admst. , , XML
.
admst
API, , ADMS
Verilog-AMS API.
admst .
Verilog-AMS.
module d e v i c e ( node1 , node2 , . . . )
// module d e f i n i t i o n s and code
endmodule
, Verilog ,
, .
Qucs
. ,
.
. VHDL.
173
..
Qucs FlowCode
Qucs
. 10.29.
.vhdl
:
-- VHDL code for AND3 gate
library ieee;
use ieee.std_logic_1164.all;
entity and3gate is port (a, b, c : in std_logic; d : out std_logic);
end and3gate;
architecture
and3gate_arch of and3gate is
begin
d <= a and b and c;
end and3gate_arch;
, VHDL.
174
..
Qucs FlowCode
Qucs
. 10.30. Qucs

, .
.
175
..
Qucs FlowCode
Qucs

, ,
: .
,
, .
, .
. 10.31.

.
176
..
Qucs FlowCode
Qucs
: spectrum =
Time2Freq(out.Vt,time),

out(t),

.
. 10.32.
(spectrum ) ,
.
. 10.33.
. 10.34.
177
..
Qucs FlowCode
Qucs
. 10.35.
, , .
, .
, ,
.
Qucs
ASCO
(http://asco.sourceforge.net/). , ,
, .
ASCO.
Linux ,
Readme, .
Windows.
ASCO, :
http://asco.sourceforge.net/downloads_win32.html
178
..
Qucs FlowCode
Qucs
. 10.36. ASCO
, Readme
Windows:
, asco asco-test
.
: win32 LTspice, HSPICE Qucs.
ltspice, hspice qucsator.
, Qucs.
179
..
Qucs FlowCode
Qucs
. 10.37. ASCO

netlist: () .
, netlist ,
.
, ASCO, , Qucs
.
( Examples ASCO).
180
..
Qucs FlowCode
Qucs
. 10.38. bandpass.sch ASCO

.
,
F .

.
()
,

.

,

,
.
. 10.39.
181
..
Qucs FlowCode
Qucs
. 10.40.
,
( ) .
.
:
. 10.41. . 10.38
182
..
Qucs FlowCode
Qucs
, .,
, (, )
(, , ).
ASCO ,
.
. 10.42.
, ,
, ,
. ,
.
( 10.38), . ,
, ,
, .
183
..
Qucs FlowCode
Qucs
. 10.43.
, , F2 .
, ( Windows Vista, ,
), .
. 10.44.
184
..
Qucs FlowCode
Qucs
.
.
. 10.45.
, Windows Vista
,
.
. 10.46. Qucs
185
..
Qucs FlowCode
Qucs
, , , , -
,
S-. .
(.., )
, - ,
(S-). 5.2.
. 10.47. S-
, S-
.
( ,
).
P1 P2 S-.
( )
. ,
, :
. ,
.
.
. ,
,
, .
,
.
.
,
. Num
186
..
S-.
) S-.
Qucs FlowCode
Z
Qucs
( ) 1
( ) X1
, ,
. , P2
V1.
I1 .
.
S- SP1 .
,
S H- H.
h21 dB.
. 10.48.
S-
( , ), ,
.
S-
. ,
S11 S21.
, .
187
..
Qucs FlowCode
Qucs
. 10.49. S11
Y.
. 10.50. S21
H-, S , (
).
188
..
Qucs FlowCode
Qucs
. 10.51.

. (
: X,
: ) , bjtac.
, , ,
beta_db.
.
189
..
Qucs FlowCode
Qucs
. 10.52.

. 10.53.

190
..
Qucs FlowCode
Qucs
,
. , ,
.
. 10.54. ,
, , 288 .
191
..
Qucs FlowCode
Qucs

, SPICE.
, SPICE, Qucs.
netlist SPICE ,
.
SPICE netlists
.
, Qucs SPICE , netlist
. Qucs SPICE
netlist, Qucs . , , , SPICE netlist Qucs, -,
, , , , , ,
, Qucs SPICE netlist.
SPICE , ,
,
.
SPICE , :

SPICE 2 () 0 9999. SPICE 3
.
. node 0 .

, , 5, 0.5e1 5.0 , .
SPICE : f =1e-15 (femto), p =1e-12 (pico), n = 1e-9 (nano), u = 1e-6 (micro), mil = 25e-6, m =
1e-3 (milli), k =1e3 (kilo), meg = 1e6 (mega), g = 1e9 (giga) t = 1e12 (tera).
.
. : V = Volt, A = Amps.
Hz = Hertz, ohm = Ohm(), H = Henry, F = Farad deg =Degree. SPICE
:
1. , (*),
2.
3.
4. .end
SPICE :
192
..
Qucs FlowCode
Qucs
* A twostage BJT amplifier.

*
* Input node 2, output node 9
* Power supply Vcc connected to node 10
*
c1 2 3 10uf
r1 3 10 200k
r2 3 0 50k
r5 10 4 12k
q1 4 3 5 qmod
r6 5 0 3.6k
c2 4 6 10uf
c4 5 0 15uf
r3 10 6 120k
r4 6 0 30k
r7 10 7 6.8k
q2 7 6 8 qmod
r8 8 0 3.6k
c5 8 0 25uf
c3 7 9 10uf
*
.model qmod npn (is=0.2fa bf=50 br=1 rb=5 rc=1 re=0
+ cje=0.4pf vje=0.8 me=0.4 cjc=0.5pf vjc=0.8 ccs=1pf va=100)
*
.end
netlist , SPICE 2.
,
. , netlist,
, . Qucs SPICE
netlists, , QUCSCONV, SPICE Qucs netlist.
SPICE netlist
Qucs netlist. Qucs netlist Qucs
.
,
SPICE netlist Qucs GUI
( F2).
SPICE netlist Qucs SPICE netlist , ,
,
Qucs , .
BJT .
,
Qucs , .
Qucs SPICE netlist,
Qucs netlist . , netlist, , Qucs
netlist BJT .
, .
193
..
Qucs FlowCode
Qucs
. 10.55. , SPICE-
netlist Qucs, , ,
,
Qucs. , spice- ,
: 100 k 100k .
194
..
Qucs FlowCode
Qucs
2.
Multisim 10
, . , ,
, - . , ,
, Multisim,
, , .

. Proteus . ,
, .
. ,
, ,
.
.
, , Qucs.
. 11.1. Qucs
, ,
. , .
, , Qucs ,
,
, ,
.
195
..
Qucs FlowCode
Qucs

1N4004 Qucs . ?
, .
Qucs . ,
.
. 11.2.
,
, (
input). . Pr1
. ,
, .
( ) ,
,
.
196
..
Qucs FlowCode
Qucs
. 11.3.
.
Vvar, .
, , .

, .
, .
197
..
Qucs FlowCode
Qucs

0.75 V, 0.85 V,
10.
. 11.4.
, .

,
0.75
0.04
0.816
0.18
0.834
0.27
, ,
, . ,
0.85 , 0.25 .
, .
.
,
, 1 , , , ,
.
198
..
Qucs FlowCode
Qucs
( )
, .
( ) ,
, , ,
.
.

