Hinh Chuong3

Trn Thnh Minh Phan Lu Bin - Trn Quang Ngha
H NH H C 10
Ch ng 3.
Phng Php To Phng
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Chng3. Phng php to phng
1. Phng trnh tng qut ca ng thng

A. Tm tt gio khoa .
1. Vect n khc 0 vung gc ng thng gi l vect php tuyn (VTPT) ca .
Phng trnh ca ng thng qua M0( x0 ; y0 ) v c VTPT n = (a ; b) l :
a(x x0) + b(y y0) = 0
Phng trnh tng qut ca ng thng c dng : ax + by
+c=0
n
trong n = (a ; b) l mt VTPT .
vung gc Ox : ax + c = 0
a
vung gc Oy : by + c = 0
qua gc O : ax + by = 0
x y
qua A(a ; 0) v B(0 ; b) : + = 1 ( Phng trnh
a b
theo an chn )
M
Phng trnh ng thng c h s gc l k : y = kx + m vi
k = tan , l gc hp bi tia Mt ca pha trn Ox v tia Mx.
2. Cho hai ng thng 1: a1x + b1y + c1 = 0 v 2 : a2x + b2y + c 2 = 0

Tnh D = a1 b 2 a2 b1, Dx = b1 c 2 b2 c1 , Dy = c 1 a 2 c2 a1
D
D
1 , 2 ct nhau D 0 . Khi ta giao im l : x = x ; y = y
D
D
D = 0
1 // 2 D x 0
D 0
y
1 , 2 trng nhau D = Dx = Dy = 0
Ghi ch : Nu a2, b2 , c2 0 th :
1 , 2 ct nhau
1 // 2
a1 b1
.
a 2 b2
a1 b1 c1
=
a 2 b2 c 2
a
b
c
1 , 2 trng nhau 1 = 1 = 1
a 2 b2 c 2
B. Gii tan .
Dng tan 1 : Lp phng trnh tng qut ca ng thng : Cn nh :
Phng trnh ng thng qua im M(x0 ; y0 ) v vung gc n = (a; b) l : a(x x0 )

+ b(y y0) = 0
Phng trnh ng thng qua im M(x0 ; y0 ) v cng phng a = (a 1 ; a 2 ) l :
x x o y yo
=
a1
a2
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Phng trnh ng thng song song ng thng : ax + by + c = 0 c dng :

by + m = 0 vi m c .
Phng trnh ng thng qua M(x0 ; y0 )co dang : a(x x0 ) + b(y y0) = 0
ax +
( a2 + b2 0 )
Phng trnh ng thng qua A(a ; 0) v B(0 ; b) l :
x y
+ =1
a b
V d 1 : Cho tam gic ABC c A(3 ; 2) , B(1 ; 1) v C(- 1; 4) . Vit phng trnh tng qut ca :
a) ng cao AH v ng thng BC .
b) trung trc ca AB
c) ng trung bnh ng vi AC
d) ung phn gic trong ca gc A .
Gii a) ng cao AH qua A(3 ; 2) v vung gc BC = (- 2 ; 3) c phng trnh l : - 2( x 3) +
3(y 2) = 0 - 2x + 3y = 0
ng thng BC l tp hp nhng im M(x ; y) sao cho BM = ( x 1; y 1) cng phng
x 1 y 1
=
( iu kin cng phng ca hai vect) 3(x
BC = (2;3) nn c phng trnh l :
2
3
1) + 2(y 1) = 0 3x + 2y 5 = 0
b) Trung trc AB qua trung im I( 2 ; 3/2 ) ca AB v vung gc AB = (- 2 ; - 1) nn c phng

trnh tng qut l : 2(x 2) + 1.(y 3/2) = 0 4x + 2y 11 = 0
c) ng trung bnh ng vi AB qua trung im K( 0 ; 5/2) v cng phng AB = (- 2 ; - 1) .
5
ng ny l tp hp nhng im M(x ; y) sao cho KM = ( x 0; y ) cng phng
2
x 0 y 5/ 2
=
( iu kin cng phng ca hai vect)
AB = (2;1) nn c phng trnh l :
2
1
x 2y + 5 = 0
d) Gi D(x ; y) l ta ca chn ng phn gic trong . Theo tnh cht ca phn gic :
DB
AB
=
AC
DC
M AB =
22 + 12 = 5, AC = 42 + 22 = 2 5 , do :
DB
1
= <=> 2DC = DC
2
DC
2(1 x) = x + 1
x = 1/ 3

<=>
2(1 y) = y 4
y = 2
Vy D = (1/3 ; 2) . V yA = yD = 2 nn phng trnh AD l y = 2 .
V d 2 : Cho hnh ch nht ABCD , phng trnh ca AB : 2x y + 5 = 0 , ng thng AD qua
gc ta O , v tm hnh ch nht l I( 4 ; 5 ) . Vit phng trnh cc cnh cn li
Gii V AD vung gc vi AB nn VTPT n = (2 ; - 1) ca AB l VTCP ca AD Phng trnh AD
x y
qua O l : =
x + 2y = 0
2 1
2x y + 5 = 0
Ta A l nghim ca h :
. Gii h ny ta c : x = - 2 ; y = 1 => A(- 2 ; 1)
x + 2y = 0
x A + x C = 2x I = 8
x C = 10
I l trung im ca AC , suy ra :
: C(10 ; 9)
<=>
y
y
2y
10
y
9
+
=
=
=
C
I
A
C
ng thng CD song song vi AB nn n = (2 ; - 1) cng l
A
B
VTPT ca CD . CD qua C(10 ; 9) , do phng trnh CD l :
2(x 10) - (y 9) = 0 2x y 11 = 0
ng thng BC qua C v song song AD , do phng trnh BC
l : (x 10) + 2(y 9) = 0 x 2y 28 = 0
V d 3 : Cho ng thng d : 3x 4y 12 = 0 .
a) Tnh din tch ca tam gic m d hp vi hai trc ta .
b) Vit phng trnh ng thng d i xng ca d qua trc Ox .
c) Vit phng trnh ng thng d i xng ca d qua im I(- 1 ; 1) .
Gii : a) Cho x = 0 : - 4y 12 = 0 y = - 3 => d ct Oy tai A(0 ; - 3)
Cho y = 0 : 3x 12 = 0 x = 4 => d ct Ox tai B(4 ; 0)
Din tch tam gic vung OAB l : .OA.OB = . 3. 4 = 6 vdt
b) Gi A(0 ; 3) l i xng ca A qua Ox . Ta c d

qua A v B , cng phng A' B = (4;3) c phng
x 0 y3
=
3x + 4y 12 = 0
trnh l :
4
3
c) Gi B1l i xng ca B qua I => B1 (- 6 ; 2) .
ng thng d qua B1v song song vi d , c phng
trnh : 3(x + 6) 4(y - 2) = 0 3x 4y + 26 = 0
y
A
B1
I
*V d 4 : Vit phng trnh ng thng qua M(3 ; 2)

, ct tia Ox ti A, tia
Oy ti B sao cho :
a) OA + OB = 12
b) hp vi hai trc mt tam gic c din tch l 12
Gi A(a ; 0) v B(0 ; b) vi a > 0 , b > 0 , phng trnh ng

x y
thng cn tm c dng : + = 1 . V ng thng qua M(3 ; 2) nn :
a b
3 2
+ = 1 (1)
a b
a) OA + OB = 12 a + b = 12 a = 12 b (2)
3
2
+ =1
Th (2) vo (1) :
12 b b
3b + 2(12 b) = (12 b)b
b2 11b + 24 = 0
b = 3 hay b = 8
Gii :
x y
+ = 1 <=> x + 3y 9 = 0
9 3
x y
b = 8 : a = 4 , phng trnh cn tm : + = 1 <=> 2x + y 8 = 0
4 8
b) Din tch tam gic OAB l OA.OB = ab = 12 a = 24/b (3)
3b 2
+ = 1 b2 + 16 = 8b
Th (3) vo (1) :
24 b
(b 4)2 = 0 b = 4
x y
Suy ra : a = 6 , phng trnh cn tm l : + = 1 2x + 3y 12 = 0
6 4
Dng 3 : Tm v tr tng i ca hai ng thng .
b = 3 : a = 9 , phng trnh cn tm :
V d 1 : Tm v tr tng i ca cac ng thng sau :

a) 9x 6y 1 = 0 , 6x + 4y 5 = 0
b) 10x 8y + 2/3 =0 ; 25x 20y + 5/3 = 0
9 6
nn hai ng thng ct nhau .

6 4
10 8 2 / 3 2
b) Ta c :
=
=
= nn hai ng thng trng nhau .
25 20 5 / 3 5
Gii a) Ta c :
* V d 2 : Cho d : (m + 1)x 2y + m + 1 = 0
d : mx - 3y + 1 = 0
a) nh m hai ng thng ct nhau . Tm ta giao im M.
b) Tm m Z ta giao im l s nguyn .
(m + 1)x 2y + m + 1 = 0 (1)
Gii a) Ta giao im M l nghim ca h :
mx 3y + 1 = 0 (2)
m +1 2
Hai ng thng ct nhau D =
= 3(m + 1) + 2m = m 3 0
m
3
m-3
2 m +1
= - 2.1 + 3(m + 1) = 3m +1
Ta c : Dx =
3
1
Dy =
m +1
1
m +1
= m(m + 1) 1.(m+1) = m2 - 1
m
Dx
- 3m - 1
x = D . = m + 3
Ta giao im M :
2
y = D y = - m + 1
D
m+3
3(m + 3) + 8
8
b) Ta c : x =
=-3+
m+3
m+3
8
y = m +3
m+3
x v y Z th 8 chia ht cho (m + 3)
(m + 3) { 1 ; 2 ; 4 ; 8 }
m {- 2 ; - 4 ; - 1 ; - 5 ; 1 ; - 7 ; 5 ; - 11 }
V d 3 : Cho ng thng d : 2x + y - 13 = 0 v im A (1 ; 1)
a) Vit phng trnh ng thng d qua A v vung gc d .
b) Tm ta hnh chiu ca A ln d v ta im A , i xng ca A qua A .
Gii a) ng thng d vung gc d nn VTPT n = (2 ; 1) ca d l VTCP ca d . Suy ra phng
trnh ca d l :
x 1 y 1
x 2y + 1 = 0
=
2
1
A
b) Ta giao im H ca d v d tha h :
2x + y 13 = 0
x = 5
H

: H(5 ; 3) , l hnh chiu ca A ln d..
y
3
+
=
=
x
2y
1
0
H l trung im ca AA , suy ra :
x A ' = 2 x H x A = 9
: A' (9 ; 5)
y A' = 2 y H y A = 5
A
.
C. Bi tp rn luyn
3.1. Cho ng thng d : y = 2x 4

a) V ng thng d . Xc nh giao im A v B ca d vi Ox v Oy.Suy
ra din tch tam gic OAB v khong cch t O ti d.
b) Vit phng trnh ng thng d song song vi d , ct Ox ti M , Oy
ti N sao cho MN = 3 5
3.2. Vit phng trnh tng qut ca ng thng d :

a) qua im A(1 ; - 2) v c h s gc l 3 .
b) qua B ( - 5; 2 ) v cng phng a = ( 2 ; - 5)
c) qua gc O v vung gc vi ng thng : y =
2 3x
4
d) qua I(4 ; 5) v hp vi 2 trc ta mt tam gic cn .

e) qua A(3 ; 5) v cch xa im H(1 ; 2) nht.
3.3 . Chng minh cc tp hp sau l cc ng thng :
a) Tp hp nhng im M m khong cch n trc honh gp i khong cch
n trc tung .
b) Tp hp nhng im M tha MA 2 + MB2 = 2MO 2 vi A(2 ; 1 ) v B( 1 ; - 2)
3. 4 . Cho tam gic ABC c A(4 ; 1) , B(1 ; 7) v C(- 1; 0 ) . Vit phng trnh tng
qut ca
a) ng cao AH , ng thng BC .
b) Trung tuyn AM v trung trc ca AB
c) ng thng qua C v chia tam gic thnh hai phn , phn cha im A
c din tch gp i phn cha im B .
3. 5. Cho tam gic ABC c phng trnh cc ng thng AB, BC v CA l :
AB : x 3 = 0 ; BC : 4x 7y + 23 = 0 ; AC : 3x + 7y + 5 = 0
a) Tm ta A, B, C v din tch tam gic .

b) Vit phng trnh ng cao v t A v C . Suy ra ta ca trc tm H
3. 6. Cho hai ng thng d : mx y + m + 1 = 0 v d : x my + 2 = 0
a) nh m hai ng thng ct nhau . Tm ta giao im M , suy ra M di
ng trn mt ng thng c nh .
b) nh m d v d v ng thng : x + 2y 2 = 0 ng quy.
3. 7. Cho hai im A(5 ; - 2) v B(3 ; 4) . Vit phng trnh ca ng thng d qua
im C(1 ; 1) sao cho A v B cch u ng thng d .
3.8. Cho hnh bnh hnh hai cnh c phng trnh 3x y 2 = 0 v x + y 2 = 0 .
Vit phng trnh hai cnh cn li bit tm hnh bnh hnh l I(3 ; 1) .
*3. 9 . Cho tam gic ABC c trung im ca AB l I(1 ; 3) , trung im AC l J(- 3;
1) . im A thuc Oy v ng BC qua gc ta O . Tm ta im A , phng
trnh BC v ng cao v t B .
*3.10. Cho im M(9 ; 4) . Vit phng trnh ng thng qua M , ct hai tia Ox v
tia Oy ti A v B sao cho tam gic OAB c din tch nh nht .
* 3.11. Cho im M(3 ; 3) . Vit phng trnh ng thng qua M , ct Ox v Oy
A v B sao cho tam gic MAB vung ti M v AB qua im I(2 ; 1) .
ti
D. Hng dn hay p s :
3.1. a) A(2 ; 0) , B(0 ; - 4) ; S = 4 vdt .
Ta c :
1
1
1
1 1
5
4
=
+
= +
=
=> OH =
2
2
2
4 16 16
OH
OA
OB
5
b) Phng trnh d co dng : y = 2x + m , ct Ox ti M(- m/2 ; 0) , cat Oy ti N(0 ; m) . Ta

c MN =
OM 2 + ON 2 =
|m| 5
=3
2
Suy ra : m = 6 .
3.2 . a) y + 2 = 3(x 1) y = 3x 5
x+5 y2
=
<=> 5x + 2 y + 21 = 0
2
5
4
c) y = x ( hai ng thng vung gc tch hai he so goc la 1)
3
b)
d) V d hp vi Ox mt goc 450 hay 1350 nen ng thng co he so goc la tan 450 = 1 hay
tn(1350) = - 1 , suy ra phng trnh la : y = x + 1 ; y = - x + 9
e) ng thng cn tm qua A va vuong goc AH = ( 2;3) .
3.3 . a) Gi (x ; y) la toa o M : |y| = 2|x| y = 2x hay y = - 2x
b) MO2 = x2 + y2 , MA2 = (x 2)2 +(y 1)2 , MB2 = (x 1)2 + (y + 2)2 .
Suy ra : 3x y 5 = 0
3. 4 . c) ng thng cn tm qua im D sao cho : DA = 2DB D = (2 ; 5)
3. 5. a) A(3 ; - 2) ; B(3 ; 5) ; C(- 4 ; 1) , S = .AB . CH = 47/ 2 vdt

b) AH : y = 1 , AK : 7x + 4y 13 = 0 , H(9/7 ; 1)
3. 6 . a) D = 1 m2 0 m 1 , toa o giao im :
Dx
m+2
1
x
=
=
D
m +1
m +1
D
y = y = 1
D m +1
=> x + y + 1 = 0 => M di ng trenng thng : x + y + 1 =
0
b) Th toa o cua M vao phng trnh : x + 2y 2 = 0 , ta c : m = - 2/3
3. 7. d la ng thng qua C :
Va qua trung im I(4 ; 1) cua AB
hay cung phng AB = ( 2;6)
3.8. Gi AB : 3x y 2 = 0 v AD : x + y 2 = 0 .
Giai he , ta c A = (1 ; 1) . Suy ra C = (5 ; 1 ) .
CD : 3x y 14 = 0 ; BC : x + y 6 = 0
* 3. 9 . A = (0 ; a) => B(2 ; 6 a) va C(- 6 ; 2 a)
BC qua goc O va OB va OC cung phng 2(2 a) = (6 a) ( - 6)
a=5.
3. 10. t A(a ; 0) va (0 ; b) ,vi a , b > 0 .Phng trnh ng thng cn tm co dang
:
9 4
x y
+ = 1 . ng nay qua I + = 1
a b
a b
Ap dung bt Cosi cho hai so : 1 =

=>
ab 12 => S OAB =
9 4
9 4
12
+ 2 . =
a b
a b
ab
1
ab 72
2
Vy tam giac OAB co din tch nho nhat la 72 khi

thng cn tm la :
9 4 1
= = <=> a = 18 ; b = 8 va PT ng
a b 2
x y
+ = 1 <=> 4 x + 9 y 72 = 0
18 8
3.11. t A(a ; 0) , B(0 ; b) , ta c : MA.MB = ( a 3)(3) + ( 3)(b 3) = 0

a + b = 6 (1)
Mt khac phng trnh ng thng AB :

(AB) qua I(2 ; 1)
x y
+ = 1.
a b
2 1
+ = 1 2b + a = ab (2)
a b
Th (1) vao (2) : 2b + (6 b) = (6 b)b
b2 5b + 6 = 0
b = 2 hay b = 3 .
Suy ra : (a = 4 ; b = 2) hay (a = 3 ; b = 3)
2. Phng trnh tham s ca ng thng

A. Tm tt gio khoa
1. a khc 0 cng phng vi ng thng gi l vect ch phng
(VTCP) ca .
Phng trnh tham s ca ng thng qua M0 (x0 ; y0) v c VTCP
x = x o + ta1
a = (a1 ; a2 ) l :
y = y o + ta 2
Phng trnh chnh tc ca ng thng qua M0 (x0 ; y0) v c VTCP a
x x o y yo
=
= (a1 ; a2 ) l :
( a1 0 v a2 0)
a1
a2
2. Nu n = (a; b) l VTPT ca th a = (b ; - a) hay ( - b ; a) l mt
n
a
VTCP ca .
B. Gii ton.
Dng ton 1 : Lp PT tham s . . . ca ng thng
Tm mt im M(x0 ; y0 ) v mt VTCP (a 1 ; a2) :

x = xo + a1t
phng trnh tham s l :
y = yo + a2t
x xo
y y0
=
phng trnh chnh tc l :
(a1, 2 0)
a1
a2
phng trnh tng qut l : a2(x x0) a1( y y0) = 0
Tm mt im M(x0 ; y0 ) v mt VTPT (a ; b) => VTCP (b ; - a) .
p dng nh trn .
V d : Cho A( 1 ; 2) , B(3 ; - 4) , C(0 ; 6) . Vit PT tham s , chnh tc v tng qut ca :
a) ng thng BC .
b) ng cao BH
c) ng thng qua trng tm G ca tam gic ABC v song song vi d : 3x -7y = 0
Gii a) BC qua B(3 ; - 4) v c VTCP BC = (3;10) nn c PTTS l :
x = 3 3t
y = 4 + 10t
10
=> PTCT l :
x 3 y + 4
=
3
10
v PTTQ l : 10( x 3) + 3( y + 4) = 0 10x + 3y -18 = 0

b) ng cao BH qua B(3 ; - 4) v vung gc AC (1; 4) nn c VTCP l (4 ; 1) . Suy ra PTTS :
x = 3 + 4t
y = 4 + t
x3 y +4
PTCT :
=
4
1
PTTQ : 1(x 3) 4(y + 4) = 0 x 4y 19 = 0
c) ng thng song song vi d : 3x 7y = 0 nn vung gc VTPT n d (3 ; - 7), suy ra VTCP l (7 ;
3) . Ta trng tm G l : (4/3 ; 4/3 ) .
x = 4 / 3 + 7t
PTTS ca ng thng cn tm :
y = 4 / 3 3t
4
4
x
y
3
3 =
PTCT :
3
7
PTTQ : 3(x 4/3) 7(y 4/3) = 0 3x 7y +
16
=0
3
Dng ton 2 : Tm im ca ng thng
Ta im M ca ng thng cho bi PTTS . ng vi mi t , ta c mt im ca ng

thng.
Bi ton thng a v vic gii mt phng trnh hay h phng trnh m t tnh cht ca im
y.
x = 3 2t
V d : Cho ng thng d :
y = 1 + 3t
a) Tm trn d im M cch im A(4 ; 0) mt khong l 5 .
b) Bin lun theo m v tr tng i ca d v d: (m + 1)x + my 3m 5 = 0
Gii :
a) Ta im M thuc d cho bi phng trnh tham s ca d : M = (3 2t ; 1 + 3t) .
Ta c : AM = (-1 2t ; 1 + 3t ) => AM2 = (1 + 2t)2 + (1 + 3t)2 = 13t2 + 10t + 2.
Ta c :
AM2 = 25 13t2 + 10t + 2 = 25
13t2 + 10t 23 = 0 t = 1 hay t = - 23/13
M = (1 ; 4) hay M = ( 85/13; - 56/13)
b) Th phng trnh tham s ca d vo phng trnh ca d , ta c phng trnh tnh tham s t

ca giao im , nu c :
(m + 1)(3 2t) + m(1 + 3t) 3m 5 = 0
(m 2)t + m 2 = 0 (1)
m 2 = 0 m = 2 : (1) tha vi mi m d v d c v s im chung d , d trng
nhau.
m 2 0 m 2 : (1) c ngh duy nht d v d ct nhau .
Ghi ch : C th bin i d v dng tng qut : 3x + 2y 11 = 0 v bin lun
11
theo h phng trnh 2 n .
C. Bi tp rn luyn .
3.12 : Cho ng thng d c hng trnh tham s : x = 3 +
2t
5t
;y=2(1)
3
6
a) Tm mt VTCP ca d c ta nguyn v mt im ca d . Vit mt phng

trnh tham s khc ca d
b) Tm trn d mt im A c honh gp i tung .
.
c) Tm trn d mt im B cch gc O mt khong l 58
3. 13 .
phng
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
Cho tam gic ABC c A(1 ; - 2) , B(0 ; 4) v C(6; 3) . Tm mt VTCP, suy ra

trnh tham s v chnh tc ca cc ng thng sau :
ng thng d qua A v c mt VTCP l (3 ; - 2 )
ng trung trc ca BC .
ng thng AB
ng trung bnh ca tam gic ABC ng vi cnh BC .
ng phn gic ngoi ca ca gc B
3.14 . Cho tam gic ABC vi BC : 2x y 4 = 0 , ng cao BH : x + y - 2 = 0 ,

ng cao CK : x + 3 y + 5 = 0 . Vit phng trnh cc cnh tam gic .
3.15. Cho hnh ch nht ABCD c AB : 2x y 1 = 0 , AD qua M(3 ; 1) v tm I c
ta l ( - 1 ; ) . Vit phng trnh cc cnh AD , BC v CD .
*3. 16. Cho tam gic ABC c trung im M ca AB c ta (- ; 0) , ng cao
CH vi H(- 1; 1) , ng cao BK vi K(1 ; 3) v bit B c honh dng .
a) Vit phng trnh AB .
b) Tm ta B, A v C
3.17 . Chn cu ng : Phng trnh no di y l phng trnh tham s ca ng
trung trc ca AB vi A(3 ; - 5) v B(5 ; 9) :
x = 4 + t
a)
y = 2 + 7t
x = 1+ t
b)
y = 7 + 7t
x = 4 + 7t
c)
y = 2 + t
x = 4 + 7t
d)
y = 2 t
3.18 . Chn cu ng : Phng trnh no di y l phng trnh tng qut ca
x = 4 + 3t
l :
y = 1 + 2t
ng thng qua A(4 ; - 5) v vung gc vi ng thng d :

a) 3x + 2y 2 = 0
b) 3x - 2y 12 = 0
c) 2x 3y 23 = 0
d) 4x + 5y 22 = 0
3.19 . Chn cu ng : ng thng d :
x+3 y2
xc nh vi hai trc ta
=
5
2
mt tam gic c din tch l :

a) 64/5
b) 128/5
c) 16/ 5
d) p s khc
3.20 . Chn cu ng : Gi d l ng thng qua M(4 ; - 3) v song song vi ng

thng y = 2x 4 .
a) d qua im ( 10 ; 10) \
12
b) trn d khng c im no c ta l s nguyn chn .

