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77


A(X1, X2, Xn)
B(X1, X2, ... Xn).
A B ,
X1, X2, Xn,
k, k
A
B.

(Union)

99

10
10


A(X1, X2, Xn)
B(X1, X2, ... Xn).
A B ,
X1, X2, Xn,
k, k
A

B.

11



(MINUS)

12
12

13
13


A(X1, X2, Xn)
B(X1, X2, ... Xn).
A B ,
X1, X2, Xn,
k, k
A
B.

14




(INTERSECT)

15
15

16
16


A(A1, A2, An)
B(B1, B2, ... Bn).
A B
,
A1, A2, An, B1, B2, ... Bn
,
A
B.

17



(TIMES)

18
18

A(X, Y, )
: (X,Y){T|F}. A X,
Y B,

A, X, Y
(X, Y) = T.

19




(.WHERE)

20
20


A(X, Y, ).
A X, Y
B,
X Y
{X:x, Y:y}, ,
A
{X:x, Y:y, .}.

21



(ALL BUT)

22
22



(JOIN)

23
23

-
A(A1, A2 An)
B(B1, B2 Bn)
:A1xA2xAnxB1xB2Bn
{T|F}
,
,
A B
(A:B) = T.

24



-

25
25



-

26
26

:
o
o
o
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-
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INNER JOIN (.
.)



 (LEFT JOIN [OUTER])

 (RIGHT JOIN [OUTER])
 (FULL JOIN)
27
27


A(A1, A2 An)
B(B1, B2 Bn)
C(A1, A2 An, B1, B2 Bn)
, x
A :
y,
B, C
x:y.
A , , C
.

28



(DEVIDBY)

29
29


A(A1, A2, An,X,Y)
B(X,Y,B1, B2, ... Bm).
A B
, A1, A2, An, X
Y, B1, B2, ... Bm ,
A (A1:a1, A2 :a2, An :an,X :x,Y :y)
r B (B1 :b1, B2 :b2, ... Bm :bm)
k A r B, X,Y k
r .

30



- (
),
.
:
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31