.
, ,
, .
( )
.
1N751 (
BZX5V1).

. ,
5.08 , 3 , 5.14
7 . ,
.

. ,
, ,
.
. 11.5.
199
..
Qucs FlowCode
Qucs
4.38
2.6
4.88
18
, .
,
. 5.1 ,
18 5 .
,
. Qucs
, ,
SPICE-:
**********************************
* Model created by *
* Uni.Dipl.-Ing. Arpad Buermen *
* arpad.burmen@ieee.org *
* Copyright: *
* Thomatronik GmbH, Germany *
* info@thomatronik.de *
**********************************
* February 2001
* SPICE3
* anode cathode
* Reverse direction: node 1 <- node 9
.SUBCKT bzx55c5v1 1 9
DF 1 9 DFMOD
.MODEL DFMOD D N = 2 IS = 1.9E-009 RS = 0.36459
+ EG = 1.11 XTI = 3
+ CJO = 1.71713E-010 VJ = 0.490432 M = 0.5 FC = 0.5
+ TT = 1E-008 TNOM = 25
* Leakage
RL 1 9 1.05263E+007 RLMOD
.MODEL RLMOD R TC1 = 0 TC2 = 0 TNOM = 25
* Breakdown
ES 9 90 10 20 1
DR1 90 31 DREV1 TEMP = 25
.MODEL DREV1 D IS = 1E-015 N = 3.95147 RS = 0.00225008 TNOM = 25
VR1 31 1 0.00879249
DR2 90 32 DREV2 TEMP = 25
.MODEL DREV2 D IS = 1E-015 N = 2.92114 RS = 695.888 TNOM = 25
VR2 32 1 0.0793202
VTRIM 20 0 2.95119
IBVC 0 10 0.001
RBVC 10 0 5100 RBVCMOD
.MODEL RBVCMOD R TC1 = 0.00015 TNOM = 25
.ENDS
200
..
Qucs FlowCode
Qucs
. 11.6. SPICE- BZX55C5V1

, .
, . ,
, , , ,
15-20 .
201
..
Qucs FlowCode
Qucs
.
( - )
( -)
.
, .
. 11.7.
-
. , ,
, .
,
, ,
.
202
..
Qucs FlowCode
Qucs
. 11.8. - 2N2222A
, , , 2N2222A,
.
100 1 .
100 , ,
1 .
, .
, ,
.
.
,
, , , .
. ,
, .
203
..
Qucs FlowCode
. 11.9.
, .
. 11.10. 100
204
Qucs
..
Qucs FlowCode
Qucs
, , ,
11.9. . ,
.
, , , ,
. ,
.
.
. 11.11.
-
. (
).
.
, ( , )
. . ,
V2 ( ),
.
205
..
Qucs FlowCode
Qucs
. 11.12.
.
. 11.13.
.
.
.
206
..
Qucs FlowCode
. 11.14.
, .
. 11.15.
207
Qucs
..
Qucs FlowCode
Qucs
3.
, , ,
, . , , , , ,
, ,
. ,
. ,
, .
, (
) , .

. ,
.
, ,
. :
U = dw/dq, U , w , q .
:
I = dq/dt, I , q , t .
:
P = dw/dt, P , w , t .
: P = dw/dt = (dw/dq)(dq/dt) = U*I.
, :
. 12.1. , ,
208
..
Qucs FlowCode
Qucs
,
.
, .
x y,
, . ,
, ,
, , , .

: , ,
, .
, ,
,
. , , ,
: ,
.

, .
,
.
Qucs , ,
.
. 12.2.
209
..
Qucs FlowCode
Qucs
. 12.3.
,
.
.
. 12.4.
210
..
Qucs FlowCode
Qucs
,
, , .

, :
v = iR, v , i , R .
. 12.5.
, , :
.
.
. 12.6.
211
..
Qucs FlowCode
Qucs
, , ,
, .

.
. 12.7.

. , ,
.
. ,
, .
, , ,
, , ,
, .
, ,
.
212
..
Qucs FlowCode
Qucs

.

R = R1 + R2 + + Rn,
, , G = 1/R
.

G = G1 + G2 ++ Gn,
1/R() = 1/R1 + 1/R2 ++ 1/Rn
. 12.8.
, , Pr1 Pr2
, V1
, ,
, ,
.

, .
, .
(
), .
213
..
Qucs FlowCode
Qucs
, ,
.
. 12.9.
Pr1 Pr2 , Pr3 .
,
. .
. 12.10.
214
..
Qucs FlowCode
Qucs

, .
, , ,
.
. 12.11.
Pr1 , .
, , R1-R3 ,
R4 .
, ,
,
, .
.

. 12.11, ,
.
, .
, , ,
, , ,
.
.
215
..
Qucs FlowCode
Qucs
,
, .

, , ,
, .
, , ,
, .
, , ,
, , ,
.
.
, ( ) .
, ( ) .
.
, .
, ,
.
, .
, .
,
.
.
. 12.12.
216
..
Qucs FlowCode
Qucs
, ,
, . ,
. ( I1 !)
. , .
. .
. 12.13.
, (
). ,
. ,
(v1 v2 ).
, , ,
, .
i v1 -10, (
, (v1-10)/1). . :
(v1-10)/1 + v1/5 + (v1-v2)/2 = 0
2:
(v2-v1)/2 + v2/10 2 = 0
, :
v1 = 9.09 V; v2 = 10.91 V
, , ,
. . .
217
..
Qucs FlowCode
Qucs
. 12.14.
v1 v2, .
, ( ),
(, ),
, ( ).
. 2.15.
. , i2
, i1, i3 i4 .
, ,
.
218
..
Qucs FlowCode
Qucs
. 12.16.
, :
i1 = i2 + i3
, :
v1 = i1R1 + i3R3
-v2 = i2R2 i3R3
i3 i1 i2,
, .
i1 i2, i3 .
() ia ib
( ) :
v1 = iaR1 + (ia ib)R3
-v2 = (ib ia)R3 + ibR2
ia ib, :
i1 = ia
i2 = ib
i3 = ia ib
:
219
..
Qucs FlowCode
Qucs
.12 17. Qucs

ia, ib, ic : 5.6 , 2.0 , -0.8 .

. , , , , ,
.
.
, , .
. 12.18.
V1 R1
I1 R2
, ( R3 R4) ,
. , Pr1 Pr2 .
220
..
Qucs FlowCode
Qucs

R3:
I = V1/(R1 + R3)
R2 ( R(I1 I),
) R4 ( IR4),
R4:
I = I1R2/(R2 + R4)
, : R1 = R2 = R,
.
I1 = V1/R
, ,
.
Qucs, R ( ):
. 12.19.
.
221
..
Qucs FlowCode
Qucs

, ,
, .
. 12.20.
Vcc
:
. 12.21.
, , Qucs- ,
.
222
..
Qucs FlowCode
Qucs
. 12.22.
.
. 12.23.
223
..
Qucs FlowCode
. 12.24.
. 12.25.
224
Qucs
..
Qucs FlowCode
. 12.26.
225
Qucs
..
Qucs FlowCode
Qucs
,
, ,
. , ,
. :
v = L (di/dt)
L , v , ,
di/dt .
. 12.27.
, S1, 1 ,
R2
226
..
Qucs FlowCode
Qucs
, ,
, .
:
i = C(dv/dt), , , .
. 12.28.
227
..
Qucs FlowCode
Qucs
.
. , , ,
, , , Qucs
, .
, .
, ?
228
..
Qucs FlowCode
2.
FlowCode
229
FlowCode
..
Qucs FlowCode
FlowCode
2. FlowCode
,
, .
.