c) C (a) v (b) u sai
d) C (a) v (b) u ng .
3.21 . Chn cu ng : Cho tam gic ABC cn ti A(1 ; - 2) , trng tm l G(5 ; 6)

Phng trnh ng thng BC l :
a) x + 2y + 27 = 0
c) x 2y 27 = 0
b) x + 2y 27 = 0
d) 2x y 4 = 0
C. Hng dn hay p S.
3.12. a) a = ( 4 ; - 5) , x = 3 + 4t , y = 2 5t
b) Giai xA = 2yA t = 1/14
c) Dung phng trnh tham s ca d : (3 + 4t)2 + (2 5t)2 = 58
3.13. a) x = 1 + 3t , y = - 2 2t
b) x = 3 + 8t , y = 7/2 + 3t
c) Trung trc vuong goc BC = (6 ;1) nen cung phng vect (1 ; 6) . Suy ra phng trnh
x = t
y = 4 + 6t
tham so :
3.14 . BC va BH ct nhau tai B(2 ; 0) . BC va CK ct nhau tai C(1 ; - 2) . Phng trnh AB

qua B va vuong goc CK la : 3(x 2) 1(y 0) = 0 . . .
3.15. AD qua M va vuong goc AB co phng trnh : 1.(x 3) + 2(y 1) = 0
x + 2y 5 = 0 .
Suy ra ta A = AB AD = (7/5 ; 9/5) . Suy ra toa o C, oi xng cua A qua I . . .
*3. 16. a) Phng trnh AB qua H va M : 2x + y + 1 = 0
b) B thuoc AB B = (b ; - 2b 1)
A oi xng cua B qua M A = (- 1 b ; 2b + 1) .
Mt khac AK BK = 0 5b2 + 5b 10 = 0 b = 1 .
Vy B = (1 ; - 3) , A = (- 2 ; 3) , C = (3 ; 3)
3.17 . (d) 3.18. (a)
3.19. (a)
3.20. (b)
3.21. (b)
3. Khong cch v gc
A. Tm tt gio khoa .
I. 1. Khang cch t M (x0 ; y0 ) n ng thng : ax + by + c = 0
l :
| ax0 + by o + c |
d(M, ) =
a2 + b2
*2. Gi M l hnh chiu ca M ln , th th :
13
axM + byM + c
.n . Suy ra :
a 2 + b2
M, N nm cng pha i vi
(axM + byM + c)( (axN+ byN + c) > 0
M ' M = k .n =
M, N nm khc pha i vi
(axM + byM + c)( (axN+ byN + c) < 0
* 3. Phng trnh hai ng phn gic ca gc hp bi hai ng thng : a1x + b1 y + c1 = 0

v a2x + b2 y + c2 = 0 l :
a1 x + b1 y + c1 a 2 x + b2 y + c
=0
2
2
2
2
a1 + b1
a 2 + b2
II. Gc ( khng t ) to 1: a1x+ b1y + c1 = 0 v 2 : a2x + b2y + c 2 = 0 l :
| a1 a 2 + b1b2 |
cos(1 ; 2 ) =
2
2
2
2
a1 + b1 a 2 + b2
1 2 a1a2 + b1b2 = 0
B. Gii ton .
Dng 1 : Tnh khang cch v lp phng trnh ng thng lin quan n khang cch
V d 1 :
a) Tnh khong cch t im A(1 ; 3) n ng thng d : 3x 4y + 4 = 0

b) Tnh bn knh ng trn tm O tip xc ng thng d : 2x +y + 8 = 0
x = 2 + t
c) Tnh khong cch t im P(3 ; 12) n ng thng : y = 5 3t
d) Tnh khong cch gia hai ng thng song song : d : 5x + 3y 5 = 0 v d : 5x + 3y + 8 = 0
3x A 4 yA + 4
3.1 4.3 + 4
5
=1
5
5
32 + 4 2
b) Bn knh ng trn l khong cch t O n ng thng d :
Gii a) d(A, d) =
R = d(O , d) =
2.0 + 0 + 8
2 2 + 12
c) Ta vit phng trnh di dng tng qut :
x2 y5
=
<=> 3( x 2) = y 5 3x + y - 11 = 0
1
3
d(P, ) =
3.3 + 12 11
3 +1
2
10
10
= 10
d) Chn trn d : 5x + 3y - 5 = 0 im M ( 1; 0 ) , th th :
d'
d(d , d ) = d(M, d) =
14
5.1 + .0 + 8
5 +1
2
13
26
13
2
V d 2 :
a) Tm trn trc honh im cch ng thng : 2x + y 7 = 0 mt khong l 2 5
b) Tm trn ng thng d : x + y + 5 = 0 im cch ng thng d : 3x 4y + 4 = 0 mt khong
l 2 .
c) Cho im M ( m 2 ; 2m + 5 ) di ng v im A (2 ; 1) c nh . Tm gi tr nh nht ca
khong cch AM khi m thay i .
Gii a) Gi M(x , 0 ) l im cn tm , ta c :
2x 7
d(M , d) = 2 2
= 2 5 = 2 x 7 = 10
5
2x 7 = 10 hay 2x 7 = - 10 x = 17/2 hay x = - 3/2
Vy ta tm c hai im M(17/2 ; 0 ) v M(- 3/2 ; 0 )
b) Gi x l honh ca im M cn tm , tung ca M l : y = - x 5 .
Ta c : d(M, d ) = 1
d
3 x M 4 yM + 6
=2
5
3 x 4( x 5) + 4 = 10
| 7x +24 | = 10 7x + 24 = 10 hay 7x + 24 = -10
x = - 2 hay x = - 34/ 7
Vy ta tm c hai im M(- 2; 0 ) v M(- 34/7 ; 0 )

x = m 2
x+2 y5
=
<=> 2 x y + 9 = 0
c) Ta c :
1
2
y = 2m + 5
Vy M di ng trn ng thng d : 2x y + 9 = 0 . Suy ra khong cch nh nht ca AM chnh l
2.2 1 + 9 12
=
: d(A, d) =
5
5
V d 3 :
a) Vit phng trnh ng thng song song v cch u hai ng thng song song d : x 3y 1
= 0 v d : x 3y + 7 = 0
b) Vit phng trnh ng thng d :song song vi ng thng d : 3x + 2y - 1 = 0 v cch d mt
khong l 13 v nm trong na mt phng b d v cha im gc O.
c) Vit phng trnh ng thng d qua im A( 6 ; 4) v cch im B( 1 ; 2) mt khong l 5
.
GII
a) ng thng cn tm l tp hp nhng im M(x ; y) sao cho :
d(M, d) = d(M, d)
| x 3y 1 |
1 +3
2
| x 3y + 7 |
12 + 3 2
x 3y 1 = x 3y + 7 (VN)

x 3y 1 = x + 3y 7
2x 6y + 6 = 0 x 3y + 3 = 0
15
b) Phng trnh ng thng d song song vi d c dng : 3x + 2y + m = 0 . Ta nh m d(d , d )

=
13 .
Chn trn d im A(0 ; ) , ta c : d(d, d) = d(A ,d ) = 13

O
1
3.0 + 2. + m
2
= 13 <=> 1 + m = 13
13
m + 1 = 13 hay m + 1 = - 13
m = 12 hay m = - 14
d : 3x + 2y + 12 = 0 hay d : 3x + 2y 14 = 0
Xt d : 3x + 2y + 12 = 0 . Chn im M (0 ; - 6) thuc d
Th ta M vo d : 0.3 + 2( - 6) 1 = - 13 > 0
Th ta O(0 ; 0) vo d : 0.3 + 0(2) 1 = - 1 < 0
Vy O v M cng mt pha i vi d tc d : 3x + 2y + 12 = 0 l
ng thng cn tm .
Cch khc : Gi M(x ; y) l im bt k , ta c :
M(x ; y) d d(M, d) 13 v O v M nm cng pha i vi d
| 3x 2 y 1 |
= 13
3x 2 y 1
<=>
= 13
13
13
(3x 2 y 1)(3.0 2.0 1) > 0
3x 2y + 12 = 0
d
d
d
5
c) Phng trnh d l ng thng qua A (6 ; 4) c dng :

a(x 6) + b(y 4) = 0 vi a2 + b2 0 .
ax + by 6a 4b = 0 (1)
| 1.a + 2b 6a 4b |
Ta c : d(B, d) = 5
= 5 (5a + 2b) 2 = 25(a 2 + b 2 )
2
2
a +b
21b
20ab 21b2 = 0 b(20a 21b) = 0 b = 0 hay a =
20
* Vi b = 0 : (1) thnh ax 6a = 0 x 6 = 0 (chia hai v choa a 0 , coi nh chn a = 1)
21b
21
41b
=0
bx + by
* Vi a =
: (1) thnh
20
20
20
21x + 20y 41 = 0 ( Chia hai v cho b/20 , coi nh chn b = 20 => a = 21 )
Vy c hai ng thng tha bi l : 21x + 20y 41 = 0 v x = 6 .
Cck khc : C th xt
* d : x = 6 ( qua A v vung gc Ox , khng c h s gc ).
* d : y = k(x 6) + 4 kx y 6k + 4 = 0
Gii : d(B , d) = 5 k = - 21/ 20 .
Dng 2 : Vit phng trnh phn gic , phn gic trong , ngoi .
16
V d 1 : Cho tam gic ABC vi AB : 3x 4y + 6 = 0
AC : 5x + 12y 25 = 0 , BC : y = 0
a) Vit phng trnh cc phn gic ca gc B trong tam gic ABC .
b) Vit phng trnh phn gic trong ca gc A trong tam gic ABC.
Gii : a) AB ct BC ti B(- 2 ; 0) , AC ct BC ti C( 5 ; 0)
Phng trnh cc phn gic ca gc B trong tam gic ABC l
phn gic ca gc hp bi AB v BC , l :
3x 4 y + 6 y
=0
5
1
3x + y + 6 = 0 hay 3x 9y + 6 = 0
b) Phng trnh cc phn gic ca gc A , to bi AB v AC l :

3x 4 y + 6 5 x + 12 y 25
+
= 0 <=> 64 x + 8 y 47 = 0 (1)
(t) :
5
13
3x 4 y + 6 5 x + 12 y 25
= 0 <=> 14 x 112 y + 203 = 0

5
13
Th ta B(- 2 ; 0) vo (1) : 64(-2) 47 < 0
Th ta C(5 ; 0) vo (1) : 64.5 47 > 0
Vy B v C nm khc pha i vi (t) , nn (t) l phn gic trong ca gc A .
(t) :
* V d 4 : Cho d : 3x 4y + 5 = 0 v d : 5x + 12y 1 = 0
a) Vit phng trnh cc phn gic ca gc to bi hai ng thng
b) Vit phng trnh ng thng qua gc O v to vi d, d mt tam gic cn c cnh y l .
Gii a) Phn gic (t) ca gc to bi d , d :
3x 4 y + 5 5 x + 12 y 1
=0
5
13
13(3x 4y + 5) = 5(5x + 12y 1)
hay
13(3x 4y + 5) = - 5( 5x + 12y 1)
(t1) : 14x - 112y + 70 = 0 hay
(t2) : 64x + 8y + 60 = 0
l hai ng phn gic cn tm .
t1
d
1
t2
O
b) Nhn xt trong tam gic cn , phn gic trong ca gc

ti nh th vung gc vi cnh y . Ta c hai ng
d
thng :
1 qua O v vung gc t1 c phng trnh 112x + 14y = 0
2 qua O v vung gc t2 c phng trnh 8x 64y = 0
Dng 3 : Tnh gc ca hai ng thng v lp phng trnh ng thng lin quan n gc \

V d 1 : Tnh gc hai ng thng sau :
a) 2x + y 3 = 0 ; 3x - y + 7 = 0
b) 3x + 4y - 2 = 0 ,
x = 2 + t
y = 5 t
Gii
a) cos =
2.3 +1(1)
17
=> = 450
5. 10
2
b) VTPT ca hai ng thng l : n = (3; 4) , n ' = (1;1) . Suy ra :
cos = cos(n, n ') =
3.1 + 4.1
32 + 4 2 12 + 12
7
5 2
V d 2 : Tm k bit ng thng y = kx + 1 hp vi ng thng : x y = 0 mt gc bng 600

Gii : Ta c kx y + 1 = 0 . Ta c phng trnh :
k .1 + 1
1
cos 600 =
= <=> 2(k + 1)2 = k 2 + 1
k2 + 1 2 2
k 2 + 4 k + 1 = 0 <=> k = 2 3
*V du 3 : Cho hnh vung ABCD c ng cho BD : x + 2y 5 = 0 , nh A(2 ; - 1) . Vit
phng trnh cnh AB v AD bit AB c h s gc dng .

Gii : Gi k l h s gc ca AB , AD , phng trnh AB , AD c dng :
y = k(x 2 ) 1 kx y 2k 1 = 0
Ta c AB v AD u hp vi BD mt gc 450
k 2
1
cos 450 =
=
<=> 2(k 2)2 = 5(k 2 + 1)
2
2
5 k +1
2
3k + 8k 3 = 0 k = 1/3 ( ng AB) , k = - 3 ( ng AD ) .
Vy phng trnh AB : - 3x y + 5 = 0 , AD : x 3y 5 = 0 hay ngc li.
C. Bi tp rn luyn .
3.22. Chn cu ng : Gi l gc ca hai ng thng : x - y 3 = 0 v 3x + y
8 = 0 , th th cos =
a) 1/
b) 2/ 5
c) 2/ 10
d) p s khc
3.23. Chn cu ng : Khong cch t A(1 ; 3) n ng thng 3x 4y + 1 = 0

l:
a) 1
b) 2
c) 3
d) p s khc
3.24. Chn cu ng : C 2 gi tr m ng thng x + my 3 = 0 hp vi
x+
y = 0 mt gc 600 . Tng 2 gi tr y l :
a) 1
b) 1
c) 4
d) 4
3.25. Chn cu ng : Cho A(3; 4) , B(1; 1) , C(2 ; - 1) . ng cao tam gic v

t A c di l :
a)
1
5
b)
7
5
c)
13
5
d) p s khc
18
x = 3 + t
cch ng
y = 2 + t
3.26. Chn cu ng : im A ( a, b) thuc ng thng :

thng d : 2x y 3 = 0 mt khong 2
a) 20
5 v a > 0 , th th a + b =
b) 21
c) 22
d) 23
3.27 Cho tam gic ABC vi B(1 ; 2) v C(4 ; - 2) .

a) Vit phng trnh ng thng BC v tnh di ng cao AH .
b) Tm ta im A bit din tch tam gic l 10 v A thuc trc tung .
3.28 Cho tam gic ABC c AB : 2x + y 3 = 0 ;
AC : 3x - y + 7 = 0 v BC : x y
= 0.
a) Tnh sinA , BC v bn knh ng trn ngai tip tam gic ABC .
b) Vit phng trnh ng thng i xng ca AB qua BC .
3.29. Cho hnh vung ABCD c tm I ( 2; 3) , phng trnh AB : 3x + 4y 4 =
.
a) Tnh cnh hnh vung .

b) Tm phng trnh cc cnh CD , AD v BC .
3. 30. Cho hnh vung ABCD c AB : 3x 2y 1 = 0 , CD : 3x 2y + 5 = 0 v tm I

thuc d : x + y 1 = 0
a) Tm ta I .
b) Vit phng trnh AD v BC
* 3.31. Cho tam gic u c A( 3 ; - 5) v trng tm G (1 ; 1) .
a) Vit phng trnh cnh BC .
b) Vit phng trnh cnh AB v AC .
*3.32. Trong mt phng Oxy cho tam gic ABC c A(2 ; - 3) , B(3 ; - 2) , din tch
tam gic bng 3/2 v trng tm G thuc ng thng d : 3x y 8 = 0 . Tm ta
nh C .
* 3.33. Cho hnh thoi ABCD c A(- 2; 3) , B(1 ; - 1) v din tch 20 .
a) Tnh ng cao hnh thoi v phng trnh cnh AB .
b) Tm ta im D bit n c honh dng .
* 3.34. Cho hnh ch nht ABCD c tm I(2 ; 2) , AB : x 2y 3 = 0 v AB = 2AD
v yA > 0 .
a) Tm ta hnh chiu K ca I ln AB.
b) Tm ta A v B.
* 3.35. Cho ng thng d : x + 2y 4 = 0 v A(1 ; 4) , B(6 ; 4)
a) Chng minh A, B nm mt pha i vi d. Tm ta A i xng ca A qua d .
19
b) Tm M d sao cho tng MA + MB nh nht .

c) Tm M d sao cho | MA MB| ln nht .
* 3.36. Cho hnh thoi c phng trnh ba cnh l : 5x 12y 5 = 0 , 5x 12y + 21
= 0 v 3x + 4y = 0 . Vit phng trnh cnh cn li .
*3.37. Vit phng trnh 4 cnh hnh vung bit 4 cnh ln lt qua bn im I(0 ;
2) , J(5 ; - 3) , K(- 2 ; - 2) v l(2 ; - 4) .
D. Hng dn hay p s
3.22. (a)
3.23. (d)
3.24. (c)
3.25. (b)
3.26. (d)
3.27. a) BC : 4x + 3y 10 = 0 .
Ta co BC = 5 , suy ra AH =
2S ABC
= 4.
BC
| 3a 10 |
b) Gi A( 0 ; a) . Ta co : d(A, BC) = 4
=4
5
a = 10 hay a = - 10/3
3.28. a)Ta co : sinA = sin(AB, AC) =
|cosA| =
| 2.3 + 1(1) |
5. 10
1
2
1 cos 2 A
=> sinA =
C
D
Toa o B , giao iem cua AB va BC la ( 1 ; 1) .