, ,
.
,
FlowCode. ,
FlowCode , , ,
.

.
, , .
,
, , ,
;
, .
, ,
USART.
FlowCode
PIC, AVR ARM. , ,
, , ,
, PIC-, AVR .
, FlowCode
, , ,
: , ..
, , , , .
, MPLAB PIC- AVRStudio
AVR, FlowCode
. , - , FlowCode
.
FlowCode, .
, ,
, ,
. , -,
.
, , FlowCode ,
.
230
..
Qucs FlowCode
FlowCode
,
.
: FlowCode,
, FlowCode,
FlowCode , ,
, ( ).
FlowCode , ,
, , FlowCode.
,
: , !. , ,
, USART ,
. ,
, , ?

? , ,
FlowCode.
FlowCode PIC-
MPLAB PICC Lite (HI-TECH).
AVR-.
:
http://www.matrixmultimedia.com/ ( FlowCode)
http://www.microchip.com/ ( MPLAB)
http://www.htsoft.com/products/compilers/PICClite.php ( HI-TECH)
http://sdcc.sourceforge.net/ ( SDCC)
MPLAB
PICC Lite ( ).
SDCC.
( ) ,
FlowCode ( MPLAB, AVRStudio),
.
. ,
, ,
. . ,
, , ,
, .
, ,
,
, ,
.
231
..
Qucs FlowCode
FlowCode
FlowCode
:
. 1.1. - FlowCode
, .
. 1.2. -
, .
, ,
.
. .
232
..
Qucs FlowCode
FlowCode
. 1.3.
( Create a new FlowCode flowchart),
( Flowcode_AVR ).
. 1.4.
. ,
. ,
, ,
, - ,
. , , ,
PIC16F628A, . ,
, FlowCode,
( PIC16F627A) PICC Lite,
, ,
. . , ,
.
. , , . PIC16F628A ,
.
233
..
Qucs FlowCode
FlowCode
. 1.5.
. Main .
Chip , . ,
, .
.
. 1.6. FlowCode
234
..
Qucs FlowCode
FlowCode

, , .

Import.

,
AVR-,
PIC-.
. 1.7. File
: New ; Open...
; Close ; Save ; Save As... - ...,
, ;
Save Image,
, ,
; , Print..., ,
, Print Preview ,
.
Exit.
-:
, , . ,
, , ,
.
235
..
Qucs FlowCode
FlowCode
. 1.8. Edit
, , ,
, ,
, .

: Undo Redo
; Cut ; Copy ; Paste ; Delete
. : Toggle Breakpoint
(
, , , ),
(), , ; Clear All Breakpoints
, .
Variables... ,
, .
, .
Supplementary Code... ( ) (
) , ,
.
Definitions and function declarations (
) Function implementations ( ).
- ,
OK .
FlowCode ,
, ,
, .
236
..
Qucs FlowCode
FlowCode
. 1.9.
,
.
(KeyPad) , Key Mappings... (
) .
.
. 1.10. Key Mappings
237
..
Qucs FlowCode
FlowCode

Properties... (). ,
. , ,
.
. Input ()
, , , Use
Masking.
FlowCode ,
, .
,
, ? ,
, .
( ,
).
. 1.11.
Input
,
: Command Toolbox
( ), Components Toolbox
( ), Chip (,
), Variables (,
), Call Stack ( ), Attached
components ( ,
),
Analogue Inputs ( ).

,
.
Zoom, ,
,
.
. 1.12. View ()
238
..
Qucs FlowCode
FlowCode
Toolbar ( )
Status Bar ( ). ,
, , Options..., ,
Components...
: ,
, .. ,
, -,
, , , .
.
, , ,
FlowCode ;
, -, ,
, ; ,
, .
. 1.13. Macro ()
New... ( ), Show... ( ), Delete... (), Edit Details...

( ), Edit Description... ( ,
), Export... (), Import... ()
().
Go/Continue (/), Step Into ( ,
, ), Step Over ( , ,
), Pause (), Stop ().
. 1.14.

. .
239
..
Qucs FlowCode
FlowCode
Target... ( ), Clock Speed... (

), Configure... ( ), Compile to C...
( ), Compile to Chip... (
), Compile to Hex... ( hex- ),
View C... ( ), View ASM... (
), Compiler Options... ( ).
,
Configure.
. 1.15. Chip
. 1.16. FlowCode
Install PPP 3.9 ,
Next >. ,
FlowCode Common. ,
.
240
..
Qucs FlowCode
FlowCode
, , ,
, .
. 1.17. Window
Help, ,
.
241
..
Qucs FlowCode
FlowCode
. 1.18.
(- , -,
):
Input (), Output (), Delay (), Decision (), Connection Point (
), Loop (), Macro (), Component Macro ( ,
), Calculation (), String Manipulation ( ), Interrupt
(), C Code ( ), Comment ().
, .
.
Input Output
. , , ,
. . ,
. (

Edit->Properties).
. 1.19. Output
Display name: ( ) Output.
, , , . ,
, ,
242
..
Qucs FlowCode
FlowCode
. FlowCode . .
- : svetodiody, , , .
, ( )
. .
.
.
. 1.20.
(Variable or value:),
. Variables
. , ,
, Cancel.
Delay (). ,
, .
.
. 1.21. Delay
, ,
. . seconds,
243
..
Qucs FlowCode
FlowCode
. , Variables,
, , .
, FlowCode ,
, , 0.1 . ,
, .
.
Decision ().
, - .
, , . ,
( ),
. , :
. 1.22. Decision
. (
key_1) , Yes, ,
No. ( )
, , , , , .
, FlowCode,
.
.
244
..
Qucs FlowCode
FlowCode
. 1.23. Decision
Variables, , (
) , .
, , , , ,
.
Swap Yes and No . .
( ) ,
Loop ().
. . .
. ,
, .
, ; ,
, . . ,
. Swap Yes and No,
.
() Yes No.
.
,
. While 1,
.
, ,
, , ,
.
,
,
, , .

.
, ,
:
.
. 1.24.
, , .
245
..
Qucs FlowCode
FlowCode
. 1.25. Loop
, Variables
. ,
. ,
, , , .
, , ,
, .
,
Start. , ,
. End,
, .
.
. , ,
, ,
. Loop count, ,
,
.
Macro (). .
.
,
, . , ,
, ,
. . FlowCode
Macro.

. Macro, .
246
..
Qucs FlowCode
FlowCode
. 1.26. Macro
, . ,
, Create New Macro.
. 1.27.
247
..
Qucs FlowCode
FlowCode
,
( Edit Parameters), ( Edit
Variables), (
), . ,
. OK & Edit Macro,
.
. 1.28.
, ,
FlowCode .
, ,
, :
Calculation () Comment ().
Calculation ,
.
. FlowCode .
,
.
248
..
Qucs FlowCode
FlowCode
. 1.29. Calculation
.
. 1.30. Calculation ()
,
, , , ,
. Variables
.
249
..
Qucs FlowCode
FlowCode
Comment ()
. , (
), , ,
.
. 1.31. Comment
Comment.

. , .
, ,
, , ,
. ,
;
.
,
, , .
, , USART,
RS232.
,
.
250
..
Qucs FlowCode
FlowCode
. 1.32.
,
, : New ( ), Open
( ), Save ( ).
. ,
Examples .
. 1.33. FlowCode
.
. 1.34.
Cut (), Copy (), Paste (), Undo (), Redo ()
. , ,
, .
251
..
Qucs FlowCode
FlowCode
,
:
, , ,
.
. 1.35.
, , .
, , . ,
, .

, ,
.
.
. 1.36.
. ,
, , , ,
( ).
.
252
..
Qucs FlowCode
FlowCode
, , .
Run, .
.
,
Toggle Breakpoint.
. 1.37.
, , ,
, .
,
. . ,
.
.
Toggle Breakpoint . ,
Edit , Clear All Breakpoints.
253
..
Qucs FlowCode
FlowCode
. 1.38. a,
, ,
. Stop Step Into (
). ,
. Step Over , ,
.
.
. 1.39.
.
.
Chip, View C. ,
:
254
..
Qucs FlowCode
FlowCode
. 1.40.
, ,
.
. 1.41.
255
..
Qucs FlowCode
FlowCode
hex- .
, ,
( , View ASM Chip
), hex-.
hex- ,
, . ,
, , hex, , , ()
.
, FlowCode ,
, . , ,
hex- , .
256
..
Qucs FlowCode
FlowCode
Calculation
.
, :
(
<>
- ,
+ -
<
<=
>>
<<
/
>
MOD
>=
NOT AND OR XOR
- , , , ,
- , ; ; , ;
- ,
- NOT(), , ,
:
abs(), round(), floor(), ceil()
fround(,)
mod(), fmod()
sqrt(), cbrt()
log(), log10()
- ( e 10)
exp(), pow(,)
sin(), cos(), tan()
asin(), acos(), atan(), atan2()
sinh(), cosh(), tanh()
asinh(), acosh(), atanh()
fact()
rand()
isnan(), isinf()
- , ,
Help
FlowCode.
257
..
Qucs FlowCode
FlowCode
FlowCode

, .
. 2.1. Examples
.
,

.
. 2.2. ,
, ,
FlowCode , .
258
..
Qucs FlowCode
FlowCode
,
, .
Output.
, ,
. Component Macro.
, ,
. ,
, Component Macro.
.

,
,
,
.

.
LEDOn
() LEDOff
().
. 2.3.
(Parameters) ,
( ).
, ( )
. , ,
, , , ,
, , ,
.
. 2.4.
259
..
Qucs FlowCode
FlowCode
(TUT_02) , .
, TUT_03, ,
.
,
,
.
. 2.5. 5
TUT_05 : , , ,
, Calculation.
TUT_06 , ,
Input Output .
. 2.6.
260
..
Qucs FlowCode
FlowCode
. 2.7.
SWITCHES, Input,
, Output .
. 2.8.
, ,
, ,
, .
:
. 2.9.
(Properties).
261
..
Qucs FlowCode
FlowCode
. 2.10.
, ,
- , , , ,
, , .
LED Labels .
, , ,
, ,
.
. 2.11.
() . , ,
, ,
- .
.
. 2.12.
TUT_08 , .
262
..
Qucs FlowCode
FlowCode
. 2.13.
, , , ,
Calculation ,
, ,
.
TUT_15 , ,
Connection Point.
, , .
Connection Point , .
263
..
Qucs FlowCode
FlowCode
. 2.15.
. 2.16.
Component Macro
TUT_18.
,
.
. 2.17.
264
..
Qucs FlowCode
FlowCode
. 2.18.
(Parameters) COUNT.
( 0 9), .
265
..
Qucs FlowCode
FlowCode

.
,
.
, , , ,
, . -
, .
. ,
,
. ,
. , , ,
, ,
, , .
,
.
. 2.19. Interrupt (e)
266
..
Qucs FlowCode
FlowCode
(Main)
INTERRUPT_TMR0. , ,
Interrupt
.
. ,
, (RB Port
Change).
. 2.20. PIC16F88
TMR0 Overflow ( 0).
Properties ,
. .
. 2.21. ,
(Clock Source Select),
, , ,
267
..
Qucs FlowCode
FlowCode
.
.

. , , ,
Create New Macro (. 2.20), OK & Edit Macro
.
.
. 2.22.
Increment TIMER counter (
).
268
..
Qucs FlowCode
FlowCode
. 2.23.
, Calculation, TIMER
. (
Decision ).
. 2.24.
,
Calculation COUNT
TIMER, ,
1 full cycle.
. 2.25.
269
..
Qucs FlowCode
FlowCode
, Run
Go/Continue Run , .
.
. ( ): , ,
5 .
Increment TIMER counter.
, ,
. ( Stop
) , .
. 2.26.
, ,
,
, .
TUT_20 .
, ,
. ,
, .
, . .
,
?
270
..
Qucs FlowCode
FlowCode
. 2.27.
TUT_20 , .
, .
. 2.28.
Component Connections.
. 2.29.
, ,
. TUT_20 ,
.

. ,
271
..
Qucs FlowCode
FlowCode
, . ,
, . , TUT_21.
.
. 2.30.
. 2.31.
, , ,
. .
.
272
..
Qucs FlowCode
FlowCode
. 2.32.
, Component
Macro. , ,
( ).
. 2.33. LCDDisplay
273
..
Qucs FlowCode
FlowCode
- , ,
, ,
, .
. 2.34.
ACD ,
, , , .
. 2.35. TUT_26
String Manipulation
, .
274
..
Qucs FlowCode
FlowCode
. 2.36. String Manipulation

, , Functions.
, , ,
:
. 2.37. TUT_26
275
..
Qucs FlowCode
FlowCode

, , ,
. , -,
. , , ,
FlowCode, ,
. FlowCode
.