Toa o C , giao iem cua AC va BC la (- 7/2 ; - 7/2 ) .
Suy ra : R =
BC
9 2
=
= 9/2
1
2 sin A
4.
2
b) Phng trnh ng thang cn tm BD qua B co dng y = k(x 1) + 1 kx y k + 1 = 0

Ta c : cos (BA, BC) = cos (BD, BC)
| 2.1 + 1(1) |
5. 2
| k.1 + 1 |
2. k 2 + 1
k2 + 1 = 5(k + 1)2 4k2 + 10k + 4 = 0

k = - hay k = - 2 . Gia tr k = - 2 ng vi he so goc cua BA nen b loai , ta nhn k = - .
Phng trnh ng thang BD : x + 2y - 3 = 0
3.29. a) Canh hnh vuong bng 2.d(I, AB) = 4
b) * Phng trnh CD : 3x + 4y + m = 0 vi
3(2) + 4(3) + m
3(2) + 4(3) 4
-6+m=2
=
5
5
m=8
=> CD : 3x + 4y + 8 = 0
20
* Phng trnh AD va BC : 4x 3y + m = 0
Ta co : d(I, AB) = d(I, AD) 2 =
| 17 + m |
5
m = - 7 hay m = - 27
AD : 4x 3y - 7 = 0 , BC : 4x 3y 27 = 0 hay ngc lai .
3.30. a) I d => I = (x ; 1 x) . Ta co : d(I, AB) = d(I, CD) x = 0 => y = 1 : I(0 ; 1)
b) Nh cau b ( bai 3. 29)
x A + x B + x C = 3x G
x A + 2 x I = 3x G
=>
=> I = (0 ; 4)
y A + y B + y C = 3y G
y A + 2 y I = 3y G
3.31. a) Gi I la trung im BC , ta c :
Phng trnh BC qua I va vuong goc AI = (3 ; 9) : - (x 0 ) + 3(y 4) = 0

- x + 3y 12 = 0
A
b) Phng trnh AB, AC qua A co dang : kx - y 3k - 5 = 0

Ta co : cos(AB, BC) = cos60 =
| k +3|
10 . k 2 + 1
1
2
65 3
3k 12k 13 = 0 k =
. Phng trnh AB va AC :
3
AB : (6 5 3 ) x 3y + 3 15 3 = 0
AC : (6 5 3 ) x 3y + 3 15 3 = 0
3.32 . G d => G = (a ; 3a - 8) .
Ta c ; SGAB = 1/3 . SABC = . Ma AB =
2 , suy ra : d(G; AB) = 1/
Phng trnh AB : x y - 5 = 0 , suy ra :
| a 3a + 8 5 |
2
1
2
<=> | 3 2a | = 1
......
3.33. a) Ta c : h =
S ABCD
= 4 . AB : 4x + 3y 1 = 0
AB
d(D, AB) = 4
AD = AB = 5
b) Gi D = (x ; y) vi d > 0 . Ta co :
| 4 x + 3y 1 |
= 4 (1)

5
( x + 2) 2 + ( y 3) 2 = 25
(1) y =
(2)
4x + 21
4x 19
hay y =
3
3
21
Th vao (2) , gii ta c : x = 3 => y = 3 . Vy D = (3 ; 3)
3. 34.a) Phng trnh IK : 2x + y 6 = 0 . Suy ra K(3 ; 0)

c) V AB = 2AD nen KA = 2KI (1) . Ta K(2y + 3 ; y ) AB .
Gii (1) , ta c : y = 2 , suy ra A(7 ; 2)
3.35. a) A(- 1; 0 )
b) Ta co : MA + MB = MA + MB AB =
Vy GTNN la
65
65 M = AB d . Vit phng trnh AB , suy ra : M = (4/3 ; 4/3)
c) Ta co : |MA MB| AB = 5 .
Vy GTNN la 5 M = giao iem ca d va AB keo dai M = ( - 4 ; 4)
3.36. Chu y trong hnh thoi khoang cach gia hai canh bang nhau .
AB : 5x 12y 5 = 0 , CD : 5x 12y + 21 = 0 . Chon M(1 ; 0) AB , ta co :
d(AB, CD) = d(M, CD) = 2
AD : 3x + 4y = 0 , BC : 3x + 4y + m = 0 . Chon O(0 ; 0) AD , ta co :
d(AD, BC) = d(O, BC) = 2 m = 10 .
=> BC : 3x + 4y 10 = 0
3.37. Phng trnh AB qua I : ax + by 2 = 0
Phng trnh CD qua K : ax + by + 2a + 2b = 0
Phng trnh BC qua J : bx ay 5b 3a = 0

Phng trnh AD qua L : bx ay 2b 4a = 0
Ta co :
d(I, CD) = d(J, AD)
| 4 b + 2a |
a 2 + b2
| 3b a |
b2 + a 2
b = - 3a hay a = - 7b
a = 1
a = 7
hay
b = 3
b = 1
Chon :
22
4. ng trn
A. Tm tt gio khoa .
1.Trong mt phng ta Oxy , phng trnh ng trn tm I(h ; k)
bn knh R l :(x h)2 + (y k)2 = R2 .
Phng trnh ng trn (O, R) l : x2 + y2 = R2
2. Trong mt phng ta Oxy , mi phng trnh c dng :

x2 + y2 + 2ax + 2by + c = 0 vi a2 + b2 c > 0
l phng trnh ng trn :
Tm I(- a ; - b)
Bn knh R =
a +b c
2
3. Tip tuyn vi ng trn (x h)2 + (y k)2 = R2 ti tip im T(x0 ;

y0) l ng thng qua T v vung gc IT = ( x 0 h; y 0 k ) c phng trnh
: (x0 h)(x x0) + (y0 k)(y y0) = 0
l tip tuyn ca ng trn (I, R) d(I, ) = R
B . Gii tan ..
R
I
Dng ton 1 : Xc nh tm v bn knh . iu kin mt phng

trnh l ng trn .
V d 1 : Xc nh tm v bn knh cc ng trn sau :
a) (x + 1)2 + ( y 4)2 = 1
c) x2 + y2 + 8x 4y 5 = 0
b) (x 2)2 + y2 = 5
d) 3x2 + 3y2 + 4x + 1 = 0
Gii :
a) ng trn tm I(- 1 ; 4) , bn knh R = 1
b) ng trn tm I(2 ; 0) , bn knh R = 5
c) a = - 4 , b = 2 , c = - 5 => I(- 4 ; 2) , R = a 2 + b 2 c = 42 + 22 + 5 = 5
d) Vit li phng trnh ng trn bng cch chia hai v cho 3 :
4
1
x2 + y2 + x + = 0
3
3
2
2
3
2 1
Tm I( - ;0) , bn knh R = =
3
3
3 9
2
2
V d 2 : Cho phng trnh : x + y + 2mx 2my + 3m2 4 = 0 (1)
a) nh m (1) l phng trnh mt ng trn .
b) Chng minh tm cc ng trn ny di ng trn mt an thng khi m thay i .
c) Vit phng trnh ng trn (1) bit n c bn knh l 1 .
d) Tnh bn knh ng trn (1) bit n tip xc vi : 2x y = 0
Gii :
a) Ta c : a = m , b = - m , c = 3m2 4 . (1) l phng trnh ng trn th :
a2 + b2 c > 0 m2 + m2 (3m2 4) > 0 4 m2 > 0
-2<m<2.
23
Vi 2 < m < 2 , ng trn c c tm l I

x I = a = m
(1) => xI + yI = 0
y I = b = m
Li c : - 2 < m < 2 - 2 < xI < 2 (2)

T (1) v (2) suy ra tp hp ca I l an AB c phng trnh x + y = 0 ( - 2 < x < 2)
b) Vi 2 < m < 2 , ng trn c bn knh l R = 4 m 2 .
Ta c : R = 1 4 m2 = 1 m 2 = 3 m = 3
m = 3 : phng trnh ng trn l : x2 + y2 2 3 x + 2 3 y + 5 = 0
m = - 3 : phng trnh ng trn l : x2 + y2 + 2 3 x - 2 3 y + 5 = 0
c) ng trn tip xc d(I, ) = R
| 2m m |
= 4 m 2 9m2 = 5(4 m2 ) ( bng phng hai v)
5
14m2 = 20 m =
10
7
V d 3 : Cho ng trn (C ) : x2 + y2 2x + 4y 4 = 0
a) Tm tm v bn knh ca (C).
b) Cho A(3 ; -1) , chng minh A l im trong ng trn .Vit phng trnh ng
thng qua A v ct (C) theo mt dy cung c di nh nht .
c) Cho d : 3x 4y = 0 , chng minh d ct (C) . Tnh di dy cung .
Gii : a) a = 1 ; b = - 2 , c = - 4 => tm I c ta (1 ; - 2) , bn knh
R=
a 2 + b2 c = 3 .
b) Ta c : IA2 = (3 1)2 + (- 1 + 2)2 = 5 => IA < R

Vy A bn trong ng trn .
ng thng qua A ct (C) theo dy cung nh nht khi d cch xa tm I
nht d vung gc IA = (2 ; 1) ti A(3 ; - 1)
M
d c phng trnh : 2(x 3) + 1.(y + 1) = 0 2x + y 5 = 0
c) d ct (C) d(I, d) < R .
| 3.1 4.(2) |
5
=
< 3 => d ct (C) theo mt dy
Ta c : d(I,d) =
10
32 + 12
cung MN .
5
, IM = R = 3 , suy ra :
K IH vung gc MN , th th : IH =
10
25 65 13
MH2 = IM2 IH2 = 9 =
=
10 10 2
13
Vy di MN = 2MH = 2.
= 26
2
Cn nh : Cho ng trn (I , R) v ng thng :

tip xc (I) d(I, ) = R
ct (I)
d(I, ) < R
24
ngai (I) d(I, ) > R
Dng ton 2 : Thit lp phng trnh ng trn .

C 2 cch thit lp phng trnh ng trn :
1. Tm ta (h ; k) ca tm v tnh bn knh R , phng trnh ng trn cn tm l : (x
h)2 + (y k)2 = R2 .
2. Tm a , b, c , phng trnh ng trn cn tm l : x2 + y2 + 2ax + 2by + c = 0
Cn nh :
ng trn (I, R) qua M(x0 ; y0) IM2 = R2

(x0 h)2 + (y0 k)2 = R2
x02 + y02 + 2ax0 + 2by0 + c = 0
ng trn (I, R) tip xc d(I, ) = R
ng trn (I, R) tip xc trc Ox |h| = R
ng trn (I, R) tip xc trc Oy |k| = R
O
V d 1 : Vit phng trnh ng trn :
a) ng knh AB vi A(3 ; 1) v B(2 ; - 2) .
b) c tm I(1 ; - 2) v tip xc vi ng thng d : x + y 2 = 0
c) c bn knh 5 , tm thuc Ox v qua A(2 ; 4) .
d) c tm I (2 ; - 1) v tip xc ngai vi ng trn : (x 5)2 + (y 3)2 = 9
e) tip xc hai trc v c tm trn ng thng : 2x y 3 = 0
Gii :
a) Tm ng trn l trung im I ca AB, c ta
x A + x B yA + yB 5 1
;
= ;
2
2 2 2
10
1 3
. Phng trnh ng trn l :
+ =
2
2 2
b
52 2
1
5
(x ) + (y + ) 2 =
2
2
2
|1 2 2 |
3
b) Bn knh ng trn l R = d(I, d) =
=
O
2
2
2
1 +1
9
Phng trnh ng trn l : (x 1)2 + (y + 2)2 =
2
c) V tm I Ox nn I = (h ; 0) .
Ta c : IA = R (h 2)2 + (4 0)2 = 25 (h 2)2 = 9
h 2 = 3 hay h 2 = - 3 h = 5 hay h = - 1 .
Phng trnh ng trn cn tm : (x 5)2 + y2 = 25 hay (x + 1)2 + y2 = 25
Bn knh R = IA =
d) ng trn (x 5)2 + (y 3)2 = 9 c tm K(5 ; 3) , bn knh r = 3

ng trn (I, R) cn tm tip xc ngai vi (K) IK = R + r
M IK = (5 2) 2 + (3 + 1) 2 = 5 , suy ra : R = 5 r = 2 .
Vy phng trnh ng trn (I) l : (x 2)2 + (y + 1)2 = 4
e) Gi (h; k) l tm v R l bn knh ng trn . Ta c :
I
a
25
d(O, Ox ) =| k |= R
(I) tip xc Ox , Oy
d(O, Oy) =| h |= R
Suy ra : |h| = |k| h = k (1) hay h = - k ( 2)
Mt khc : I 2h k 3 = 0 (3)
Gii (1) v (3) : h = k = 3 => R = 3
Gii (2) v (3) : h = 1 , k = - 1 => R = 1 .
Phng trnh ng trn cn tm :
(x 3)2 + (y 3)2 = 9 hay (x 1)2 + (y + 1)2 = 1
V d 2 : Vit phng trnh ng trn :
a) qua A(- 2 ; - 1) , B(- 1 ; 4) v C(4 ; 3)
b) qua A(0 ; 2) , B(- 1; 1) v c tm trn ng thng 2x + 3y = 0
c) qua A(5 ; 3) v tip xc ng thng d : x + 3y + 2 = 0 ti im T(1 ; - 1)
Gii
a) Phng trnh ng trn c dng (C) : x2 + y2 + 2ax + 2by + c = 0
(C) qua A(- 2 ; - 1) 22 + 12 + 2a(-2) + 2b(-1) + c = 0
4a + 2b - c = 5 (1)
(C) qua B(- 1 ; 4) 2a 8b - c = 17 (2)
(C) qua C(4 ; 3) 8a + 6b + c = - 25 (3)
2
Gii h (1), (2), (3) , ta c : a = b = - 1 , c = - 11 Phng trnh ng trn cn tm l :x + y 2x
2y 11 = 0
b) Phng trnh ng trn c dng (C) : x2 + y2 + 2ax + 2by + c = 0
(C) qua A(0 ; 2) 4b + c = - 4 (1)
(C) qua B(- 1 ; 1) - 2a + 2b + c = - 2 (2)
Tm I(a ; b) 2a + 3b = 0 (3)
Gii h (1), (2), (3), ta c a = - 3 , b = 2 , c = - 12 . Phng trnh ng trn cn tm l : x2 + y2
6x + 4y 12 = 0
c) Phng trnh ng trn c dng (C) : x2 + y2 + 2ax + 2by + c = 0
(C) qua A(5 ; 3) 10a + 6b + c = - 34 (1)
(C) qua T( 1 ; - 1) 2a - 2b+ c = - 2 (2)
Tm I(a ; b) ng thng vung gc vi d : x + 3y + 2 = 0 ti
T(1 ; - 1) c phng trnh l : 3(x 1) (y + 1) = 0 3x y 4 = 0
Do : - 3a + b = 4 (3) .
Gii h (1), (2), (3), ta c : a = b = - 2 , c = - 2 . Phng trnh ng
trn cn tm l : x2 + y2 4x 4y 2 = 0
V d 3 : Cho A(2 ; 0) v B(0 ; 1) , chng minh tp hp nhng im M tha MA2 MB2 = MO2 l
mt ng trn . Xc nh tm v bn knh ng trn y .
Gii Gi (x ; y) l ta ca M , ta c :
MA2 MB2 = MO2 [(x 2)2 + y2 ] [(x2 + (y 1)2 ] = x2 + y2
x2 + y2 + 4x 2y 3 = 0
y l phng trnh ng trn tm I(- 2 ; 1) , bn knh R = 2 2 .
Dng 3: Lp phng trnh tip tuyn vi ng trn .
26
Cn nh : Cho ng trn tm I(a ; b) , bn knh R :

Nu bit tip im l T (x0 ; y0) th phng trnh tip tuyn l ng thng qua (x0 ; y0)
v vung gc vi IT = (x0 h ; y0 - k)
Nu khng bit tip im th dng iu kin sau gii :
l tip tuyn ca ng trn (I, R) d(I, ) = R
V d 1 ( Tip tuyn ti mt im cho trc)
a) Vit phng trnh tip tuyn ca ng trn (x 3)2 + (y + 1)2 = 25 ti im c honh l
-1.
b) Vit phng trnh tip tuyn ca ng trn (C) : x2 + y2 + 4x 2y 5 = 0 ti im m
ng trn ct trc Ox.
Gii
a) Tm I(3 ; - 1) , bn knh r = 5
Th x = - 1 vo phng trnh ng trn , ta c :
16 + (y + 1)2 = 25 (y + 1)2 = 9
y+1= 3
y = 2 hay y = - 4 . Vy ta tip im l (- 1 ; 2) hay ( - 1 ; - 4)
Vi tip im T (- 1; 2) , tip tuyn vung gc IT = (- 4 ; 3) c phng trnh l :
- 4(x + 1 ) + 3(y 2 ) = 0 - 4x + 3y 10 = 0
Vi tip im (- 1; - 4 ) , tip tuyn vung gc IT = (- 4 ; - 3) c phng trnh l :
4(x + 1) + 3(y + 4) = 0 4x + 3y + 16 = 0
b) Th y = 0 vo phng trnh ng trn : x2 + 4x 5 = 0 x = 1 hay x = - 5

Vy ta tip im l (1 ; 0) hay ( - 5 ; 0) .
ng trn c tm l I(- 2 ; 1) .
Tip tuyn ti T(1 ; 0) vung gc vi IT = ( 3 ; - 1) c phng trnh :
3(x 1) 1.(y 0) = 0 3x y 3 = 0
Tip tuyn ti T(- 5 ; 0) vung gc vi IT = ( - 3 ; - 1) c phng trnh :
3(x + 5) 1.(y 0) = 0 3x y + 15 = 0
V d 2 ( Tip tuyn c phng cho trc )
a) Vit phng trnh tip tuyn ca ng trn x2 + y2 = 2 bit tip tuyn c h s gc l 1 .
b) Vit phng trnh tip tuyn ca ng trn (C) : x2 + (y 1) 2 = 25 bit tip tuyn
vung gc vi ng thng 3x 4y = 0
Gii :
a) ng trn c tm O(0 ; 0) , bn knh 2 . Phng trnh ng thng d c h s gc l 1
c dng : x y + m = 0 ( m l s cha bit) . Ta c :
d tip xc (C) d(I, d) = R
|m|
= 2 <=>| m |= 2
12 + 12
m= 2
Vy phng trnh tip tuyn l : x y 2 = 0
b) ng trn c tm I(0 ; 1) , bn knh R = 5 . Phng trnh ng thng vung gc vi 3x 4y

= 0 c dng : 4x + 3y + m = 0 .
tip xc (C) d(I, ) = R
27
| 4.0 + 3.1 + m |
= 5 |3 + m| = 25
42 + 32
m = 22 hay m = - 28 .
Vy phng trnh tip tuyn l : 4x + 3y = 22 hay 4x + 3y 28 = 0

V d 3 ( Tip tuyn qua mt im cho trc )
Vit phng trnh tip tuyn ca ng trn : x2 + y2 4x 2y 4 = 0 tm I(2 ; 1), bn knh R =
3 bit tip tuyn qua im A(- 1 ; 2) .
Gii
a) ng trn c tm I(2 ; 1) , bn knh R = 3 .
Phng trnh ng thng qua A(- 1 ; 2) c dng : y 2 = k(x + 1)
kx y + k + 2 = 0 (*) , k l h s gc ca .
tip xc (C) d(I, ) = R
| 2.k 1 + k + 2 |
= 3 | 3k + 1 | = 3. k 2 + 1
2
k +1
2
Bnh phng hai v : 9k + 6k + 1 = 9(k2 + 1) 6k = 8 k = 4/3
Th vo (*) , ta c phng trnh tip tuyn cn tm : ( 4/3) x y + 4/3 + 2 = 0
4x - 3y + 10 = 0 .
Ghi ch : Thng t mt im c th k c 2 tip tuyn vi ng trn , y ta ch c mt l

v ta cha xet n ng thng qua A vung gc vi Ox, ng ny khng c h s gc
* Xt : x 2 = 0 ( qua A v vung gc Ox) :

|| 1 2 |
Ta tnh d(I, ) =
= 3 , vy d(I, ) = R , do : x 2 = 0 cng l mt tip tuyn cn tm .
1
Qua A(2 ; 1) c hai tip tuyn l : x 2 = 0 v 4x - 3y + 10 = 0 .
Ghi ch : C th vit phng trnh tip tuyn qua A( - 1 ; 2) di dng tng qut :
a(x + 1) + b(y 2)= 0 ax + by + a 2b = 0 .
| 2.a + b.1 + a 2b |
iu kin tip xc : d(I, ) = R
=3
a 2 + b2
(3a b)2 = 9(a2 + b2 ) b(8b + 6a) = 0
b = 0 hay a = - 4b/3
* V d 4 : Cho (C) : x2 + y2 = 1 v (C) : (x 2)2 + (y 3)2 = 4 . Vit phng trnh tip tuyn
chung trong ca hai ng trn .
Gii
(C) c tm O , bn knh 1 v (C) c tm I , bn knh 2 .
Phng trnh tip tuyn chung d c dng : ax + by + c = 0 ( a2 + b2 0 ) tha :
28
|c|
1
d(O, d ) =
2
2
a
b
+
|c|
= 1 (1)
| 2a + 3b + c |
2
2
<=>
=
=
d
(
I
,
d
)
2
+
a
b
a 2 + b2
2a + 3b + c = 2c (2)
c(2a + 3b + c) < 0 (O v I cng mot pha vi d )
2a + 3b
. Th vo (1) v bnh phng :
T (2) : c = 3
2
2a + 3b
2
a +b =
5a 12ab = 0 a(5a 12b) = 0
3
12b
a = 0 hay a =
. Phng trnh hai tip tuyn cn tm : y 1 = 0 hay 12x + 5y 13 = 0
5
2
C. Bi tp rn luyn .
3. 38.
Tm tm v bn knh cc ng trn sau :
a) (2x + 5)2 + (2y 3)2 = 4
b) x2 + y2 + x + y 1 = 0
2
2
c) x + y + 3x + 1 = 0
d) 2x2 + 2y2 4x + 3y = 0
3. 39.
Tm iu kin ca tham s cc phng trnh sau l phng trnh ng
trn v tm tp hp tm cc ng trn khi tham s thay i.
a) x2 + y2 2(m + 1)x + 4(m 2)y 1 = 0
b) x2 + y2 + 2mx 2my + 2m2 + m = 0
c) x2 + y2 2mx + 4my + 6m2 1 = 0
3.40.
Cho (Cm) : x2 + y2 + 2mx 2(m + 1)y 2m 4 = 0
a) Chng minh (Cm) l ng trn vi mi m .
b) Vit phng trnh (Cm) c bn knh nh nht .
c) Chng minh c hai ng trn (Cm) tip xc vi ng thng x + y
+5=0
3.41.
Cho ng trn (C) : x2 + y2 - 2x + 2y 3 = 0
a) Tm di dy cung m (C) chn trn trc Ox.
b) Tm di tip tuyn v t A ( - 2 ; 3) n ng trn (C) .
c) Tm tm v bn knh ng trn (C) : x2 + y2 + 6x + 6y + 13 = 0 . Chng
minh (C) v (C) tip xc ngai ti T . Vit phng trnh tip tuyn chung ti T.
3.42.
Cho ng trn (C) : x2 + y2 + 4x 6y + 7 = 0
a) im M(- 1; 1) trong hay ngai ng trn . Lp phng trnh dy cung
qua M v c di ngn nht .
b) Lp phng trnh ng thng qua O v ct (C) theo mt dy cung c di
l 2 .
3. 43.
Lp phng trnh ng trn :
a) c tm I(3 ; - 2) , bn knh 2
b) c tm I(2 ; - 4) v qua gc ta
c) c tm I(1 ; - 2) v tip xc ng thng x y 0
* 3. 44. Lp phng trnh ng trn :
a) qua A(1 ; 2) v tip xc hai trc ta .
b) tip xc hai ng thng song song : 2x y 3 = 0 , 2x y + 5 = 0 v c
tm trn Oy.
c) tip xc ng thng 2x + y 5 = 0 ti im T(2 ; 1) v c bn knh 2 5
29
* d) tip xc vi hai ng thng .x 2y + 5 = 0 v x + 2y + 1 = 0 v qua gc