Output. ,
BEGIN-END. . ,
, 0.
:
FlowCode
Chip Compile to C.
: Chip->
View C.
. 3.1. FlowCode
, , (
). :
void main()
{
//Initialisation
cmcon = 0x07;
//Output: 0 -> PORT A
trisa = 0x00;
porta = 0;
}
main . {...}.
. void main ,
. ,
, , .
, 0.
, : , ,
0, 1.
276
..
Qucs FlowCode
FlowCode
Output
:
. 3.2. Output
: 0 Variable or value (
) 1; Entire Port ( ) Single Bit (
) 0 ( , ).
, .
: Chip->Compile to C...
:
void main()
{
//Initialisation
cmcon = 0x07;
//Output: 1 -> A0
trisa = trisa & 0xfe;
if (1)
porta = (porta & 0xfe) | 0x01;
else
porta = porta & 0xfe;
}
1.
, 0 ( , ),
:
277
..
Qucs FlowCode
FlowCode
void main()
{
//Initialisation
cmcon = 0x07;
//Output: 0 -> A0
if (0)
porta = (porta & 0xfe) | 0x01;
else
porta = porta & 0xfe;
}
,
0 1
0.
: 1 , .
. 3.3. 1
, ( ):
void main()
{
//Initialisation
cmcon = 0x07;
//Output: 1 -> A1
trisa = trisa & 0xfd;
if (1)
porta = (porta & 0xfd) | 0x02;
else
porta = porta & 0xfd;
}
FlowCode.
:
1. FlowCode :
278
..
Qucs FlowCode
FlowCode
, Output
: 0, 1 ..
FlowCode,
.
Run ,
.
, .
, . ,
,
.
, ,
.
. 3.4.
( ),
. ,
, .
, :
void main()
{
//Initialisation
cmcon = 0x07;
trisa = 0x00;
porta = 0;
}
, , ,
trisa = 0x00; :
, ,
(datasheet), ,
TRISA , . , ,
, , 0, , , 1.
TRISA , .
0 , . ,
, porta = 1;, ,
( RA0) . ,
279
..
Qucs FlowCode
FlowCode
(1) ?
. (
).
. 3.5. ,
, , :
void main()
{
//Initialisation
cmcon = 0x07;
trisa = 0x00;
//Output
porta = 0;
porta = 1;
porta = 3;
porta = 7;
porta = 15;
porta = 31;
porta = 63;
porta = 127;
porta = 255;
}
, , c . , .
? , .
.
. PIC-
MPLAB IDE: http://www.microchip.com/
,
, .
, , HI-TECH (PICC Lite).
, .
, :
http://www.htsoft.com/products/compilers/PICClite.php
280
..
Qucs FlowCode
FlowCode
SDCC, ,
MPLAB,
SDCC: http://sdcc.sourceforge.net/
, MPLAB .
, .
MPLAB PIC.
. 3.6. MPLAB

: Project->Project Wizard.
. 3.7.
281
..
Qucs FlowCode
FlowCode
> :
. 3.8.
PIC16F628A. ,
, PIC16F627A.
. . ,
MPLAB PICC Lite , , ,
, Browse. Show all installed toolsuites,
.
. 3.9.
282
..
Qucs FlowCode
FlowCode
test ,
, .
. 3.10.
, ,
work, .
, , , .
, ,
, >.
, :
. 3.11.
.
.
283
..
Qucs FlowCode
FlowCode
. 3.12.
(Project->Add New File to Project), test.c,
, .
. , .
. Output MPLAB Build
.
. 3.13.
284
..
Qucs FlowCode
FlowCode
:
test.c; 4.1 undefined identifier "cmcon"
, cmcon .
MPLAB ( MPLAB 8.33)

. ,
, .
. ,
.
MPLAB . , . : View>Spicial Function Registers. .
:
. 3.14. MPLAB
: Debugger->Animate.
285
..
Qucs FlowCode
FlowCode
. 3.15. MPLAB
, .
, FlowCode, hex-,
, , , ,
, , .
FlowCode.
, .
.
FlowCode.
, ,
MPLAB. ,
MPLAB, .
, ,
.
. , ,
.
286
..
Qucs FlowCode
FlowCode
()
FlowCode .
. , , , ,
, . , , .
( FlowCode) , ,
. ,
.
,
. , .
( ) : .
,
.
, : .
, ,
, , , . 3.4,
, .
. , ,
:
Loop (), FlowCode

.
,
, BEGINEND.
While.
( )
.
. 3.16. FlowCode
. 3.17.
287
..
Qucs FlowCode
FlowCode
Loop count: .
, . , , ,
.
//Variable declarations ( )
char FCLV_LOOP1;
void main()
{
//Initialisation
cmcon = 0x07;
//Loop: Loop 8 times
for (FCLV_LOOP1=0; FCLV_LOOP1<8; FCLV_LOOP1++)
{
trisa = 0x00;
porta = 1;
}
}
, . , ,
. , .
char FCLV_LOOP1;
- .
FCLV_LOOP1, , , .
, . char,
. ,
.
:
void main()
{
{
- , ,
}
}
, , , : ,
, . .
for. ,
0 8 .
:
FCLV_LOOP1 = FCLV_LOOP1 + 1;
FCLV_LOOP1++,
, .
, = , ,
. :=.
, , :
288
..
Qucs FlowCode
FlowCode
FCLV_LOOP1<8;
- ,
. , FlowCode, MPLAB
,
MPLAB. , test3.
MPLAB , test3.
,
MPLAB. ,
, .
, , ,
, . FlowCode, ,
, , .
, . , .
:
char leds; //
:
leds = 1 + leds*2;
, :
PORTA = leds;
:
#include <htc.h>
char FCLV_LOOP1;
char leds;
void main()
{
//Initialisation
CMCON = 0x07;
{
//Output: leds -> PORT A
TRISA = 0x00;
leds = 1 + leds*2;
PORTA = leds;
}
}
, , :
#include <htc.h>
(Debugger->Animate):
289
..
Qucs FlowCode
FlowCode
. 3.18. MPLAB
hex- : , ,
, ,
(, , ).
, ,
. , FlowCode
MPLAB, :
.
,
.
. 3.19.
290
..
Qucs FlowCode
FlowCode
, :
. 3.20.
Add New Variable, .
.
. 3.21.
, , leds, Byte.
, .
. 3.22. Output
, Calculation FlowCode,
leds:
. 3.23.
FlowCode :
291
..
Qucs FlowCode
FlowCode
.
,
FlowCode BEGIN-END.
,
for, FlowCode Loop.
,
FlowCode .
, FlowCode
leds .
, FlowCode
.
, ?
. 3.24. FlowCode
, leds = 1 + leds*2 ,
? , ,
. , ? . , ,
. , 1, 3, 7, 15 ..,
. ,
,
( !).
.
. 3.25.