O.
3.45.
Lp phng trnh ng trn :
a) qua A(0 ; 4) , B( - 2; 0) v C(4 ; 3)
b) qua A(2 ; - 1), B(4 ; 1) v c tm trn Ox .
c) qua A(3 ; 5) v tip xc ng thng x + y 2 = 0 ti im T(1 ; 1) .
3.46. Cho ng trn (C) : (x 2)2 + (y + 1)2 = 4 .
a) Tm trn Oy im t k c 2 tip tuyn ca (C) v hai tip tuyn vung
gc nhau .
b) Tm trn (C) im gn gc O nht.
3.47.
Chng minh ng thng :2x y = 0 v ng trn : x2 + y2 4x + 2y
1 = 0 ct nhau . Tm di dy cung to thnh .
3.48. Cho hai ng trn ( C) : x2 + y2 2x 4y + 1 = 0 v (C) : x2 + y2 + 4x +
4y - 1 = 0 .
a) Chng minh hai ng trn tip xc ngai . Tm ta tip im T.
b) Vit phng trnh tip tuyn chung ti T.
* 3. 49. Cho ng trn (x 3)2 + (y + 2)2 = 9 v im M(- 3 ; 1)
a) Chng minh M ngai ng trn .
b) Tnh phng tch ca M i vi ng trn v tnh di tip tuyn MT.
* 3.50. Cho hai ng trn (C ) : x2 + y2 2x 2y + 1 = 0 v (C) : x2 + y2 4x +
6y + 9 = 0
a) Chng minh hai ng trn c 4 tip tuyn chung .
b) Chng minh bn im chia cc an tip tuyn chung theo t s - 2 cng
nm trn mt ng trn .
3.51.
a) Vit phng trnh tip tuyn ca ng trn x2 + y2 2x + 4y 5 = 0 ti
im (2 ; 1) .
b) Vit phng trnh tip tuyn ca ng trn (x + 1)2 + (y - 3)2 = 5 ti im
m ng trn ct Oy .
*3.52.Vit phng trnh tip tuyn ca ng trn x2 + y2 2x + 8y 1 = 0 :
a) bit tip tuyn song song ng thng x y + 3 = 0
b) bit tip tuyn qua im (2 ; 1) .
*3.53.Vit phng trnh tip tuyn ca ng trn x2 + y2 2x - 4y 5 = 0 :
a) bit tip tuyn vung gc ng thng 3x + y = 0
b) bit tip tuyn pht xt t im A(3 ; - 2) .
c) Vit phng trnh ng trn ngai tip tam gic AT1T2 v ng thng
qua hai tip im T1, T2 .
*3.54.Cho hai ng trn : x2 + y2 2x - 2y 2 = 0 v x2 + y2 8x 4y + 16 = 0
a) Chng minh hai ng trn bng nhau v ct nhau .
b) Vit phng trnh ng thng qua giao im ca hai ng trn .
b) Tm phng trnh tip tuyn chung ca chng .
*3.55. Cho A(3 ; 0) v B(0 ; 4) .
OAB .
Vit phng trnh ng trn ni tip tam gic
*3.56. Bin lun theo m v tri tng i ca ng thng v ng trn (C )
30
a) : x + 3y + m = 0 ; (C) : (x 2)2 + y2 = 10
b) : x my + m 4 = 0 ; (C ) : x2 + y2 - 2x 4y + 4 = 0
*3.57. Cho hai ng thng : x + 1 = 0 v : x 1 = 0 , ct Ox ti A v B . . M
v N l hai im di ng trn v c tung l m v n sao cho lun c : mn = 4.
a) Vit phng trnh ng thng AN v BM .
b) Chng minh giao im I ca AN v BM thuc mt ng trn c nh .
3.58.
1)2 = 4
Chn cu ng : Tm tm I v bn knh R ca ng trn (x + 2)2 + (y

a) I(2 ; - 1), R = 2
c) I(2 ; - 1) , R = 4
b) I(- 2 ; 1), R = 2
d) I(- 2 ; 1) , R = 4
3.59.
Chn cu ng : Tm tm I v bn knh R ca ng trn : 2x2 + 2y2 3x
+ 4y - 1 = 0 1
a) I(3/2 ; - 2) , R =
c) I(3/4 ; - 1) , R =
29
2
33
4
33
4
17
d) I(3/4 ; - 1) , R =
4
b) I(- ; 1) , R =
3. 60..Chn cu ng : C bao nhiu s nguyn m : x2 + y2 2(m + 1)x + 2my

+ 3m2 + 2m 12 = 0 l phng trnh mt ng trn ?
a) 5
b) 7
c) 9
d) v s
3.61. Chn cu ng : Cho A(1 ; 1) v B(2 ; 3) , tp hp cc im M tha : 3MA2
2MB2 = 6 l mt ng trn . Bn knh ca n l :
a) 3
b) 4
c) 5
d) 6
3.62. Chn cu ng : C hai ng trn c tm trn Ox , bn knh 5 v qua im
A(1 ; - 38) . Khang cch hai tm ca chng l :
a) 2
b) 4
c) 6
d) 8
3. 63. Chn cu ng : ng trn qua A(1 ; 0), B(2 ; 0) v C(0 ; 3) c bn knh
gn nht vi s no di y ?
a) 1, 1
b) 1, 2
c) 1, 3
d) 1, 4
D. Hng dn hay p s :
3. 38. a) I (- 5/.2 ; 3/2 ) , R = 1
c) ( - 3/2 ; 0), R =
5
2
b) I(- ; - ) , R =
3
2
d) I(1 ; - 3/2) , R = 5/4
3.39. a) m , tp hp Ia ng thng 2x + y 6 = 0
b) m < 0 , tp hp Ia na ng thng x + y = 0 vi x > 0
c) 1 < m <1 , tp hp Ia on 2x + y = 0 vi 1< x < 1
3.40. a) a2 + b2 c = 2(m + 1)2 + 3 > 0 , m
b) Ban knh nho nhat khi m = - 1 .
c) iu kin tip xuc 2m2 + 4m 26 = 0 : phng trnh nay co 2 nghiem
3.41. a) 4 b) 2 5
31
c) V khoang cach hai tam bang tong hai hai ban knh. Phng trnh tiep tuyen chung : 2x + y
+4=0
3.42. a) ngoai v IM > R . Day cung qua M va vuong goc IM .
b) V day cung co o dai 2 nen khoang cach t I en ng thang la : R 2 1 = 5 .
Phng trnh ng thng : kx y = 0 . Gii : d(I, ) =
5 , ta c k .
3.44. Gi I(h ; k) la tam va R la ban knh :
| h | = | k | = R (1)
a) Ta co h :
2
2
2
(h 1) + (k 2) = h
( 2)
Th ln lt k = h va k = - h va(2) , ta c phng trnh tnh h .
d(I, ) = d(I, ')

d(I, ) = R
b) I(0 ; k) , ta co he phng trnh :
d(I, ) = 2 5
c) Ta c h :
IT // n
| 2h + k 5 |
=2 5
h 2 = k 1
2
1
2h + k 5 = 10
2h + k 5 = 10
h 2 k = 0
3.45. Phng trnh ng tron co dang: x2 + y2 + 2a + 2by + c = 0

a) Th ta A, B, C , ta c h phng trnh tnh a, b, c .
b) Ta co : b = 0 , th ta A va B , ta co h tnh a va c .
c) Phng trnh ng thng qua T va vuong goc x + y 2 = 0 la :
x y = 0 . Ta co h :
34 + 6a + 10b + c = 0
2 + 2a + 2b + c = 0
a + b = 0
qua A(3 ; 5) va tip xuc ng thang x + y 2 = 0 ti im T(1 ; 1) .

3.46. a) im cn tm cach tam mt khoang la R 2 .
b) im cn tm la giao im cua OI va ng tron .
3.47. a) ng tron co tam I(2 ; - 1) , ban knh R =
Ta co : d(I, ) =
5
5
= 5 < R => cat ng tron .
o dai day cung : 2 R 2 d 2 = 2

3. 48. (C) co tam I(1 ; 2) . (C) co tam I(- 2 ; - 2).
32
x 2 + y 2 - 2x 4y + 1 = 0 (1)
im chung ca hai ng tron thoa h : 2
x + y 2 + 4x + 4y - 1 = 0 .(2)
Lay (1) tr (2) : - 6x 8y + 2 = 0 x =
4y + 1
.
3
Th vao (1) : (5y 2)2 = 0 y = 2/5 => x = - 1/5 . Hai ng tron co mt im chung T nen
tip xuc nhau ti T(- 1/5 ; 2/5) .Li co xI < xT < xI nen T an II ,
chng t hai ng tron tip xuc ngoai .
Ghi ch :C th chng minh cch khc x (C) c tm I(1 ; 2) , bn knh R = 2 . (C) c
tm I(- 2 ; - 2), bn knh R = 3 . V II = R + R = 5 nn hai ng trn tip xc
ngai . Nhng vi cch ny , ta khng tm c tip im .
b) Tip tuyn chung l ng thng vung gc vi II' = ( 3;4) v qua T , c
phng trnh : 3x + 4y 1 = 0
3.49. a) Khang cch t tm I n M l IM =
37 > R = 3
b) Phng tch ca M l : IM2 R2 = 28 v di tip tuyn l
28 = 2 7
Ghi ch : Tng qut c th chng minh c rng : Phng tch ca im M(x0 ; y0)
i vi ng trn : x2 + y2 + 2ax + 2by + c = 0 l : x20+ y20+ 2ax0 + 2by0 + c .
3.50.
a) (C) c tm I(1 ; 1 ) , bn knh R = 1 . (C) c tm I(2 ; - 3) , bn knh
R = 2 . V
II =
17 > R + R = 3 nn hai ng trn ct nhau . Suy ra chng c 4
tip tuyn chung .
b) Gi M l im chia an tip tuyn chung TT theo t s - 2 , th th :
MT = 2MT MT2 = 4MT 2
IM2 R2 = 4(IM2 R2 )
x2 + y2 2x 2y + 1 = 4(x2 + y2 4x + 6y + 9 )
3x2 + 3y2 - 14x + 26y + 35 = 0
y l phng trnh mt ng trn .
3.51.
a) x + 3y 5 = 0
b) x + 2y 10 = 0 hay x + 2y 6 = 0
3.52..
a) x y + 1 = 0 , x y 11 = 0
b) x + y 3 = 0 , 7x 17y + 3 = 0
3.53.
c) ng trn ngoi tip tam gic AT1T2 c ng knh l AI , c phng
trnh : x2 + y2 4x 1 = 0 .
T1
* Ta cc im T1 , T2 tha h :
x 2 + y 2 4 x 1 = 0
nn cng tha :
2
x + y 2 2 x 4 y 5 = 0
(x2 + y2 4x 1) (x2 + y2 2x 4y 5) = 0
- 2x + 4y + 4 = 0 x 2y 2 = 0
Do phng trnh ng thng T1T2 l
x 2y 2 = 0
3.54.
a) (C) c tm I(1 ; 1) , R = 2 . (C) c tm
I(4 ; 2) . R = 2 .
T2
33
V R R < II < R + R nn (C) , (C) ct nhau .

b) Ta gii tng qut : Ta (x ; y) ca cc giao im ca hai ng trn tha h
:
x 2 + y 2 + 2ax + 2by + c = 0 (1)

=> chng cng tha phng trnh :
2
x + y 2 + 2a ' x + 2b' y + c' = 0 (2)
(1) (2) : 2(a a)x + 2(b b)y + c c = 0
c) Tip tuyn chung c VTCP l (3 ; 1) v cch I mt khong l 2 .
3.55.
Bn kinh ng trn l r =
S
= 1 . Phng trnh phn gic trong gc O l
p
y = 0 . Ta I l (1 ; 1) . Phng trnh ng trn ni tip l :(x 1)2 + (y 1)2

=1.
3.56. a) (C) c tm I(2 ; 0) , R =
10 . d = d(I, ) =
|2+m|
10
d < R - 12 < m < 8 : d v (C) ct nhau

d = R m = 8 hay m = - 12 : d v (C) tip xc
d > R m < - 12 hay m > 8 : d v (C) ngai nhau .
b) (C ) c tm I (1 ; 2) , R = 1 . d = d(I, ) =
d<R
| m +3|
m2 +1
| m +3|
m2 +1
< 1 <=> 6m + 8 < 0 <=> m < 4 / 3 : d v (C) ct nhau
d = R m = - 4/3 : d v (C) tip xc

d > R m > - 4/3 : d v (C) ngai nhau
3. 57. a) Phng trnh chnh tc AN
qua A(- 1; 0) v N(1 ; n) :
x +1 y
= (1)
2
n
Phng trnh chnh tc BM qua B(1 ; 0)

v M(- 1 ; m) :
x 1
y
=
(2)
2
m
M
I
b) Ta (x ; y) ca I tha (1) v (2)

=> (x ; y) tha :
x 1
y
y
=
=
x2 + y2 = 1
4
mn
4
2
x +1 x 1 y y
.
= .
2
n m
2
Vy I thuc ng trn (O ; 1)
3. 58
(b)
3.59.(c)
3.60. (b)
3.61. (d)
3.62 (d)
3.63 (d)
34
&5 .lip
A. Tm tt gio khoa
1. nh ngha . Cho hai im c nh F1 , F2 vi F1 F2 = 2c v mt di khng i 2a ( a > c)

Elip l tp hp nhng im M sao cho :
F1 M + F2 M = 2 a
y
F1 , F2 : tiu im , F1F2 : tiu c , F1M , F2M : bn knh

qua tiu .
2. Phng trnh chnh tc .
Vi F1( - c ; 0) , F2(c ; 0) :
x 2 y2
M(x ; y) (E) 2 + 2 = 1 vi b2 = a2 - c 2 . ( 1)
a
b
B2
M
x
A1
F1
F2
A2
(1) : phng trnh chnh tc ca (E)

B1
3. Hnh dng ca elip .* A1 ( - a ; 0 ) , A2 ( a ; 0 ) ,
B1(0 ; - b) , B2 ( 0 ; b) : nh .
* on A1A2 = 2a : trc ln , B1B2 = 2b : trc nh .
* Hnh ch nht gii hn bi cc ng x = a, y = b gi l hnh ch nht c s ca elip.
c
* e = < 1 : tm sai lip .
a
cx M
cx
= a + exM ; F2M = a M = a - exM
* F1M = a +
a
a
B. Gii tan .
Dng ton 1 : Xc nh cc yu t ca lip
V d : Hy xc nh nh , di cc trc , tiu c , tiu im tm sai v v elip c phng trnh
sau :
x 2 y2
a) (E) :
+ =1
b) (E) : 9 x 2 + 16 y 2 = 144
4 1
Gii : a) Ta c : a2 = 4 , b2 = 1 => a = 2 v b = 1
Suy ra A1 (- 2; 0 ) , A2 (2 ; 0 ) , B1(0 ; - 1 ) , B2 ( 0 ; 1)
di trc ln 2a = 4 , trc nh 2b = 2 .
Ta c : c =
e = c/a =
a 2 b 2 = 3 . Tiu c 2c = 2
3 , tiu im F1( -
3 ; 0 ) , F2 ( 3 ; 0 ) . Tm sai :
3 /2 .
c) Vit li phng trnh (E) :
x 2 y2
+
= 1 => a2 = 16 ; b2 = 9 => a = 4 , b = 3 v c =
16 9
a2 b2 = 7
Suy ra A1 (- 4; 0 ) , A2 (4 ; 0 ) , B1(0 ; - 3 ) , B2 ( 0 ; 3)
di trc ln 2a = 8 , trc nh 2b = 6 .
Tiu c 2c = 2 7 , tiu im F1( - 7 ; 0 ) , F2( 7 ; 0 ) .
Tm sai e = c/a =
7
4
35
x
O
Dng ton 2 : Lp phng trnh chnh tc ca lip :

T gi thit , lp h phng trnh theo a v b . Gii h , tm c a , b . Suy ra phng trnh (E) .
2
2
xo
yo
Cn nh : M(x0 ; y0) (E) 2 + 2 = 1
a
b
V d 1 : Lp phng trnh ca elip (E) bit :
a) C di hai trc l 6 , 4 .
b) (E) c mt nh l ( 5 ; 0 ) v tiu c l 6 .
c) (E) c mt nh l (0 ; 3 ) v (E) qua im M( 4 ; 1) .
3
2
) v (- 2 ;
).
d) (E) qua hai im ( 1 ;
2
2
e) (E) c tiu im F2 ( 2 ; 0 ) v qua im (2, 5/3)
Gii a) 2 a = 6 = > a = 3 , 2b = 4 = > b = 2 . Phng trnh elip l :
x 2 y2
+
=1
9
4
x 2 y2
b) Phng trnh (E) : 2 + 2 = 1
a
b
nh (5 ; 0 ) Ox do n l nh A2 (a ; 0 ) . Suy ra : a = 5
Tiu c = 2c = 6 c = 3 . Suy ra : b2 = a2 - c2 = 25 9 = 16
x 2 y2
Vy phng trnh (E) l :
+
=1
25 16
x 2 y2
c) Phng trnh (E) : 2 + 2 = 1
a
b
nh (0 ; 3 ) Oy do n l nh B2 ( 0 ; b ) . Suy ra : b = 3 v :
x 2 y2
(E) : 2 +
=1
9
a
42 1
16 8
M(4; 1) (E) 2 + = 1 <=> 2 = <=> a2 = 18
9
9
a
a
Vy phng trnh (E) :
x 2 y2
+
=1
18 9
36
x 2 y2
+
=1
a2 b2
3
1
3
) (E) 2 + 2 = 1 (1)
(1;
2
4b
a
2
2
2
) (E) 2 + 2 = 1 (2)
N(- 2 ;
2
a
4b
1
1
Gii h (1) v (2) vi hai n l : u = 2 , v = 2 , ta c : u = , v = 1 .
a
b
2
2
x
y
+
=1
Vy phng trnh (E) :
4
1
e) F2( 2 ; 0 ) => c = 2 . Suy ra : F1 ( - 2 ; 0 ) .
d) Phng trnh (E) :
5
13
5
5
Ta c : F2M = (2 2) + = , F1M = (2 + 2)2 + =
3
3
3
3
13 5
+ = 6 => a = 3 .
Theo nh ngha elip : 2a = F1M + F2M =
3 3
x 2 y2
2
2
2
+
Suy ra : b = a c = 5 v phng trnh eip l :
9
5
x 2 y2
Cch khc : c= 2 = > a2 = b2 + 4 . Phng trnh elip : 2 + 2 = 1
a
b
Th ta ca M , ta c :
4
25
+ 2 = 1 <=> 36b2 + 25b2 + 100 = 9b 4 + 36b 2
2
b + 4 9b
9b4 25b2 100 = 0 .
Gii phng trnh trng phng ny , ta c : b2 =5 . Suy ra a2 = 9 .
2
V d 2 : Cho on AB c di khng i bng 3 . u A( 0 ; a) di ng trn truc honh , u B

(b ; 0) di ng trn trc tung . M l im chia on
AB theo t s 2. Tm ta ca M , suy ra M di ng trn mt elip .
Gii Gi (x; y) l ta ca M , ta c :
x A + 2 xB 2 b
=
x =
3
3
MA = 2.MB
y = y A + 2 yB = a
3
3
2
x 2 y2
3x
+
=1
V a2 + b2 = AB2 = 3 , suy ra : (3y)2 + = 9
4
1
2
Vy M di ng trn elip c phng trnh
x 2 y2
+
=1
4
1
Dng ton 3 : Tm im thuc (E)

2
2
xo
yo
Cn nh : * M(x0 ; y0) (E) 2 + 2 = 1 F1M + F2M = 2a .
a
b
* F1M = a +
37
cx M
cx
; F2M = a M
a
a
x 2 y2
+
=1
6
2
a) Tm trn (E ) im M c honh l 2 .
b) Tm ta giao im ca (E) v ng thng y = x
c) Tm trn (E) im M sao cho gc F1MF2 = 900 .
d) Tm trn (E) im M tha F1M F2M = 6
V d 1 : Cho elip (E) :
3 -2.
( 2)2 y 2
4
2
+
= 1 <=> y 2 = <=> y =
6
2
3
3
2
2
),(2;).
Ta tm c 2 im M c ta (2 ;
3
3
x2 y2
= 1 (1)
+
b) Ta giao im l nghim ca h : 6
2
y = x 3 2 (2)
GII
a) Th x = 2 vo phng trnh ca (E) :
Th (2) vo (1) : x2 + 3(x 3 -2)2 = 6 x2 + 3(3x2 4x 3 + 4) = 6

5x2 - 6x
3 +3=0
Phng trnh ny c 2 nghim : x1 = 3 ; x2 =
3
5
Th vo (2) : y1 = x1 3 2 = 1; y2 = x2 3 2 =
7
5
Ta c 2 im c ta (x1 ; y1) , (x2 ; y2 ) .

c) Gi (x; y) l ta ca M . Ta c : F1MF2 = 900 OM = OF1 = OF2
x 2 + y 2 = c <=> x 2 + y 2 = 4 ( c2 = a2 b2 = 6 2 =
4)
Mt khc v M (E) nn ta E tha :
F1
2x2 + 6y2 = 12
F2
2 x 2 + 6 y 2 = 12
Ta c h : 2
2
x + y = 4
x 2 = 3
x = 3
<=>
2
y = 1
y = 1
Ta tm c 4 im c ta (
3 ; 1) , ( 3 ; - 1) , (-
d) Theo nh ngha : F1M + F2M = 2a = 2
3 ; 1) , ( -
6 m F1M F2M =
3 ; - 1)
Suy ra : F1M =
T :
38
3 6
6
, F2M =
2
2
cx M
3 6
3 6
=a+
=
2
2
a
Th li vo phng trnh (E) , ta c :

Vy ta im cn tm (
6+
2x M
6
xM =
3
2
9 y2
15 5
5
+
= 1 <=> y 2 =
=
<=> y =
24 2
48 16
4
3 5
3 5
; ) v ( ; )
2 4
2 4
x 2 y2
V d 4 : Cho elip (E) : 2 + 2 = 1 c tiu im F1 , F2. M l im bt k trn (E) .
a
b
a) Tm trn (E) : x2 + 4y2 = 4 im M sao cho F1M = 2F2M
b) Chng minh F1M . F2M + OM2 = a2 + b2 .
x 2 y2
+
= 1 => a2 = 4 ; b2 = 1 => c2 = 3 Theo chng minh
4
1
c
c
trn : F1M = 2F2M a + x = 2( a - x )
a
a
2
3cx
a
= a <=> x =
3c
a
4
. Th vo phng trnh (E) , ta c :
Th a2 = 4 , c = 3 : x =
3 3
Gii
a) Vit li phng trnh (E) :
4
23
23
2
2
y=
+ 4 y = 4 <=> y =
27
27
3 3
c
c
c2
b) Ta c : F1M . F2M = (a + x )(a x ) = a 2 2 x 2 ( 1)
a
a
a
OM2 = x2 + y2 (2)
c2
Cng (1) v (2) : F1M . F2M + OM2 = a2 + (1 - 2 ) x2 + y2
a
2 2
b x
b2 x 2 + a2 y 2
= a2 + 2 + y 2 = a 2 +
a
a2
2 2
2 2
2 2
2
V M (E) nn b x + a y = a b , suy ra : F1M . F2M + OM = a2 + b2 : gi tr khng i .
C. Bi tp rn luyn.
3.64 . Xc nh di cc trc , ta nh , tiu im v v cc elip sau :
a)
x 2 y2
+
=1
12 9
3. 65 . Cho elip (E) :
b)
x 2 y2
+
=1
5
1
c) 4x2 + 9y2 = 36
x2
+ y 2 = 1 . Tm trn (E) :
4
a) im M c tung . b) im N c tung gp i honh .

c) im P sao cho gc F1PF2 = 900 .
39
d) ta cc nh ca hnh vung ni tip (E) bit hnh vung c cc cnh song

song vi cc trc ta .
3 2
; 2
3.66. Cho elip (E) c di trc ln l 6 v qua im M(
a) Lp phng trnh (E) .

b) Tnh di dy cung ca (E) vung gc vi trc ln ti tiu im .
c) Tm trn (E) im M cch tm O mt khong l
11
.
2
3.67. Lp phng trnh (E) bit :

a) tiu c 4 v khong cch t mt nh n tiu im l 5 .
b) di trc nh l 4 v mt tiu im l ( 2 ; 0 )
c) mt tiu im l F2 ( 5 ; 0 ) v khong cch gia hai nh l 9.
3.68. Lp phng trnh (E) bit :
a) di trc ln l 8 v qua im ( 3 ; 2) .
2 2 1
5
.
; , Q 2;
3
3 3
b) qua hai im P
c) c tiu c l 4 v qua im ( 1 ;
d) qua im M
4
0
v F1MF2 = 90 .
5
3.69 . Cho (E) : 4x2 + 9y2 = 36

a) Xc nh tiu im , di cc trc .
b) Mt ng thng thay i d : y = x + m . nh m d ct (E) ti hai im P, Q
. c) Tm ta trung im I ca PQ . Chng t I di ng trn mt on c nh khi d
thay i .
d) Gi P v Q ln lt l i xng ca P v Q qua gc O . T gic PQPQ l
hnh g ? nh m n l hnh thoi .
3.70. Cho hai lip : x2 + 8y2 = 16 v 4x2 + 9y2 = 36 . Vit phng trnh ng
trn qua cc giao im ca hai lip .
3.71. Cho ng trn tm F1 ( - 2; 0) v bn knh 6 v im F2 (2 ; 0) . M l tm
ng trn di ng qua F2 v tip xc trong vi (F1) .
Chng minh M thuc mt lip (E) . Vit phng trnh (E).
* 3.72.a) Vit phng trnh ca (E) bit n c mt tiu im l F(- 2 ; 0) v
khong cch t F n nh trn trc nh l 3 .
b) Hai ng thng d : mx y = 0 v d : x + my = 0 ln lt ct (E) ti M , P
v N, Q . T gic MNPQ l hnh g? Tnh din tch ca n theo m .
c) nh m MNPQ l hnh vung .
*3.73. Cho lip : 5x2 + 9y2 = 45 c tiu im F1 , F2 . M l im bt k trn (E).
a) Chng minh chu vi tam gic F1MF2 khng i . Tm m din tch tam gic
F1MF2 l 2 vdt.
40
b) Tim M sao cho : T = F1 M + F2 M +
1
1
+
ln nht .
F1 M F2 M
*3.74. Cho ng trn tm O , bn knh 2 . AB l ng knh trn Ox. Gi M, N l hai

im di ng trn tip tuyn ca (C) ti A v B , c tung l m, n lun tha mn = 4.
a) Chng minh MN l tip tuyn ca ng trn (O).
b) AN v BM ct nhau ti I. Chng minh I di ng trn mt elip (E).
c) Gi H, K ln lt l trung im ca AM v BN .Chng minh ng trn
ng knh HK qua hai tiu im ca (E).
*3.75. Cho im M di ng trn lip : 9x2 + 16y2 = 144 . H, v K l hnh chiu
ca M ln hai trc . Tm M din tch OHMK ln nht .
*3.76. Cho M, N l hai im bt k trn lip : 4x2 + 9y2 = 36 v khng trng vi cc
nh .Gi I l trung im ca MN.
a) Chng minh tch h s gc ca ng thng MN v ng thng OI c gi tr
khng i .
b) Vit phng trnh ng thng MN bit trung im I c ta (1 ; 1)
* 3. 77. Cho ng trn (O; a) v elip (E) : bx2 + ay2 = a2b2.
a) Chng minh php co v trc hanh theo h s k =
b
bin (O) thnh (E).
a
b) Gi T, M l hai im trn (O) ( MT ct Ox ) , php co trn bin ng thng MT

thnh ng thng no . Chng minh hai ng thng ng qui .
Khi M tin v T ( T c nh ) th MT , MT tin n v tr no . Suy ra cch v tip
tuyn ca (E) ti mt im cho trc . Tm phng trnh tip tuyn bit tip im T
c ta (x0 ; y0) .
c) Php co trn bin mt hnh vung n v c cc canh song song vi cc trc hay
nm trn hai trc thnh hnh g , c din tch bao nhiu . T hy suy an cng
thc tnh din tch hnh lip.
3.78. Chn cu ng : Cho (E) : 6x2 + 9y2 = 54 . Khong cch t tiu im n
nh trn trc nh l :
b) 3
c) 15
d) 6
a) 6
3.79 . Chn cu ng : Cho (E) : 4x2 + 5y2 = 20 . Khong cch gia hai tiu im l
:
a) 1
b) 2
c) 3
d) 2 5
3.80. Chn cu ng : Cho (E) : 3x2 + 4y2 = 12. im M c honh l 1 thuc (E)
. Th th F1M = ( F1 l tiu im bn tri )
a) 3/2
b)
13
2
c) 5/2
d)
3 5
2
3.81. Chn cu ng : Cho (E) : 4x2 + 9y2 = 36 . Tnh di dy cung vung gc

vi Ox v qua tiu im F .
d) 8/3
a) 3
b) 4/3
c) 5
3.82. Chn cu ng : Tung giao im ca (E) :
x2
+ y 2 = 1 vi ng trn x2 + (y
4
1)2 = 1 gn nht vi s no di y ?
a) 0,86
41
b) 0 , 88
c) 0, 9
d) 0, 92
3.83. Chn cu ng : Elip c hnh bn c tiu c l :

a) 4
B1
b) 6
6
c) 2 11
4
A1
d) 2 14
F1
3.84. Chn cu ng : Elip c hnh di bn tri c di trc nh gn ng vi

s no di y ?
a) 4
8
3
b) 8
8
3
c) 2 96
d) p s khc
M(- 2;4)
M(2;2)
N(-1 ; - 3)
B(0; - 5)
3.85. Chn cu ng : Elip c hnh trn bn phi c di trc ln l :

a) 5/ 3
b) 8/3
c) 3
d) 10/3
D. Hng dn gii hay p s

3.65. a) Th y = vo phng trnh (E) b) Th y = 2x vo phng trnh (E) .
c) Ta (x ; y) ca P tha phng trnh (E) v OM2 = c2 x2 + y2 = 3
d) Gi(x ; y) l ta mt nh bt k ca hnh vung , ta c h : : x2 + 4y2 = 4 v x2 = y2 .
3.66. a) a = 3 v
b) Th x =
9
2
x 2 y2
+
=
=>
(E)
:
+
= 1 => c =
1
9
4
2a2 b2
5 : y = 4/ 3 => di dy cung l 8/ 3.
4 x 2 + 9 y 2 = 36
c) im (x ; y) cn tm tha h : 2
11
2
x + y =
4
3.67. a) c = 2 . Phn bit cac trng hp :
(1) B2F2 =
42
b2 + c2 = a = 5 .
(2) A2F2 = a c = 5 => a = 7

(3) A2F1 = a + c = 5 => a = 3
b) b = 2 , c = 2 .
c) c = 5 . Phn bit 2 trng hp :
(1) B1B2 = 2b = 9 b = 9/ 2
(2) A1A2 = 2a = 9 a = 9/2 < c : loi .
a2 + b2 = 9 <=> a2 + b 2 = 81 v a2 b2 = c2 = 25
9
4
3. 68. a) a = 4 v 2 + 2 = 1
a
b
d) A1B1 =
1
8
9a2 + 9b2 = 1
b)
4 + 5 =1
a2 9b2
d) OM2 = c2 =
c) c = 2 v
1
4
+ 2 = 1 . Th a2 = b2 + 4
2
a
5b
9 16
+
= 5 . Gii nh bi .
5 5
3.69 . b) Th y = x + m : 4x2 + 9(x + m)2 = 36 13x2 + 18mx + 9m2 36 = 0 (1)

YCBT 0 m2 13 -
13 m 13 (*)
x1 + x2 9m
x = 2 = 13
9
=> y = - x vi c) I
4
y = x + m = 4m
13
9
13
=> I di ng trn on thng c phng trnh y = -
do (*)
13
9
x vi
4
9
13
9
13
d) Do i xng PQPQ l hnh bnh hnh . Gi (x1 ; y1) v (x2 ; y2) ln lt l ta ca P v Q ,

trong x1, 2 l nghim ca phng trnh (1) v y1,2 = x1, 2 + m .
YCBT OP OQ <=> x1 x2 + y1 .y2 = 0 <=> x1 x2 + ( x1 + m )( x2 + m) = 0
2x1x2 + m(x1 + x2 ) + m2 = 0
Th x1 + x2 = - 18m/ 13 , x1x2 = (9m2 36) /13 ( nh l Viet ca phng trnh (1) ) , ta c
phng trnh tnh m .
x 2 + 8y 2 = 16
3.70. Ta giao im l nghim ca h : 2
4x + 9 y 2 = 36
2 144
x = 23
172

=> x2 + y2 =
: y l phng trnh cn tm .
23
y 2 = 28
23
r
r
F1
F2
43
3.71. Gi r = MF2 l bn knh ng trn (M) .Ta c : MF1 + MF2 = MF2 + r = 6 . Do M thuc
lip c 2a = 6 v 2c = 4 . Suy ra : b2 = a2 c2 = 9 4 = 5 Phng trnh (E) l :
x 2 y2
+
=1
9
5
3.72. a) c = 2 , a = 3 :
5
x = 3
2
5 x + 9 y = 45
9m + 5
b) Ta M, P :
<=>
5
y = mx
3
y
m
=
9m + 5
2
5
y = 3
2
5 x + 9 y = 45
5m + 9
<=>
5
x = my
=
x
m
3
2
5m + 9
Tng t , ta N, Q :
T gic l hnh thoi v d v d vung gc .

Din tch hnh thoi MNPQ : 4. SOMN = 2 . OM. ON = 2 .
= 18(m2 + 1)
9m 2 + 5 5m 2 + 9
x M + yM . x N + yN
90(m 2 + 1)
(9m 2 + 5)(5m 2 + 9)
c) YCBT OM = ON 9m2 + 5 = 5m2 + 9 m = 1

3.73.a) Chu vi l : 2a + 2c = 6 + 4 = 10 . Din tch tam gic l : .|yM| . 2c = 2
|yM| = 1 . Suy ra xM.
2a
4
c2x 2
2
m F1M.F2M = a = 9 - x 2 ( - 3 x 3)
b) T = 2a +
2
F1 M.F2 M
9
a
Vy T ln nht F1M.F2M nh nht x2 = 3
3.74. a) Phng trnh MN : (n m)x + 4y + 2(m + n) = 0
Ta c : d(O; MN) =
| 2(m + n )
m 2 + n 2 2mn + 16
2|m+n|
m 2 + n 2 + 2mn
= 2 ( v mn = 4)
=> MN tip xc ng trn (O; 2) .

b) Xem bi tp 3.57 .
c) Ta chng minh : F1, 2 H.F1, 2 K = 0
3.75. Dng bt ng thc C si cho hai s
3.76. a) Ta c : 4xM2 + 9yM2 = 36 (1) v 4xN2 + 9yN2 = 36 (2) .
Ly (1) (2) : 4(xM2 xN2 ) = - 9(yM2 yN2 )
4(xM xN) (xM + xN) = - 9(yM yN) (yM + yN)
yI yM yN
4
= kOI . kMN = - 4/9
.
xI xM xN
9
b) H s gc ca OI l 1 , do kMN = - 4/9 . Vy phng trnh MN l :
x 2 y2
+
=1
9
5
44
.....
3.77. b) Cc ng thng qua T , M v vung
gc vi Ox ct (E) ln lt ti T v M . ng
thng TM co li thnh ng thng TM. Hai
ng thng ny ng qui ti K Ox .
Khi M tin v T , ng thng TM bin thnh
tip tuyn ca (O) ti T , khi ng thng
TM bin thnh tip tuyn ca (E) ti T . Hai
tip tuyn ny ng qui ti I vi IT vung gc
bn knh OT.
T
T M
O
M
K
a
y o ) l
b
Nu (x0 ; y0) l ta ca T th (x0 ;
ta ca T. Phng trnh tip tuyn ca

ng trn ti T vung gc OT = ( x o ;
x0 (x x0) +
a
y o ) l :
b
a
a
y o (y yo ) = 0
b
b
b2 x0 x + aby o y = b2 x02 + a2 yo2 = a2 b2 (TI)
a
y v gi nguyn x , ta c phng trnh tip tuyn IT ca lip ti T : b2 x0 x +
b
x x y y
aby o y = a2 b2 o2 + o2 = 1
a
b
Thay y bng
c) Php co v Ox h s k , bin hnh vung n v c cnh song song hay nm trn hai trc
thanh hnh ch nht c cnh song song hay nm trn hai trc c din
tch l k vdt .
Din tch hnh trn l a2 . Vi s chn on v di nh tng ng vi vic lm trn s
, hnh trn coi nh cha a2 hnh vung n v . Suy ra qua php co , hnh lip coi nh cha
a2 hnh ch nht c din tch
3.78 (b) . FB =
b
b
vdt . Do hnh lip c din tch l : a2 . = ab .
a
a
b2 + c2 = a = 3
3.79 (b) F1F2 = 2c = 2

2
3.80 (b) . yM = 3 /2 => F1M =
3
(1 + 1) + = 5/2
2
2
3.81 (d) . Th x = 5 = c : 9y2 = 36 20 = 16 y = 4/3

Vy di dy cung l 8/ 3 .
3.82 (a). Th x2 = 1 (y 1)2 vo phng trnh (E) : 1 (y 1)2 + 4y2 = 4
3y2 + 2y 4 = 0
Phng trnh ny c 2 nghim : y1 =
1 13
1 + 13
; y2 =
3
3
V x2 = 1 - (y 1)2 0 (y 1)2 1 - 1 ( y 1)2 1 0 y 2

nn ch nhn y =
13 1
0,868
3
3.83 (d) . BF =
c2 + b2 = a = 5 ,
45
a2 + b2 = 6
b2 = 36 25 = 11.
Suy ra : c=
B1
25 11 = 14
Vy tiu c l 2
6
4
14
A1
4
4
a2 + b2 = 1
3.84 (b). Ta c h :
1 + 9 =1
a2 b2
F1
Nhn phng trnh sau cho 4 ri tr vi phng trnh u , ta c :
32
32
= 3 <=> b =
.
2
3
b
32
8
=8
di trc nh l 2
3
3
b = 5
=> a = 10 / 3
3.85 (d) .Ta c h : 4 16
a2 + 25 = 1
M(- 2;4)
di trc ln l : 20 / 3 .
B(0; - 5)
* 6. Hypebol
A. Tm tt gio khoa
1.nh ngha .Cho hai im c nh F1 , F2 vi F1 F2 = 2c v mt di khng i 2a ( a > c) .

Hypebol l tp hp nhng im M sao cho :
F1 M F2 M = 2 a
F1 , F2 : tiu im , F1 F2 : tiu c .
2. Phng trnh chnh tc :
Vi F1( - c ; 0) , F2(c ; 0) :
x 2 y2
= 1 vi b2 = c2 - a 2 ( 1)
M(x ; y) (H)
a2 b2
(1) : phng trnh chnh tc ca hypebol .
3. Hnh dng ca hypebol .* A1 ( - a ; 0 ) , A2 ( a ; 0 ) : nh .
* Ox : trc thc , di 2a . Oy : trc o , di 2b .
* Hypebol gm 2 nhnh : nhnh tri gm nhng im c x - a, nhnh phi gm nhng
im c x a .
* Hnh ch nht gii hn bi cc ng x = a , y = b gi l hnh ch nht c s ca
hypebol.
* ng thng y =
* Tm sai : e =
46
b
x gi l hai tim cn .
a
c
>1
a
* F1M =
c
a xM + a , M nhnh phai
exM + a =
c x a , M nhnh tri
a M
c
a x M a , M nhnh phai
F2M = ex M a =
c x + a , M nhnh tri
M
a
F1
A1
A2
F2
B. Gii ton .
Dng ton 1 : Xc nh cc yu t ca hypebol
V d : Hy xc nh nh , di cc trc , tiu c , tiu im , tim cn , tm sai
c phng trnh sau :
x 2 y2
a) (H) :
= 1.
b) (H) : 16x2 9y2 = 144
4
2
Gii : a) Ta c : a2 = 4 , b2 = 2 => a = 2 v b =
Suy ra nh A1 (- 2; 0 ) , A2 (2 ; 0 ) .
di trc thc 2a = 4 , trc o 2b = 2 2 .
Ta c : c =
a2 + b2 = 6 . Tiu c 2c = 2 6 , tiu im F1( -
b
2
Tim cn : y = x =
x . Tm sai e = c/a =
2
a
A2
A1
v v hypebol
6 ; 0 ) , F2( 6 ; 0 ) .
6 /2
F2
x 2 y2
b) Vit li phng trnh (H) :
= 1 => a2 = 9 ; b2 = 16
9 16
=> a = 3 , b = 4 v c = a2 + b2 = 5
Suy ra A1 (- 3; 0 ) , A2 (3 ; 0 ) .
di trc thc 2a = 6 , trc o 2b = 8 .
A1
A2
F2
47
Tiu c 2c = 10 , tiu im F1( - 5 ; 0 ) , F2(5; 0 ) .