FlowCode
292
..
Qucs FlowCode
FlowCode
- ,
. ( )
Delay (). Calculation,
.
. 300 , , ,
( Run->Go/Continue
) FlowCode , .
. ,
FlowCode .
, , , :
//Delay: 300 ms
delay_ms(255);
delay_ms(45);
, FlowCode, .
FlowCode , delay_ms()
. MPLAB . ,
, ,
. .
, -
.
, ,
.
#include <htc.h>
char FCLV_LOOP1;
char leds;
int dl;
void main()
{
CMCON = 0x07;
{
TRISA = 0x00;
leds = 1 + leds*2;
PORTA = leds;
for (dl=0; dl<=10000; dl++){}
}
}
dl int ().
.
, ,
, . ,
. ,
HI-TECH MPLAB.
, htc.h.
, , ,
:
293
..
Qucs FlowCode
FlowCode
#include <htc.h>
#define _XTAL_FREQ 4000000
char FCLV_LOOP1;
char leds;
void main()
{
//Initialisation
CMCON = 0x07;
{
TRISA = 0x00;
leds = 1 + leds*2;
PORTA = leds;
__delay_ms(100);
}
}
100 , :
4 . PIC16F628A ,
, , 4 .
, 300 ,
:
char i;
for (i=0; i<3; i++) __delay_ms(100);
FlowCode

. MPLAB .
.
FlowCode ,
MPLAB,
. , hex-, ,
,
while. , , .
FlowCode.
294
..
Qucs FlowCode
FlowCode
, , , ,
. , -
, , ,
. . , ,
SOME, , ,
.
Decision FlowCode, ,
, :
if (FCV_SOME == 1)
{
//
} else {
//
}
: ( ), .
, .
, .
, , ,
.
FlowCode
, ( Input).
, , ,
. .
, , , , ,
, ,
.
,
( GOTO). , ,
. ,

, ,
.
, , ,
, , ,
.
295
..
Qucs FlowCode
FlowCode
FlowCode Macro.
. 3.26. FlowCode
.
, ,
(Call Macro). .
. 3.27.
,
. , Create New Macro,
.
. 3.28. Macro
.
296
..
Qucs FlowCode
FlowCode
. 3.29.
, .
, (Chip->Compile to C).
, ,
, , .
//Macro function declarations ()
void FCM_loop();
//Macro implementations ()
void FCM_loop()
{
}
void main()
{
//Initialisation
cmcon = 0x07;
//Call Macro
//Call Macro: loop ( )
FCM_loop();
}
, .
, . ,
, ,
?
OK &
Edit Macro (. 328).
loop.
, ,
, . ,

, .
Macro,
, .
.
. 3.30.
297
..
Qucs FlowCode
FlowCode
. 3.31.
, FlowCode
, , .
(
, ).
. ,
FlowCode. , ?
//Macro implementations ()
void FCM_loop()
{
//Loop
{
//Calculation
//Calculation:
// leds = 1 + leds * 2
FCV_LEDS = 1 + FCV_LEDS * 2;
298
..
Qucs FlowCode
FlowCode
//Output
trisa = 0x00;
porta = FCV_LEDS;
//Delay
//Delay: 300 ms
delay_ms(255);
delay_ms(45);
}
.
FlowCode , , ,
,
MPLAB.
FlowCode,
Output. Input ,
.
: . ,
. ,
, , .
. ,
- .
, , ,
Input
, BEGIN-END.
, .
, ,
, ,
,
. 3.32. Input
. 3.33.
,
. ,
299
..
Qucs FlowCode
FlowCode
Variables .
key, .
, (Chip->Compile to C).
, , , :
//Variable declarations
char FCV_KEY;
void main()
{
//Initialisation
cmcon = 0x07;
//Input: PORT A -> key
trisa = trisa | 0xff;
FCV_KEY = porta;
}
: trisa = trisa | 0xff;

trisa ff,
, , , .
, , ,
- , .
, , ,
. ,
. , , .
, Interrupt.
. 3.34. Interrupt
, ,
- . .
PIC16F628A , .
300
..
Qucs FlowCode
FlowCode
. 3.35.
,
, . , ,
, ,
Create New Macro ( ).
key_intr, , .
. 3.36.
301
..
Qucs FlowCode
FlowCode
( Edit Variables) , ,
, key. ,
, ,
.
Calculation.
. 3.37.
Calculation :
. 3.38. Calculation
, light, , ,
, , . ,
(Edit->Variables), light.
, , ,
, :
302
..
Qucs FlowCode
FlowCode
, , , ,
- ,
.
, , ,
, .
, ,
.
While ,
. ,
Switches, ,
light key.
. 3.39.
. 3.40. Switches
,
, light .
, , key ,
. Calculation
light. . ,
, .
303
..
Qucs FlowCode
. 3.41.
304
FlowCode
..
Qucs FlowCode
. 3.42.
305
FlowCode
..
Qucs FlowCode
FlowCode
, , :
//Macro function declarations
void FCM_key_intr();
//Variable declarations
char FCV_LIGHT;
//Macro implementations
void FCM_key_intr()
{
//Local variable definitions
char FCL_KEY;
//Calculation:
// key_intr.key = key_intr.key + 1
// light = key_intr.key
FCL_KEY = FCL_KEY + 1;
FCV_LIGHT = FCL_KEY;
}
void main()
{
//Initialisation
cmcon = 0x07;
//Interrupt initialisation code
option_reg = 0xC0;
//Loop
//Loop: While 1
while (1)
{
//Interrupt: Enable RB0/INT
option_reg.INTEDG=1;
intcon.GIE=1;
intcon.INTE=1;
//Output: light -> PORT A
trisa = 0x00;
porta = FCV_LIGHT;
}
}
, MPLAB (
AVRStudio), , . MPLAB
PICkit 2 ( PICkit 3), USB .
, FlowCode.
, ,
. (Chip>Configure).
306
..
Qucs FlowCode
FlowCode
. 3.43.
Options :
. 3.44.
USB ,
, LPT. , ,
FlowCode, :
http://microsin.ru/content/view/820/1/

307
..
Qucs FlowCode
FlowCode
USART PWM
PIC16F628A,, , ,
USART.
RS232 ,
USART.
. 3.45. RS232 USART

, RS232 ( ),
Component Macro. - :
. 3.46. , USART
, , ,
? : N, (
) 0 ; F, (
) 0 .
308
..
Qucs FlowCode
FlowCode
Component Macro .
() , Variables inp
0.
. 3.47. Component Macro RS232

,
.
, N
0 . , , ,
; , ,
, . F
, .
,
, , ,
, - : , ,
. , .
309
..
Qucs FlowCode
FlowCode
Component Macro,
RS232, inp.

, .
N, 1,
.
, inp
F.
0.
While
, , .
. 3.48.
,
, +, ,
(Run->Go/Continue , F5 ,
Run ).
310
..
Qucs FlowCode
FlowCode
. 3.49.
+ Characters in queue, .
, ,
Characters Received, 0 .
, F, .
, USART, .
:
N F.
, , ,
, . inp,
. , flag,
0 1 .
out. ,
.
. , ( Loop).
, Calculation, flag
. ( Input)
311
..
Qucs FlowCode
FlowCode
0 : ,
, , .
? flag:
flag = ( NOT flag ) AND 1,
Calculation. FlowCode
, ( NOT), ,
.
flag = NOT flag,
: 0 255.
N, flag 1, F,
.
, Component Macro
RS232. out.
. 3.50. RS232
, , ,
, . , ,
.
:
312
..
Qucs FlowCode
FlowCode
. 3.51. , USART
, 0.
, , ,
FlowCode. ,
.
,
, . PWM, PIC16F628A.
. ,
3 , , ,
FlowCode.
313
..
Qucs FlowCode
FlowCode
. 3.52. (- )
, : ,
Component Macro Calculation,
fst .
Component Macro .