b
4
Tim cn : y = x = x . Tm sai e = c/a = 5/3
3
a
Dng ton 2 : Lp phng trnh chnh tc ca hypebol
T gi thit , lp h phng trnh theo a v b . Gii h , tm c a , b . Suy ra phng trnh
(H) .
2
2
x
y
Cn nh : M(x0 ; y0) (H) o2 o2 = 1
b
a
V d 1 : Lp phng trnh ca hypebol (H) bit :
a) (H) c di trc thc l 6 , tiu im l ( 4; 0 )
b) (H) c mt nh l ( 5 ; 0 ) v tim cn l y = 2x .
c) (H) c mt tim cn l y = - 2 x v qua im M( 4 ;
d) (H) qua hai im ( 1 ; 3 ) v (- 2 ; 2 2 ) .
4
e) (H) c tiu im F2 ( 3 ; 0 ) v qua im ( 3;
)
5
Gii a) 2 a = 6 = > a = 3 , c = 4 = > b 2 = c2 a2 = 16 9 = 7 .
Phng trnh hypebol l :
x 2 y2
=1
9
7
x 2 y2
b) Phng trnh (H) : 2 2 = 1
a
b
nh (5 ; 0 ) do a = 5.
b
Tiu cn y = 2x => = 2 b =10 .
a
x2
y2
=1
Vy phng trnh (H) l :
25 100
x 2 y2
c) Phng trnh (H) : 2 2 = 1
a
b
b
Tim cn y = - 2 x =>
= 2 b2 = 2a2 (1)
a
16 2
M(4 ; 2 ) thuc (H) 2 2 = 1 (2)
a
b
15
Th (1) vo (2) : 2 = 1 <=> a 2 = 15 . Suy ra b2 = 30 .
a
x 2 y2
= 1= 1
Vy phng trnh (H) :
15 30
x 2 y2
d) Phng trnh (H) : 2 2 = 1
a
b
1
3
( 1 ; 3 ) (H) 2 2 = 1 (1)
a
b
2
8
N(- 2 ; 2 2 ) (H) 2 2 = 1(2) )
a
b
2) .
Gii h (1) v (2) vi hai n l : u =
48
1
1
, v = 2 , ta c : u = 5/2 , v = 1/ 2 .
2
a
b
x2
y2
=1
5/ 2 2
e) F2( 3 ; 0 ) => c = 3 . Suy ra : F1 ( - 3 ; 0 ) .
Vy phng trnh (H) :
x 2 y2
c = 3 = > a = 9 b . Phng trnh hypebol : 2 2 = 1
a
b
Th ta ca M , ta c :
9
16
2 = 1 <=> 45b2 16(9 b2 ) = (9 b 2 )5b2
2
9b
5b
45b2 144 + 16b2 = 45b2 5b4
5b4 + 16b2 144 = 0
Gii phng trnh trng phng ny , ta c : b2 = 4 . Suy ra
a2 = 5 .
x 2 y2
=1
Vy phng trnh (H) :
5
4
2
V d 2 : Cho ng trn (M) di ng lun chn trn hai trc

ta hai dy cung c di l 6 v 4 . Chng minh tm
ng trn di ng trn mt hypebol c nh .
C
M
K
r
D
Gii
Gi M(x ; y) l tm cc ng trn (M) . K MH , MK
H
O A
vung gc Ox v Oy , ta c : HA = HB = 3 , KC = KD = 2
Suy ra : MB2 = MD2 = r2
MH2 + HB2 = MK2 + KD2
x 2 y2
y2 + 9 = x2 + 4 x2 y2 = 5
=1
5
5
x 2 y2
= 1.
Chng t M (H) :
5
5
Dng ton 3 : Tm im trn hypebol
2
2
x
y
Cn nh : * M(x0 ; y0) (H) o2 o2 = 1
b
a
| F1M + F2M| = 2a .
cx M
cx
a|
* F1M = | M + a | ; F2M = |
a
a
x 2 y2
V d 1 : Cho hypebol (H) :
= 1 . Tm trn (H ) im M sao cho:

9
3
b) gc F1MF2 = 900 .
c) F1M = 2F2M
a) M c tung l 3
Gii a) Th y =
3 vo phng trnh ca (H) :
x
( 3)
4
= 1 <=> x 2 = 9. <=> x = 2 3
9
3
3
Ta tm c 2 im M c ta (2 3 ; 3 ) , ( - 2 3 ; 3 ) .
2
r
x
B
49
b) Gi (x; y) l ta ca M . Ta c : F1MF2 = 900 OM = OF1 = OF2
x 2 + y 2 = c <=> x 2 + y 2 = 12 ( c2 = a2 + b2 = 9 + 3 = 12 )
Mt khc v M (H) nn ta E tha : 3x2 - 9y2 = 27
3 5
2 45
x=
x =
3 x 9 y = 27
2
4
<=>
Ta c h : 2
2
3
x + y = 12
3
y2 =
y=
2
2
3 5
3
3 5
3
3 5
3
;
),(
;), (;
),
2
2
2
2
2
2
c) V F1M = 2F2M => F1M > F2M => M thuc nhnh phi v
F1M F2M = 2a = 6
Ta tm c 4 im c ta (
(-
3 5
3
;)
2
2
Suy ra F2M = 6 v F1M = 12 .

M F1M =
c
2 3
xM + a =
x M + 3 = 12
a
3
Th vo phng trnh (H) , ta suy ra : y =

(
x=
9 3
2
69
. Ta im cn tm :
2
9 3
69
;
).
2
2
V d 2 : a) Cho hypebol (H) :
x 2 y2
= 1 c tiu im F1 , F2.
a2 b2
M l im bt k trn (H) .
a) Chng minh tch khong cch t M n hai tim cn c gi tr khng i
x2 y2
b) Cho hypebol (H) :
= 1 . Mt ng thng d bt k : y = x + m ct (H) ti M, N v
1
2
hai tim cn ti P v Q . Chng minh MP = NQ .
Gii
a) Phng trnh hai tim cn : 1 : bx + ay = 0 v 2 : bx ay = 0 . Gi (x; y) l ta ca M , ta
c :
bx + ay
bx ay
d(M; 1) =
, d(M, 2) =
a2 + b2
a2 + b2
d(M,1).d(M,2) =
bx + ay
a2 + b2
bx ay
a2 + b2
b2 x 2 a2 y 2
a2 + b2
x 2 y2
2 = 1 <=> b2 x 2 a 2 y 2 = a2 b2 suy ra :
2
a
b
a2 b2
a2 b2
=
: gi tr khng i .
d(M,1).d(M,2) = 2
a + b2
c2
V M(x; y) thuc (H) :
50
M
P
M
Q
N
b) (H) : 2x2 y2 = 2 .
Phng trnh honh giao im M, N : 2x2 (x + m)2 = 2 ( th y = x + m vo phng trnh ca
(H) ) x2 2mx m2 2 = 0 (1)
Phng trnh hai tim cn : ( 2 x + y)( 2x y) = 0 2x2 y2 = 0
Phng trnh honh giao im P, Q : 2x2 (x + m)2 = 0 ( th y = x + m vo phng trnh hai
tim cn )
x2 2mx m2 = 0 (2)
Nu (1) c hai nghim x1, x2 , th th honh trung im ca MN l :
(xM + xN ) = . 2m = m ( nh l Viet ca (1))
Nu (2) c hai nghim x3, x4 , th th honh trung im ca PQ l :
(xP + xQ ) = . 2m ( nh l Viet ca (2) )
Chng t MN v PQ c cng trung im hay MP = NQ.
Ghi ch : Tnh cht ny ng vi mi hypebol
C. Bi tp rn luyn .
3.86 . Xc nh di cc trc , ta nh , tiu im , tim cn v v cc
hypebol sau :
a)
x2 y2
=1
4
5
b)
3.87 . Cho hypebol (H) : x 2
x2 y2
=1
4
4
c) 4x2 - 9y2 = 36
y2
= 1.
4
Tm trn (H) :
a) im M c honh 2 .
b) im N cch u hai trc ta .
c) im P sao cho gc F1PF2 = 900 .
d) ta cc nh ca hnh ch nht ni tip (H) bit hnh ch nht c cc cnh
song song vi cc trc ta v c din tch l 8 2 vdt.
e) im Q sao cho F2Q = 2F1Q .
3.88. Cho hypebol (H) c di trc thc l 4 v qua im M
5; 2
a) Lp phng trnh (H) .

b) Tnh di dy cung ca (H) vung gc vi trc thc ti tiu im .
c) Tm giao im ca (H) v ng trn ng knh F1F2 , F1 , F2 l cc tiu
51
im ca (H) .
3.89. Lp phng trnh (H) bit :
a) tiu c 8 v khong cch t nh trn trc thc n tiu im l 1 .
b) di trc o l 4 v mt tiu im l ( 3 ; 0 )
c) mt tiu im l F2 ( 5 ; 0 ) v mt tim cn l y = 2x .
d) mt tim cn l y = 3 x v qua im ( 3 ; 15 )
e) mt tiu im l ( 2 ; 0) v qua im (3 ;
2).
3.90. Lp phng trnh chnh tc ca hypebol (H) bit :

a) di trc thc l 6 v qua im ( 10 ; 2) .
5
10 ;2 , Q ;1 .
2
c) c tiu c l 4 2 v qua im ( 3 ;
b) qua hai im P
5 )
3.91. Lp phng trnh chnh tc ca hypebol (H) bit :

a) qua im M
3 ; 1 v F1MF2 = 900
b) mt tiu im (2 ; 0 ) v khong cch t n n tim cn l 1.

c) tiu im l( 3 ; 0) v dy cung qua tiu im v vung gc Ox c di l
5.
d) mt tim cn c h s gc 2/ 5 v khang cch t tiu im n tim cn l
2.
3.92 Cho ng trn tm I( - 6; 0) , bn knh 4 v im J(6 ; 0 ) .
(M) l ng trn di ng lun qua J v tip xc vi (I) . Chng minh tphp tm M
cc ng trn M l mt hypebol . Vit phng trnh
hypebol .
3.93 . Cho (H) : 9x2 - 4y2 = 36
a) Xc nh tiu im , di cc trc v tim cn . V (H) .
b) M ty ca (H) , chng minh rng : (F1M + F2M)2 4OM2 l mt hng s .
c) Mt ng thng thay i d : x + y + m = 0 . Chng minh d lun ct (H) ti
hai im phn bit P, Q . Tnh di on PQ theo m .
3. 94. a) Vit phng trnh ca (H) bit n c mt nh l (1 ; 0) v mt tiu im
l ( 5, 0) .
b) nh m hai ng thng d : mx y = 0 v d : x + my = 0 u ct (H) .
c) Gi M , P v N, Q ln lt l giao im ca d v d vi (H) . T gic
MNPQ l hnh g ? Tnh din tch ca n khi m = 2 .
3.95. Cho (H) : 5x2 4y-2 = 20 v ng thng d : 2x y + m = 0
a) nh m d ct (H) ti 2 im M, N phn bit .
b) Tm tp hp trung im ca MN
c) Gi P, Q ln lt l i xng ca M, N qua O . nh m MNPQ l hnh
thoi.
3.96. Cho (H) : x2 3y2 = 12
a) Tm cc nh, tiu im , tim cn .
b) Tm trn (H) im M sao cho gc F1MF2 = 1200 .
52
c) Tm M (H) sao cho : T = F1M F2M +
1
1
ln nht
F2 M F1 M
d) Cho M bt k (H) , tnh tch cc khang cch t M n hai tim cn .

3.97. Cho lip (E) v hypebol (H) bit chng c cng tiu im F(2 ; 0) , tim cn
ca (H) cha ng cho ca hnh ch nht c s ca (E) v hp vi Ox mt gc 300 .
a) Vit phng trnh chnh tc ca (E) v (H) .
b) Vit phng trnh ng trn qua cc giao im ca (E) v (H) .
3. 98 .Cho hai im A1 ( 2; 0) v A2( 2 ; 0 ) . Gi (I) l ng trn di ng qua A1
, A2 v MM l ng knh ca (I) cng phng vi Ox . Chng minh tp hp nhng
im M, M l mt hypebol .
3.99. Cho ng trn tm O , bn knh 1 . Gi A v A l hai im trn ng trn
c honh l 1, 1 . ng thng di ng x = m ( m 0, 1 ) ct ng trn ti
M v M ( M c tung dng) .
a) Tm ta M v M .
b) Vit phng trnh ng thng AM v AM . Chng minh giao im ca AM v
AM di ng trn mt hypebol c nh.
3. 100. Chn cu ng :
Cho (H) : 6x2 - 9y2 = 54 . Phng trnh mt tim cn l :
a) y =
6
x
3
b) y =
3
6
c) y =
6
x
9
d) y =
9
x
6
3.101 . Chn cu ng :
Cho (H) : 4x2 - 5y2 = 20 . Khong cch gia hai tiu im l :
a) 1
b) 2
c) 3
d) 6
3. 102. Chn cu ng :
Cho (H) : 3x2 - y2 = 3. im M c tung l 3 thuc (H) . Th th
F1M = ( F1 l tiu im bn tri )
a) 3
b) 4
c) 5
d) p s khc
2
2
3.103. Chn cu ng : Cho (H) : 4x - 9y = 36 . Tnh khong cch t tiu im
n mt tim cn l :
a) 2
b) 3
c)
2 13
3
d) 4 13
3.104. Chn cu ng : Cho im M(x ; y) bt k thuc (H) :

:F1M
+ F2M2
a) 6
- 2OM2 =
b) 10
c) 2
x2
y 2 = 1 . Th th
4
d) c gi tr thay i theo M
3.105. Chn cu ng : Hypebol (H) c khong cch gia tiu im bn phi v

nh bn tri l 5 v di trc o l 2 5 . (H) qua im M c honh 3 v tung
dng gn nht vi gi tr :
a) 2, 1
b) 2, 2
c) 2, 3
d) 2, 4
3.106. Chn cu ng : Hypebol (H) qua im M ( 5;
2 ) v tim cn qua im (
3 2; 6 ) . Vy tiu c ca (H) l :
a) 2
b) 4
c) 2
d) 4 3
53
3.107. Chn cu ng : Hypebol (H) c hai tim cn vung gc nhau v qua im

M ( 5; 4) .
a) (H) ch qua duy nht im M c ta nguyn dng .
b) Mi ng thng y = x + m ct (H) nhiu nht ti mt im
c) C (a) v (b) u ng .
d) C (a) v (b) u sai .
D. Hng dn hay p s
3.87. b) Th y = x v y = - x .
c) Ta P tha x2 + y2 = c2
d) Gi (x; y) l ta mt nh ca hnh ch nht . Ta c : |xy| = 2
2
e) F2Q F1Q = 2a = 2 F1Q = 1 , F2Q = 2 . Li c : F1Q F2Q = 4cxM .

3.88 a)
x 2 y2
=1.
4
8
c) Phng trnh ng trn l : x2 + y2 = 12

3.89 . a) c = 4 , a = 3 .
b) b = 2 , c = 3
d) b2 = 3a2 ,
c) c = 5 , b = 2a
9 15
=1
a2 b2
e) a2 = 4 b2 ,
3.90 a) a = 3 , b = 6
b)
9
2
2 =1
2
a
b
x 2 y2
= 1 c) x2 y2 = 4
5
4
3.91. a) x2 y2 = 2
b) Khong cch t tiu im n tim cn l :
c) di dy cung l : 2.
bc
a2 + b2
=1
b2
a
3.92. a) Gi T l tip im ca (M) v (I) , ta c : MT = MJ MI - IT = MJ ( tip xc ngoi)

hay MI + IT = MJ ( tip xc trong)
MI MJ = IT = 4 hay MI MJ = - IT = - 4 |MI MJ| = 4
V I , J c nh nn tp hp nhng im M l hypebol tiu im I(- 6 ; 0) v
J(6 ; 0) v 2a = 8 .
Suy ra :
b2 = c2 a2 = 36 16 = 20 .
y
Vy phng trnh (H) l :
x 2 y2
=1
16 20
y
M
x
I
O
M
T
x
I
54
3.93. b) Th y = - x m vo phng trnh (H) , ta c phng trnh honh giao im : 5x2

8mx 4m2 36 = 0 .
Phng trnh ny c > 0 , vi mi m nn lun c 2 nghim phn bit .
PQ =
12
2(m 2 + 5)
5
x 2 y2
=1
1 4
1
2 < m < 2
4 m 2 > 0
<=>
.
b) 2
2 < m < 1
4 m 1 > 0
3. 94 .
a) (H) :
c) T gic l hnh thoi . Din tch l 12
2
7
3.95. a) Phng trnh honh giao im : 11x2 + 16mx + 4m2 + 20 = 0
11
x1 + x 2
8m
=
x I =
b) Ta trung im I ca MN tha :
2
11
y I = 2x I + m
11x I
m = 8

y = 2x 11x I = 5x I
I
I
8
8
8
8
V m < - 11 hay m > 11
<x<
nn tp hp nhng im I l phn ng thng
11
11
8
8
<x<
y = 5x/8 ng vi
11
11
C 2 giao im M, N > 0 m < -
11
hay m >
c) Hnh bnh hnh MNPQ l hnh thoi OM vung gc ON

x1x2 + y1y2 = 0 , (x1 , 2 ; y1,2) l ta M, N .
3.96. b) p dng nh l hm cos trong tam gic MF1F2 :
F1F22 = F1M2 + F2M2 + F1M.F2M
Th F1F2 = 8 , | F1M | =
2x
3
+ 2 3 ; F2M =
2x
3
2 3 , ta c :
x2 = 13 x = . .. .
c) T = F1M F2M +
F1 M F2 M
F1 M. F2. M
* M nhnh tri : F1M < F2M
=> T < 0
* M nhnh phi : F1M > F2M v F1M F2M = 2a = 4 3 . Suy ra :
T= 4 3 +
55
4 3
vi x2 a2 = 12 . Vy T ln nht khi x2 = 12 v GTLN ca T l 5 3
2
4x
12
3
d) Xem v d 2( Dng ton 3)
x2 y2
x 2 y2
+
=
1
;
(
H
)
:
=1
a 2 b2
A 2 B2
b B
1
Ta c : a2 - b2 = A2 + B2 = 4 ; =
= tg30 0 =
a A
3
3.97. a) (E) :
Suy ra : a2 = 6, b2 = 2 ; A2 = 3 v B2 = 1
x 2 y2
+
= 1 <=> x 2 + 3y 2 = 6 (1)
6
2
2
x
y2
= 1 <=> x 2 3y 2 = 3 (2)
(H) :
3
1
(E) :
b) Gii (1) v (2) : x2 = 9/2 ; y2 = 1/2 => x2 + y2 = 5 : phng trnh ng trn cn tm

3.98. Gi (x ; y) l ta ca M , M . Ta c : IM = IA1,2 = R x2 = y2 + 4
x2 - y2 = 4 .
3.99. a) Phng trnh ng trn : x2 + y2 = 1 => A( - 1 ; 0) ,
1 m 2 ) , ta M (m ; 1 m 2 ) .
x +1
y0
=
b) Phng trnh ng thng AM :
(1)
m +1
1 m2 0
x 1
y0
(2)
Phng trnh ng thng AM :
=
m 1 1 m2 0
A(1 ; 0) . Ta M( m;
Nhn (1) v (2) : => x2 - y2 = 1

=> M thuc hypebol : x2 y2 = 1
y
I
M
x
A
A'
M'
3.100(a)
3.101(d)
3.102(c)
3.103(a)
3. 104(b) Ta bit : F1M2+ F2M2 = 2( x2 + y2 + c2 ) = 2OM2 + 2c2
=> F1M 2 + F2M2 - 2OM2 = 2c2 = 10
3.105(d) . Ta c a + c = 5 v b2 = c2 a2 = 5 . Suy ra : c a = 1 . Vy c = 3, a = 2 . Phng trnh
x 2 y2
= 1 . Th x = 3 : y = 2, 5
(H) :
4
5
3.106. (d) Tim cn : y =
Li c :
b
x qua im (3 2; 6 ) => b2 = 2a2 .
a
5
2
2 = 1 . Suy ra : a2 = 4 , b2 = 8 => c = 2
2
a
b
3.
3.107. ( c) Ta c : b = a = 3 . Phng trnh (H) : x2 y2 = 9 (1)

* (1) (x + y)(x y) = 9. 1
56
V x, y nguyn dng nn x + y = 9 , x y = 1 x = 5 ; y = 4 . Vy (a) ng .

* Phng trnh honh giao im : x2 (x + m)2 = 1 2mx = m2 + 1 : phng trnh ny
c nghim duy nht nu m khc 0 v v nghim nu m = 0 : (b) ng .
Vy (c) ng .
* 7. Parabol
A. Tm tt gio khoa
1. nh ngha : Cho im F v ng thng () khng cha F . Parabol l tp hp cc im M
sao cho: MF = d(M, ()) .
F : tiu im , () : ng chun ca parabol .
P = d(F, ) : tham s tiu
y
M
2. Phng trnh chnh tc ca parabol .
K
p
p
Vi F( ; 0) v : x = (p>0).
2
2
M(x ; y) (P) y2 = 2px (1) .
H
x
F
(1) : phng trnh chnh tc ca parabol .
O
3. Hnh dng ca parabol
* O l nh ca parabol
* (P) c trc i xng l Ox .
* di ca dy cung vung gc vi trc i xng ti F c
di l 2p. Tnh cht ny thng dng v parabol .
p
* MF = MK = + x M
2
Ngoi dng trn , ta cn nh cc th cc hm s y = ax2 v y = ax2 + bx + c cng l parabol.
B. Gii ton
Dng ton 1 : Xc nh cc yu t ca parabol
V d 1 : Tm tiu im v ng chun ca cc parabol sau v v cc parabol : y2 = 6x
3
Gii 2p = 6 => p = 3 . Tiu im F( ; 0) , ng chun : x = - 3/2 .
2
Dng ton 2 : Lp phng trnh chnh tc ca parabol
V d 1 : Lp phng trnh chnh tc ca parabol bit :
a) tiu im F( 5; 0 ) .
b) qua im ( 2 ; - 4) .
c) qua im M c honh 2 v cch tiu im F mt khong 3

GII a) Phng trnh (P) c dng : y2 = 2px ( p > 0 ) .
Tiu im (5 ; 0 ) => p/2 = 5 p = 10 .
Vy phng trnh (P) : y2 = 20x .
b) Phng trnh (P) c dng : y2 = 2px ( p > 0 ) .