, ,
.
. 3.53.
PWM
314
..
Qucs FlowCode
FlowCode
( Component Macro) .
. 3.54. fst
,
.
, FlowCode
, . ,
PIC-, ,
AVR-, .
-
FlowCode, ( ).
.
315
..
Qucs FlowCode
FlowCode
FlowCode

, ,
- .
,
RJ45. , . ,
.
, , .
, : , .
, 1.5-2 .
: (Master)
(Slave). RJ45
.
. ,
.
. :
Master
Slave
+5
:
, .
,
:
. 4.1.
316
..
Qucs FlowCode
FlowCode
( ) Pr1-4, ,
V1 . ,
, :
, . FlowCode:
( Loop)
( Loop) ,
1 ( Calculation), 1
2 ( Calculation).
: ,
. HI-TECH
. ,
FlowCode .
:
#include <htc.h>
void main()
{
char out;
char i;
char k;
CMCON = 0x07;
while (1) {
out = 1;
for (i=0;i<8;i++) {
TRISA = 0x00;
PORTA = out;
for(k=0;k<10;k++) {
__delay_ms(100);
}
out = out*2;
}
}
}
. 4.2.
MPLAB: ,
.
317
..
Qucs FlowCode
. 4.3. MPLAB
.
. 4.4. Proteus
318
FlowCode
..
Qucs FlowCode
FlowCode
, . ,
, . , ,
, ,
..
, ,
, . ,
, ,
.
, - , .
, , , FlowCode, , .
.

: ,
. ,
.
? ,
, , .
, :
char FCV_IN;
void main()
{
//Input: B0 -> in
trisb = trisb | 0x01;
FCV_IN = (portb & 0x01);
}
( Input) , char
FCV_IN. RB0 , trisb
= trisb | 0x01. , , ,
RB0.
, :
if (FCV_IN == 1)
{
//
} else {
//
}
FlowCode :
319
..
Qucs FlowCode
FlowCode
Input,
,
Decision,

.
,

MPLAB.
,
, ,
.
,
. ,
:
.
,
, . (
)
,
( )
.
.
,
,
, ,
,
.

, FlowCode.
. 4.5.
320
..
Qucs FlowCode
FlowCode

,
, ,
. . .
FlowCode
, USART PWM. , ,
HI-TECH, , .
.
, ,
, , ,
,
, . , ,
, . , ,
, , , .
.
, , ,
. .
, ,
.
.
. , ,
, , ,
. .
. 4.6.

321
..
Qucs FlowCode
FlowCode
RA0 RA,
RB0 RB1, S1-S4.
. -
:

,
.
. ,
.

key1 - key4
,

.
,
FlowCode -

.

.
, ,
-
,
.
,

MPLAB Proteus.
FlowCode
KeyPad.
. 4.7. -

322
..
Qucs FlowCode
FlowCode
, KeyPad
.
Component Macro, ,
, .
. 4.8. KeyPad
key.
.
:
. 4.9. FlowCode
323
..
Qucs FlowCode
FlowCode

, - ,
. ,
, .
.
. 4.10. RB0
FlowCode
.
, :
324
..
Qucs FlowCode
FlowCode
. 4.11.
, , .
, ,
. , :
, FlowCode, .
FlowCode, , . ,
FlowCode,
,
.
, , :
//Interrupt initialisation code
option_reg = 0xC0;
//Interrupt: Enable RB0/INT
option_reg.INTEDG=1;
intcon.GIE=1;
intcon.INTE=1;
:
void interrupt(void)
{
if (intcon & (1 << INTF))
{
FCM_display();
clear_bit(intcon, INTF);
}
}
325
..
Qucs FlowCode
FlowCode
FCM_display() :
void FCM_display()
{
//Calculation: num = num + 1
FCV_NUM = FCV_NUM + 1;
//Calculation:
// num3 = num / 1000
// num2 = (num - num3 * 1000 ) / 100
// num1 = (num - num3 * 1000 - num2 * 100 ) / 10
// num0 = (num - num3 * 1000 - num2 * 100 - num1 * 10 )
FCV_NUM3 = FCV_NUM / 1000;
FCV_NUM2 = (FCV_NUM - FCV_NUM3 * 1000 ) / 100;
FCV_NUM1 = (FCV_NUM - FCV_NUM3 * 1000 - FCV_NUM2 * 100 ) / 10;
FCV_NUM0 = (FCV_NUM - FCV_NUM3 * 1000 - FCV_NUM2 * 100 - FCV_NUM1 * 10);
}
, ,
, .
, , ,
, . , , , , ,
, , ,
. , ,
.
. .
,
, .
FlowCode
, ;
.
, FlowCode
, ,
. , ,
, ,
, , .
326
..
Qucs FlowCode
FlowCode

, , , FlowCode,
, ,
, , .
,
. , , ..
, - . ,
, ,
.
,
, , .
, : ,

. .
,
. ?
:
, .
, ,
.
,
, , .
.
. 4.
, , .
2, , ,
. , , ,
, . ,
, . ,
1, 1, ( ) :
. 4.12.
25 .
,
:
327
..
Qucs FlowCode
FlowCode
,
.
,
( ).
,
, .
,
( )
. key.
.
,
key AND mask, mask
, ( ) .

. , ,
.
.
. 4.13. ,
cod_out Calculation.
.
. 4.14.

328
..
Qucs FlowCode
FlowCode
. 4.15.
, , ,
.
.
,
25 . :
. , ,
.
307. , .
307 100 10
20 . ,
, RA0 ,
.
329
..
Qucs FlowCode
FlowCode
, FlowCode
.
, FlowCode.
, , ,
.
RA0 ,
? ,
, TSOP 36-38 ,
27 . 100 ,
5 ( ) 20 .
, :
, ,
.
, !.. FlowCode
.
,
, PICC Lite.
, ,
.

, .
.
. 4.16.
- , ,
,
,
.
,
.
, . ,
, .
,
, , .
330
..
Qucs FlowCode
FlowCode

, , , ,
, , ,
,
. , .
, , ,
.
, . ,
TSOP, ,
4.12. (
).

RB0.
,
, ,
4 ,
3.5
.

,
, .
0.5
.

,
. 0.5
.
. 4.17.

0.5 . ,
.
331
..
Qucs FlowCode
FlowCode
RB0 (,
RB0).
. 4.18.
.
( , While input = 1
) 16000. 4 , 0.25 .
,
, , :
. 4.19.
332
..
Qucs FlowCode
FlowCode

.
, , .
,
.
, , , :
, ,
.
333
..
Qucs FlowCode
FlowCode
FlowCode
, ,
, .
. 5.1. FlowCode

, .
. ,
.
. 5.2.
334
..
Qucs FlowCode
FlowCode
Delay.
. 5.3. Delay
Switch.
. 5.4. Switch
.
. 5.5. Switch
335
..
Qucs FlowCode
FlowCode
. ,
Connections
.
. 5.6.
. Connection
, Ext Properties
.
. 5.7.
336
..
Qucs FlowCode
FlowCode
, , ,
: .
,
,
Component Macro. .
, , .
. 5.8.
:
. 5.9.
337
..
Qucs FlowCode
FlowCode
. 5.10. (Floating )

.
. 5.11.
, , , ,
. , , Help .
:
, Stepper, Servo, Speech

, ADC, RS232, I2C, PWM

338
..
Qucs FlowCode
FlowCode
FlowCode
(ICD)

ICD

ICD

ASCII

FlowCode

, , . , .
339
..
Qucs FlowCode
. 5.12. FlowCode
340
FlowCode
..
Qucs FlowCode
FlowCode
Proteus
ISIS.
FlowCode, , .
FlowCode . ,
, ,
Proteus, .