M(2 ; - 4) thuc (P) ( - 4 )2 = 2p. ( 2) p = 4
57
Vy phng trnh (P) : y2 = 8x

p
p
c) Ta c : + x M = FM , suy ra : + 2 = 3 p = 2 .
2
2
Vy phng trnh (P) l : y2 = 4x .
V d 2 : Cho im F ( 4 ; 0 ) . Gi (M) l ng trn tm M di ng nhng lun tip xc vi trc
tung v qua F . Chng minh tp hp nhng im M l mt parabol m ta phi vit phng trnh
ca n .
Gii V (M) tip xc vi d nn khong cch t tm M n
ng thng Oy bng bn knh ng trn tc bng FM ( v (M)
qua F) ) .
Vy tp hp nhng im M l parabol (P) tiu im F , ng
chun l Oy .
t M = (x ; y) , ta c :
M(x ; y) (P) MF = MH
( x 4) 2 + y 2 = |x|
x2 8x + 16 + y2 = x2 y2 = 8(x 2)
M
x
Dng ton 3 : Tm im thuc parabol

V d 1 : Cho (P) : y2 = 4x .
a) Tm trn (P) im M cch F mt khong l 4 .
b) Tm trn (P) im M O sao khang cch t M n Oy gp hai ln khang cch t M

n Ox .
Gii p = 2
p
Ta c : FM =
+ x M = 4 1 + xM = 4 xM = 3
2
Suy ra : yM2 = 12 yM = 2 3 . Ta c 2 im M(3 ; 2 3 ).
b) Gi M (x ; y) , ta c :|x| = 2|y| 0
Th x = |x| = 2|y| vo phng trnh y2 = 4x : y2 = 8|y| |y| = 8
Suy ra : M = (16 ; 8) hay M = (16 ; - 8)
V d 2 : Cho parabol (P) : y2 = 4x v ng thng d lun qua tiu im F v c h s gc l 1/ k (
k 0)
a) Vit phng trnh ng thng d v vit phng trnh tung giao im ca d v (P) . Chng
minh d lun ct (P) ti hai im M, N v tch khong cch t M v N n trc i xng ca parabol
c gi tr khng i .
b) nh k MN = 2 5 .
c) Gi H v K ln lt l hnh chiu ca M v N ln ng chun . Chng minh ng trn
ng knh MN lun tip xc vi ng chun .
GII
a) Tiu im F c ta ( 1 ; 0 ) . Phng trnh ng thng d :

1
y - 0 = ( x - 1 ) x = ky + 1
k
Phng trnh tung giao im ca d v (P) :
58
y2 = 4 ( ky + 1 ) y2 4ky - 4 = 0 (1)
= 4k2 + 4 > 0 vi mi k nn (1) lun c 2 nghim phn bit , chng t d lun ct (P) ti 2 im .
Ch trc i xng ca (P) l Ox v khong cch t M v N n Ox chnh l | yM | v | yN | . Do
tch cc khong cch ny l :
c
| yM | . | yN | = | | yM yN | = | | = | - 4 | = 4 ( nh l Viet ca (1)) ( gi tr khng i ) .
a
b) Gi x 1 , x2 ln lt l honh ca M , N . Ta c :
p
p
+ x1 = 1 + x1 , FN = + x2 = 1 + x2
2
2
Li c : x1 = ky1 + 1 , x2 = ky2 + 1 , do : MN = FM + FN = 4 + k( y1 + y2 )
FM =
Th : y1 + y2 = 4k ( nh l Viet ca ( 1) ) , ta c :
4 + k( y1 + y2 ) = 4 + 4k2 .
V YCBT 4 + 4k2 = (2 5 )2 k2 = 4 k = 2 .
c) K MH , NK vung gc . Ta chng minh khong cch t tm I
ca ng trn n ng chun th bng
bn knh ng trn . Theo nh ngha parabol :
FM = MH , FN = NK
Suy ra : M N = FM + FN = MH + NK = 2 d( I , ) vi I l trung
im ca MN , cng l tm ng trn ng knh MN .
MN
Hay : d(I , ) =
= bn knh ( pcm)
2
F
K
BI TP
3.108. Tm tiu im , ng chun v v parabol cc phng trnh sau :
a) y2 = 5x
b) y2 = 6x
3.109. Cho parabol (P) : y2 = 8x .
a) Tm di dy cung AB ca parabol bit honh A v B l 1 .
b) Tm trn (P) im cch tiu im F mt khong l 5 .
c) Tm m ng thng d : x + y + m = 0 c vi (P) im chung duy nht .
3.110. Cho (P) : y2 = 4x .
a) Tm trn (P) im cch ng thng d : 3x 4y + 10 = 0 mt khong ngn
nht .
b) Cho A v B l hai im trn (P) c tung - 2 v 4 . M l im cung AB co tung
y ( - 2 y 4) .Tnh din tch tam gic MAB theo y . nh y din tch tam
gic MAB nh nht .
c) Tm m sao cho ng thng y = x + m ct (P) ti hai im M, N v FM = 2FN .
3.111. Lp phng trnh chnh tc ca parabol :
a) qua im ( 2; 2) .
b) c ng chun qua im ( 5; 7) .
c) bit khong cch t tiu im n ng chun l 6 .
d) bit n qua im c honh l 4 v cch ng chun mt khong l 6.
3.112. Lp phng trnh chnh tc ca parabol :
59
a) bit n qua im c tung l 4 v cch tiu im mt khong l 5.

b) bit n qua hai im M , N c tung l - 1, 3 v thng hng vi tiu im .
c) bit n qua im M c tung l 2 v cch ng chun mt khang l 5/2 .
3.113. Cho parabol (P) : y2 = 2px . AB l dy cung di ng ca (P) .
a) Bit AB c h s gc khng i l k khc 0 , chng minh trung im I ca AB
di ng trn ng thng c nh .
b) Vit phng trnh ng thng AB bit trung im ca n c ta (2 ; 4)
3.114. Cho ng trn ( C) : x2 + y2 4x = 0 v ng trn (M) di ng tm M
lun tip xc ngoi vi (C ) v trc Oy ti hai im phn bit . Chng minh M di
ng trn mt parabol c nh m ta phi vit phng trnh ca n .
3.115. Cho ng trn (O) : x2 + y2 = 4 . M l im ty trn (O) c hnh chiu l
H ln Ox. Gi A l im trn (O) c tung 2 . .
a) Gi (x0 ; y0 ) l ta ca M , vit phng trnh OM v AH .
b) Suy ra giao im I ca OM v AH di ng trn mt parabol .
3.116. Cho parabol (P) : y =
1 2
x
4
a) Xc nh ng chun , tiu im F v v (P) .

b) M l im di ng trn v c honh l m . Vit phng trnh trung
trc (t) ca FM .
c) Chng minh (t) v (P) c im chung duy nht.. Tm ta im chung.
3.117. Cho parabol (P) : y2 = 4x . Mt ng thng d qua tiu im F v c h s gc
l k 0 ct (P) ti M, N .
a) Chng minh tch cc khang cch t M v N n trc Ox c gi tr khng i .
b) Tm k sao cho FM = 4FN.
c) Chng minh gc MON lun t .
3.118. Cho (P) : y2 = 8x .
a) Xc nh tiu im F , ng chun .
b) Mt ng thng quay quanh tiu im F c h s gc k 0 , ct (P) ti
M , N . Chng minh tch cc khang cch t M, N n trc tung c gi tr khng i .
c) Gi H, K ln lt l hnh chiu ca M, N ln ng chun . Tnh din tch hnh
thang MNHK theo k .
3.119. Cho (P) : y =
1 2
x .
4
a) Tm tiu im F v ng chun ca (P) .

b) Mt ng thng bt k qua F c h s gc l m ct (P) ti M, N . Tm ta
trung im I ca MN . Suy ra I di ng trn mt parabol c nh .
3.120. Cho parabol (P) : y2 = 2x . Hai ng thng qua O v vung gc c h s gc
ln lt l k v 1/k ( k 0 ) li ct (P) ti M v N .
a) Tm ta M, N .
b) Chng minh ng thng MN lun qua mt im c nh .
c) Chng minh trung im ca MN mt parabol c nh .
3.121. Cho parabol (P) : y2 = 4x v ng thng di ng c phng trnh y = m (
m0).
a) Xc nh tiu im F v ng chun .
60
b) ln lt ct , Oy v (P) ln lt ti K, H , M. Tm ta cc im c) Gi I
l trung im OH . Vit phng trnh ng thng IM v chng t ng thng IM ct
(P) ti mt im duy nht .
d) Chng minh MI vung gc KF . T suy ra MI l phn gic ca gc KMF.
3.122. Trong mt phng Oxy, cho A(1 ; 1) , A (1 ; - 1) . Gi M l im di ng trn
Oy c tung l m .
a) Vit phng trnh hai ng cao ca tam gic MAA .
b) Chng minh trc tm H ca tam gic MAA thuc mt parabol c nh
3.123. Chn cu ng : Phng trnh chnh tc ca parabol m khang cch t nh
ti tiu im bng 3/ 4 l :
a) y2 =
3
x
4
b) y2 =
3
x
2
c) y2 = 3x
d) y2 = 6x
3.124 . Chn cu ng : im M (P) : y2 = 4x v FM = 3 th hanh ca M l

a) 1
b) 3
c) 3/2
d) 2
3. 125. Chn cu ng : ng thng d : x 2y + 5m - 1 = 0 c mt im chung

duy nht vi (P) : y2 = mx ( m 0 ) , vy m l :
a) s nguyn l
b) s nguyn chn
c) s hu t khng nguyn
d) s v t
3.126. Chn cu ng : Mt tam gic u OMN c 3 im thuc (P) : y2 = 8x . Vy
cnh tam gic u gn nht vi s no di y :
a) 26
b) 27
c) 28
d) 29
3.127. Chn cu ng : C hai parabol qua im M c tung l 6 v cch tiu
im mt khang l 19 .Tng hai tham s tiu ca chng l :
a) 38
b) 72
c) 18
d) p s khc
3.128. Chn cu ng : Cho parabol (P) , di dy cung MN ca parabol vung
gc Ox l 3 . Vy khang cch t tiu im n ng chun l :
a) 12
b) 3
c) 6
d) p s khc
3.129. Chn cu ng : Cho (P) : y2 = 16x . Mt ng thng qua tiu im F v c
h s gc l 1 ct (P) ti M, N . Tnh di MN .
a) 28
b) 32
c) 40
d) 20
3. 130. Chn cu ng : Cho (P) : y2 = 8x . Mt ng thng qua tiu im F v c
h s gc l m > 0 , ct (P) ti M, N . Bit |FM FN| = 3 , th th m =
b) 2 2 / 3
c) 2
d) 2/ 3
a) 2 2
D. Hng dn hay p s
3.109. a) Ta A( 1 ; 2 2 ) v B(1 ; 2 2 ) . di AB = 4 2 .
b) Gi x0 l honh im cn tm , ta c : FM =
p
+ xo = 2 + x0 = 5 x0 = 3
2
Suy ra ta im cn tm l ( 3 ; 6 2 )
c) Th x = - y m vo phng trnh ca (P) , ta c phng trnh tung giao im ca d v
(P) : y2 = 8(- y m ) y2 + 8y + 8m = 0 (1)
YCBT (1) c nghim duy nht = 16 8m = 0 m = 2
61
3.110.. a) Gi M(x0 ; y0 ) l im cn tm , ta c :
d(M , d) =
3 xo 4 yo + 5
32 + 4 2
3 xo 4 yo + 5
Th x0 =
yo
( v M (P) ) , ta c : d(M , d) =
4
y
3 o 4 yo + 10
4
5
3 yo 16 yo + 40
Ta c : 3y02 16y0 + 40 =
20
40
8
56
2 16
3 yo yo + = 3 ( yo )2 + > 0
3
3
3
9
8
56
3 ( yo )2 +
56 14
3
9
Suy ra : d(M , d) =
= .
60 15
20
Vy GTNN ca d(M, d) l 14/ 14 , t c ( y0 -
8 2
8
) = 0 y0 =
3
3
B
M
b) Ta A(1 ; - 2) , B(4 ; 4) , M(x; y) .
Ta c : AB = 32 + 6 2 = 3 5
Phng trnh ng thng AB : 2x y 4 = 0
Khong cch t M n AB :
2x y 4
5
2x y 4
3
2x y 4
2
5
3 2
3
( y + 2)( y 4)
y 2y 8 =
Th x = y2 / 4 , ta c : S =
4
4
Din tch MAB : S = . 3
5.
V 2 y 4 nn (y + 2)(y 4) 0 , suy ra :
S=
3
3
27
9 ( y 1)2
(- y2 + 2y + 8) =
4
4
4
Vy S nh nht khi y = 1
c) Phng trnh honh M , N : (x + m)2 = 4x x2 + 2( m 2)x + m2 = 0 (1)
= 4m + 4 0 m 1 .
Nghim x1 , x2 l honh ca M v N . Ta c : FM = 1 + x1 , FN = 1 + x2.
FM = 2FN x1 2x2 = 1 (1)
y
Theo Vit : x1 + x2 = 2 m (2) , x1.x2 = m2 (3)
Gii (1) v (2) : x1 =
Th vo (3) : 7m2 + 7m 5 = 0 m =
3.111. a) y2 = 2x
5 2m
1 m
, x2 =
3
3
b) x2 =
d) y2 = 2px . Ta c : FM =
3y
7 189
14
c) y2 = 12x
p
+ x =6p=4
2
3.112.
a) y2 = 2px . Ta c : 16 = 2px x = 8/ p .
O
N
Khong cch l : FM =
62
p
p 8
+ x = 6 + = 5 <=> p2 10 p + 16 = 0
2
2 p
p = 2 hay p = 8 .
p
1
9
; 0 ) , M ( ; 1), N ( ;3)
2
2p
2p
1
p
9
p
2p 2 2p 2
p2 = 3 p = 3
F, M, N thng hng
=
1 0
30
p
5
c) Theo nh ngha parapol : d(M, ) = FM = 5/ 2 + x =
(1)
2
2
2
( x : honh ca M ) . Li c : y2 M = 2pxM <=> 4 = 2px x = (2)
p
p 2
5
=
p2 5p + 4 = 0 p =1 hay p = 4
Th (2) vo (1) : +
2 p
2
b) y2 = 2px . F(
y
A
Vy ta tm c 2 parabol (P1) : y2 = 2x v (P2 ) : y2 = 8x

3.113. a) Gi (x1 ; y1 ) , (x2 ; y2 ) l ta ca A v B , ta c :
y12 = 2px1 , y22 = 2px2 => y12 y22 = 2p ( x1 x2)
=>
y1 y2
2p
=
= k => yI = p / k
x1 x2 y1 + y 2
O
B
Vy I di ng trn ng thng y = p/ k song song vi Ox .

b) yI = p/ k = 4 k = p/ 4 .
Vy phng trnh AB : y 4 =
p
(x 2)
4
px 4y 2p + 16 = 0.
3.114.: V ng thng d song song vi Oy v cch trc Oy mt
khong bng bn knh ng trn (C) c tm F(2 ; 0) . Th th :
FM = d(M, d) = R + r
Vy tp hp nhng im M l parabol tiu im F (2; 0) , ng chun
x = - 2 => p = 4=> phng trnh parabol l : y2 = 8x .
d
M
H
x
y
3.115.a) Phng trnh OM : y0x x0y = 0
=
(1)
xo yo
Ta H (x0 ; 0 ) , A( 0 ; - 2) , phng trnh AH :
x0 y+2
x y+2
(2)
=
<=>
=
x0 0 0 + 2
xo
2
T (1) v (2) :
y+2 y
2y
2x
, xo =
=
<=> yo =
yo
y+2
y+2
2
2
x0 + y0 = 4
2 x 2y
2
2
2
2

+
=4x +y =x +y
y
y
2
2
+
+
I
M
x2 + y2 = y2 + 4y + 4
y=-
1 2
x 1
4
x
O
Vy I di ng trn parabol c phng trnh : y = -
1 2
x 1
4
A
3.116.a) y =
63
1 2
x x2 = 4y . Suy ra p = 2 . Vy F = ( 0 ; 1) v ng chun : y = - 1 .
4
b) Phng trnh ng chun : y = - 1 => yM = - 1 . Suy ra ta

ca M ( m ; - 1) . Vy ta trung im I ca FM l
m 11
m
(
;
) = ( ; 0)
2 2
2
m
Phng trnh (t) qua I (
; 0) v vung gc vi FM = (m; 2)
2
m
m2
) 2( y 0) = 0 mx 2y =0
l : m(x 2
2
x
O
M
c) Ta im chung ca (t) v (P) tha h :
x 2 = 4 y (1)
m2
mx
y
2
= 0 (2)
Th (1) vo (2) : 2mx x2 m2 = 0 (x m)2 = 0

Phng trnh honh giao im c nghim kp x 1 = x2 = m , chng t (P) v (t) c im chung
duy nht ( x = m ; y =
m2
)
4
3.117. a) Phng trnh d : y = kx k.. Phng trnh honh giao im :

(kx k)2 = 4x k2x2 2(k2 + 2)x + k2 = 0 (1)
Phng trnh lun c hai nghim x1 , x2 .
Tch cc khang cch : |y1|. |y2| = 2. x 1 .2 x 2 = 4 x 1 x 2 = 4.1 = 4 : gi tr khng i .
b) FM = 4FN 1 + x1 = 4(1 + x2) x1 = 4x2 + 3
Th vo : x1 . x2 = 1 , ta c : 4x22 + 3x2 1 = 0 . . ..
c) Ta chng minh : OM.ON = x 1 x 2 + y1 y 2 < 0
Ch : y1 = k(x1 1) , y2 = k(x2 1)
3.118. b) Gii tng t nh bi 3.117.
c) Ch : MH + NK = MF + NF = MN , HK = |yM yN |
3.119. a) (P) : x2 = 4y => F(0 ; 1) , : y + 1 = 0
b) Phng trnh ng thng : y = mx + 1 . Phng trnh honh giao im :
x2 4mx 4 = 0
Phng trnh c hai nghim phn bit vi mi k v ta I :
x1 + x 2
2
= 2m
xI
x I =
<=> y I =
+1
2
2
y I = mx + 1
x2
I di ng trn parabol (P) : y =
+ 1 Tp hp
2
x
3.120. a) d : y = kx ; d : y = . M( 2/k2 ; 2/k) , N(2k2 ; - 2k)
k
y
M
K
O
x
I
b) Phng trnh MN : k(x 2) + (k2 1)y = 0 => MN lun qua im

c nh K (2 ; 0) .
64
2
x I = k + k 2
c) Ta I :
=> y2I = xI 2
1
y = k
I k
=> I parabol : y2 = x 2
3.121. a) F(1 ; 0) , : x + 1 = 0
b) K( - 1; m) , H(0 ; m) ; M(m2 /4 ; m)
c) I(0 ; m/2) . IM : 4x 2my + m2 = 0
Phng trnh tung giao im :
y2 2my + m2 = 0 y = m
im chung duy nht l M .
d) Tam gic KMF cn ti M.
y
K
H M
I
x
O
13.122. a) ng cao t M : y = m (1)

ng cao qua A(1 ; 1) v vung gc A ' M = (1; m + 1) :
-1.(x 1) + (m + 1)(y 1) = 0
x (m + 1)y + m = 0 (2)
b) Th (1) vo (2) : x y2 = 0 y2 = x
3.123 (b)
3.124 (d)
3.125 (c)
3.126 (c)
Honh nh M l (x ; y) trong : x = |y| 3 .
Cnh l 16 3
p 36
+
= 19 p2 38p + 72 = 0
2 p
3.127 (a)
x = 36/p .
3.128 (d)
di dy cung l 2p => p = 3/2 .
3.129 (b)
Phng trnh honh giao im : x2 24x + 16 = 0
MN =
p
p
+ x 1 + + x 2 = 32
2
2
3.130. (a) Phng trnh honh giao im :

m2 x2 - 4(m2 + 2)x + 4m2 = 0
|FM FN) = 3 |x1 x2| = 3 (x1 + x2)2 4x1x2 = 9
M x1x2 = 4 , suy ra : x1 + x2 = 5 .
Vy :
4(m 2 + 2)
=5
m2
m=2 2
8. Cc ng Cnic
A. Tm tt gio khoa
1. ng chun :
x 2 y2
x 2 y2
+
=
1
:
hay
(H)
:
= 12
a 2 b2
a 2 b2
a
a2
1 : x = - =
gi l ng chun ng vi F1( - c ; 0)
e
c
Cho (E) :
H
M
A'
2 : x =
a a2
=
gi l ng chun ng vi F1( - c ; 0)
e
c
2
1
2
M
F1 O
65
H2
F2
F1
H1
F2
Ch : i vi lip tm O gn tiu im hn ng chun tng ng .Trong

khi vi hypebol , tm O gn ng chun hn tiu im tng ng .
2. Tnh cht : Vi mi M (E) hay (H) :
MF1
MF2
=
=e
d ( M; 1 ) d ( M; 2 )
3. nh ngha : Cho im F c nh v ng thng c nh , tp hp cc im sao cho :
MF
= e ( s dng cho trc ) c gi l ng cnic .
d (M; )
F : tiu im , : ng chun , e : tm sai
e < 1 : cnic l lip

e = 1 : cnic l parabol
e > 1 : cnic l hypebol
B. Gii ton :
1. Dng ton : Lp phng trnh chnh tc ca cnic vi ng chun
V d 1 : Lp phng trnh chnh tc ca lip c mt nh l (0 ; 5 ) v khang cch gia hai
ng chun l 9 .
x 2 y2
Gii (E) : 2 + 2 = 1 . Theo bi , ta c : b = 5 a2 = 5 + c2
b
a
2
a
9
5 + c2 9
=
= 2c2 9c + 10 = 0
c
2
c
2
c = 2 hay c = 5/2
x 2 y2
+
=1
7
5
y2
x2
c = 5/2 : a2 = 15/2 => (E):
+
=1
15 / 2 5
c = 2 : a2 = 7 => (E) :
V d 2 : Lp phng trnh chnh tc ca hypebol c tim cn y = 2x v mt ng chun l x = 1
x 2 y2
Gii (H) : 2 2 = 1 .
b
a
b
Ta c :
= 2 <=> b = 2a c2 a2 = 4a2 c = a
a
66
a2
a2
=1
=1 a = 5 .
c
a 5
x 2 y2
=1
Suy ra : b = 2 5 => (E) :
5 20
Dng ton 2 : Lp phng trnh cnic bng nh ngha
V
V d 1 : Lp phng trnh parabol tiu im O v ng chun : 3x 4y + 5 = 0