, , , , ,
, . , , ,
, .
.
. FlowCode. , ,
. : E F.
PIC16F628A. E , ,
, . ...
Proteus.
. 5.13. Proteus
Proteus F . , ,
, . , ,
, . ,
341
..
Qucs FlowCode
FlowCode
, , , ,
, .

( ).

, 3
.
,
, ,
.
, ,
PIC16F628, , ,
. ,
( ),
/.
hex- .
. 5.14.
hex- Proteus,
342
..
Qucs FlowCode
FlowCode
. 5.15. Proteus
... , . .
ISIS (Proteus). . .
. ( ?!)
.
. 5.16. Proteus
Proteus Linux, .
, :
343
..
Qucs FlowCode
FlowCode
. 5.17. Proteus
( ,
) , Optoelectronics
: 7SEG-MPX4-CA ( ) 7SEG-MPX4-CC
( ). , .
.
. 5.18.
.
344
..
Qucs FlowCode
FlowCode
. 5.19.
hex-,
Proteus, . , , ...
, . , , F .
Proteus , , ,
( Debug).
, .
. , ,
, .
: , .
Proteus, , .
, ,
. , -
, .
345
..
Qucs FlowCode
FlowCode
. 5.20. Proteus
Start/Restart Debugging,
, .
.
. , .
, ,
. .
.
, , ,
, : , , ,
.
346
..
Qucs FlowCode
FlowCode
. 5.21.
, , .
(, F11 ),
Step Over ( F10) Step Out, ( Ctrl+F11), , ,
.
. 5.22.
, , :
347
..
Qucs FlowCode
FlowCode
. 5.23.
, , , ...
. , : Proteus
, .
. 5.24. Proteus
, , ,
, . , .
,
RA5
.
348
..
Qucs FlowCode
FlowCode
, FlowCode. ,
. ,
5.14, .
#include <htc.h>
void main()
{
char i;
while (1) {
CMCON = 0x07;
TRISA = 0x00;
PORTA = 0xFF;
for (i=0;i<30;i++) {
__delay_ms(100);
}
TRISA = 0x00;
PORTA = 0x00;
for (i=0;i<30;i++) {
__delay_ms(100);
}
}
}
, MPLAB, ,
.
. 5.25. MPLAB
349
..
Qucs FlowCode
FlowCode
, ,
, RA5 (
, FF, DF).
, , , , RA5,
, :
RA5 is a Schmitt Trigger input only and has no output driver (RA5
)
,
RA5/MCLR pin function is digital Input ( RA5/MCLR ).
, -
Proteus ,
FlowCode, .
, .
. .
, FlowCode.
, - , ,
. - .
, , FlowCode . .
, FlowCode, . ?
350
..
Qucs FlowCode
FlowCode

, ,
, .
,
.., AVR PIC ,
-. , ( )
, .
. .
SOS.
#include <18F458.h>
#use delay(clock=20000000)
#fuses HS,NOWDT
void Pause(int ms)
{
output_D(0xFF);
delay_ms(ms);
}
void P(void)
{
output_D(0);
delay_ms(5);
Pause(5);
}
//
//
//
//
//
void D(void)
{
output_D(0);
//
delay_ms(20); //
Pause(5);
//
}
int main (void)
{
set_tris_D(0xFF); // D
while(1)
//
{
P(); P(); P(); //. . .
D(); D(); D(); //- - P(); P(); P(); //. . .
Pause(100);
}
}
, FlowCode, :
P, D, P Pause.
FlowCode,
. ,
, Pause Delay.
.
:
351
..
Qucs FlowCode
FlowCode
,
P, .
D.
P.
5 .
1 ,
3 .
FlowCode
.
( )
, .
, , .
,
.

, OK&Edit Macro
Macro Show,
. ,
Macro.
:
. ( FlowCode)

.
. 5.26. SOS FlowCode

( P)
:
352
..
Qucs FlowCode
FlowCode
-
.
Pause, ,

1 ,
.
. 5.27.
D ,
, .
:
. 5.28. SOS
FlowCode PIC, AVR ,
,
.
, :
353
..
Qucs FlowCode
FlowCode
, D -
. " "
, ,
.
, 7 .
"" ( 0
127).
CD-, :
#include <avr/io.h>
#include <avr/delay.h>
unsigned long DelayCount;
unsigned long Velocity = 0;
unsigned char EyeType = 0;
void ShowEyes(int i)
{
if(EyeType) PORTD = ~i; else PORTD = i;
_delay_loop_2(DelayCount);
}
int main (void)
{
DDRB = 0x00;
DDRD = 0xFF;
while(1)
{
Velocity = PINB;
if(Velocity > 127)
{
Velocity -= 127;
EyeType = 1;
}
else EyeType = 0;
DelayCount = 500 + (Velocity * 50);
for(int i = 1; i <= 8; i = i*2) ShowEyes(i * 16 + i);
for(int i = 8; i > 1; i -= i/2) ShowEyes(i * 16 + i);
}
}
, ,
, , , ,
.
354
..
Qucs FlowCode
FlowCode
. 2.29.
, , ,
. , ,
, .
.
355
..
Qucs FlowCode
FlowCode
. 2.30.
, 0 .
RB0.
,
, . ,
, .
356
..
Qucs FlowCode
FlowCode
. 2.31.
, , ,
, , ,
.
, ,
Delay .
,
..
.
357
..
Qucs FlowCode
FlowCode
? . , ,
FlowCode. ..,
, ,
,
.

, , . ,
Linux, ,
, FlowCode, ,
KTechlab.
, , , ,
.
,
, , .
, ,
, ,
, ,
, , ,
.
358

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1

. 1.1. Qucs Vista

. 1.2. Qucs openSUSE 11.1

. 1.3. Qucs Fedora 10 KDE 4.2

. 1.14. Qucs Windows

. 2.83. netlist Qucs

dBm 10 log (x/0.001)

. 10.38. bandpass.sch ASCO

* A twostage BJT amplifier.

. 11.6. SPICE- BZX55C5V1

.12 17. Qucs

. 1.10. Key Mappings

New... ( ), Show... ( ), Delete... (), Edit Details...

Target... ( ), Clock Speed... (

NOT AND OR XOR

sin(), cos(), tan()

asin(), acos(), atan(), atan2()

sinh(), cosh(), tanh()

asinh(), acosh(), atanh()

. 2.19. Interrupt (e)

. 2.36. String Manipulation

Loop (), FlowCode

: trisa = trisa | 0xff;

. 3.45. RS232 USART

. 3.47. Component Macro RS232

, Stepper, Servo, Speech

. 5.26. SOS FlowCode

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