Gii Gi (P) l parabol cn tm , ta c :
M(x ; y) (P) MO = d(M ; )

| 3x 4 y + 5 |
x 2 + y2 =
5
25(x2 + y2 ) = (3x 4y + 5)2
16x2 + 24xy + 9y2 30x + 40y 25 = 0
V d 2 : Lp phng trnh hypebol tiu im F(1 ; 0) , ng chun : x y = 0 v tm sai e =
2
`Gii
Gi (H) l hypebol cn tm , ta c :
M(x ; y) (H)
MF
= 2
d(M; )
( x 1) 2 + y 2 =
MF = d(M ; ) .
|xy|
2
. 2 (x 1)2 + y2 = (x y)2
2xy 2x + 1 = 0
Dng ton 3 : Nhn dng cnic theo tm sai .
V d 1 : Cho cnic c tiu im F(1 ; 1) v ng chun : x + y 3 = 0 . Bit cnic qua gc O ,

hy cho bit dng cnic y .
Gii Ta c : OF =
2 v d(O, ) =
3
2
. Suy ra : e =
MF
2
= < 1 , vy
d(M; ) 3
cnic l mt lip .
V d 2 : Chng minh th hm s y =
1
l mt hypebol .
2x
1
<=> 2 xy = 1 (1)
2x
Cng hai v cho : x2 + y2 + 2x + 2y + 1 , ta c :
(1) x2 + y2 + 2x + 2y + 1+ 2xy = x2 + y2 + 2x + 2y + 1 + 1
`Gii
Ta c : y =
(x + y + 1)2 = (x + 1)2 + (y + 1)2
| x + y +1|
2
. 2 = ( x + 1) 2 + ( y + 1) 2
Gi F l im ( - 1 ; - 1) , l ng thng : x + y + 1 = 0 v M = (x ; y) , th th :
(1) d(M ; ) .
2 = MF
67
MF
= 2 => cnic l mt hypebol tiu im F v ng chun .
d(M : )
C. Bi tp rn luyn .
3.131. Lp phng trnh chnh tc ca :
a) lip qua M(- 5 ; 2) v mt ng chun l x = 5 .
4
b) hypebol c mt tim cn l y = x v khang cch gia hai ng chun
3
l 18 / 5 .
c) hypebol c nh A( 5 ; 0) , ng chun hp vi hai tim cn mt tam
10 5
9
d) lip nh A2 ( 2 ; 0) cch ng chun ng vi F1 mt khong l 6 .
e) hypebol c hai tim cn vung gc v mt ng chun x = 2
gic c din tch l
3.132. Cho bit dng cc cnic v lp phng trnh chnh tc ca n :

a) tiu im (4 ; 0) v ng chun x = 2 .
b) ng chun x = 9/2 v qua M(0 ; 5 )
c) nh ( 5 ; 0) v khang cch gia tiu im v ng chun tng ng
l 4 .
3.133. Lp phng trnh tng qut cc cnic bng nh ngha bit tiu im F
, ng chun , tm sai e .
a) F( - 1; 0) , : x = 3 , e = 1/ 2
b) F(0 ; 0) , : x y + 1 = 0 , e = 1
c) F(- 3 ; 0) , : x + 2y , e = 2
3. 134. Cho parabol c ng chun : x y 4 = 0 v nh l O . Tm tiu
im F v phng trnh ca parabol .
3.135. Cho cnic c tm i xng I(2 ; 4) , ng chun : x + y + 2 = 0 v
tiu im tng ng thuc Oy . Hy tm tiu im , tm sai v nhn dng
cnic .
3.136. Cho cnic c tiu im (0 ; 3) , ng chun x + y = 0 , tm sai e = 2
. Tm giao im ca cnic vi cc trc ta .
3.137. Nhn dng cc ng c phng trnh sau :
a)
x 2 + y 2 =| x y 1 |
c) x2 + 2y2 + 2x - 1 = 0
e) xy = 1
b)
2( x 2 + y 2 2x + 1) =| x + y |
d) x2 + y2 2xy + 2x + 2y 1 = 0
3.138. Bin lun theo m hnh dng ng (C) c phng trnh :

x2 + y2 = m(x 2)2
D. Hng dn hay p s
3.131. a) (E) :
68
a2
x 2 y2
=
1
.
Ta
c
:
= 5 <=> a 2 = 5c
2
2
c
b
a
Suy ra : b2 = a2 c2 = 5c c2
M(-
5 ; 2) (E)
5
4
+ 2 = 1 5b2 + 4a2 = a2 b2
2
b
a
5(5c c2 ) + 20c = 5c(5c c2 )

c2 6c + 9 = 0 ) ( chia hai v cho 5c)
c=3.. .
b) (H) :
a2 9
x 2 y2
=
1
.
Ta
c
:
4a
=
3b
(1)
v
=
(2)
c 5
a 2 b2
V : c2 = a2 + b2 = 25a2 / 9 c = 5a/3 ( do (1) ) . Th v (2) : a = 3 . . .
a2
ab
x 2 y2
=
1
.Ta
c
:
Tam
gic
c
ng
cao
l
v cnh y l 2.
.
2
2
c
c
b
a
a 3b
b 10 5
Suy ra : 2 = 5 5 2 =
9b = 2c2
9
c
c
c) (H) :
Th c2 = a2 + b2 = 5 + b2 : 2b2 9b + 10 = 0 b = 2 hay b = 5/2 . . .
3.132. a) c = 4 ,
a2
= 2 <=> a 2 = 8 . Suy ra : a < c . Vy cnic l hypebol v :b2 = 8 .
c
a2 9
= 2a2 = 9c (1) . V cnic qua M Oy nn cnic l lip v b2 = 5
b)
c
2
Vy : a2 = 5 + c2 . Thvo (1) : 2(5 + c2) = 9c 2c2 9c + 10 = 0
c = 2 hay c = 5/2 . . .
c) Ta c : a =
5 v
a2
a 2 c 2 | 52 c 2 |
=4.
c =
=
c
c
c
5 c 2 = 4c
c 2 + 4c 5 = 0
c = 1
<=>
<=>
c = 5
2
2
c 5 = 4c
c 4c 5 = 0
2
x
y2
c = 1 < a : cnic l lip :
+
=1
5
4
x 2 y2
=1
c = 5 > 5 : cnic l hypebol :
5 20
3.133.
a) M(x ; y) (C)
MF
1
= e <=> ( x + 1) 2 + y 2 = .( x 3) 2 . . ..Lp phng trnh
d (M; )
2
tng qut cc cnic bng nh ngha bit tiu im F.
3. 134. Ta tm hnh chiu H ca O ln th tiu dim F l im
i xng ca H qua O . H(2 ; - 2) => F(- 2 ; 2) .
M(x ; y) (P) MF = d(M ; )
(x + 2)2 + (y 2)2 =
( x y 4) 2
. Khai trin v rt gn, ta
2
c phng trnh tng qut cn tm .
x
O
69
3.135. Phng trnh ng thng qua I v vung gc : x y + 2 = 0 . ng ny ct Oy ti F(0 ;

2) l tiu im ca cnic. Ta c : c = IF = 2 2 ,
a2
= d(I, ) = 4 2 => a2 = 16 a = 4 .
c
Vy e = c/a = 2 : cnic l lip
3.136. Gi M(x ; 0) l giao im Ox , ta c :
MF = 2. d(M ; )
( x + 0) 2
x= 3....
x + 9 = 4.
2
3.137. a) Xt im O(0 ; 0) v ng thng : x y 1=

0 , ta c :
x 2 + y 2 ; d(M ; ) =
MO =
PT
| x y 1|
MO
= 2 . Vy tp hp l mt hypebol tiu
d ( M; )
im O v ng chun .
b) Xt im F(1 ; 0) v : x + y = 0 . Tp hp l parabol .
c) PT 2(x2 + y2 ) = x2 - 2x + 1 2 x 2 + y 2 = | x 1 |
Xt O(0 ; 0) v : x 1 = 0 : tp hp l lip
d) 2(x2 +y2 ) = x2 + y2 + 2xy - 2x - 2y + 1
2(x2 + y2) = (x + y 1)2
x 2 + y2 =
| x + y 1|
2
Xt O v : x + y 1 = 0 : tp hp l parabol .
e) 2xy = 2 . Cng hai v cho x2 + y2 + 2x 2 + 2y 2 + 2
x2 + y2 + 2xy + 2x 2 + 2y 2 + 2 = x2 + y2 + 2x 2 + 2y 2 + 4
(x + y +
Xt F( -
2 )2 = (x + 2 )2 + (y + 2 )2
2 ;
2 ) v : x + y +
(x + 2 ) 2 + ( y + 2 ) 2 =
|x+y+ 2 |
. 2
2 = 0 : tp hp l hypebol tiu im F , ng chun , e =
2 .
3.138. * Nu m < 0 : PT v nghim => tp hp
* Nu m = 0 : x = y = 0 => tp hp l {O}
* Nu m > 0 : xt O v : x 2 = 0 , ta c :
MO
= m
d ( M, )
m < 1 : lip
m = 1 : parabol
m > 1 : hypebol
9.Trc nghim cui chng .

A. :
1. Phng trnh ng thng qua A(3 ; - 2) v c vect ch phng (- 2 ; 6) l :
a) 3x + y 7 = 0
b) x + 3y + 9 = 0
70
c) x + 3y + 3 = 0
d) 3x y 11 = 0
2. Cho tam gic ABC vi A(2 ; 4) , B(2 ; 1) v C(5 ; 0 ) . Trung tuyn CM qua im N c honh
20 v tung bng ?
a) - 12
b) - 12, 5
c) - 13
d) 13, 5
3. Khong cch gia hai ng thng song song : 3x 4y + 2 = 0 v 3x 4y 3 = 0 l :
a) 1 / 5
b) 1
c) 5
d) p s khc
4. C 2 im M thuc Ox v cch ng thng 2x y + 5 = 0 mt khong l 2 5 , tch hai honh
ca chng l :
a) 75/4
b) 25/ 4
c) 225 / 4
d) p s khc
5. Hai ng thng d : mx + y 5 = 0 v d : (m 3) x + 5 y + m = 0 song song khi m =
a) 4/3
b) 4/3
c) 3/4
d) 3/4
6. ng thng d : 3x 2y + 8 = 0 tip xc vi ng trn tm I(1; - 1) , bn knh l :
5
a)
b) 13
c) 13
d) p s khc
13
7. Gi l gc ca hai ng thng : y = 5x + 3 v x - 5y 1 = 0 , th th cos =
a) 1/ 26
b) 2/ 13
c) 5/ 13
d) 0
8. C hai ng thng y = kx v hp vi d : x y = 0 mt gc l 600 . Tng hai gi tr ca k l :
a) 1
b) 8/ 3
c) 8
d) - 1
9. Phng trnh ng trn c ng knh AB vi A(- 3 ; 1) v B(5 ; 7) l :
b) x2 + y2 - 2x + 8y 8 = 0
a) x2 + y2 + 2x + 8y 8 = 0
2
2
d) x2 + y2 - 2x - 8y 8 = 0
c) x + y + 2x - 8y 8 = 0
10 C bao nhiu gi tr m nguyn phng trnh : x2 + y2 2x + 2my + 10 = 0 l phng trnh
ng trn ?
a) 0
b) 5
c) 7
d) v s
11. C hai ng trn c bn knh 10 v qua A (- 3 ; 2) v B(1 ; - 6) . Mt ng trn c tung
tm l :
a) - 6
b) - 9
c) - 2
d) 7
12. ng trn (C) : x2 + y2 2x + 4y 4 = 0 ct ng thng x y + 1 = 0 theo mt dy cung c
di l :
a) 1
b) 2
c) 3
d) p s khc
13. Gi (C) l ng trn tip xc vi Oy ti A(0 ; 5) v c tm thuc ng thng 3x y - 5 = 0 .B.n knh
ng trn gn nht vi s no di y :
a) 3, 1
b) 3, 2
c) 3, 3
d) 3, 4
14. ng trn (C) : x2 + y2 + 6x 4y + 3 = 0 c bn knh l :

b) 3
c) 4
a) 10
d) 29
15. Lp phng trnh tip tuyn ca (C) : x2 + y2 + 4x + 4y 17 = 0 bit tip tuyn song song vi
: 3x 4y + 12 = 0
a) 4x - 3y 27 = 0
b) 4x +3 y 11 = 0
c) 3x 4y + 23 = 0
d) 3x - 4y + 27 = 0
16. Elip : 4x2 + 8y2 = 32 c tiu c l :
a) 2
71
b) 4
2
c) 2
d) 4 2
x
y
+
= 1 . Cu no sau y l sai ?
9
5
a) Mt tiu im ca elip l ( - 2; 0)
b) Mt nh trn trc nh l (0 ; 5 )
c) di trc ln l 6
d) Din tch hnh ch nht c s l 3 5
17. Cho elip :
18. Elip c mt tiu im l F ( 3 ; 0 ) cch nh B mt khong l 5 , c di trc nh l :

a) 2
b) 4
c) 8
d) 10
x 2 y2
19. Elip (E) :
+
= 1 . im M ( 3; 1) trn (E) nhn hai tiu im di mt gc vung . Tung
5
1
dng ca M l :
a)
b) 1
c) 2
d) p s khc
x 2 y2
+
= 1 . im M trn (E) tha F1M F2M = 2 . Honh ca M gn nht
9
5
vi s no di y ?
a) 1, 4
b) 1, 5
c) 1, 6
d) 1, 7
20. Cho elip (E) :
21. Cho parabol y2 = 2px qua im M( 2 ; 6) . Khong cch t M n ng chun l :

a) 6, 5
b) 9
c) 11
d) p s khc
22. Parabol y2 = x c tiu im l :
a) ( ; 0 )
b) (1 /2 ; 0 )
c) (0 ; )
d) (0 ; )
23. Parabol y2 = 2px (p > 0 ) qua im M c tung 2 v cch ng chun mt khong l 5. Ta

c hai parabol c tng hai gi tr ca p l :
a) 5
b) 10
c) 4
d) p s khc
24. Cho (P) : y2 = 4x . ng thng d qua F c h s gc 1 , ct (P) ti M v N . di MN bng :
a) 5
b) 6
c) 7
d) 8
25. Hypebol : 2x2 4y2 = 8 :
a) c tiu c l 2
c) Cu (a) v (b) u ng
b) c mt tim cn l : y =
1
x
2
d) Cu (a) v (b) u sai .
x 2 y2
26. Mt im M bt k trn hypebol (H) :
= 1 . Tch khong cch t M n hai tim cn

8
2
bng :
4
8
16
a)
b)
c)
d) khng xc nh .
5
5
5
27. Hypebol c tiu im F(10 ; 0 ) v mt tim cn l : y = 2x . Hypebol c di trc thc
bng :
b) 4 5
c) 8 5
d) p s khc
a) 2 5
2
2
x
y
28. Hypebol : 2 2 = 1 qua im M ( 5 ; 4) v c mt tim cn l y = x 2 . Th th ab =
a
b
a) 17 2
b) 34
c) 34 2
d) p s khc
72
29. Hypebol c mt nh l A1 ( - 4 ; 0 ) v nh ny cch tim cn mt khong l 2 . Th th di

trc o gn nht vi s no di y ?
a) 4, 3
b) 4, 4
c) 4, 5
d) 4, 6
2
2
2
2
x
y
x
y
+
= 1 v hypebol (H) : 2 2 = 1 c cng tiu im v di trc thc ca
30. Elip (E) :
16 4
a
b
(H) bng di trc nh ca (E) . Vy (E) v (H) ct nhau ti bn im nm trn ng trn c

bn knh l :
a)
b) 2 2
c) 4
d) 8
B. Bng tr li :
1. (a)
2.(b)
3. (b)
4.(a)
5. (d)
6.(b)
7. (c)
8.(b)
9.(d)
10.(d)
11. (a)
12.(b)
13. (c)
14.(a)
15. (c)
16.(b)
17. (d)
18.(b)
19.(a)
20.(b)
21.(a)
22.(a)
23.(b)
24.(d)
25.(d)
26.(b)
27.(b)
28.(a)
29.(d)
30.(b)
C. Hng dn gii
1. (a)
2.(b) Phng trnh trung tuyn l : 5x + 6y 25 = 0 . Cho x = 20 : y = -12 , 5
3.(b) Khang cch gia 3x 4y + 2 = 0 v 3x 4y 3 = 0 l 1 .
4.(a) Gi M(x ; 0) :
| 2x + 5 |
= 2 5 |2x + 5| = 10 x = 5/2 hay x = - 15/2
5
Vy c 2 im M v tch 2 honh l 75/4 .

5.(d) d // d
m 3 = 5m
m
1 5
m=-
=
<=>
m3 5 m
m 25
6.(b) R = d(I, d) =
13
= 13
13
7.(c)
8. (b) Phng trnh ng thng cn tm : kx y = 0 . Ta c :
| k + 1|
k +1
2
= cos 600 =
3k + 8k + 3 = 0 => k1 + k2 = - 8/3 .
9. (d)
10. (d) a2 + b2 c = m2 9 > 0 m > 3 hay m < - 3 : v s gi tr m nguyn .
2
2
a = 2b + 3
IA = IB
11.(a) Gi I(a ; b) l tm : 2
<=>
2
2
2
(a + 3) + (b 2) = 100
IA = R = 100
1
2
73
Th , ta c : b2 + 4b 12 = 0 b = - 6 hay b = 2
12. (b) (C) c tm I(1 ; - 2) , R = 3 . Khang cch d t I n ng thng l : 3 / 2
Suy ra di dy cung l : 2. R 2 d 2 = 2 9 8 = 2
13.c V ng trn tip xc Oy ti A( 0 ; 5) nn tm I(a ; 5) . I 3x y 5 = 0 a = 10/3
Bn knh ng trn l 10/3 = 3,333 .
14. (a) (C ) c tm I( - 3/2 ; 5/2 ) , bn knh R =
46
4
=> MT2 = IM2 + R2 = 9 => MT = 3

15. (c)
16. (b)
17 (d) Hnh ch nht c s c din tch l 4ab = 12 5
18. ( b) Tam gic OBF cho : OB2 = BF2 - OF2 = 25 9 = 16 => BF = b = 4
Vy di trc nh l 8 .
19.(a) Ta c h :
2
2
1
x + 5y = 5
=> y 2 = 1/ 4 => | y | =
2
2
2
x + y = 4
Vy tung dng ca M l .
F1 M + F2 M = 6
F1 M = 4
<=>
F1 M F2 M = 2
F2 M = 2
20 (b) Ta c h :
Suy ra : F1M2 F2M2 = 4cx = 12 => x = 3/2

21(a) . (P) : y2 = 2px qua im (2 ; 6) 36 = 4p p = 9
Khong cch t M n ng chun l : x +
p
= 2 + 4, 5 = 6, 5
2
22( a) .
4 = 2 px
2 p
23.(b) Gi (x ; 2) l ta ca M , ta c h :
=> + = 5 ( x > 0 )
p
p 2
x + 2 = 5
p2 10p + 4 = 0
Phng trnh ny c 2 nghim v tng l 10 .
24 (d) . Phng trnh ng thng d : y = x 1 . Phng trnh honh giao im M , N :
2
1) = 4x x 6 x + 1 = 0 (1)
Gi x1 , x2 l honh ca M , N , ta c :
MN = FM + FN = (1 + x1 ) + (1 + x2 ) = 2 + x1 + x2 = 8
25(d) .
x2 y2
=1 :
4
2
(x
74
6 => tiu c l 2 6 : (a) sai .
* c c =
* c tim cn l : y = x 2 /2 : (b) sai .

26(b) . (H) : 2x2 8y2 = 16 . Phng trnh hai tim cn : x 2y = 0
x 2 4y2
x + 2y x 2y
8
Tch khong cch l :
=
=
.
5
5
5
5
27(b) . Ta c : c = 10 v b = 2a . Suy ra : a2 + b2 = 100 5a2 = 100 a = 2 5
Vy di trc thc l 4 5 .
25 16
2
a = 17
2 2 =1
28(a). Ta c h : a
2
=> ab = 17. 2
b
b = 34
b2 = 2 a2
29(d) . Ta c : a = 4 . Phng trnh mt tim cn l : bx + 4y = 0 . Khong cch t A1 n tim

cn l :
4 b
b + 16
2
= 2 16b2 = 4b2 + 64 b2 = 16/ 3 .
Vy di trc o l : 2b = 2.
4
3
4, 6
30(b). Ta c : 2a = 4 a = 2 . Ngoi r a: 16 4 = a2 + b2 = 4 + b2 b2 = 8 .
x 2 y2
= 1 . Ta giao im ca (E) v (H) :

8
4
Vy (H) :
2 16
x = 3
x + 4 y = 16

=> x2 + y2 = 8
2
2
8
2 x y = 8
y2 =
3
2
Vy 4 giao im thuc ng trn tm O , bn knh l 2

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v PTTQ l : 10( x 3) + 3( y + 4) = 0 10x + 3y -18 = 0

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theo h phng trnh 2 n .

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mt tam gic c din tch l :

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b) Phng trnh ng thng d song song vi d c dng : 3x + 2y + m = 0 . Ta nh m d(d , d )

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